MATEMATICAS

ANSWERS
UNIT 1
c) The diameter of the Earth is 12,740 km,

and the diameter of Io is 3,630 km. By
dividing these numbers the result is 3.5,
so three satellites like Io could be placed
on the Earths diameter.
Worksheet I (consolidation)
Sentences I, II,VI, VIII and IX corrrespond to
the geocentric model; II, III, IV, V, VII and X
to the heliocentric model. The names should
be written in this order:
Geocentric: 1. Moon; 2. Earth; 3. Mars; 4.
d) It is equivalent to the translation period.
Sphere of fixed stars that rotate around the

Earth; 5. Saturn; 6. Jupiter; 7. Sun; 8. Venus.
Heliocentric: 1. Mercury; 2. Sun; 3. Mars;

4. Earth; 5. Sphere of fixed stars that does
not move; 6. Saturn; 7. Jupiter; 8. Moon;
9. Venus.
b) The Moon rotates around the Earth.
e) Yes, it does.
f) Stars do not form a sphere that rotates
around its centre.
photograph, and Europa, the one next to

Io. The satellites ordered from the largest
to the smallest are: Ganymede, Callisto,
Io, Europa.
b) Because its distance to Jupiter is much

greater.
174
4. Mars.
8. Neptune.
Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars,

Saturn, Uranus and Neptune.
Jupiter,
2. The one on the left is a comet, made

of ice, dust particles and gases, which
orbits around a star. The one on the right
is a galaxy, formed by millions of stars.
3. On the left we can see a star, the Sun.
On the right there is a satellite: the Moon.
Both belong to the Solar System. The
star produces its own light and the Moon
does not.
C-1; A-2; D-3; F-4; B-5; E-6.
A a) Io is the satellite on the left of the
7. Uranus.
the left is Saturn, which is a gas giant with

rings. The one on the right is the Earth,
which is a terrestrial planet without rings.
The picture in the centre.
Worksheet III (extension)
3. Earth.
B 1. Both of them are planets, but the one on
A picture of the Universe focusing on our

Solar System, similar to the one on page 15
of the textbook.
The star corresponds to the celestial

body on the right; and the planet is on
the left. To correct the drawings consult
pages 15 and 25 of the textbook.
6. Saturn.
Worksheet IV (consolidation)
Worksheet II (consolidation)
A
B
C
2. Venus.
c) All of them rotate in an anti-clockwise

direction, except Venus and Uranus.
a) The Earth moves around the Sun.
d) Planets rotate around their stars.
5. Jupiter.
b) All of them have an atmosphere, with the

exception of Mercury.
c) The Earth rotates around the Sun.

Heliocentric.
c) No, it isnt. It is one star out of the thousands

of millions that form the Universe.
1. Mercury .
a) Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars are

terrestrial planets; and Jupiter, Saturn,
Uranus and Neptune are gas giants.
a) Universe.
b) The Earth. Geocentric.
The planets are:
Look at the photo on page 15 of the textbook.

a) 150.
b) Ceres, Eris, Makemake and Haumea.
c) All except Mercury and Venus.
d) Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars.
e) Neptune, because it is farther away from
the Sun. Because of this it takes longer
than the rest of the planets to revolve
once around itself.
ANAYA ENGLISH. Grupo Anaya, S.A., 1. ESO. Authorized reproducible material.
ANSWERS
D
a) AU are 150 million kilometres; so 50 million

kilometres are: 50 divided by 100 equals
0.33 AU:
50 = 0.33 AU
100
that of a frying pan or that of a carriage (it

can be seen on page 22 of the textbook).
Worksheet VII (extension)

A
b) Blue stars have a temperature of 30,000

C, six times higher than the temperature
of the Sun. Hancock is located 50 million
kilometres away, much nearer its star than
the Earth is to the Sun (150,000,000 km);
for this reason temperatures would be
extremely high, so life on that planet
would be impossible.
E
F
5.19; 1.52; 19.13; 9.53.

1a) It is a comet.
b) In the sky we can see stars that do

not really exist because its light takes
thousands of years to reach us. For
example, if a star is located 6,000 light
years from the Earth and it really died
4,000 years ago, we will still see it shining
for 2,000 years, until we finally see it die.
1b) It orbits around a star.

