Magnetic Force on an Electric Charge Moving

in a Magnetic Field
Magnitude:
F = qvB sin
Where
F = magnetic force, Newton (N)
q = charge , Coulomb (C)
v = velocity, meter per second (m/s)
B = magnetic field, Tesla (T)
= angle bet. velocity and field ()
Directions:
Right hand rule (RHR)
Where:
Thumb magnetic force
Pointee magnetic field
Middle finger velocity
This convention is only true for the
positive charge. If it the charge is negative,
take the opposite direction that you will get
from the RHR.
Sample Problem:
A. A proton having a speed of 5.0x106 m/s in a
magnetic field feels a force of 8.0x10-14 N
toward the west when it moves vertically
upward. When moving in northerly direction, it
feels zero force. What is the magnitude and
direction of the magnetic field in this region?
(The charge of a proton is +1.6x10-19 C)
Sample Problem
A proton is moving with a velocity of
6
3.0x10 m/s in a 0.5 T magnetic field that is
oriented in north direction. (The charge of a
proton is +1.6x10-19 C). What is the magnitude
and direction of the magnetic force on the
charge when the charge is moving in
1. +y
2. -x
3. +z
Solutions:
1. v=3.0x106 m/s, +y B=0.5T,+y
=0
19
q=+1.6x10- C
F=qvB sin
F=+1.6x10-19 C(3.0x106 m/s)(0.5T)sin0
F=0
2. v=3.0x106 m/s, -x B=0.5T,+y
=90

q=+1.6x10-19 C
F=qvB sin
F=+1.6x10-19 C(3.0x106 m/s)(0.5T)sin90
F= 2.4 x10-13N,-z
3. v=3.0x106 m/s, +z B=0.5T,+y
=90
19
q=+1.6x10- C
F=qvB sin
F=+1.6x10-19 C(3.0x106 m/s)(0.5T)sin90
F= 2.4 x10-13N,-x
B. An electron is moving with a velocity of
5.0x106 m/s in a 0.7 T magnetic field that is
oriented in east direction. (The charge of an
electron is -1.6x10-19 C). What is the magnitude
and direction of the magnetic force on the
charge when the charge is moving in
1. +x
2. +z
3. z
Solutions:
1. v=3.0x106 m/s, +x B=0.5T,+x
=0
19
q=-1.6x10- C
F=qvB sin
F=-1.6x10-19 C(5.0x106 m/s)(0.7T)sin90
F= 0
2. v=3.0x106 m/s, +z B=0.5T,+x
=90
q=-1.6x10-19 C
F=qvB sin
F=-1.6x10-19 C(5.0x106 m/s)(0.7T)sin90
F= 5.6 x10-13N,-y
3. v=3.0x106 m/s, -z B=0.5T,+x
=90
19
q=-1.6x10- C
F=qvB sin
F=-1.6x10-19 C(5.0x106 m/s)(0.7T)sin90
F= 5.6 x10-13N,+y
Electrostatics
Study of charges at rest
It involves charges, the forces between
them, the aura that surrounds them, and
their behavior in materials
Charge
It is the fundamental quantity found in all
electrical phenomena.
Proton is the positively charge particle
while electron is the negatively charge
particle.

 Its SI unit is Coulomb (C).

Electron

Proton

It is the smallest and lightest of the

particles in an atom.
It is in constant motion as they circle
around the nucleus of that atom.
It has a negative charge, which means
that they seem to be surrounded by a
kind of invisible force field. This is called
an electrostatic field.

It is much larger and heavier than

electron.
It has a positive electrical charge.
Its positively charged electrostatic field
is exactly the same strength as the
electrostatic field in an electron, but it is
opposite in polarity. In other words, the
proton is exactly as positive as the
electron is negative.
When certain types of materials are
rubbed against other certain types, charge
may be transferred from one to the other.
Each object contains charge. For most
objects, the number of negative charges equals
the number of positive charges, giving a net
charge of zero. These charges are free to move,
however
When certain types of materials are
rubbed against each other, the material's atoms
are arranged such that some of the charges
from one material will be transferred to the
other material. This gives both objects a net
charge. One object will be positively charged,
the other will be negatively charged.

