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InstallingSoftware
Introduction
Main page: Ubuntu Documentation: Installing applications.
Note: The Main page is available in multiple languages.
Installing software in Ubuntu is easy, and this guide will show you how to do
it.
By default, many useful programs are already installed when you put Ubuntu
onto your computer. However, you may need a particular piece of software that
serves a purpose not served by the default applications. You might just want to
try an alternative program to one which is already installed. In other words,
you need new software.
If you'd like to get some background information on what's happening when
you install software (which can sometimes be technical), read Packages and
Package Management. If you just want to get started installing new programs,
you can skip straight to Installing a Package.
See also: FreeSoftwareAlternatives
What is a package?
Software is a very broad term, and is generally taken to mean a program which
you can run on your computer. However, such programs often need other
resources to work. When you install software, thousands of files may be
required just to let the program start! When you think that they all have to be
put in exactly the right location, and some of those files may need to be
changed depending on what type of computer you have, it can all get very
complicated. Luckily, Ubuntu can look after this complexity.
Contents
1. Introduction
2. Packages and Package Management
1. What is a package?
2. Source or Binary?
3. Package Dependencies
4. Package Managers
5. Software Channels/Repositories
3. Installing a Package
1. Via your web browser
2. Via a basic graphical method
1. for Ubuntu: "Sofware Centre "
2. for Kubuntu : "Add/Remove
Programs"
3. Via an advanced graphical method
1. for Ubuntu/Xubuntu/Edubuntu :
Synaptic
4. Via a Text Based Methods
1. Aptitude - the text-based method
2. apt-get - the technical method
5. Installing downloaded packages
1. Using GDebi to install packages
2. Using dpkg to install packages
6. Getting a list of recently installed packages
4. Automatic updates: Update Manager
5. Installing packages without an Internet connection
1. Use Keryx
2. Use the Synaptic package download script
1. Use Offline apt-get update
3. Use apt-offline
1. Upgrading
2. Installing
3. More info
6. Backup/Restore installed packages
1. Debian/Ubuntu packages
2. PEAR packages (for web servers)
7. Glossary
8. See also
9. External links
1. Troubleshooting apt-get or aptitude or
Synaptic package manager errors
Source or Binary?
Normally, when someone makes a package for a program, they put all of the source code for the program into that package. Source
code is written by programmers and is essentially a list of instructions to a computer which humans are able to read and write.
Computers can only understand this code if it is interpreted for them into a form that they can use directly. One such way of interpreting
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source code for a computer is by translating or compiling it into binary, which computers can understand.
So why don't the people who make the package (called packagers) just convert it into binary from the start? Well, different computers
use different types of binary, so if you make a binary package for one type (like an Intel PC), it won't work on another (like a PowerPC).
Source packages are simply packages which just include source code, and can generally be used on any type of machine if the code is
compiled in the right way. (For information on how to compile and install source packages, see CompilingEasyHowTo).
Binary packages are ones which have been made specifically for one type of computer, or architecture. Ubuntu supports the x86 (i386
or i686), AMD64 and PPC architectures. The correct binary packages will be used automatically, so you don't have to worry about
picking the right ones. To find out which one you are using, open Applications Accessories Terminal, type uname-m then hit the
enter key.
Package Dependencies
Programs often use some of the same files as each other. Rather than putting these files into each package, a separate package can be
installed to provide them for all of the programs that need them. So, to install a program which needs one of these files, the package
containing those files must also be installed. When a package depends on another in this way, it is known as a package dependency. By
specifying dependencies, packages can be made smaller and simpler, and duplicates of files and programs are mostly removed.
When you install a program, its dependencies must be installed at the same time. Usually, most of the required dependencies will
already be installed, but a few extras may be needed, too. So, when you install a package, don't be surprised if several other packages
are installed too - these are just dependencies which are needed for your chosen package to function properly.
An example of dependencies
Package Managers
A package manager is an application which handles the downloading and installation of packages. Ubuntu includes a few package
managers by default, and which one you use depends on how advanced the package management tasks are that you want to achieve.
Most people will only need to use the most basic package manager, the Add/Remove tool, which is very easy to use.
Software Channels/Repositories
Where can you get packages from?
Ubuntu stores all of its packages in locations called software channels or repositories. A software channel is simply a location which
holds packages of similar types, which can be downloaded and installed using a package manager. A package manager will store an
index of all of the packages available from a software channel. Sometimes it will 're-build' this index to make sure that it is up to date
and knows which packages have been upgraded or added into the channel since it last checked.