1c) Ice, dust and gases.
2a) It is an asteroid.
2c) Yes, thousands of them are located in a
ring around the Sun, between the orbits
of Mars and Jupiter, called the Asteroid
Belt.
c) As the explosion of the supernova was

in 1054 A.D., in Jesuss time, there would
have been a star with a very great mass in
that part of the Universe, because this type
of star dies when a supernova explodes.
Worksheet V (extension)
a) A supernova is a huge explosion which

happens when a star with a large mass
dies. Nebulae are large clouds of gas and
interstellar dust, which form stars when
they clump together.
b) Saying that a nebula is 6,000 light years
away means that light, which travels in
a vacuum at 300,000 km/s, would take
6,000 years to reach us from the nebula.
2b) It is accompanied.
A
B
a) A
person
cannot
see
all
the
stages of a stars life because they
happen during millions of years.
F-1; B-2; E-3; A-4; D-5; C-6; I-7; G-8; H-9.
d) New stars will be generated by the

clumping together of gas and dust of the
nebula.
Sentences 2 and 3 are TRUE and the rest

are FALSE.
Worksheet VI (consolidation)
Worksheet VIII (consolidation)
The four pictures correspond to stars, but

their colours are different. The white one
has a surface temperature of 10,000 C; the
red one 3,000 C; the yellow one 5,500 C
and the blue one has the highest surface
temperature: 30,000 C.
Stars come from nebulae which concentrate

and become compact in certain areas of the
Universe, increasing their temperature.
a) Hydrogen.
b) The blue ones.
c) Exploding in a supernova.
d) 5, 000 C.
e) Giant (red giant), medium size and small.
The constellation is Ursa Major; it is formed

by seven stars, and its shape is similar to
a) Like this one, all galaxies have millions of

stars and gas and interstellar dust among
them. Their shape is spiral.
b) Yes, it could have planetary systems, which
are systems formed by a star and different
celestial bodies which orbit around it.
a) 1. Orion Arm; 2. Solar System; 3. Galactic
nucleus.
b) 100,000 light years.
c) Our Solar System is located between two
of the spiral arms of the galaxy.
d) There are millions of galaxies in the
Universe.
e) We can see about 5,000 stars in the sky.
They all belong to the Milky Way.
f) It looks like a milky patch.
175
ANSWERS
The beginning of the Universe has been

dated by scientists to have taken place about
13,700 million years ago. All the matter and
energy were concentrated on a very small
and hot spot. After the explosion, called the
Big Bang, they were blown in all directions,
and, after a long time, they grouped together
in stars and galaxies.
Worksheet II (extension)
A
a) The Earth would be in position 2, because

the northern hemisphere receives more
light than the southern and the Suns rays
are more perpendicular to the Earths surface;
it coincides with the longest day in the
northern hemisphere.
b) The Earth would be in position 1, because
the rotation direction is anti-clockwise.
Day and night are the same length.
a) Stars; galaxies.
b) 300, 000; light year.
c) The Earth would be in position 4: the angle

of the rays which reach the northern
hemisphere is tilted and this coincides
with the shortest day in this hemisphere.
c) 150 ,000, 000; astronomical.

d) Satellites.
e) Robotic vehicle.
d) The Earth would be in position 3, because

UNIT 2
e) The Earth would be in position 4, because

the southern hemisphere receives more light
and the Suns rays are more perpendicular
to the Earths surface; it coincides with the
longest day in this hemisphere.
Worksheet I (extension)
The lines in the picture are parallels.
a) Look at the illustration below.
f) The Earth would be in position 3 because

the rotation direction is anti-clockwise. Day
and night are the same length.
b) Look at the illustration below. The northern

hemisphere has more light.
c) Look at the illustration below. It is night in
Australia.
g) The Earth would be in position 2. The

Suns rays are tilted at a sharp angle and
this coincides with the shortest day in this
hemisphere.
d) Look at the illustration below. It is day in India.

e) It will be night in India earlier because India
is further east than Saudi Arabia. As the Sun
rises in the east, owing to the rotation of the
Earth, it also gets dark earlier in the east.
f) No, you could not because the area of the Earth
it passes through (Great Britain, Spain) is not
represented on the map.
h) The Earth would be in position 1, because

The complete table:
HEMISPHERE
g) The northern hemisphere.
Northern hemisphere
India
Solar rays
Equator
Australia
SPRING
SUMMER
North
21st March
21st June
South
22nd
September
22nd
December
AUTUMN
WINTER
22nd
September
22nd
December
21st March
21st June
Worksheet III (consolidation)