When an uncharged object is placed near

a charged object its charges rearrange
themselves. Those charges attracted to
the charged object move towards the
charged object and those charges
repelled move away. This effect is known
as polarization.
Gravity and Electric Force
Electric force is stronger than gravity.
Recall that all objects exert an attractive
force on each other according to Law of
Universal Gravitation (LUG)
Quiz Fill in the blanks. Write the
answer on your Outputs Notebook
1. Two unlike electric charges _____ each
other.
2. Comparing electric and gravitational
forces, it will be found that _________
is weaker.
3. When you comb your hair, hair becomes
positive because __________ have been
transferred from it to comb.
4. The charge on the comb is designated as
__________.
5. Metals are said to be good ________
because electric charges move freely
through them.
6. Rubbing is a way of charging an _______.
7. _ _________ is a way of charging a
conductor without contact.
8. ___________ is a device used to study
charges and their interactions.
9. ____________ is the SI unit of charge.
10. _____________ is the study of charges
and their interactions.
Answer Key
1. Attract
2. Gravity
3. Electrons
4. Positively charge
5. Conductors
6. Insulators
7. Induction
8. Electroscope
9. Coulomb
10. electrostatics

Coulombs Law
Coulomb's law
-It describes the force between two charged
particles.
-It states that the electrostatic force is
directly proportional to the product of the
amount of charges and inversely proportional to
the square of their separation distance
F = kq1q2/r2
where
F = electrostatic force,
k = 9x109 Nm2/C2 (Coulomb's constant)
q1 = first charge,
q2 = second charge,
and r = the distance between the two charges.
What happens to the electrostatic force when
the _________
-product of the charges is doubled?
It will be doubled
-separation distance is doubled?
It will be reduced to
-separation distance is reduced to ?
It will be quadrupled.
-product of the charges is doubled and
separation distance is reduced to ?
It will be eight times as much
-product of the charges is doubled and
separation distance is doubled?
It will be reduced to
Sample Problem
What is the electric force the two charges of
+1x10-7 C and -1x10-6 C separated by 1x10-3 m
distance?
q1 = +1x10-7C, q2 = -1x10-6C, r = 1x10-3 m
k = 9x109 Nm2/C2
F = kq1q2/r2
F = 9x109 Nm2/C2 (+1x10-7C) -1x10-6C
(1x10-3 m) 2
F = - 900 N
Electric Field
We have learnt that objects that carry
charge feel forces from all other charged
objects. It is useful to determine what the
effect of a charge would be at every point

surrounding it. To do this we need some sort of

reference.
We know that the force that one charge
feels due to another depends on both
charges (Q1 and Q2).
How then can we talk about forces if we
only have one charge?
The solution to this dilemma is to
introduce a test charge.
We then determine the force that would
be exerted on it if we placed it at a
certain location.
If we do this for every point surrounding
a charge we know what would happen if
we put a test charge at any location.
This maps of what would happen at any
point we call a field map. It is a map of
the electric field due to a charge. It tells
us how large the force on a test charge
would be and in what direction the force
would be.
Our map consists of the lines that tell us
how the test charge would move if it
were placed there.
Test Charge
This is the key to mapping out an electric
field. The equation for the force between
two electric charges has been shown
earlier and is:
F = kq1q2/r2
If we want to map the field for Q1 then
we need to know exactly what would happen if we
put Q2 at every point around Q1. But this
obviously depends on the value of Q2. This is a
time when we need to agree on a convention.
What should Q2 be when we make the map? By
convention we choose Q2 = + 1C.
This means that if we want to work out
the effects on any other charge we only
have to multiply the result for the test
charge by the magnitude of the new
charge.
The electric field strength is then just
the force per unit of charge and has the
same magnitude and direction as the

force on our test charge but has

different units:
The electric field is the force per unit of
charge and hence has units of newtons
per coulomb [N/C].
So to get the force the electric field
exerts we use:
F = QE
What do field maps look like?
Positive Charge Acting on a Test Charge

We can see that at every point the positive

test charge, q, would experience a force pushing
it away from the charge, Q. This is because both
charges are positive and so they repel. Also
notice that at points further away the vectors
are shorter. That is because the force is smaller
if you are further away.
Negative Charge Acting on a Test Charge

Two Like Charges I: The Positive Case

What about the Strength of the Electric
Field?

