Cambridge International Examinations

Cambridge International General Certificate of Secondary Education

* 6 2 0 5 0 7 4 4 8 1 *

0460/11

GEOGRAPHY
Paper 1

October/November 2015
1 hour 45 minutes

Candidates answer on the Question Paper.

Additional Materials:

Ruler
Calculator

READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST

Write your Centre number, candidate number and name in the spaces provided.
Write in dark blue or black pen.
You may use an HB pencil for any diagrams or graphs.
Do not use staples, paper clips, glue or correction fluid.
DO NOT WRITE IN ANY BARCODES.
Write your answer to each question in the space provided.
If additional space is required, you should use the lined pages at the end of this booklet. The question number(s)
must be clearly shown.
Answer three questions.
The Insert contains Photographs A, B and C for Question 3 and Fig. 12 for Question 6.
The Insert is not required by the Examiner.
Sketch maps and diagrams should be drawn whenever they serve to illustrate an answer.
At the end of the examination, fasten all your work securely together.
The number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part question.

The syllabus is approved for use in England, Wales and Northern Ireland as a Cambridge International Level 1/Level 2 Certificate.

This document consists of 28 printed pages and 1 Insert.

DC (CW/SW) 98318/5
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QUESTION 1
1

(a) Study Fig. 1, population pyramids for Jamaica and Barbados, islands in the Caribbean.

males

Jamaica

Barbados

75 and over
7074
6569
6064
5559
5054
4549
4044
3539
3034
2529
2024
1519
1014
59
04

75 and over
7074
6569
6064
5559
5054
4549
4044
3539
3034
2529
2024
1519
1014
59
04

females

males

6 5 4 3 2 1 0 age 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
% of total population

females

5 4 3 2 1 0 age 0 1 2 3 4 5
% of total population

Fig. 1
(i)

What percentage of the population of Barbados are 75 and over and female?
................. %

(ii)

[1]

What evidence in the population pyramids shown in Fig. 1 suggests that:

A

people in Barbados have a longer life expectancy than people in Jamaica;

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B

Jamaica has a higher birth rate than Barbados?

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[2]

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(iii)

Compare the population aged between 30 and 59 in Jamaica and Barbados.

Support your answer with data from Fig. 1.
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(iv)

Explain why the percentage of the population aged 65 and over makes up a larger
proportion of the population as a country develops.
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4
(b) Study Fig. 2, information about recent population policies in Iran.

Iran scraps birth control programme in baby boom bid

Iran has scrapped its birth control programme in a change of government policy which
is intended to produce a baby boom that could more than double its population.
The Health Ministry confirmed the change days after the countrys leader said that
the policy of controlled population growth must end and that Iran should aim for a
population of 150 to 200 million.
A recent census showed that Iran now has just over 75 million inhabitants but also
showed it has experienced the greatest drop in birth rates in the world. The reduction
was achieved with the help of government policies that included making sterilisation
available, the Health Ministry issuing free contraceptives, compulsory family planning
advice being given to newly married couples and even a state-owned condom factory
being set up.
The policies were introduced in 1990 when officials feared a population explosion
could lead to a shortage of resources. However the Health Minister told journalists
that funding for previous policies had been withdrawn and that 190 billion rials (US$18
billion) would instead be devoted to encouraging bigger families.
Fig. 2
(i)

Using the information on Fig. 2 only, state three ways in which the government reduced
birth rates in Iran after 1990.
1 ........................................................................................................................................
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2 ........................................................................................................................................
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3 ........................................................................................................................................
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[3]

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(ii)

Explain how government policies can be used to increase rates of natural population
growth.
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(c) The governments of some countries are worried by the increasing percentage of old people.
For a named country you have studied, describe the problems and benefits caused by an
ageing population.
Name of country ............................................
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[Total: 25 marks]

END OF QUESTION 1

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QUESTION 2
2

(a) Study Fig. 3, information about migration to Hanoi, the capital city, from other regions in
Vietnam (an LEDC).