A
From left to right: the Moon, the Earth and

the Sun.
a) The revolution of the Earth and the Moon.
b) Anti-clockwise.
Southern hemisphere
Rotational axis
176
c) The path is called the orbit and it has an

elliptical shape.
d) The rotation movement of the Earth.
ANSWERS
e) The revolution movement of the Earth.
a) Anti-clockwise.
f) The rotation movement of the Earth.
b) The reflection of the light of the Sun on its

surface.
The Earth, in its movement around the Sun,

makes a path with an elliptical shape. It
takes a bit longer than 365 days to finish a
complete turn. As this happens the Earth
passes through different points, where the
light it receives is different. This happens
because the rotation axis of the Earth is tilted,
which explains the existence of the seasons.
The moments in which day and night are the
same length are called equinoxes and those
in which either day or night are longer are
called solstices.
c) 28 Earth days.
d) 28 days.
e) Because as the Moon has the same
period of rotation and revolution, we can
never see its other side.
f) Because it does not have an atmosphere;
when the Sun shines on the Moon it can
reach temperatures of 100 C, and when it
does not shine on it, it can reach temperatures
of 147 C.
g) As it does not have an atmosphere
meteorites hit its surface and, as there
is neither wind nor other meteorological
phenomena, craters never change.
1-4 (northern hemisphere)

1. Winter solstice.
12. Spring equinox.
13. Autumn equinox.
15. Winter.
h) The seas of the Moon are huge masses

of dark matter which do not reflect light
well; they do not have any water.
16. Summer.
i) Full Moon.
14. Summer solstice.
17. Spring.
18. Autumn.
19. Autumn.
10. Spring.
Worksheet V (consolidation)
A
11. Summer.
12. Winter.
b) Full moon.
a) Winter.
c) At night.
b) Autumn.
c) Six months.
a) Yes, he has been trying to catch a fish

for a long time, because it has grown
dark and the tide has risen, which means
many hours have passed.
a) An eclipse of the Moon.
d) The plane that contains the Earths orbit

around the Sun.
b) It happens because the Earth comes

between the Sun and the Moon.
e) 66.5.
c) Full Moon.
f) 21st March, spring; 21st June, summer;

22nd September, autumn; and 22nd
December, winter.
g) Spring.
A Look at page 29 of the textbook. The composition
h) Summer.
of each sphere is:
i) The longest day in the northern

hemisphere. This same day is the shortest
in the southern hemisphere and is called
the winter solstice.
Hydrosphere: formed by all the water on

the planet.
Biosphere: composed of all the living

things on the planet.
Atmosphere: formed by the air gases.
Geosphere: it is structured in layers; the
1-A; 2-B; 3-E; 4-C; 5-B; 6-H; 7-F; 8-G; 9-Last

quarter; 10- Full Moon; 11-First quarter; 12New Moon.
crust, mantle and core are made up of

these materials.
177
ANSWERS
Look at page 29 of the textbook.
At the beginning the Earth was a ball of very

hot, molten materials which separated according
to their density: materials with the highest
density sank and formed the core: materials
of medium density formed the mantle; and
those with the lowest density formed the crust.
The lightest materials formed the water sphere
(hydrosphere) and the air sphere (atmosphere).
Later the spheres were colonised by living
beings, which formed the biosphere.
The cells of unicellular organisms can

be prokaryotic and eukaryotic; those of
multicellular organisms are always eukaryotic.
Multicellular organisms are formed by more

than one cell. Colonies are groups of unicellular
organisms in which each individual performs
all the functions of a living thing.
In this order: a) Tissue-4; b) Organ-2;

c) System-1: d) Cell-3.
UNIT 3
The three vital functions are nutrition,

interaction and reproduction.
1. Species. 2. Genus. 3. Family, 4. Order.

