Class 04: Outline

Hour 1:
Working In Groups
Expt. 1: Visualizations
Hour 2:
Electric Potential
Pick up Group Assignment at Back of Room
P04 - 1

Groups

P04 - 2

Advantages of Groups
Three heads are better than one
Dont know? Ask your teammates
Do know? Teaching reinforces knowledge
Leave no teammate behind!
Practice for real life science and
engineering require teamwork; learn to
work with others

P04 -

What Groups Arent

A Free Ride
We do much group based work (labs &
Friday problem solving). Each individual
must contribute and sign name to work
If you dont contribute (e.g. arent in class)
you dont get credit

P04 -

Group Isnt Working Well?

1. Diagnose problem and solve it yourself
-- Most prevalent MIT problem: free rider.

2. Talk to Grad TA
3. Talk to the teamwork consultant
Dont wait: Like most problems,
teamwork problems get worse
the longer you ignore them

P04 -

Introduce Yourselves
Please discuss:

What is your experience in E&M?

How do you see group working?
What do you expect/want from class?
What if someone doesnt participate?
What if someone doesnt come to class?

Try to articulate solutions to foreseeable

problems now (write them down)

P04 -

Experiment 1: Visualizations
Need experiment write-up from course
packet.
Turn in tear sheet at end of class
Each GROUP hands in ONE tear sheet
signed by each member of group

P04 - 7

Last Time:
Gravitational & Electric Fields

P04 - 8

Gravity - Electricity

CREATE:

FEEL:

Mass M

Charge q ()

G
M
g = G 2 r
r

G
q
E = ke 2 r
r

G
G
Fg = mg

G
G
FE = qE

This is easiest way to picture field

P04 - 9

Potential Energy
and Potential
Start with Gravity

P04 -10

Gravity: Force and Work

Gravitational Force on m due to M:

G
Mm
Fg = G 2 r
r
Work done by gravity moving m from A to B:

Wg =

B
A

G
G
Fg d s

PATH
INTEGRAL
P04 -11

Work Done by Earths Gravity

Work done by gravity moving m from A to B:
G
G
Wg = Fg d s
B

GMm

= 2 r dr r + rd
r

rB

GMm
GMm

= 2 dr =
r
r r
rA
1 1
= GMm
rB rA
rB

What is the sign moving from rA to rB?

P04 -12

Work Near Earths Surface

G
GM
G roughly constant: g 2 y = g y
rE

Work done by gravity moving m from A to B:

G
B
G
G
Wg = Fg d s = ( mg y ) d s
A

yB

= mgdy = mg ( yB y A )
yA

Wg depends only on endpoints

not on path taken
Conservative Force
P04 -13

Potential Energy (Joules)

U g = U B U A =

B
A

G
G
Fg d s = Wg = + Wext

G
GMm
GMm

(1) Fg =
r
Ug =
+U0
2
r
r
G
U g = mgy +U0
(2) Fg = m g y
U0: constant depending on reference point
Only potential difference U has
physical significance

P04 -14

Gravitational Potential
(Joules/kilogram)
Define gravitational potential difference:

Vg =

U g
m

B
A

G
BG
G
G
(Fg / m) d s = g d s
A

G
G
Just as Fg gN , U g Vg
N
N
N
Force

Field

Energy

Potential

That is, two particle interaction single particle effect

P04 -15

PRS Question:
Masses in Potentials

P04 -16

Move to Electrostatics

P04 -17

Gravity - Electrostatics
Mass M

Charge q ()

G
M
g = G 2 r
r
G
G
Fg = mg

G
q
E = ke 2 r
r
G
G
FE = qE

Both forces are conservative, so

Vg =
U g =

B
A
B
A

G G
gd s
G
G
Fg d s

G G
V = E d s
A
B G
G
U = FE d s
B

P04 -18

Potential & Energy

G G
V E d s
B

Units:
Joules/Coulomb

= Volts

Work done to move q from A to B:

Wext = U = U B U A

= q V

Joules
P04 -19

Potential: Summary Thus Far

Charges CREATE PotentialG Landscapes

G
V (r ) = V0 + V V0

G G
Ed s

"0"

P04 -20

Potential Landscape
Positive Charge

Negative Charge
P04 -21

Potential: Summary Thus Far

Charges CREATE PotentialG Landscapes

G
V (r ) = V0 + V V0

G G
Ed s

"0"

Charges FEEL Potential Landscapes

G
G
U ( r ) = qV ( r )

We work with U (V) because

only changes matter
P04 -22

Potential Landscape
Positive Charge

Negative Charge
P04 -23

3 PRS Questions:
Potential & Potential Energy

P04 -24

Creating Potentials:
Two Examples

P04 -25

Potential Created by Pt Charge

V = VB VA =

B
A

G G
E ds

B dr
r G
= kQ 2 d s = kQ 2
A
A r
r
1 1
= kQ
rB rA
B

Take V = 0 at r = :

kQ
VPoint Charge (r ) =
r

G
r
E = kQ 2
r
G

d s = dr r + r d
P04 -26

2 PRS Questions:
Point Charge Potential

P04 -27

Potential Landscape
Positive Charge

Negative Charge
P04 -28

Deriving E from V

P04 -29

Deriving E from V

G G
V = E d s
B

A = (x,y,z), B=(x+x,y,z)

G
s = x i
( x + x , y , z )

V =

G G
G
G G
E d s E s = E ( x i ) = Ex x

( x, y, z )

V
V Ex = Rate of change in V
Ex

x
x with y and z held constant

P04 -30

Deriving E from V
If we do all coordinates:

G
V V V
E =
i+
j+
k
y
z
x

=
i+
j + k V
y
z
x

G
E = V

Gradient (del) operator:

j+ k

i+
x
y
z
P04 -31

In Class Problem
From this plot
of potential vs.
position,
create a plot
of electric field
vs. position
Bonus: Is
there charge
somewhere?
Where?
P04 -32

Configuration Energy

P04 -33

Configuration Energy
How much energy to put two charges as pictured?
1) First charge is free
2) Second charge sees first:

U12 = W2 = q2V1 =

q1q2

4 o r12

P04 -34

Configuration Energy
How much energy to put three charges as pictured?
1) Know how to do first two
2) Bring in third:

q3 q1 q2
+
W3 = q3 ( V1 + V2 ) =

4 0 r1 3 r2 3
Total configuration energy:

1 q1q2 q1q3 q2 q3
U = W2 + W3 =
+
+

r13
r23
4 0 r12

= U12 + U13 + U 23

P04 -35

In Class Problem
What is the electric potential
in volts at point P?
How much energy in joules is
required to put the three
charges in the configuration
pictured if they start out at
infinity?
Suppose you move a fourth change +3Q from
infinity in to point P. How much energy does
that require (joules)?
P04 -36