Genetics (Central Dogma)

Nucleic Acid complex molecule that carries genetic information.

TYPES:
1. Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) carries the genetic information, with deoxyribose sugar,
nitrogen bases: adenine, guanine, cytosine and thymine, double helix form and found in the
nucleus (chromosomes) of cells.
2. Ribonucleic Acid (RNA) responsible in protein synthesis, with ribose sugar, nitrogen bases:
adenine, guanine, cytosine and uracil, single stranded and found in the nucleus and cytoplasm,
types:
a.) mRNA (messenger RNA) carries the instruction to make a particular protein from
the DNA in the nucleus to the ribosomes.
b.) tRNA (transfer RNA) carries amino acid to the ribosomes during protein synthesis.
c.) rRNA (ribosomal RNA) involves in the structure of the ribosomes.
Processes involving DNA:
1.) Gene process DNA Replication
2.) Gene expression Transcription and Translation
DNA Replication:
1. The two strands of DNA unwind and unzip because of the weak hydrogen bonds break
between the paired bases. Special enzyme DNA helicase did this.
2. New complimentary nucleotides, always present in the nucleus, move into place by the
process of complementary base pairing.
3. The complementary nucleotides are joined so that DNA is again doubled stranded. This is
carried out by the enzyme DNA polymerase.
Transcription:
1. One of the two strands of DNA serves as a template for the formation of mRNA which contains
codons complementary to DNA.
2. mRNA is processed by eliminating introns from the exons facilitated by RNA polymerase.
3. Synthesized mRNA then is capped at one end and sealed by 150 200 As on the other end
before it moves out of the nucleus to the cytoplasm.
Translation:
1. Linear sequence of mRNA codons determines the order in which the tRNA molecules and their
attached amino acids arrive at the ribosomes.
2. Each amino acid is bonded upon by peptide bond as protein is synthesized and moved out of
the rib.

Steps in Translation Process

1) Initiation all amino acid chain starts with Methionine.
2) Elongation each amino acid are linked b peptide bond.

3) Termination complete protein synthesis is closed by UAA, UAG, and UGA as stop
codons.
ADDITIONAL NOTES:

5 Differences between DNA and RNA

o Function: DNA carries genetic information ; RNA is responsible for protein synthesis
o Structure: DNA double helix/stranded ; RNA single strand
o Sugar: DNA deoxyribose sugar (6 carbon sugar) ; RNA ribose sugar (5 carbon sugar)
o Nitrogenous bases: DNA Cytosine Guanine Adenine Thymine ; RNA Cytosine
Guanine Adenosine Uracil
o Location: DNA in the nucleus (chromosome) ; RNA either nucleus or cytoplasm
Components of Nucleic Acid: Sugar, Phosphate, Nitrogenous bases
Nucleotide- collective term of SPN
Classification of Nitrogenous bases
o Purine- Adenine & Guanine
o Pyrimidine- Cytosine & Thymine
o **Uracil is neither because its in RNA
Central Dogma: Replication, Transcription, Translation
Max 50 times: G1, S-phase, G2, G0 (Specialization)
Base pair rule: Chargaffs rule by Erwin Chargaff
Roselind Whittaker (BUT ITS ROSALIND FRANKLIN)
DNA Replication (detailed)
o DNA strand unwinds
o DNA strand unzips (by Helicase- break the Hydrogen bond)
o Free floating nucleotides pair with the DNA strand
o Checks/secures base pairs (by DNA Polymerase)
Exon- coding, Intron- non-coding
Remove the introns
DNA replication starts in the middle
Duplicate copy of genetic info for cell division
DNA replication is semi-conservative: one strand is retained, one is new
Transcription: the mRNA copies the genetic info from the EXPOSED DNA strand, it will
leave the cytoplasm, copies info while still unwinding
o mRNA will pair to the exposed DNA code
o Detach themselves to the DNA
o Remove the introns/ non-coding region (checked by RNA Polymerase)
o Dikit dikit exons
o Seal RNA strand (codon), put AAAAAA, and GGGGGG
Purpose of sealing RNA
o Preservation of genetic info
o Protection from different enzymes in the cytoplasm
o Recognition of RNA strand
Triplet codes
o DNA genetic code
o mRNA codon
o tRNA anticodon
Codons (amino acids are joint together) by Peptide bonds
Protein can become hormone or enzyme
Codon determines the amino acid (original copy)
Translation
o Initiation (AUG - Methionine)

o Elongation
o Termination (Stop codon: UAA, UAG, UGA)
After protein synthesis, mRNA will go back to the nucleus