5. Class. 6. Phylum.
The nutrition of plants is autotrophic

because they make their own food from
water, mineral salts and CO2.
a). It should be written in italics and with

one 'm', Canis familiaris. b) Genus Canis.
c) Species Canis familiaris.
The cork tree and rose bush belong to the

plant kingdom; sperm whale, crayfish and
starfish to the animal kingdom; mushroom to
the fungi kingdom.
A
B
The nutrition of animals is heterotrophic

because they get their nutrients by feeding
on other living things.
C
D
For example: when we are exposed to

intense light (stimulus), we close our eyes
(response).
In asexual reproduction a single individual
is involved, and it produces its descendants
from its body or a part of its body; in sexual
reproduction two sexes participate (male
and female), which produce reproductory
cells, called gametes; these combine to form
the egg or zygote and a new individual then
develops from it.
UNIT 4
A
B
1) Water 2) They can be found in 10-30%.
A
B
178
A cell is the smallest unit of a living thing

capable of performing the vital functions.
1) Eukaryotic animal cell. 1. Nucleus. 2. DNA.
3. Mitochondrion. 4.Cytoplasm. 5. Plasmatic
membrane. 6. Vacuole
2) Prokaryotic cell. 1. Genetic material
(DNA). 2. Cytoplasm. 3. Cellular wall.
4. Plasmatic membrane. 5. Flagellum.
3) Eukaryotic plant cell. 1. Nucleus. 2 DNA.
3. Cytoplasm. 4. Vacuole. 5. Mitochondrion.
6. Chloroplast. 7. Plasmatic membrane. 8
Cellular wall.
Students should mark characteristics 1 and 4.

BACTERIA
SHAPE
Coccus
Spherical
Bacillus
Rod-shaped
Vibrios
Curved
Spirillum
Spiral
DRAWING
AS SIMILAR AS POSSIBLE TO
DRAWING IN TEXTBOOK
DRAWING IN TEXTBOOK
DRAWING IN TEXTBOOK
DRAWING IN TEXTBOOK
Besides confirming that the drawings show

each of the steps that have been studied,
the teacher should evaluate the tidiness of
the drawings.
A
a) Flagella are long filaments which move

like a whip.
b) Pseudopods are prolongations of the
cytoplasm.
ANSWERS
c) Ciliates are short filaments which move.
They are very numerous.
Red and brown algae perform photosynthesis

because they also have chlorophyll, but it is
hidden by other pigments.
BACTERIA
PROTOZOA
ALGAE
TYPE OF CELL
Prokaryotic
Eukariota
Eukariota
UNICELLULAR
OR MULTICELLULAR
Unicellular
Unicellular
Unicellular and
multicellular
TYPE OF NUTRITION
Autotrophic and
heterotrophic
Heterotrophic
Autotrophic
KINGDOM IT
BELONGS TO
Monera
Protoctists
Protoctists
EXAMPLE
Open answer
Open answer
Students should mark options 1 and 4.
Students should look at the mushroom in

their textbooks.
A
1. Petiole. 2. Upper surface. 3. Lower surface.

4. Vein.
a-3; b-2; c-1.
A
B
Deciduous
Flowers
They are called cones
SIZE
Trees or Shrubs
Trees, shrubs or herbs
Students should look for information or see

some of the presentations to provide examples
and relate them to the group of plants they
belong to.
a) Mosses adhere to the ground through

filaments called rhizoids.
a. Moss. 1. Capsule (sporangia). 2. Spores.

3. Rhizoids.
b. Fern. 1. Frond. 2. Roots. 3. Rhizome.
Cabbage-leaves. Beetroot-roots. Turnip-root.

Artichoke-flower. Broccoli-flower. Carrot-root.
Celery-stem. Lettuce-leaves. Spinach-leaf.
Asparagus-stem. Cauliflower-flower. Onionstem.
a) Both b) Plants c) Both d) Fungi e) Plants

f) Plants g) Fungi h) Plants i) Both.
UNIT 5
A
a) False.
b) True.
Among others we can name the pine tree,

the fir, the cedar...
The flowers of the conifers are grouped together
in cones which can be of two different types:
masculine cones, which produce pollen grains,
and feminine cones, which form the pine cones
in which seeds develop.
Evergreen
They have calyx and
corolla
c) Sexual plant reproduction takes place

through gametes.
d) Asexual plant reproduction can be through
spores or from fragments of their bodies.
Types of leaves
a) Most complex plants are formed by the

root, stem and leaves.
b) Plant nutrition is autotrophic, because
plants supply their own food through
photosynthesis.
They are inside the fruit
b) Mosses absorb the mineral substances

they need through their whole surface.
c) In some phases of their lives mosses
reproduce through gametes and, in
others, through spores. They also reproduce
from fragments of their bodies.