As you move further away from the

charge the field lines become more spread out.
In field map diagrams the closer field lines are
together the stronger the field.
A. Identify the type of charge on objects A-D
based on the electric field lines shown for each
configuration of charges.
a. positive
b. negative
c. neutral
1.
3.

2.
an
interesting point.
B. Construct electric field lines around the
following configuration of charges. Include at
least six lines per charge.
4

Electric Field of Negative and Positive Charge

in Isolation

5.

C. Fill in the blanks

6. At a location of 0.200 m from object A, the
electric field strength is 0.0500 N/C. If the
electric field strength were measured at a

location of 0.40 m from object A, then the field

strength would be _______ N/C.
7. At a location of 0.200 m from object A, the
electric field strength is 0.0500 N/C. If the
electric field strength were measured at a
location of 1.000 m from object A, then the
field strength would be _______ N/C
8. At a location of 0.200 m from object A, the
electric field strength is 0.0500 N/C. If the
electric field strength were measured using a
test charge with twice the charge at a location
of 0.200 m from object A, then the field
strength would be _______ N/C
9. At a location of 0.200 m from object A, the
electric field strength is 0.0500 N/C. If the
electric field strength were measured using a
test charge with twice the charge at a location
of 0.100 m from object A, then the field
strength would be _______ N/C.
6. At a location of 0.200 m from object A, the
electric field strength is 0.0500 N/C. If the
electric field strength were measured at a
location of 0.40 m from object A, then the field
strength would be 0.0125 N/C.
7. At a location of 0.200 m from object A, the
electric field strength is 0.0500 N/C. If the
electric field strength were measured at a
location of 1.000 m from object A, then the
field strength would be 0.00200 N/C
8. At a location of 0.200 m from object A, the
electric field strength is 0.0500 N/C. If the
electric field strength were measured using a
test charge with twice the charge at a location
of 0.200 m from object A, then the field
strength would be 0.0500 N/C
9. At a location of 0.200 m from object A, the
electric field strength is 0.0500 N/C. If the
electric field strength were measured using a
test charge with twice the charge at a location
of 0.100 m from object A, then the field
strength would be 0.200 N/C.
Electricity
Charges in Motion
Electric Field, Work and Electric
Potential

Work is done by gravity in first figure.

The potential energy decreases as kinetic energy
increases

Work is done by an external force in second

figure. The potential energy increases as kinetic
energy decreases
Electric Field, Work and Electric Potential

Electric Potential in Circuits

Charge moving through the wires of the circuit

will encounter changes in electric potential as it
traverses the circuit. Within the
electrochemical cells of the battery, there is an
electric field established between the two
terminals, directed from the positive terminal
towards the negative terminal.
Positive terminal of the battery
As the charge move through the cells
from the negative terminal to the positive
terminal would require work, thus increasing the
potential energy of every Coulomb of charge
that moves along this path. This corresponds to
a movement of positive charge against the
electric field. It is for this reason that the
positive terminal is described as the high
potential terminal.
Negative terminal of the battery
The charge would lose potential energy as
moves through the external circuit from the
positive terminal to the negative terminal. The
negative terminal is described as the low
potential terminal
Exercise. Which of the following
statements are true about an electric
circuit? Put check mark on all that apply.
1. Electrons are the mobile charge carriers
in an electric circuit.
2. The path of charge flow from the + to
the - terminal of the circuit can consist
of nonconductive material.
3. In an electric circuit of an automobile,
the 12-Volt car battery is sometimes
referred to as the internal circuit
because it is located inside of the hood
of the car.
4. Charge is supplied with energy in the
internal circuit and the energy is
transformed into other forms in the
external circuit.
5. Charge is consumed as it moves through
the energy-transforming devices of the
external circuit. For instance, the amount
of charge entering a light bulb in a second

