Q. What are the international standards of materials.

Briefly describe some of

them/any two of them?
ASTM International
ASTM International - American Society for Testing and Materials - is a scientific
and technical organization that develops and publishes voluntary standards on
the characteristics of material, products, systems and services

ASTM International, originally known as the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), is
one of the largest voluntary standards development organizations in the world - a trusted source for
technical standards for materials, products, systems, and services.
The standards includes test procedures for determining or verifying characteristics as chemical
composition, measuring performance. The standards cover refined materials as steel and basic products
as machinery and fabricated equipment.
The ASTM standards are published in a set of 67 volumes in 16 sections:

Volume 00.01 - Subject Index - Alphanumeric List

Section 1 - Iron and Steel Products

Volume 01.01 - Steel - Piping, Tubing, Fittings

Volume 01.02 - Ferrous Castings; Ferroalloys

Volume 01.03 - Steel - Plate, Sheet, Strip, Wire; Stainless Steel Bar

Volume 01.04 - Steel - Structural, Reinforcing, Pressure Vessel, Railway

Volume 01.05 - Steel - Bars, Forgings, Bearing, Chain, Springs

Volume 01.06 - Coated Steel Products

Volume 01.07 - Ships and Marine Technology

Volume 01.08 - Fasteners

Section 2 - Nonferrous Metal Products

Volume 02.01 - Copper and Copper Alloys

Volume 02.02 - Aluminum and Magnesium Alloys

Volume 02.03 - Electrical Conductors

Volume 02.04 - Metals: Nickel, Cobalt, Lead, Tin, Zinc, Cadmium, Precious, Reactive,
Refractory Metals and Alloys; Materials for Thermostats, Electrical Testing and Resistance,
Contacts, Connectors

Volume 02.05 - Metallic and Inorganic Coatings; Metal Powders; Sintered P/M Structural Parts

Section 3 - Metals Test Methods and Analytical Procedures

Volume 03.01 - Metals - Mechanical Testing; Elevated and Low-Temperature Tests;

Metallography

Volume 03.02 - Wear and Erosion; Metal Corrosion

Volume 03.03 - Nondestructive Testing

Volume 03.04 - Magnetic Properties

Volume 03.05 - Analytical Chemistry for Metals, Ores, and Related Materials (I): E 32 to E
1724

Volume 03.06 - Analytical Chemistry for Metals, Ores, and Related Materials (II): E356 to
latest; Molecular Spectroscopy; Surface Analysis

Section 4 - Construction

Volume 04.01 - Cement, Lime; Gypsum

Volume 04.02 - Concrete and Aggregates

Volume 04.03 - Road and Paving Materials; Vehicle-Pavement Systems

Volume 04.04 - Roofing and Waterproofing

Volume 04.05 - Roofing, Waterproofing, and Bituminous Materials

Volume 04.06 - Thermal Insulation; Environmental Acoustics

Volume 04.07 - Building Seals and Sealants; Fire Standards; Dimension Stone

Volume 04.08 - Soil and Rock (I): D 420 to D 5779

Volume 04.09 - Soil and Rock (II): D 5780 - latest; Geosynthetics

Volume 04.10 - Wood

Volume 04.11 - Building Construction

Volume 04.12 - Building Constructions (II): E 1672 - latest; Property Management Systems

Volume 04.13 - Geosynthetics

Section 5 - Petroleum Products, Lubricants, and Fossil Fuels

Volume 05.01 - Petroleum Products and Lubricants (I): D 56 - D 2596

Volume 05.02 - Petroleum Products and Lubricants (II): D 2597 - D 4927

Volume 05.03 - Petroleum Products and Lubricants (III): D 4928 - D 5950

Volume 05.04 - Petroleum Products and Lubricants (IV): D 5966 - latest

Volume 05.05 - Test Methods for Rating Motor, Diesel, and Aviation Fuels; Catalysts;
Manufactured Carbon and Graphite Products

Volume 05.06 - Gaseous Fuels; Coal and Coke

Section 6 - Paints, Related Coatings, and Aromatics

Volume 06.01 - Paint - Tests for Chemical, Physical, and Optical Properties; Appearance

Volume 06.02 - Paint - Products and Applications; Protective Coatings; Pipeline Coatings

