Konu2

DEFINITION AND CLASSIFICATION OF FORCES

r
P

As defined before, force is an action of one body on another.

It is a vector quantity since its effect depends on the
direction as well as on the magnitude of the action.

The effect of the force applied to the bracket depends on P, the angle

and the

location of the point of application. Changing any one of these three

specifications will alter the effect on the bracket such as the internal force
generated in the wall or deformation of the bracket material at any point. Thus,
the complete specification of the action of a force must include its magnitude,

direction and point of application.

We can separate the action of a force on a body into two effects as external
r
and internal. For the bracket, the effects of P external to the bracket are the
reactive forces (not shown) exerted on the bracket by the wall. Forces external
r
to a body can be either applied or reactive forces. The effect of P internal to
the bracket is the resulting internal forces and deformations distributed
throughout the material of the bracket.
Forces are classified as either contact or body forces. A contact force is
produced by direct physical contact; an example is the force exerted on a body
by a supporting surface. A body force s generated when a body is located within
a force field such as a gravitational, electric or magnetic field. An example of a
body force is your weight.

Forces may be further classified as concentrated or distributed.

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Every contact force is actually applied over a finite area and is therefore a distributed
force. However, when the dimensions of the area are very small compared with
the other dimensions of the body, the force may be considered concentrated at
a point. Force can be distributed over an area, as in the case of mechanical
contact, over a volume when a body force such as weight is acting or over a line,
as in the case of the weight of a suspended cable.

Concentrated force
concrete

Distributed force
The weight of a body is the force of gravitational attraction distributed over its
volume and may be taken as a concentrated force acting through the center of
gravity.

Action and Reaction

According to Newtons third law, the action of a force is always accompanied by
an equal and opposite reaction. It is essential to distinguish between the action
and the reaction in a pair of forces. To do so, we first isolate the body in
question and then identify the force exerted on that body (not the force
exerted by the body). It is very easy to mistakenly use the wrong force of the
pair unless we distinguish carefully between action and reaction.

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CLASSIFICATION OF FORCES ACCORDING TO THEIR WAYS OF APPLICATION:

Concurrent forces
r
F3
r
F2

Coplanar forces
r
r
F2
r
F3
F1

r
F4

r
F4

r
F1

Parallel forces
r
F2

r
F5

r
F1

Collinear forces

r
F3

r
F

r
F4

r
F

The relationship between a force and its vector components must not be confused
with the relationship between a force and its perpendicular (orthogonal)
projections onto the same axes. For example, the perpendicular projections of
v
v
v
force F onto axes a and b are Fa and Fb , which are parallel to the vector
v
v
components of F1 and F2 . It is seen that the components of a vector are not
necessarily equal to the projections of the vector onto the same axes. The
v
components and projections of F are equal only when the axes a and b are
perpendicular.

v
F

v
Fb
v
F2

v
F1

a
v
Fa

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SOME COMMON TYPES OF FORCES

CONTACT AND FRICTION FORCE
Lets consider two bodies which are in contact. The force acting on body 1 from
r
r r
body 2 is F . F can be divided into two components as a normal force N , drawn
r
perpendicular to the tangent line at the point of contact and force Ff , drawn
r
parallel to the tangent line. N is named as the normal component of the contact
r
force and Ff is named as the friction component of the contact force. If the
r
r
contacting surfaces are smooth, then Ff can be neglected ( Ff =0); but if the
contacting surfaces are rough it has to be taken into consideration. The
r
r
relationship between N and Ff is given by Ff = N, where is a dimensionless
coefficient of friction varying between 0 and 1.
r
Ff

tangent

r
N

r
F

r
N

r
F
r
Ff
tangent

r
N
r
F

r
Ff

r
Ff

tangent

r
F

r
N

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r
F

r
Ff

r
N

FORCES IN STRINGS, CABLES, WIRES, ROPES, CHAINS AND BELTS

Forces in strings, cables, etc. are always taken along the

string, cable, etc. and their direction always points away from

r
T

the body in consideration. They exert force only when they

are tight. When loose they exert no force. Hence, they
always work in tension. Usually their weights are neglected
compared to the forces they carry or support.
FORCES IN PULLEY BELT SYSTEMS
Pulleys are wheels with grooves that are used to
change the directions of belts or ropes and
generate a higher output load with a much smaller

r
T1

input force. Unless stated otherwise, or apparent

r
r
T1 = T2

r
T2

from the problem, the tension forces at both

sides of a belt are taken as equal. They are equal
as long as the belt does not slide on the pulley,
and the pulley rotates freely with a constant
velocity.

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FORCES IN SPRINGS
Fspring=kx (Spring force)
(k: spring constant, x: deformation of the spring)
Fspring

Spring force is always directed along the spring

and is in the direction as if to return the spring
into its undeformed length.

F
(b)

F=kx

(a)

x1

x
x

F=kx

Unstretched
position

Stretched
position

F=kx

x2

x1

Uncompressed
position

x2

F=kx

Compressed
position

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THREE DIMENSIONAL DESCRIPTION OF FORCE

* When the direction angles of a force is given;
The angles, the line of action of a force makes with the x, y and z axes are named as

direction angles. The cosines of these angles are called direction cosines; they specify the
line of action of a vector with respect to coordinate axes.

In this case, direction angles are

Direction cosines are cos
cos

=l

cos

x, cos

x,

and

and cos

z.

z.

=m

cos

=n

r
r
r
r
F = Fx i + F y j + Fz k

z
r
F

Fz
z

Fy

Fx
x

Fx = F cos x , F y = F cos y , Fz = F cos z

r
r
r
r
F = F cos x i + F cos y j + F cos z k
v
v
F = Fe
r
r
r
r
F = F (cos x i + cos y j + cos z k )
r r
r
r
r
r
v
e = cos x i + cos y j + cos z k = li + mj + nk

v
e =1 ,

l 2 + m2 + n2 = 1

* When coordinates of two points along the line of action of a force is given;
z
v
rB / A

B(xB, yB,zB)

r
F

v
eF

y
x

A(xA, yA,zA)

v
r
rB / A
v
F = FeF = F
rB / A
r
r
r
r
(
x B x A )i + ( y B y A ) j + (z B z A )k
F=F
(xB x A )2 + ( y B y A )2 + (z B z A )2

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* When two angles describing the line of action of a force given;

Fxy = F cos
v v
v
F = Fxy + Fz

Fz = F sin

Fx = Fxy cos = F cos cos

F y = Fxy sin = F cos sin
v
v
v
v
F = Fx i + F y j + Fz k
v
v
v
v
F = F cos cos i + F cos sin j + F sin k
v
v
v
v
F = F (cos cos i + cos sin j + sin k )
v
v
F = Fe F
v
v
v
v
e F = (cos cos i + cos sin j + sin k )

z
Fz
r
F

Fy
Fx
x

Fxy