A
GYMNOSPERMS
They are not in the fruit
A
Open answer
ANGIOSPERMS
Seed
c) False.
d) True.
e) False.
a) Invertebrate; b) Vertebrate; c) Vertebrate;

d) Invertebrate; e) Invertebrate; f) Vertebrate.
179
ANSWERS
A
The earthworm is a worm with segments.

Their body is cylindrical and it is divided into
rings or segments.
a. -2,3; b.-1,4; c. -2,3,5.
Oscullum
Pores
A
B
a: Cephalopods. B: Gasteropods.
c: Gasteropods.
They have a
spiral shell
They have a single

and muscular foot
Bivalve
Their shell has

two valves
Their foot has the

shape of an axe
Cephalopods
They have an
internal shell
The foot has the

shape of tentacles
Gastropods
Gastrovascular cavity
A
a) Incomplete methamorphosis
b) Complete metamorphosis
Nymph
Tentacles
Eggs

Earthworms perforate galleries and enrich
the soil.
a) Taenia has a flat body.

b) The best known nematodes are hookworms
which live in peoples intestine.
Larva
c) Platyhelminthes live in wet environments.
Pupa
d) Annelids have a specialised systems.
Rings
Eggs
Cylindrical body
Adult
butterfly
a) Myriapods. They have a head and a body.

b) Insect. They have a head, thorax and
abdomen.
c) Chelicerates. They have a cephalotorax
and abdomen.
Some organs are repeated

in each segment
180
d) Crustaceans. They have a cephalotorax

and abdomen.
Adult
grasshoper
ANSWERS
A
It is an echinoderm.
It is a marine animal.
It has a hard skeleton, with spines.
It has an ambulacral system.
It reproduces sexually through eggs.
This animal can also reproduce asexually
through the fragmentation of its arms.
ANURA
URODELA
Longer back legs
YES
NO
Legs of similar length
NO
YES
Very thin skin with many

glands
YES
YES
No tail
YES
NO
Ectotherms
YES
YES
Elongated body
NO
YES

UNIT 6
caudal fin divided

into two halves of
different size
a) Lizards; b) Turtles; c) Snakes;

d) Crocodiles.
AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES
SIMILARITIES
DIFFERENCES
They are ectothermic
They breathe through lungs
Scales
In amphibians the skin is thin,

with a large number of glands;
and in reptiles it is thick and it
has scales
The eggs of amphibians do
not have a shell and the eggs
of reptiles do.
3, 4 and 6.
A
swim bladder
Scales
b) Their jaws form a beak whose shape

varies according to their type of feeding.
c) Their lungs are connected to bags called
air sacs which make their body lighter
and help them to breathe while they are
flying.
Lateral line
Operculum
Caudal fin divided into two
equal halves
1. It corresponds to a cartilaginous fish

because the caudal fin is divided into two
halves of different size.
a) Birds have a pair of wings and hollow

bones to facilitate their flight.
a) Carinatae. b) Ratites.
a, b, c and e.
A
MAMMALS
2. It corresponds to a bony fish because the

caudal fin is divided into two equal halves
1, 4 and 6.
Monotreme
Oviparous
A
a) In water b) 3, 4, 5 C) Tadpoles. They do

not have limbs, they have a tail and breathe
through gills. d) Metamorphosis.
Platypus
Marsupial
Placental mammals
Marsupium
Placenta
Viviparous
Viviparous
Their babies are

born undeveloped
Their babies are

born developed
Kangaroo
Dog
181
ANSWERS
During the earliest stages of their lives
mammals' babies are fed with the milk
produced by the mammary glands of their
mothers.
C 1. The majority have bodies which are covered

with hair.
2. Females have highly developed mammary

glands.
3. A baby's development takes place inside
the mother's womb, to which it is connected
through an organ.
UNIT 7
A

