Enlist main classes of hydrocarbons and their nomendature according to IUPAC

system. Following Flowchart describes the classification of hydrocarbons.

Nomenclature of Alkenes:
Following rules are obeyed while naming alkenes:
1) Locate the longest carbon chain.
2) If there are two or more chains of equal length, select one with maximum number of branches.
3) Number the chain starting from and nearest to substituent.
4) Chains with two identical substituent present at equal distances are numbered from the end
with least sum.
5) Position of substituent is indicated by the number of carbon atom to which it is attached.
Number is prefixed to the name of group separated by hyphen (_).
6) Name of alkyl groups attached with main chain is written before parent hydrocarbons in
alphabetical order.
7) Presence of two or more like groups on main chain are indicated by using prefaces di, tri, tetra
etc. Positions of such groups are numbered together and separated by commas.
8) If the indicated groups are present on same C_ atom, number is separated twice in
nomenclature.
9) Longest chain of substituent is numbered starting with the carbon attached directly to the main
chain, parenthesis are used to separate the numbering of substituent and main chain.
Nomenclature of Alkenes:
IUPAC rules for naming Alkenes are:
1) Select the largest carbon chain containing double bond.
2) The ending ane is replaced by ene.
3) Chain is numbered by giving double bond the least number.
4) Position of double bond is indicated by the lower number of C_ atom.
5) Lower number of C_atom is placed before present alkene name.
6) The presence of more than one double bond is indicated by the suffix dience, trience etc.
7) Alkyl groups are presented in the similar way as in the case of alkanes.
Nomenclature of Alkynes:
IUPAC rule for naming alkynes are:
1) Select the longest chain containing triple bond.

2) The ending ane of alkane is replaced by yne/

3) Main chain is numbered starting from terminal carbon near to triple bond.
4Tripple bond is given the lower carbon number separated by hyphen.
5) In case of more than one triple bonds, prefixes si,tri,tetra are used.
6) Alkyl groups are presented in the same way as in the case of Alkynes.
Nomenclature of Aromatics:
IUPAC rules for naming aromatics are as follow:
1) Mono substituted benzene are named by prefixing the substituent name before the word
benzene.
2) Position of two or more substituents on benzene ring is more substituent on benzene ring is
indicated by prefix ortho (o), meta (m), PARA (p) in common system by numerals in IUPAC
system.
3) IF the substituent are different and one of them is alkyl group, than numbering starts from
alkyl group and second group is given lowest possible number.
4) When common names are used, the numbering starts from the carbon atom bearing the group
which is responsible for giving common name.
5) In case of two different substituent, they are put in alphabetical order.
6) Polysubstituental benzene is numbered in such way that all substituents are given lowest
possible numbers.
7) If the substituents are all alike than their positions are indicated by numbering the substance
in a manner that they get the lowest possible number.
Describe the following classes of hydrocarbons.
Paraffin series
Parrrafins are the class of hydrocarbons which contain single bond between the carbon atoms.
They have general formula ______.They are saturated and stable. They are non polar in nature,
least reactive amongst the hydrocarbons .Lighter number of series are colorless odorless gases.
Middle members are liquids and higher are solids at room temperature.
Examples of Paraffins are.

They can be further divided into straight chain and branched ones. Example are

Olefins
Olefins are class of hydrocarbons containing one double bond in the chain. They have general
formula ---.They are unsaturated due to presence of double bonds. There are unstable and
reactive due to presence of double bonds (pi-bonds). As (pi-bonds) are weaker than sigma bond
so they are easily broken. Both addition and substitution reactions of alkenes are possible.
Some common examples of alkenes/olefins are

Naphthalene
Naphthalene are the class of aromatic compounds which have fused double benzene ring in there
structure
Structure of Naphthalene is

Naphthalenes are complex aromatic compounds. They have the properties of aromatic
compounds like benzene.
Diolefins
Diolefins or Dines are class of hydrocarbons containing two double bonds in the chain.
They have similar properties like alkenes. Following are the examples of Diolefins.

Aromatics
Aromatics are the class of hydrocarbons containing benzene ring in their structure. They have
characteristics smell and give black smoke on burning. Some common examples of aromatics are

In the absence of any polar substituents benzene are typical hydrocarbons. They have low
melting and boiling points, low solubility in polar solvents. They are more stable thean alkenes
and give both substitution and addition reactions.
Isomeric compounds
Organic compounds having same molecular formula but different structure are called isomerse
and this phenomenon of possessing different structure with similar molecular formula is called
isomerism.
Isomerism is further classified into two types.
1) Structural isomerism
2) Stereo isomerism
Structural isomers in organic compound is caused due to difference in chain, functional group
(type and position) unequal distribution of carbon atom around functional group and shifting of
position of proton in a compound.
Examples are

Both the compounds are structural isomers classified under chain isomerism similarly.

Both the ethens have molecular formula ---- but they are structurally different compounds, so
they are isomers of each other.
Stereomerism is caused by different orientation of atoms or groups in space.
Give introduction of Alkyl Halides
Alkyl halides are the class of organic compounds in which one hydrogen of alkane is replaced
by halogen atom (F, Cl, Br, I). They are also called Haloalkanes or halogen. they are also called
Haloalkanes or halogen derivatives of alkanes . They have general formula

Based upon the C-atom to which halogen is attached, they are classified into primary, secondary
and tertiary alkyl halides. Primary alkyhalides are those in which halogen atom is attached with
primary carbon (carbon attatched to one or no other carbon).
Primary examples are

Secondary alkyl halide is one in which halogen atom is replaced by secondary carbon (carbon
attached to two other carbon atoms)
Secondary examples are.

Tertiary alkylhalids are one in which halogen atom is attached to tertiary carbon.(carbon attached
to three other carbon atoms).

They have higher melting and boiling points, as compared to corresponding alkanes.
Give introduction to Alcohols.
Alcohols are the class of organic compounds containing hydroxyl group (-OH) as functional
group.
Alcohols containing one hydroxyl group are called monohydric alcohols and those containing
more than one hydroxyl group are called Polyhydric alcohols.
Examples are,

Alcohols are polar in nature due to the presence of hydroxyl group. They are soluble in polar
solvents like water. Their melting and boiling points are higher than corresponding alkanes due
to the presence of hydrogen bonding.