Study On Normal Strength Concrete Flanged Beams With Non-Metallic Reinforcements

International Journal of Application or Innovation in Engineering & Management (IJAIEM)
Web Site: www.ijaiem.org Email: editor@ijaiem.org

Volume 5, Issue 12, December 2016
ISSN 2319 - 4847
Study on Normal Strength Concrete Flanged

Beams with Non-Metallic Reinforcements
R.Murugan1 , G.Kumaran2
1
Assistant Professor, Department of Civil and Structural Engineering,

Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, 608002, Tamilnadu, India
2
Professor Department of Civil and Structural Engineering,
Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, 608002, Tamilnadu, India
ABSTRACT
This study focuses on the flexural behaviour of reinforced concrete flanged beams reinforced with Glass Fibre Reinforced
Polymer (GFRP) reinforcements under Static Loading. Different parameters like grade of concrete, types GFRP
reinforcements and reinforcement ratios are considered. Firstly, the preliminary laboratory tests to assess the basic properties
of Normal Strength Concrete (NSC), conventional Steel and GFRP reinforcements and the results are presented. Secondly, the
experimental investigations of the flexural behaviour of flanged beams reinforced with GFRP reinforcements under static
loadings are compared with that of flanged beams reinforced with conventional steel reinforcements. A total of nine beams are
cast, out of which three reinforced with conventional steel reinforcement and six reinforced with two types of surface treated
GFRP Reinforcements. Three different reinforcement ratios are considered. The static load carrying capacities of conventional
steel and GFRP reinforced flanged beams are then compared. The sand coated GFRP reinforced beams are performed well
and all the tested values are at par with and superior than the conventional steel reinforced beams.
Keywords: Flanged Beam, Glass Fibre Reinforced Polymer (GFRP), Flexural Behaviour, Static Loading,
1. Introduction
Fibre Reinforced Polymer (FRP) is a recent composite material used for structural concrete members and rehabilitating
the existing structures. It has been recommended in ACI codes [1-3]. Composite materials offer an excellent
alternative for multitude of uses, primarily because of their high performance and light weight qualities. Today their
potential is being harnessed in many ways. FRP composite materials have many desirable properties, such as high
performance, high strength to weight ratio, high stiffness to weight ratio, high energy absorption, outstanding corrosion
resistance and fatigue damage resistance. Fibre reinforced polymer (FRP) composites have emerged as an evolutionary
link along with conventional building materials such as steel, concrete, aluminium and wood. FRP bars are produced
from varieties of fibres, e.g., carbon, glass, aramid, boron, alumina, polyvinyl alcohol and silicon carbide which are
available in rowing, strands and chopped formats. These fibres are usually bonded together with the help of such
binding agents as resins and cements and are used to produce rods, strands, sheets and mats [4]. Their mechanical
properties are highly dependent on the type of binding agents used as well as the method of processing and the shape
[5]. They behave as linearly elastic up to failure. Well established studies available for slabs [6], rectangular beams [79], columns [10], and beam column joints [11]. But flanged beams with non metallic reinforcements are not explored
so far. Therefore the present study discusses mainly the behaviour of concrete flanged beams internally reinforced with
GFRP reinforcements under static loading.
2. Materials
All the beams are cast using NSC (Normal Strength Concrete) of 20 MPa based on mix design as per Indian standard
codes [12-13]. The properties of concrete are listed in Table 1. The GFRP reinforcements used in this study are
manufactured by pultruded process (Ercon Composite Industries Ltd., India; and Hydro S&S Industry Ltd., India). Two
different types of GFRP reinforcements with different surface treatments (Sand Coated - FS, Threaded - FT) are used.
The GFRP reinforcements are shown in Figure 1, and the gripping arrangements for tensile test are shown in Figure 2.
The mechanical properties of all the types of GFRP reinforcements are obtained from following tests prescribed as per
ASTM Standards [14]. The various properties of reinforcements obtained through laboratory experiments and the
results are presented in Table 2. The tensile test setup of GFRP reinforcements are shown in Figure 3, and the failure
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mode of GFRP reinforcement are shown in Figure 4. The stress- strain curve of conventional steel and GFRP
reinforcements are shown in Figure 5.
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2. Experimental Test Setup and Instrumentation