Volume 06.03 - Paint - Pigments, Drying Oils, Polymers, Resins, Naval Stores, Cellulosic
Esters, and Ink Vehicles

Volume 06.04 - Paint - Solvents; Aromatic Hydrocarbons

Section 7 - Textiles

Volume 07.01 - Textiles (I): D76 - D3218

Volume 07.02 - Textiles (II): D3333 - latest

Section 8 - Plastics

Volume 08.01 - Plastics (I): D 256 - D 2343

Volume 08.02 - Plastics (II): D 2383 - D 4322

Volume 08.03 - Plastics (III): D 4329 - latest

Volume 08.04 - Plastic Pipe and Building Products

Section 9 - Rubber

Volume 09.01 - Rubber, Natural and Synthetic -- General Test Methods; Carbon Black

Volume 09.02 - Rubber Products, Industrial - Specifications and Related Test Methods:
Gaskets; Tires

Section 10 - Electrical Insulation and Electronics

Volume 10.01 - Electrical Insulation (I): D 69 - D 2484

Volume 10.02 - Electrical Insulation (II): D 2518 - latest

Volume 10.03 - Electrical Insulating Liquids and Gases; Electrical Protective Equipment

Volume 10.04 - Electronics

Section 11 - Water and Environmental Technology

Volume 11.01 - Water (I)

Volume 11.02 - Water (II)

Volume 11.03 - Atmospheric Analysis; Occupational Health and Safety; Protective Clothing

Volume 11.04 - Environmental Assessment; Hazardous Substances and Oil Spill Responses;
Waste Management

Volume 11.05 - Biological Effects and Environmental Fate; Biotechnology; Pesticides

Section 12 - Nuclear, Solar, and Geothermal Energy

Volume 12.01 - Nuclear Energy (I)

Volume 12.02 - Nuclear Energy (II), Solar, and Geothermal Energy

Section 13 - Medical Devices and Services

Volume 13.01 - Medical Devices; Emergency Medical Services

Volume 13.02 - Emergency Medical Services, Search and Rescue

Section 14 - General Methods and Instrumentation

Volume 14.01 - Healthcare Informatics

Volume 14.02 - General Test Methods; Forensic Sciences; Terminology; Conformity

Assessment; Statistical Methods

Volume 14.03 - Temperature Measurement

Volume 14.04 - Laboratory Apparatus; Degradation of Materials; SI; Oxygen Fire Safety

Section 15 - General Products, Chemical Specialties, and End Use Products

Volume 15.01 - Refractures; Activated Carbon; Advanced Ceramics

Volume 15.02 - Glass; Ceramic Whitewares

Volume 15.03 - Space Simulation; Aerospace and Aircraft; High Modulus Fibers

Volume 15.04 - Soaps and Other Detergents; Polishes; Leather; Resilient Floor Coverings

Volume 15.05 - Engine Coolants; Halogenated Organic Solvents and Fire Extinguishing Agents;
Industrial and Specialty Chemicals

Volume 15.06 - Adhesives

Volume 15.07 - Sport Equipment; Safety and Traction for Footwear; Amusement Rides;
Consumer Products

Volume 15.08 - Sensory Evaluation; Vacuum Cleaners; Security Systems; Detention Facilities;
Food Service Equipment

Volume 15.09 - Paper; Packaging; Flexible Barrier Materials; Business Imaging Product

The ASTM Standard

Section 5 - Petroleum Products, Lubricants, and Fossil Fuels - Volume 05.06, September 2002
Gaseous Fuels, Coal and Coke

covers gaseous fuels, and coal and coke.

In Gaseous Fuels, tables and practices fix standard procedures for sampling and calculating thermo
physical properties. In addition, several tests defines methods for analyzing the properties of gaseous
fuels.
In Coal and Coke, tests and practices establish procedures for evaluating properties of coal and coke
such as dustiness, moisture content, plastic properties, and Sulphur content.

