SystemThinking,

System
Thinking
SystemApproach
y
pp
PengantarTeknik&SistemIndustri
Pengantar
Teknik & Sistem Industri
JurusanTeknikIndustriITS
Surabaya

Introduction
ReadthecasesinWeek4StudyGuide!
Discusswithyourfriend,andtelltheclass
Discuss with your friend, and tell the class
whatdoalltheseproblemsituationshavein
common?

Common Things in the Cases (1)

CommonThingsintheCases(1)
Thereissomebodywhoisdissatisfiedwiththe
currentsituationormodeofoperation&sees
scopefordoingsomethingbetterormore
effectively,orseesnewopportunitiesornew
y
pp
options Thereissomebodywhowouldliketo
achieve one or several goals
achieveoneorseveralgoals
Theanswertotheproblemorthesolutionisnot
obvious.
obvious

Common Things in the Cases (2)

CommonThingsintheCases(2)
Theinteractionsbetweenvariouselementsor
p
g
p
y
aspectshaveadegreeofcomplexitythatthe
limitedcomputationalcapacityofthehuman
mind cannot evaluate in the detail necessary
mindcannotevaluateinthedetailnecessary
tomakeaninformeddecision
Thesettingwithintheseproblemsiscalled
h
h h
bl
ll
system

Basic Definition of System

BasicDefinitionofSystem
Systemisacollectionofthings,entities,or
p p
peoplethatrelatetoeachotherinspecific
p
waysandfollowspecificrulesofinteraction
Systemhaselements,goal/goals,interactions,
System has elements goal/goals interactions
andadegreeofcomplexity

What is Complexity?
WhatisComplexity?
W.R.Ashbydefinedcomplextityasthe
q
quantityofinformationrequiredtodescribe
y
q
something
Complexityissubjectivedependingontheeye
Complexity is subjective depending on the eye
ofthebeholder braincase themostwe
k
knowaboutsomething,themorecomplexwe
b
h
h
l
seeit

Activity 1
Activity1
Foreachofthecases,listthreeaspectsthat
p
y
contributetothecomplexityofthesituation

Efficiency & Effectiveness

Efficiency&Effectiveness
Efficiencylooksathowwellresourcesareused
g
y(
g
g g )
inagivenactivity(doingthethingright)
Thereare2typesofefficiency,whichare
technical & economic efficiency
technical&economicefficiency
Effectivenesslooksathowwellthegoalsor
objectivesoftheentityoractivity(doingthe
right thing)
rightthing)
Versusorcomplementary?!?!?!

Unplanned&Counterintuitive
Outcomes
ActionAwillcausethedesiredoutcomeBto
berealized,butinadditiontoBthedecision
alsocausesC,D,andE.Someofthese
outcomes are unintended and unpredicted
outcomesareunintendedandunpredicted
Counterintuitive whathappensappearsat
f
firstglancetocontradictwhatcommonsense
l
h
andintuitiontellusshouldoccur

Activity 2
Activity2
Analyzethethird&fourthcases,explainthe
y
counterintuitivethatmayoccur!
Analyzethefirst&secondcases,listthe
planned desirable and undesirable outcomes
planneddesirableandundesirableoutcomes,
theunplanneddesirableandundesirable
outcomes,counterintuitiveoutcomes!

Reductionist&CauseandEffect
Thinking(1)
Everythingintheworldandeveryexperience
hi i h
ld d
i
ofitcanbereduced,decomposed,or
disassembledintoultimatelysimpleindivisible
parts
Explainingthebehaviouroftheseparts&then
gg g
g
p
p
aggregatingthesepartialexplanationsis
assumedtobesufficienttoallowusto
understand & explain the behaviour of the
understand&explainthebehaviourofthe
systemasawhole

Reductionist&CauseandEffect
Thinking(2)
Allphenomenaareexplainablebyusing
p
causeandeffectrelationship
Sometimesitisnotadequatetoexaminethe
causal relationship one by one new
causalrelationshiponebyone,new
relationshipmayemergethroughthe
interactionbetweenthevariouspartsor
b
h
aspectscalledemergentproperties mutual
casualityorfeedback

System Thinking
SystemThinking
TTakeamorecomprehensiveview,focusingonthe
k
h i
i
f
i
th
wholeandtryingtoexplaintheroleorbehaviousof
thepartsintermsofthewhole,ratherthantheway
p
,
y
around
Somethingtobeexplainedaspartofalargerwhole,a
system,andisexplainedintermsofitsroleinthat
t
di
l i di t
f it l i th t
system
In order to get a true picture it is essential to study
Inordertogetatruepicture,itisessentialtostudy
theirsystemicroleinthesystem
Thisdoesnotimplythatweshoulddiscardreductionist
py
&causeandeffectthinkinginfavourofsystems
thinking complementaryapproach