Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
January 2015
Modeling and Loop Compensation Design of
Switching Mode Power Supplies
Henry J. Zhang
Introduction
However, there are many reasons that can cause undesirable oscillation other than loop stability. Unfortunately, they
all look the same on the oscilloscope to the inexperienced
supply designer. Even for experienced engineers, sometimes identifying the reason that causes the instability can
be difficult. Figure 1 shows typical output and switching
node waveforms of an unstable buck supply. Adjusting
the loop compensation may or may not fix the unstable
supply because sometimes the oscillation is caused by
other factors such as PCB noise. If you do not have a list
of possibilities in your mind, uncovering the underlying
cause of noisy operation can be very time-consuming
and frustrating.
L, LT, LTC, LTM, Linear Technology, the Linear logo and LTspice are registered trademarks
and LTpowerCAD is a trademark of Linear Technology Corporation. All other trademarks are the
property of their respective owners.
VO
50mV/DIV
VSW
10V/DIV
VSW
10V/DIV
2.0s/DIV
200ns/DIV
AN149 F01
Figure 1. Typical Output Voltage and Switching Node Waveforms of an Unstable Buck Converter
an149fa
AN149-1
CINC
VOUT
RT1
TG
CFF1
VFB
RB1
SW
CFLT1
RTH1
BG
ITH
IL
MTOP1
VSW
MBOT1
L1
DCR
VOUT
VOUT
COC
RS1
COB
RP1
LTC3851
LTC3833
LTC3866
ETC.
CTH1
CTHP1
SENSE+
SENSE
FREQ
RFREQ
CS1
AN149 F02
GND
an149fa
AN149-2
IOUT
(A)
(A)
10
18
IOUT
IL
IL
(V)
VOUT
400
416
432
TIME (s)
448
464
480
AN149 F03a
1.80
1.75
1.70
1.65
1.60
1.55
1.50
1.45
1.40
1.35
1.30
385
18
15
12
9
6
3
0
3
6
9
VOUT
399
413
427
TIME (s)
441
455
AN149 F03b
(A)
15
IL
1.80
1.64
(V)
(V)
6
1.80
1.75
1.70
1.65
1.60
1.55
1.50
1.45
1.40
1.35
1.30
348
VOUT
1.56
1.48
1.40
1.32
385
399
413
427
TIME (s)
441
455
AN149 F03c
an149fa
AN149-3
SW
VO
iL
PWM CELL
VIN
Q1
s
SW
g
VIN
VO
CO
iL
Q1 ON
iL
D1
CO
SW
VO
iL
DUTY
VIN
D1
CO
iL
AN149 F04
PWM CELL
d
iSW
AVERAGE MODEL
Q
c
a
+
d iL
iL
VD
Vap
AVERAGING
(TREAT d AS A VARIABLE)
d: DUTY CYCLE
d Vap
AN149 F05
Figure 5. Modeling Step 1: Changing 3-Terminal PWM Switching Cell to Averaged Current and Voltage Sources
an149fa
AN149-4
DC(OP)
IGNORE
Gdv (s) =
v o
=
d
sz _ ESR = 2f z _ ESR =
d Vap
AN149 F07
Q=
PWM CELL
VIN
iL
DUTY
1
(4)
L
rL R
+ C rc +
rL + R
rL + R
Q1
a
1
(2)
rC C
r
1+ L
1
R 1 (3)
=
r
L C
L C
1+ C
R
o = 2f wo
(1)
where,
s2
s
+ 2
1+
o Q o
d iL = d IL + D iL + D IL
d iL
a
s
VIN 1+
sz _ ESR
D1
VO
CO
VIN
d IL + D !L
iL
d Vap + D ! ap
1. AVERAGE
2. KEEP SMALL AC SIGNAL
VO
CO
Vap = VIN
!IN = 0
d VIN + D ! in = d VIN
iL
d VIN
VO
CO
p
AN149 F08
Figure 8. Changing a Buck Converter into an Averaged, AC Small Signal Linear Circuit
an149fa
AN149-5
L
iL
c
d
VO
ESR
LOAD
R
CO
1. AVERAGING
VIN
L
iL
d iL
40
fo
SW
vO
fz_C_ESR
ESR
CO
GAIN (GdV)
20
DOUBLE POLES
180
0
2. SMALL AC SIGNAL
ESR ZERO
+90
d VO + D
20
-40