D121-01a Standard Terminology of Coal and Coke

D167-93(1999)e1 Standard Test Method for Apparent and True Specific Gravity and Porosity of
Lump Coke

D197-87(2002) Standard Test Method for Sampling and Fineness Test of Pulverized Coal

D291-86(2002) Standard Test Method for Cubic Foot Weight of Crushed Bituminous Coal

D293-93(1999) Standard Test Method for the Sieve Analysis of Coke

D346-90(1998) Standard Practice for Collection and Preparation of Coke Samples for
Laboratory Analysis

D388-99e1 Standard Classification of Coals by Rank

D409-02 Standard Test Method for Grindability of Coal by the Hardgrove-Machine Method

D440-86(2002) Standard Test Method of Drop Shatter Test for Coal

D441-86(2002) Standard Test Method of Tumbler Test for Coal

D720-91(1999) Standard Test Method for Free-Swelling Index of Coal

D1070-85(1998) Standard Test Methods for Relative Density of Gaseous Fuels

D1071-83(1998)e1 Standard Test Methods for Volumetric Measurement of Gaseous Fuel

Samples

D1072-90(1999) Standard Test Method for Total Sulfur in Fuel Gases

D1142-95(2000) Standard Test Method for Water Vapor Content of Gaseous Fuels by
Measurement of Dew-Point Temperature

D1412-02 Standard Test Method for Equilibrium Moisture of Coal at 96 to 97 Percent Relative
Humidity and 30C

D1756-96(2000) Standard Test Method for Determination as Carbon Dioxide of Carbonate

Carbon in Coal

D1757-96(2002) Standard Test Method for Sulfur in Ash from Coal and Coke

D1826-94(1998) Standard Test Method for Calorific (Heating) Value of Gases in Natural Gas
Range by Continuous Recording Calorimeter

D1857-87(2000) Standard Test Method for Fusibility of Coal and Coke Ash

D1945-96(2001) Standard Test Method for Analysis of Natural Gas by Gas Chromatography

D1946-90(2000) Standard Practice for Analysis of Reformed Gas by Gas Chromatography

D1988-91(2000) Standard Test Method for Mercaptans in Natural Gas Using Length-of-Stain
Detector Tubes

D2013-01 Standard Practice of Preparing Coal Samples for Analysis

D2014-97 Standard Test Method for Expansion or Contraction of Coal by the Sole-Heated
Oven

D2234-00e1 Standard Practice for Collection of a Gross Sample of Coal

D2361-95(2001) Standard Test Method for Chlorine in Coal

D2492-90(1998) Standard Test Method for Forms of Sulfur in Coal

D2639-98 Standard Test Method for Plastic Properties of Coal by the Constant-Torque
Gieseler Plastometer

D2797-85(1999) Standard Practice for Preparing Coal Samples for Microscopical Analysis by
Reflected Light

D2798-99 Standard Test Method for Microscopical Determination of the Reflectance of Vitrinite
in a Polished Specimen of Coal

D2799-99 Standard Test Method for Microscopical Determination of Volume Percent of

Physical Components of Coal

D2961-01a Standard Test Method for Single-Stage Total Moisture Less than 15% in Coal
Reduced to 2.36-mm (No. 8 Sieve) Topsize

D3038-93(1999) Standard Test Method for Drop Shatter Test for Coke

D3172-89(2002) Standard Practice for Proximate Analysis of Coal and Coke

D3173-00 Standard Test Method for Moisture in the Analysis Sample of Coal and Coke

D3174-00 Standard Test Method for Ash in the Analysis Sample of Coal and Coke from Coal

D3175-01 Standard Test Method for Volatile Matter in the Analysis Sample of Coal and Coke

D3176-89(2002) Standard Practice for Ultimate Analysis of Coal and Coke

D3177-89(2002) Standard Test Methods for Total Sulfur in the Analysis Sample of Coal and
Coke

D3178-89(1997) Standard Test Methods for Carbon and Hydrogen in the Analysis Sample of
Coal and Coke

D3179-89(2002) Standard Test Methods for Nitrogen in the Analysis Sample of Coal and Coke

D3180-89(2002) Standard Practice for Calculating Coal and Coke Analyses from AsDetermined to Different Bases

D3302-02 Standard Test Method for Total Moisture in Coal

D3402-93(2001) Standard Test Method for Tumbler Test for Coke

D3588-98 Standard Practice for Calculating Heat Value, Compressibility Factor, and Relative
Density of Gaseous Fuels

D3682-01 Standard Test Method for Major and Minor Elements in Combustion Residues from
Coal Utilization Processes

D3683-94(2000) Standard Test Method for Trace Elements in Coal and Coke Ash by Atomic
Absorption