The testing programme consists of nine beams that are subjected to static loading. The beams with various
reinforcement ratios are shown in Figure 6. The varying parameters including type of reinforcements, grade of concrete
and reinforcement ratios considered in this study are given in Table 3. The effect of area of reinforcements provided in
RC beams is depending upon the percentage of reinforcement provided as under reinforced, balanced and over
reinforced sections. In this study, the first series beam consists of 0.82% (1), the second series consists of 1.24% (2)
and the third series consists of 2.06% (3) with respect to under reinforced, almost balanced and over reinforced
sections. The test set up is shown in Figure 7. Load frame of capacity 50 tonnes is used for testing the beam specimens.
Beams are supported with following end condition; i.e. one end of the beam rests on roller support and the other end
rests on hinged support. Two point loading (line loads) system is used with the help of spreader beams. Thick rubber
or neoprene pads are kept under the spreader beams to avoid local effects. The support end levels of the beams were
maintained properly by spirit levels. The static loads are applied with the help of hydraulic jack manually (250 kN
capacity) and are monitored by proving ring. The deflections or deformations of the beams are measured by dial
gauges, LVDTs and Demec gauges.
Dial gauges are fixed at centre, one-third load points and at supports. To
measure strains with help of Demec gauges, a standard gauge distance is required and it is done with the help of brass
pellets pasted at a known distance at top, bottom and centre fibres on the face of the beam. Apart from these, LVDTs of
range 0-100 mm are used at mid span and at one-third load points to monitor vertical deflections. The load is
gradually applied with an increment of 2.5 kN up to the failure of the beams. The crack widths are measured
periodically by using crack width detection microscope. The testing of beams is shown in Figure 8.
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Fig. 8 Flexure Test of Flanged Beams under Static Loading Condition
4. Results and Discussion