100
p
1103
1104
1105
FREQUENCY (Hz)
1106
fo
fz_C_ESR
PHASE (GdV)
0
30
60
90
80
120
30
1103
1104
FREQUENCY (Hz)
ESR
CO
AN149 F10
30
180
100
d IL + L D
1105
1106
AN149 F09
AN149-6
v
Gdv ( s ) = o
(5)
d
VIN
L
(1+ s rc C)
1
s
2
R (1 D)2
(1 D)
1+ s
fRHPZ
R (1 D)
LC
+ s2
(1 D)2
2
1 D) RLOAD (6)
(
=
2 L
RAMP
70
50
D
PWM
ESR
VIN
CO
VO
R
LOAD
VC
R2
RAMP
10
-30
100
10
VIN(MIN), IO(MAX)
VIN(MAX), IO(MIN)
1103
COMPARATOR
RHPZ
1104
1105
D
PWM
124
ESR
VIN
CO
VO
R
LOAD
VC
R2
DT S
VFB
RAMP
1105 COMPARATOR
1106
1104
fnn (Hz)
COMP
VC
AN149 F11b
1103
VC
RAMP
28
180
100
D = k VC
R1
104
COMP
FEEDBACK CONTROL
200
48
TS
VREF
1106
fnn (Hz)
PHASE ()
DT S
VFB
GAIN (dB)
30
TS
D = k VC
AN149 F12
R1
FEEDBACK
Figure 11. Boost Converter Power Stage
SmallCONTROL
Signal
Duty-To-VO Transfer Function Varies with VIN and Load
an149fa
AN149-7
C2
1 =
C1
R2
1
,
R1 (C1 + C3 )
Z1 =
1
1
, Z2 =
,
R2C1
C2 (R1 + R3 )
P1 =
1
, P2 =
R3C2
R
1
C1C3
2
C1 + C3
HIGH DC GAIN
TV
Gdv
1 SLOPE @ fC
2
f0
1 = 20dB/DECADE
Zf
+1
Vi
n
0
C3
Zi
Where
A(s)
fC
fESR
2
1
f
fSW
HF NOISE REJECTION
R3
AN149 F14
R1
vO
vC
+
VREF
AN149 F13
(
(
)(
)(
1+ s
1 1+ s
v c
Z1
Z2
=
(7)
v o
s 1+ s
1+ s
P1
P2
an149fa
AN149-8
AN149-9
RSENSE
D
PWM
VO
VO
rC
VIN
IL FEEDBACK
KREF(s)
R2
C2
R1
C1
FB
CTH
gm
CTHP
RO
vFB
RTH
Igm
A(s)
ITH
ERROR
0P-AMP
COMPENSATION NETWORK
VREF
LTC385x
AN149 F16
AN149-10
fWP
fz_C_ESR
10
0
LF POLE
10
20
ESR ZERO
-30
-40
100
1103
1104
1105
FREQUENCY (Hz)
1106
0
20
fWP
fz_C_ESR
40
60
100
120
180
100
AN149 F17
>90
160
COMPARATOR
V
TOP FET
GATE SIGNAL
140
KI
INDUCTOR
CURRENT
SIGNAL
~IOUT
PHASE GCV ()
ERROR OP AMP
OUTPUT
SLOPE COMP
1103
1104
1105
FREQUENCY (Hz)
1106
AN149 F18
+
GAIN: kVC
VO
VO
rC
KREF(s)
R2
C2
R1
C1
FB
Igm
VC
ITH
RTH
CTH
gm
CTHP
RO
vFB
ERROR
0P-AMP
COMPENSATION NETWORK
VREF
LTC385x
AN149 F19
an149fa
AN149-11
20
1ST ORDER MODEL
GAIN (dB)
0.782
21.56
42.34
63.13
100
ACCURATE MODEL
1103
1104
1105
FREQUENCY (Hz)
1106
vITH(s)
POWER SUPPLY
LOOP GAIN
T(s) = GCV KREF A(s)
20
FEEDBACK
DIVIDER
KREF(s)
ITH COMPENSATOR
A(s)
40
PHASE ()
VO(s)
vFB(s)
VREF
(INTERNAL)
AN149 F21
60
80
110
120
100
1103
1104
1105
FREQUENCY (Hz)
1106
AN149 F20
AN149-12
KREF R2
1 KREF (9)
where
KREF =
KREF ( s ) =
fp _ ref =
FB
= KREF
o
s
2 f z _ ref
(11)
s
1+
2 fp _ ref
1+
1
KREF
fCENTER =
=
1
(13)
2 R2 (C1 + C2 )
f z _ ref fp _ ref
(14)
1
1
= fC
2 R2
KREF C2 (C1 + C2 )
C2
1
Gain HF(dB) = 20 log
(15)
K
C
+
C
1
2
REF
VREF
Vo (10)
1
(12)
2 R2 C2
and
5
GAIN (dB)
R1 =
f z _ ref =
GAIN
10
15
20
100
1103
1104
1105
FREQUENCY (Hz)
1106
AN149 F22a
40
30
PHASE ()
where:
20
fC
PHASE
10
10
100
1103
1104
1105
FREQUENCY (Hz)
1106
AN149 F22b
an149fa
AN149-13
C2
1
REF = 2 tan1
C1 + C2 KREF
REF
1
= 2 tan1
KREF
90 (16)
90 (17)
A (s) =
ith ( s )
= gm Zith (s) (18)
FB ( s )
where, gm is the gain of the transconductance error amplifier. Zith(s) is the impedance of the compensation network
at the amplifier output ITH pin.