D3684-01 Standard Test Method for Total Mercury in Coal by the Oxygen Bomb
Combustion/Atomic Absorption Method

D3761-96(2002) Standard Test Method for Total Fluorine in Coal by the Oxygen Bomb
Combustion/Ion Selective Electrode Method

D3956-93(1998) Standard Specification for Methane Thermophysical Property Tables

D3984-93(1998) Standard Specification for Ethane Thermophysical Property Tables

D3997-97 Standard Practice for Preparing Coke Samples for Microscopical Analysis by
Reflected Light

D4084-94(1999) Standard Test Method for Analysis of Hydrogen Sulfide in Gaseous Fuels
(Lead Acetate Reaction Rate Method)

D4150-00 Standard Terminology Relating to Gaseous Fuels

D4182-97 Standard Practice for Evaluation of Laboratories Using ASTM Procedures in the
Sampling and Analysis of Coal and Coke

D4208-88(2002) Standard Test Method for Total Chlorine in Coal by the Oxygen Bomb
Combustion/Ion Selective Electrode Method

D4239-02 Standard Test Methods for Sulfur in the Analysis Sample of Coal and Coke Using
High Temperature Tube Furnace Combustion Methods

D4326-01 Standard Test Method for Major and Minor Elements in Coal and Coke Ash By XRay Fluorescence

D4362-93(1998)e1 Standard Specification for Propane Thermophysical Property Tables

D4371-91(1998) Standard Test Method for Determining the Washability Characteristics of Coal

D4468-85(2000) Standard Test Method for Total Sulfur in Gaseous Fuels by Hydrogenolysis
and Rateometric Colorimetry

D4596-99 Standard Practice for Collection of Channel Samples of Coal in a Mine

D4606-95(2000) Standard Test Method for Determination of Arsenic and Selenium in Coal by
the Hydride Generation/Atomic Absorption Method

D4621-99 Standard Guide for Quality Management in an Organization That Samples or Tests
Coal and Coke

D4650-93(1998) Standard Specification for Normal Butane Thermophysical Property Tables

D4651-93(1998) Standard Specification for Isobutane Thermophysical Property Tables

D4702-97 Standard Guide for Inspecting Crosscut, Sweep-Arm, and Auger Mechanical CoalSampling Systems for Conformance with Current ASTM Standards

D4749-87(2002) Standard Test Method for Performing the Sieve Analysis of Coal and
Designating Coal Size

D4784-93(1998) Standard Specification for LNG Density Calculation Models

D4810-88(1999) Standard Test Method for Hydrogen Sulfide in Natural Gas Using Length-ofStain Detector Tubes

D4888-88(1999) Standard Test Method for Water Vapor in Natural Gas Using Length-of-Stain
Detector Tubes

D4891-89(2001) Standard Test Method for Heating Value of Gases in Natural Gas Range by
Stoichiometric Combustion

D4915-96 Standard Guide for Manual Sampling of Coal from Tops of Railroad Cars

D4916-97 Standard Practice for Mechanical Auger Sampling

D4984-89(1999) Standard Test Method for Carbon Dioxide in Natural Gas Using Length-ofStain Detector Tubes

D5016-98 Standard Test Method for Sulfur in Ash from Coal, Coke, and Residues from Coal
Combustion Using High-Temperature Tube Furnace Combustion Method with Infrared
Absorption

D5061-92(1997) Standard Test Method for Microscopical Determination of Volume Percent of

Textural Components in Metallurgical Coke

D5114-90(1998) Standard Test Method for Laboratory Froth Flotation of Coal in a Mechanical
Cell

D5142-02 Standard Test Methods for Proximate Analysis of the Analysis Sample of Coal and
Coke by Instrumental Procedures

D5192-99 Standard Practice for Collection of Coal Samples from Core

D5263-93(2001) Standard Test Method for Determining the Relative Degree of Oxidation in
Bituminous Coal by Alkali Extraction

D5287-97 Standard Practice for Automatic Sampling of Gaseous Fuels

D5341-99 Standard Test Method for Measuring Coke Reactivity Index (CRI) and Coke
Strength After Reaction (CSR)

D5373-93(2002) Standard Test Methods for Instrumental Determination of Carbon, Hydrogen,

and Nitrogen in Laboratory Samples of Coal and Coke

D5454-93(1999) Standard Test Method for Water Vapor Content of Gaseous Fuels Using
Electronic Moisture Analyzers