All the nine flanged beams are tested under flexure and observed various parameters. The results obtained for all the
beam specimens are presented in Table 4. The typical crack patterns of beam specimens are shown in Figure 9. The
results are depicted in the form of graphs are shown in Figures 10 to 15. The first crack load, the ultimate static load
and ultimate deflection for various beams are compared and are presented in the form of bar charts are shown in
Figures 16 to 20.
Table 4 Experimental Results of the Flanged Beam Specimens
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Fig. 10 Moment versus Curvature of Beam Series 1
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Fig. 13 Load versus Deflection of Beam Series 1
Fig. 14 Load versus Deflection of Beam Series 2
Fig.15 Load versus Deflection of Beam Series 3
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Fig. 16 Comparison of First Crack load of All Beams
Fig. 17 Comparison of Ultimate Load of All Beams
Fig. 18 Comparison of Ultimate Deflection of All Beams
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Fig. 19 Comparison of Ultimate Moment of All Beams
The first crack load observed in beams reinforced with steel reinforcement shows higher in under reinforced section
(Series 3) when compared to over reinforced section (Series 1). But at the same time the effect of percentage of
reinforcement is not reflected in first crack load of beams reinforced with GFRP reinforcement of all series.
The load carrying capacity of beams is increases when the percentage of reinforcement increases in beams. This
phenomenon is followed in steel as well as GFRP reinforced beams of all series. But in practice, under reinforced
beams (Series 1) are recommended in point of view of advanced warning prior to failure.
From Figures 19 and 20, the ultimate moment capacity and curvature of over reinforced sections are high as compared
to under reinforced sections.
5. Conclusion
The following conclusions are derived from the above experimental study
1. The first crack load observed in conventional steel (Fe) beams are 25.0 kN, 12.5 kN and 27.50 kN for beams
having 0.82 %, 1.24 % and 2.06 % of reinforcement respectively.
2. The first crack load observed in sand coated GFRP (FS) beams are 20 kN, 17. 5 kN and 20 kN for beams having
0.82 %, 1.24 % and 2.06 % of reinforcement respectively.
3. The first crack load observed in threaded GFRP (FT) beams are 7.5 kN, 8.25 kN and 11.75 kN for beams having
0.82 %, 1.24 % and 2.06 % of reinforcement respectively.
4. 4. The first crack loads are almost same in all series of GFRP reinforced
beams and the percentage of
reinforcement is not reflected in first crack load as found in steel reinforced beams. This is because of non yielding
nature of GFRP reinforcements.
5. The ultimate load carrying capacity of steel as well as GFRP reinforced beams increases when increase in
percentage of reinforcement.
6. The ultimate deflection observed in conventional steel and sand coated GFRP reinforced beams show reduction in
deflection, when increase in percentage of reinforcement. But at the same time, it is reversed in threaded GFRP
reinforced beams.
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7. The performance of threaded GFRP reinforcements is low when compared to sand coated GFRP beams with
respect to ultimate load carrying capacity and ultimate deflections.
8. With respect to ductility behaviour under reinforced (Series 1) beams are recommended for practical applications
since it gives ample warning before failure by means of deflection.
9. The ultimate load carrying capacity of sand coated GFRP reinforced beam is 77.5 kN and the same in steel
reinforced beams is 62.5 kN. It shows 24% increase in sand coated GFRP reinforced beams compared to
conventional steel reinforced beams.
10. The ultimate deflection observed in sand coated GFRP reinforced beams is 82 mm, which is higher than that
observed in steel reinforced beams of 52 mm. It shows 57% increase in deflection in sand coated GFRP reinforced
beams when compared to steel reinforced beams.
11. The sand coated GFRP reinforced beams are found superior when compared to conventional steel reinforced
beams. Because of their non corrosive nature, GFRP reinforced beams are well suited in corrosive environmental
structures.
References
[1]. ACI 440R-96, State of the Art Report on Fiber Reinforced Plastic (FRP) Reinforcement for Concrete Structures,
ACI Committee 440, ACI (1996), Detroit.
[2]. ACI 440.1R-01, Guide for the Design and Construction of Concrete Reinforced with FRP bars, ACI Committee
440 (2001).
[3]. ACI Committee 440.XRReport on Fiber-Reinforced Polymer (FRP) Reinforcement for Concrete Structures. ACI
(2007).
[4]. Bakis,C.E., Freimanis,.J., Gremel,D. and Nanni A. Effect of Resin Material on Bond and Tensile Properties of
Unconditioned and Conditioned FRP Reinforced Rods, Proceedings of 1st International Conference on Durability
of Fibre Reinforced Polymer (FRP) Composites for Construction, Sherbrooke, August .(1998) 525-535.
[5]. Benmokrane, B., Wang, P., Gentry T.R., and Faza, S., Test Method to Determine the Properties of FRP Rod for
Concrete Structures, Proceedings of the International Workshop Composites in Construction: A Reality Cosenza,
E. Manfredi.G and Nanni, A., Eds., American Society of Civil Engineers (2001)75-83.
[6]. Sivagamasundari.R and Kumaran.G. Experimental Study of the Behaviour of Concrete One-Way Slabs Reinforced
with Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer Reinforcements, The Icfai University Press (2008) 51-59.
[7]. Abdalla, H.A. Evaluation of Deflection in Concrete Members Reinforced with Fibre Reinforced Polymer (FRP)
Bars, Journal of composite structures, 56(2002) 63-71.
[8]. ChabibKassem,et.al. Evaluation of Flexural Behaviour of Serviceability Performance of Concrete Beams
Reinforced with FRP Bars, Journal of Composites for construction, Sep/Oct (2011) 682-695.
[9]. Toutanji, H.A., and Saafi, M. Flexural Behavior of Concrete Beams Reinforced with Glass Fiber-Reinforced
Polymer (GFRP) Bars, ACI Structural Journal, 97(5)(2000) 712-719.
[10]. Deiveegan.A and Kumaran.G. A Study of Combined Bending and Axial Load on Concrete Columns Reinforced
with Non-Metallic Reinforcements. European Journal of Scientific Research, London vol-56.No.4(2011) 562-575.
[11]. JagadeesanSaravanan, GanapathyKumaran, Joint Shear Strength of FRP Reinforced Concrete Beam Column
Joints,Cent.Eur.J.Eng.1(1) (2011) 89-102
[12]. Code for practice for, IS 10262-2009, Indian Standard Concrete Mix Proportioning, Bureau of Indian Standards,
New Delhi.
[13]. Code for practice for, IS 456-2000, Indian Standard Plain & Reinforced Concrete, Bureau of Indian Standards,
New Delhi.
[14]. ASTM D3916:1984, Standard Test Methods for Tensile properties of Pultruded Glass-Fibre Reinforced Plastic
Author
Kumaran.G received B.E., M.E., degrees with distinction from Annamalai University in the year 1990
and 1992 and obtained Ph.D, in Structural Engineering from IIT-M, Chennai in the year 2002. He
served as Structural Design Engineer at TNSCC and L&T ECC Groups, Chennai, during the year
1992-94. Later he joined as Lecturer in the Dept. of Civil and Structural Engg, Annamalai University
in the year 1994 and presently working as Professor. He has published 14 research papers in referred
International/National Journals and 18 papers in International/ National conferences. Guided 6 Ph.D
and 32 M.E, thesis. He has been the Principal investigator for 4 UGC/AICTE sponsored Major Research Projects. His
area of interest includes Structural Design and Detailing, Dynamics, Earthquake Resistant Structures and Finite
Element Analysis.
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Murugan.R received D.C.E., B.E., M.E (Structures), diploma and degrees from Annamalai University
in the year 1988,1994 and 2000. He served as Project Assistant at NIT-Trichirapalli in the year 198889, Surveyor at SURMAPS Ltd Bangalore in the year 1989-90. He joined as Lecturer in the Dept. of
Civil and Structural Engg, Annamalai University in the year 2001 and presently working as Assistant
Professor and Pursuing Ph.D research in the area of RC Beams with Non-Metallic Reinforcements. He
has published 2 research papers in referred International Journal and 2 papers in International conferences. His area of
interest includes Solid Mechanics, Structural Mechanics, Concrete Technology and RCC Design.
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International Journal of Application or Innovation in Engineering & Management (IJAIEM)

Web Site: www.ijaiem.org Email: editor@ijaiem.org

ISSN 2319 - 4847