There are four Ubuntu software channels for each architecture - Main, Restricted, Universe and Multiverse. Each has a different
purpose. By default, only packages from Main and Restricted can be installed. If you would like to install packages from Universe or
Multiverse, see the Repositories page for instructions on how to do this.
In addition to the official Ubuntu repositories, it is possible to use third party repositories. Be careful, though - some are not compatible
with Ubuntu and using them may cause programs to stop working or may even cause serious damage to your installation. The page
http://www.ubuntulinux.nl/source-o-matic (page removed - why) can help you to find extra repositories, and the Repositories page gives
instructions on how to enable them.
Installing a Package
This section explains how to install packages using the various tools available in Ubuntu,Xubuntu,Edubuntu and Kubuntu.
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Add/Remove Programs is a simple graphical way of installing and removing applications in Kubuntu. To launch Add/Remove
Programs, choose K Menu Add/Remove Programs from the desktop menu system.
To install new applications select the category on the left, then check the box of the application you want to install. When finished click
Apply, then your chosen programs will be downloaded and installed automatically, as well as installing any additional applications that
are required. The default selection is restricted to KDE suite, but GNOME applications can be installed simply by selecting from
dropdown menu at the top. Alternatively, if you know the name of the program you want, use the Search tool at the top.
Software from additional repositories may be installed by enabling the Show: Unsupported and Show: proprietary software
checkboxes if they are enabled in your repository list. For more information, see the Repositories page.
Once this has finished, click Close.Your new programs are installed, ready to use!
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Aptitude is a text-based package manager, which must be run from a Terminal. Read the AptitudeSurvivalGuide for more information
on how to use Aptitude.
Double-click the package to open it with GDebi. If all dependencies have been met for the selected package, simply click the 'Install
package' button to install it. GDebi will warn you if there are unmet dependencies, which means that there's dependencies that aren't
resolved in the repositories that you're using.
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cd directory
sudo dpkg -i package_name.deb
Note: replace directory with the directory in which the package is stored and package_name with the filename of the package.
It is recommended that you read the dpkg manual page before using dpkg, as improper use may break the package management
database. To view the manual page for dpkg, open a Terminal and type mandpkg.
Use Keryx
Keryx is a portable, cross-platform package manager for APT-based (Ubuntu, Debian) systems. It provides a graphical interface for
gathering updates, packages, and dependencies for offline computers. Keryx is free and open source. You can get Keryx here:
https://launchpad.net/keryx
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etc), just open the script with a text editor and enter all the URLs you see in your browser to download the corresponding packages.
If you have all the necessary libraries and/or dependencies, the simplest way is of course to just download the .deb package you need,
just as you would with a Windows installer, and double-click the package to install it with GDebi.
All Ubuntu packages are available on http://packages.ubuntu.com/ and http://www.debian.org/distrib/packages .
Use apt-offline
apt-offline allows you to easily upgrade or install new packages on your offline PC, by using another online PC.
sudo apt-get install apt-offline
Upgrading
1. On the offline PC:
sudo apt-offline set /tmp/apt-offline.sig
Installing
1. On the offline PC:
sudo apt-offline set abuse-offline.sig --install-packages abuse --src-build-dep --install-src-packages abuse
More info
apt-offline homepage
apt-offline upgrade howto
apt-offline install howto
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Glossary
apt: The 'Advanced Package Tool', the program on which Ubuntu's Package Managers are based. apt handles the more complicated
parts of package management, such as maintaining a database of packages.
Architecture: The type of processor the computer uses is referred to as its architecture.
Binary Package: A package which contains a program suitable for one particular architecture.
deb: A .deb file is a Ubuntu (or Debian) package, which contains all of the files which the package will install.
Dependency: A dependency is a package which must be installed for another package to work properly.
Package Manager: A program which handles packages, allowing you to search, install and remove them. E.g. Add/Remove...
Repository/Software Channel: A location from which packages of a similar type are available to download and install.
Source Package: A package which contains the original code for a program, which must be compiled to be usable on a particular
architecture.
See also
SoftwareManagement
CompilingEasyHowTo
External links
What Package Did This File Come From?
Create backup of installed packages using APTonCD
http://www.getdeb.net
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