D5503-94(1999) Standard Practice for Natural Gas Sample-Handling and Conditioning

Systems for Pipeline Instrumentation

D5504-01 Standard Test Method for Determination of Sulfur Compounds in Natural Gas and
Gaseous Fuels by Gas Chromatography and Chemiluminescence

D5515-97 Standard Test Method for Determination of the Swelling Properties of Bituminous
Coal Using a Dilatometer

D5671-95(2001) Standard Practice for Polishing and Etching Coal Samples for Microscopical
Analysis by Reflected LightD5865-02 Standard Test Method for Gross Calorific Value of Coal
and Coke

D5954-98 Standard Test Method for Mercury Sampling and Measurement in Natural Gas by
Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy

D5987-96(2002) Standard Test Method for Total Fluorine in Coal and Coke by Pyrohydrolytic
Extraction and Ion Selective Electrode or Ion Chromatograph Methods

D6172-98e1 Standard Test Method for Determining the Volume of Bulk Materials Using
Contours or Cross Sections Created by Direct Operator Compilation Using Photogrammetric
Procedures

D6228-98 Standard Test Method for Determination of Sulfur Compounds in Natural Gas and
Gaseous Fuels by Gas Chromatography and Flame Photometric Detection

D6273-98 Standard Test Methods for Natural Gas Odor Intensity

D6315-98e1 Standard Practice for Manual Sampling of Coal from Tops of Barges

D6316-00 Standard Test Method for Determination of Total, Combustible and Carbonate
Carbon in Solid Residues from Coal and Coke

D6347/D6347M-99 Standard Test Method for Determination of Bulk Density of Coal Using
Nuclear Backscatter Depth Density Methods

D6349-01 Standard Test Method for Determination of Major and Minor Elements in Coal, Coke,
and Solid Residues from Combustion of Coal and Coke by Inductively Coupled
PlasmaAtomic Emission Spectrometry

D6350-98 Standard Test Method for Mercury Sampling and Analysis in Natural Gas by Atomic
Fluorescence Spectroscopy

D6357-00a Test Methods for Determination of Trace Elements in Coal, Coke, & Combustion
Residues from Coal Utilization Processes by Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission,
Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass, & Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrometrics

D6414-01 Standard Test Method for Total Mercury in Coal and Coal Combustion Residues by
Acid Extraction or Wet Oxidation/Cold Vapor Atomic Absorption

D6518-01 Standard Practice for Bias Testing a Mechanical Coal Sampling System

D6542-00 Standard Practice for Tonnage Calculation of Coal in a Stockpile

D6543-00e1 Standard Guide to the Evaluation of Measurements Made by On-Line Coal

Analyzers

D6609-01 Standard Guide for Part-Stream Sampling of Coal

D6610-01a Standard Practice for Manual Sampling Coal from Surfaces of a Stockpile

D6721-01 Standard Test Method for Determination of Chlorine in Coal by Oxidative Hydrolysis
Microcoulometry

D6722-01 Standard Test Method for Total Mercury in Coal and Coal Combustion Residues by
Direct Combustion Analysis

D6796-02 Standard Practice for Production of Coal, Coke and Coal Combustion Samples for
Interlaboratory Studies

ASME - American Society of Mechanical Engineers

ASME is one of the leading organizations in the world developing codes
and standards
ASME - American Society of Mechanical Engineers - is a 120,000-member professional organization
focused on technical, educational and research issues of the engineering and technology community.
ASME conducts one of the world's largest technical publishing operations, holds numerous technical
conferences worldwide, and offers hundreds of professional development courses each year. ASME
sets internationally recognized industrial and manufacturing codes and standards that enhance public
safety.
The work of the Society is performed by its member-elected Board of Governors and through its five
Councils, 44 Boards and hundreds of Committees in 13 regions throughout the world.

Technical Divisions and Subdivisions

Advancing the science and practice of mechanical engineering is the responsibility of the Society's 37
Technical Divisions and Subdivisions, which span a vast array of disciplines, technologies and
industries:

Advanced Energy Systems - Promotes the advancement of emerging energy conversion

devices and processes, such as hydrogen technologies, fuel cells and heat pumps, and
understanding of thermo economics.