A (s) =
ith ( s ) gm 1
=
(20)
FB ( s ) Cth s
ith ( s )
1
= gm Ro
FB ( s )
1+ s
(21)
spo
where,
spo =
1
(22)
Ro Cth
an149fa
AN149-14
fC
60
GAIN (dB)
STEP 1
40
30
20
10
igm
ITH
VITH
gm
ITH
50
vFB
FB
FB
10
0
VREF
Cth
90
45
PHASE ()
ZITH(s)
90
135
180
10
100
1k
10k
FREQUENCY (Hz)
100k
1M
AN149 F23
Figure 23. Step 1: Simple Capacitor Compensation Network A(s) and Its Bode Plot
90
DC GAIN gm RO
80
70
fC
GAIN (dB)
60
40
30
20
10
igm
ITH
VITH
RO
gm
ITH
50
vFB
FB
SPO LF POLE
INTRODUCED BY RO
FB
10
0
VREF
Cth
90
45
PHASE ()
ZITH(s)
90
135
180
10
100
1k
10k
FREQUENCY (Hz)
100k
1M
AN149 F24
AN149-15
1+ s s
ith ( s )
thz (23)
A (s) =
= gm Ro
s
FB ( s )
1+ s
po
where,
sthz =
1
(24)
Rth Cth
90
80
70
fC
GAIN (dB)
60
STEP 2
30
10
igm
ITH
RO
gm
VITH
Rth
fs
40
20
ITH
50
vFB
FB
STHZ BOOSTS
PHASE MARGIN
FB
10
0
VREF
Cth
90
45
PHASE ()
ZITH(s)
90
135
180
10
100
1k
10k
FREQUENCY (Hz)
100k
1M
AN149 F25
Figure 25 Step 2: Adding RTH Zero to Boost Phase One-Pole, One-Zero Compensation A(s)
an149fa
AN149-16
fC
GAIN (dB)
60
STEP 3
ITH
RO
gm
Cthp
30
10
igm
VITH
Rth
fs
40
20
ITH
50
vFB
FB
HF POLE
FB
10
0
VREF
Cth
45
PHASE ()
ZITH(s)
90
90
135
180
10
100
1k
10k
FREQUENCY (Hz)
100k
1M
AN149 F24
Figure 26. Step 3: Adding High Frequency Decoupling Cthp - Two-Pole, One-Zero Compensation A(S)
1+
ith ( s )
sthz
= gm Ro
FB ( s )
s
s
1+
1+
s s
po
thp
(25)
where,
sthp =
1
Rth
Cth Cthp
Cth + Cthp
1
CTH Ro
1
R C
TH THP
1
RTH CTH
gm RTH
fpo
fz1
fC
an149fa
AN149-17
fz1
1
RTH CTH
FREQUENCY
a)
FREQUENCY
10
0
10
20
RTH
30
RTH = 37k
RTH = 23k
RTH = 17k
40
gm RTH
AC VO(T) (mV)
1
RTH CTHP
a)
AC VO(T) (mV)
GAIN
fp2
1
RTH CTH
gm RTH
fpo
1
CTH Ro
fz1
50
10
10
20 30 40
TIME (s)
50
60
70
AN149 F29
10
b)
10
CTH
20
30
CTH = 620pF
CTH = 1100pF
CTH = 2200pF
40
50
10
10
20 30 40
TIME (s)
b)
50
60
70
AN149 F28
an149fa
AN149-18
fp2
1
RTH CTHP
gm RTH
FREQUENCY
a)
10
AC VO(T) (mV)
0
10
CTHP
20
30
CTHP = 0pF
CTHP = 47pF
CTHP = 120pF
40
50
10
10
20 30 40
TIME (s)
b)
50
60
70
AN149 F30
R-DIVIDER
C1, C2
TYPE II
RTH/CTH/CTHP
AN149 F31
Figure 31. LTpowerCAD Design Tool Eases Loop Compensation Design and Transient Optimization
an149fa
AN149-19
CHANNEL 2
VOUT
OUTPUT
50
VOS+
LTC38XX
CONTROLLER
CHANNEL 1
VOS
AN149 F32
VOUT+
DC/DC
POWER STAGE
30
fC
20
fS
10
0
10
20
100
CALCULATED
MEASURED
1103
1104
1105
1106
180
160
140
120
PHASE ()
POWER SUPPLY
CRITICAL
FREQUENCY RANGE
100
80
60
40
20
0
100
1103
1104
1105
FREQUENCY (Hz)
1106
AN149 F33
an149fa
AN149-20
an149fa
AN149-21
an149fa
AN149-22