CHINA
North
Hanoi
Red River Delta
Gulf
of
Tonkin

North-central
Key
North- region name
central
Migration arrow widths
1 mm = 10% of total migrants
2% or less
10%
20%

LAOS

South
China
Sea

THAILAND

50%
regional
boundary

South-central

Central
Highlands
CAMBODIA

international
boundaries
N

South-east
Ho Chi Minh City

Mekong
Delta

200
km

Fig. 3
(i)

What percentage of migrants to Hanoi come from the North region?

................. %

(ii)

[1]

Suggest two reasons why more people migrate from the Red River Delta region to Hanoi
than from the Central Highlands.
1 ........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
2 ........................................................................................................................................
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[2]

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(iii)

Describe three pull factors of LEDC capital cities, such as Hanoi, for people who live in
other parts of the country.
1 ........................................................................................................................................
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2 ........................................................................................................................................
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3 ........................................................................................................................................
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[3]

(iv)

Describe and explain the age and sex structure of migrants who move to cities in LEDCs.
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(b) Study Fig. 4, information about the population in Hanoi and Melbourne (a city in Australia, an
MEDC).
Hanoi
8
7
6
population 5
(millions) 4
3
2
1
0

1974

1996
year

Melbourne

2015

1974

1996
year

2015

8
7
6
5 population
4 (millions)
3
2
1
0

Fig. 4
(i)

Compare the population growth of Hanoi and Melbourne between 1974 and 2015.
Refer to statistics from Fig. 4 in your answer.
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(ii)

Explain how the rapid growth of population causes problems for city authorities.
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(c) Choose one problem of living in urban areas.
For a named urban area, describe the attempts which have been made to solve the problem
which you have chosen.
Name of urban area ............................................
Chosen problem .......................................................................................................................
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[Total: 25 marks]

END OF QUESTION 2

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QUESTION 3
3

(a) Study Fig. 5, a map showing an area of coastline in North Africa.

N

Key

Ceuta

sandy beach
Fnideq

rocky cliff
Tres
Piedras

town
Mediterranean
Sea

river

Ksar
Rimal
Cabo
Negro

Martil

Tetouan

10

km
Fig. 5

(i)

Which of the following best describes the location of the sandy beaches shown on Fig. 5?
Underline your answer.
in bays

(ii)

on headlands

on river estuaries

north of Ceuta

[1]

Suggest why the headland has developed at Cabo Negro.

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(iii)

Name three coastal landforms which may develop on a headland as a result of coastal
erosion.
1 ........................................................
2 ........................................................
3 ........................................................
[3]

(iv)

Name and describe two processes of coastal erosion.

Process 1 ..........................................................................................................................
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Process 2 ..........................................................................................................................
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[4]

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(b) Study Photographs A, B and C (Insert), which were taken on a beach along the transect
shown on Fig. 6.
Photograph Photograph
A
B

Photograph
C
cliff

sea
BEACH

TRANSECT

Fig. 6
(i)

Describe how the beach material changes along the transect from the sea to the cliff.
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(ii)

Suggest reasons why beaches vary from place to place.

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(c) Explain how coastal sand dunes form and develop over time.
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[Total: 25 marks]

END OF QUESTION 3

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QUESTION 4
4

(a) Study Fig. 7, which shows an area of tropical rainforest.

50

emergents

40

canopy
30
height
(metres)

under canopy
20

10

shrub layer
buttress
roots
0
Fig. 7
(i)

Using Fig. 7, identify the type of trees which grow to over 40 metres tall.
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(ii)

Explain why some trees in the rainforest have buttress roots.

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(iii)

Describe three other characteristics of the vegetation in the tropical rainforest.

1 ........................................................................................................................................
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2 ........................................................................................................................................
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3 ........................................................................................................................................
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[3]

(iv)

Explain why there are many different types of plants and animals in a tropical rainforest.
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(b) Study Fig. 8, a graph showing information about deforestation in Brazil and Indonesia.
45 000
40 000
35 000
30 000
annual
25 000
deforestation
(km2)
20 000
15 000
10 000
5000
0

2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
year
Key
Indonesia
Brazil
Fig. 8

(i)

Using Fig. 8 only, compare the amounts of deforestation in Brazil and Indonesia between
2001 and 2012.
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(ii)

Explain how deforestation affects the tropical rainforest ecosystem.