Aerospace - Concerns mechanical engineering of aircraft and manned/unmanned spacecraft

design, including adaptive structures and materials, propulsion systems and life support
equipment.

Applied Mechanics - Advances the study of how media, including solids, fluids and systems,
respond to external stimuli, as well as the specialized areas of shock and vibration and
computer applications.

Bioengineering - Focused on the application of mechanical engineering principles to the

conception, design, development, analysis and operation of biomechanical systems.

Computers & Information in Engineering - Concerned with the application of emerging

computer simulation technology to enhance the entire engineering process.

Design Engineering - Addresses the design concepts of machines and mechanisms, such as
fastening/joining methods and gearing, as well as design aspects affecting reliability and
manufacturability.

Dynamic Systems & Control - Concentrates on control methods and devices, from
servomechanisms and regulators to automatic controls, for dynamic systems involving forces,
motion and/or the flow of energy or material.

Electronic & Photonic Packaging - Fosters cooperation on mechanical engineering

considerations of microelectronics, photonics, microwave and microelectromechanical systems
design and manufacturing.

Environmental Engineering - Concerns air, ground and water pollution control technologies,
including environmental remediation and mixed hazardous/radioactive waste management.

Fluids Engineering - Involved in fluid mechanics in all types of systems and processes
involving fluid flow, including pumps, turbines, compressors, pipelines, biological fluid elements
and hydraulic structures.

Fluid Power Systems & Technology - Advances the design and analysis of fluid power
components, such as hydraulic and pneumatic actuators, pumps, motors and modulating
components, in various systems and applications.

Fuels & Combustion Technologies - Dedicated to the understanding of fuels and combustion
systems in modern utility and industrial power plants, including fuels handling, preparation,
processing and by-product emissions controls.

Heat Transfer - Enhances the theory and application of heat transfer in equipment and
thermodynamic processes in all fields of mechanical engineering and related technologies.

Information Storage & Processing Systems - Focuses on the mechanics of electronic

information storage devices and their manufacture, with primary focus on rigid and floppy
disks, magnetic tape, VCR and optical disk technologies.

Internal Combustion Engine - Furthers mechanical engineering of all types of reciprocating

combustion engines, including diesel and spark ignited engines for mobile, marine, rail and
stationary power generation applications.

International Gas Turbine Institute - Supports the design, manufacture and operation of gas
turbine and aeroengine machinery in various applications, including aircraft, marine and
electric power generation.

Management - Concerns the management of the engineering process to control resources,

both human and material, to improve the quality of products and services provided by
organizations.

Manufacturing Engineering - Fosters the transfer of technology related to manufacturing

systems for improved production performance, including machine tools, computer integrated
manufacturing and robotics.

Materials - Focuses on the properties of materials, such as metals, ceramics, composites and
polymers, and its influence on design consideration in materials selection for engineering
structures.

Materials Handling Engineering - Promotes the dissemination and application of

technological advancements in material transport systems through mechanical engineering,
systems engineering and information technology.

Microelectromechanical Systems Subdivision - Furthers developments of miniature devices

combining electrical, mechanical, optical, chemical and/or biological components fabricated via
integrated circuit or similar manufacturing techniques.

Noise Control & Acoustics - Advances the application of physical principles of acoustics to
the solution of noise control problems, as well as the uses of acoustics in industrial
applications.

NonDestructive Evaluation Engineering - Covers the evaluation of critical system

components for material/defect/structure characterization through nondestructive methods,
such as ultrasonics, radiography and other techniques.

Nuclear Engineering - Concerns the design, development, testing, operation and

maintenance of nuclear reactor systems and components, fusion, heat transport, nuclear fuels
technology and radioactive waste.

Ocean, Offshore & Arctic Engineering - Promotes international technological progress in the
recovery of energy resources in offshore and arctic environments, as well as systems,
equipment and vehicles for underwater sea usage.

Petroleum - Covers mechanical systems used in the entire area of petroleum drilling,
production, refining, processing, and transportation, as well as management and
environmental concerns.

Pipeline Systems Division - Promotes pipeline systems technology, including automation,

rotating equipment, geotechnics, heat transfer, offshore, materials, GIS, database,
environmental issues, design, construction, and integrity.