is less than that which exits the light

bulb in a second.
6. A battery is used to power a flashlight
circuit. When the battery no longer
works, it is because it has run out of
charge.
7. The location on an electric circuit where
the charge possesses the greatest
amount of electric potential energy is the
+ terminal of the battery.
All are applicable.
1. Electrons are the mobile charge carriers in an
electric circuit.
2. The path of charge flow from the + to the terminal of the circuit can consist of
nonconductive material.
3. In an electric circuit of an automobile, the 12Volt car battery is sometimes referred to as the
internal circuit because it is located inside of
the hood of the car.
4. Charge is supplied with energy in the internal
circuit and the energy is transformed into other
forms in the external circuit.
5. Charge is consumed as it moves through the
energy-transforming devices of the external
circuit. For instance, the amount of charge
entering a light bulb in a second is less than that
which exits the light bulb in a second.
6. A battery is used to power a flashlight circuit.
When the battery no longer works, it is because
it has run out of charge.
7. The location on an electric circuit where the
charge possesses the greatest amount of
electric potential energy is the + terminal of the
battery.
Ohms Law
It states that at constant voltage, the
electric current increases when the resistance
decreases.
Ohms Law
I = V/R
V = IR
R = V/I
Where
I = electric current (ampere, A)
V = voltage (volt, V)

R = resistance (ohm,)
Sample Problems:
1. A blender with a resistance of 250 is
plugged in a 220-V outlet. How much
current will flow through it?
2. An electric fan is plugged in a 220-V
outlet. How much resistance does it have
when a current of 0.3A flows through it?
3. A battery is placed in 45 TV remote
control and a current of 0.2A flows
through it. What is the potential
difference offered by a battery?
1. R = 250 V=220V
I = V/R
I = 220V/250
I = 0.88A
2. V=220V
I=0.3A
R = V/I
R = 220V/0.3A
R = 733.33
3. R = 45
I=0.2A
V = IR
V = 0.2A(45)
V = 9V
Points of
Comparison

Series Circuit

Parallel Circuit

Number of
paths for
electric
current

one

Two or more

Total
resistance

RT = R1+R2+R3+Rn

1/RT=1/R1+1/R2
+1/R3+1/Rn

Current in
each load

Same in all loads

IT=I1=I2=I3=In

Varies in each load

depending on the
resistance of the
load
IT=I1+I2+I3+In

Voltage in
each load

Varies in each load Same in all loads

depending on the VT=V1=V2=V3=Vn
resistance of the
load
VT=V1+V2+V3+Vn

Sample Problem

1. Three lamps with resistances of 3, 4 and

5 are connected in series with 9V battery.
Compute for the total resistance, total current,
current in each resistor and voltage across each
load.
R1=3 R2=4 R3=5 VT=9V
RT = R1+R2+R3+Rn
RT=3+4+5
RT=12
IT=I1=I2=I3=VT/RT=9V/12=0.75A
VT=V1+V2+V3
VT=V1+V2+V3
V1=I1R1
VT=2.25V+3V+3.75V
V1=0.75A(3)
VT=9V
V1=2.25V
OR
V2=I2R2
VT=IT(RT)
V2=0.75A(4)
VT=0.75A(12)
V2=3V
VT=9V
V3=I3R3
V3=0.75A(5)
V3=3.75V
2. Three lamps with resistances of 3, 4 and
5 are connected in parallel with 9V battery.
Compute for the total resistance, total current,
current in each resistor and voltage across each
load.
R1=3
R2=4 R3=5 VT=9V
1/RT=1/R1+1/R2+1/R3+1/Rn
1/RT=1/3 +1/4 +1/5
1/RT=47/60
IT=I1+I2+I3
RT=60/47
IT=3A+2.25A+1.8A
RT=1.28
IT=7.05A
VT=V1=V2=V3=9V
OR
IT=I1+I2+I3
IT=VT/RT
I1=V1/R1
I1=9V/1.276
I1=9V/3
I1=7.05A
I1=3A
I2=V2/R2
I2=9V/4
I2=2.25A
I3=V3/R3
I3=9V/5
I3=1.8A