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(c) For a named area of tropical rainforest you have studied, explain why deforestation has
occurred.
Area of tropical rainforest ............................................
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[Total: 25 marks]
END OF QUESTION 4
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QUESTION 5
5

(a) Study Fig. 9, which shows information about cars made by Japanese companies in Japan
and by Japanese companies in other countries.

12
10
8
car
production
(millions) 6
4
2
0
2000 2001 20022003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
year
Key
in Japan
in other countries
Fig. 9
(i)

What type of industry is car production an example of? Circle the correct answer.
Primary

(ii)

Secondary

Tertiary

[1]

Give one similarity and one difference between the numbers of cars made by Japanese
companies in Japan and by Japanese companies in other countries between 2000 and
2009.
Similarity ............................................................................................................................
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Difference ..........................................................................................................................
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[2]

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(iii)

Suggest three reasons why Japanese companies produce cars in other countries.
1 ........................................................................................................................................
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2 ........................................................................................................................................
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3 ........................................................................................................................................
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[3]

(iv)

Honda, a Japanese car manufacturer, now produces half a million cars per year in China.
Suggest the benefits of this to China.
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(b) Study Fig. 10, a flow diagram of a manufacturing industry.
raw materials
sand, limestone are melted down
and salt
furnace

molten glass is
cooled and hardened hardened glass passes
out over rollers
glass is cut
into lengths
cool air

coal for heat

Fig. 10
(i)

Identify an input, a process and an output of the manufacturing industry shown in Fig. 10.
Input ..................................................................................................................................
Process .............................................................................................................................
Output ...............................................................................................................................
[3]

(ii)

Explain how a variety of factors influence the location of manufacturing industries such
as the one shown in Fig. 10.
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(c) For a named area you have studied, describe the impacts of manufacturing industry on the
natural environment.
Named area ............................................
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[Total: 25 marks]

END OF QUESTION 5

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QUESTION 6
6

(a) Study Fig. 11, a scatter graph showing information about GNP (Gross National Product)
per person and the percentage of the population working in the tertiary sector in selected
countries.
100
90
80

USA

70

Germany

percentage
60
of
population
50
working
in
tertiary
40
sector
30

Greece

Iran
China

Ghana

20
10
0

10 000

20 000
30 000
GNP per person (US$)

40 000

50 000

Fig. 11
(i)

Complete Fig. 11 by plotting the following information for Poland.

GNP per person = US$ 21 000
Percentage employed in tertiary sector = 53%

(ii)

[1]

Use evidence from Fig. 11 to show that there is a positive relationship between GNP per
person and the percentage employed in the tertiary sector.
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(iii)

Explain why the percentage of the population employed in the tertiary sector is high in
countries with a high GNP per person.
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(b) Study Fig. 12 (Insert), which shows information about tourism in selected National Parks in
the USA and Canada.
(i)

Using the information in Fig. 12 only, compare tourism in the Everglades with that in
Yellowstone National Park.
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(ii)

Explain why seasonal changes in numbers of tourists visiting National Parks can cause
problems.
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(iii)

Explain how the tourist industry can have both positive and negative impacts on the
natural environment.
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(c) For a named area you have studied where the tourist industry is important, describe its natural
and human attractions.
Named tourist area ............................................
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[Total: 25 marks]

END OF QUESTION 6

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Additional Pages
If you use the following lined pages to complete the answer(s) to any question(s), the question
number(s) must be clearly shown.
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Permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. Every reasonable
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To avoid the issue of disclosure of answer-related information to candidates, all copyright acknowledgements are reproduced online in the Cambridge International
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Cambridge International Examinations is part of the Cambridge Assessment Group. Cambridge Assessment is the brand name of University of Cambridge Local
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