Plant Engineering & Maintenance - Focuses on the design, fabrication, installation, operation
and maintenance of manufacturing systems, equipment, processes and facilities to create
products of enhanced value.

Power - Disseminates information on the research, design, operation, economics, and

environmental effects of fossil-fired thermal power generation systems, including hydroelectric.

Pressure Vessels & Piping - Concerns the design, fabrication, inspection, operation and
failure prevention of power boilers, heating boilers, pipelines, pumps, valves and other
pressure-bearing components and vessels.

Process Industries - Focuses on the design of systems and machines for heating, cooling or
treating industrial fluids and gases, including the efficient management and control of the
processes themselves.

Rail Transportation - Covers the mechanical design, construction, operation and maintenance
of locomotives, freight, passenger and commuter cars in railroads and mass transit systems.

Safety Engineering & Risk Analysis - Promotes practices that lead to reduced risk and loss
prevention by creating safer products, processes, and occupational environments.

Solar Energy - Concerned with all aspects of solar-derived energy for mechanical and
electrical power generation, as well as wind energy and ocean thermal energy conversion.

Solid Waste Processing - Addresses the design, construction and operation of solid waste
processing and disposal facilities, including waste-to-energy combustors, materials
recovery/recycling, landfills and composting.

Technology & Society - Covers all issues concerning the inter-relationships between
technological innovation and the world community, as well as the social responsibility of the
engineer.

Textile Engineering - Focuses on product and process technology for the improvement of
fiber, composite material, textile, and apparel manufacturing operations, machinery and
instrumentation.

Tribology - Involved in all aspects of friction, lubrication and wear in mechanical designs and
manufacturing processes, as well as its economic impact on system reliability and
maintainability.

Popular Publications from ASME

The ASME committees within the different divisions and subdivisions develops, updates and publish
some of the worlds most used codes and standards. Some of the popular titles are:
ASME 2004 Boiler & Pressure Vessel Code - The Code, which is issued once every three years, is
comprised of 28 separate volumes which establish rules of safety governing the design, fabrication
and inspection of boilers and pressure vessels, including nuclear power systems. The Code has been
updated to incorporate advancements in boiler and pressure vessel design, materials and
applications, and provides the latest information to maintain ASME Code Symbol Stamps.
ASME A17-CD - CD-ROM for Elevators and Escalators. Includes: A17.1 Safety Code for Elevators
and Escalators - A17.2 Guide for Inspection of Elevators, Escalators and Moving Walks - A17.3 Safety
Code for Existing Elevators and Escalators
ASME B31.1 - 2001 Power Piping - The code prescribes minimum requirements for the design,
materials, fabrication, erection, test, and inspection of power and auxiliary service piping systems for
electric generation stations, industrial institutional plants, central and district heating plants. The code
covers boiler external piping for power boilers and high temperature, high pressure water boilers in
which steam or vapor is generated at a pressure of more than 15 PSIG; and high temperature water is
generated at pressures exceeding 160 PSIG and/or temperatures exceeding 250 degrees F.
ASME B31.3 - 2002 Process Piping - The Code contains rules for piping typically found in petroleum
refineries; chemical, pharmaceutical, textile, paper, semiconductor, and cryogenic plants; and related
processing plants and terminals. The Code prescribes requirements for materials and components,
design, fabrication, assembly, erection, examination, inspection, and testing of piping. The Code
applies to piping for all fluids including: (1) raw, intermediate, and finished chemicals; (2) petroleum
products; (3) gas, steam, air and water; (4) fluidized solids; (5) refrigerants; and (6) cryogenic fluids.
Also included is piping which interconnects pieces or stages within a packaged equipment assembly.
ASME V14.5M - 1994 Dimensioning and Tolerance - The standard establishes uniform practices for
stating and interpreting dimensioning, tolerances, and related requirements for use on engineering
drawings and in related documents. For a mathematical explanation of many of the principles in this
standard, see ASME Y14.5.1m. Practices unique to architectural and civil engineering, land, welding
symbology are not included.
ASME B16.5 - 1996 Pipe Flanges and Flange Fittings - The Standard covers pressure-temperature
ratings, materials, dimensions, tolerances, marking, testing, and methods of designating openings for
pipe flanges and flanged fittings in sizes NPS 1/2 through NPS 24 and in rating Classes 150, 300,
400, 600, 900, 1500, and 2500. Flanges and flanged fittings may be cast, forged, or (for blind flanges

and certain reducing flanges only) plate materials as listed in Table 1A. Requirements and
recommendations regarding bolting and gaskets are also included.
ASME B31.4 - 1998 - Pipeline Transportation Systems for Liquid Hydrocarbons and other
Liquids - The Code prescribes requirements for the design, materials, construction, assembly,
inspection, and testing of piping transporting liquids such as crude oil, condensate, natural gasoline,
natural gas liquids, liquefied petroleum gas, carbon dioxide, liquid alcohol, liquid anhydrous ammonia
and liquid petroleum products between producers' lease facilities, tank farms, natural gas processing
plants, refineries, stations, ammonia plants, terminals (marine, rail and truck) and other delivery and
receiving points. Piping consists of pipe, flanges, bolting, gaskets, valves, relief devices, fittings and
the pressure containing parts of other piping components. It also includes hangers and supports, and
other equipment items necessary to prevent overstressing the pressure containing parts. It does not
include support structures such as frames of buildings, buildings stanchions or foundations or any
equipment such as defined in para. 400.1.2(B). Requirements for offshore pipelines are found in
Chapter IX. Also included within the scope of this Code are: (A) Primary and associated auxiliary liquid
petroleum and liquid anhydrous ammonia piping at pipeline terminals (marine, rail and truck), tank
farms, pump stations, pressure reducing stations and metering stations, including scraper traps,
strainers, and prover loop; (B) Storage and working tanks including pipe-type storage fabricated from
pipe and fittings, and piping interconnecting these facilities; (C) Liquid petroleum and liquid anhydrous
ammonia piping located on property which has been set aside for such piping within petroleum
refinery, natural gasoline, gas processing, ammonia, and bulk plants; (D) Those aspects of operation
and maintenance of liquid pipeline systems relating to the safety and protection of the general public,
operating company personnel, environment, property and the piping systems.

American Petroleum Institute-API

The American Petroleum Institute - API - represents more than 400 members involved in the oil and
natural gas industry.
Over 900 API standards serve as the basis for API quality programs covering production material and
lubricants, and certification programs for storage tanks, pressure vessels, and piping inspectors. API
publish recommended practices, research reports, and specifications on pipelines, valves, offshore
structures, oil-spill response procedures, environmental protection, exploration, facility management
and much more.
The API membership work is organized in

the API upstream segment

the API downstream segment

the API marine segment

the API pipeline segment

Popular Titles from API

Some popular titles from API are

API Publication 4721

Analytical Detection and Quantification Limits: Survey of State and Federal Approaches

API 526
Flanged Steel Pressure Relief Valves

API 620
Design and Construction of Large, Welded, Low-Pressure Storage Tanks

API RP 1007
Loading and Unloading of MC 306 / DOT 406 Cargo Tank Motor Vehicles

ANSI/API 1104
Welding of Pipelines and Related Facilities

API 650
Welded Steel Tanks for Oil Storage

API 653
Tank Inspection, Repair, Alteration, and Reconstruction

API 5L
Specification for Line Pipe

API SPEC 6A
Specification for Wellhead and Christmas Tree Equipment

API 5CT
Specification for Casing and Tubing (U.S. Customary Units)

API RP 7G
Recommended Practice for Drill Stem Design and Operation Limits

ASHRAE - American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and

Air-Conditioning Engineers
ASHRAE Standards
ASHRAE - American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers - is an
international organization operated for the exclusive purpose of advancing the arts and sciences of
HVAC & R (heating, ventilation, air-conditioning, and refrigeration), the allied arts and sciences, and
the related human factors for the benefit of the public.
ASHRAE has over 175 standards, some written jointly with ANSI and IES. ASHRAE standards
describe uniform methods of testing, specify design requirements, and recommend standard
practices. They also publish numerous handbooks on fundamentals, applications, refrigeration, and
several other comprehensive subjects.

ASPE - American Society of Plumbing Engineers

International organization for professionals skilled in the design, specification
and inspection of plumbing systems
The American Society of Plumbing Engineers (ASPE) is the international organization for
professionals skilled in the design, specification and inspection of plumbing systems. ASPE is
dedicated to the advancement of the science of plumbing engineering, to the professional growth and
advancement of its members and the health, welfare and safety of the public.