A
Scorpion. We can mention the pedipalps or

the sting. Both adaptations give the animal
advantages, both for catching its prey and
for defending itself against its predators.
A
b) It provides fishing, algae, energy (from

the waves, the tides and the wind), salt,
commercial navigation and recreational
sailing, landscapes, a tourist environment,
182
a) We can learn when it lived, what its

body was like, what it ate, how it moved
around..
b) Owing to the process of fossilisation, the
soft parts of the animals including their
skin and its pigmentation (colour) are not
generally preserved.
a) They are layers of sedimentary rocks

which appear on the surface of the
earth. They are the result of the process of
progressive accumulation of layers of
sediment where the rock was formed.
b) Because the organism dies and is buried
soon after by sediment; the organism is
fossilised and the sediment becomes rock.
c) Those in the deepest layers because they
were first deposited and then they were
buried by more recent layers.
a) It provides chestnuts, wood, fuel (firewood),
water, hunting and fishing, a pleasant
environment to go for a walk, beautiful
landscapes, animal and vegetable species
of immense ecological value, ...
Possible threats: desiccation owing to the

overexploitation of aquifers, forest fires,
sewage dumping or dumping of solid
waste, uncontrolled urbanisation of the area,
poaching,
Measures to protect it: creating protected
natural spaces in the area, regulating the
exploitaion of groundwater, vigilance.
Snail. We can mention the shell and slime.

The shell is an adaptation that provides
protection; the slime which the animal secretes
allows him to adhere and to climb up the
plants to reach its food.
a) Overexploitation: b and d.
b) Ecosystem alteration: a, c, d and f.
a) The adaptation of a species to its environment

happens very slowly by means of the natural
selection of those individuals with most
favourable variants for surviving in that
environment. This takes place over many
generations.
b) The evidence provided by fossils tells
us that, throughout the millions of
years of the history of the Earth, life
appeared, it diversified slowly, and
species disappeared and appeared
so that the living things that inhabited
the planet in the past were not the same
as those which inhabit it now.
For instance, if sardines disappeared, all the

predators that feed on them, including fish,
sea birds, seals, dolphins and human beings
would lose an important source of food and
their population could diminish or, in case
of human beings, the economies of some
regions could be adversely affected. In
addition, the population of algae would alter
as well as the minute organisms of plankton,
on which the huge sardine shoals feed.
d) See answer c.
UNIT 8
A
I. F. II. F. III. T. IV. F. V. T.
ANSWERS
B
Sentences I, II, and IV should be:
I. It is a place where instruments to study

atmospheric weather are situated
(pluviometers, hygrometers, thermometers).
II. They are instruments that measure the
characteristics of the atmosphere at a
certain time and place, so they measure
atmospheric weather. The climate is the
whole of the atmospheric phenomena that
characterise a region during a long period
of time, and these instruments cannot
measure that.
III. The science which studies atmospheric
weather.
I. Weather. II. Climate. III. Weather. IV. Climate.

V. Climate. VI. Weather.
I. Anemometer. It measures the speed of

wind in km/h.
II. Weather vane. It measures the direction
of the wind, indicating the direction in
which it blows: N, S, E, or W.
III. Barometer. It measures the atmospheric
pressure in mm of Hg, millibars or
atmospheres.
IV. Hygrometer. It measures the relative
humidity of air at a certain temperature. It
is expressed as a percentage.
V. Pluviometer. It measures the amount of
water that falls as precipitation. The scale
measure is in L/m2.
I. The most abundant gas in the atmosphere

is oxygen.
II. The gas needed for plants photosynthesis
is oxygen.
IV. The percentage of water vapour in the
atmosphere is always constant.
The atmosphere has four layers. The highest

layer is the thermosphere, where the aurora
borealis takes place. The next layer is the
mesosphere and there meteorites disintegrate,
producing what are called shooting stars.
The stratosphere is a layer inside of which there
is an area called the ozonosphere, where a
gas, ozone, is abundant. This gas is of vital
importance because it absorbs the ultraviolet
rays of the Sun, which are harmful.
The inner layer is the troposphere, where
atmospheric phenomena take place and
where all living beings of the Earth can be found.
The volume of the room can be worked out
as follows: 9 m2 2 m = 18 m3. Each cubic
metre is 1,000 litres, of which 21% in volume
is oxygen; therefore the quantity of litres of
oxygen is:
18,000
21
= 3,780 L of oxygen
100
I. Termosphere. II. Mesosphere. III. Stratosphere.

IV. Troposphere. V. 80 km. VI. 50 km. VII.
12 km. VIII. Mesopause. IX. Stratopause. X.
Tropopause.
I. Shooting star; mesosphere. II. Clouds;
troposphere. III. Aurora borealis; thermosphere.
IV. Space shuttle; thermosphere. V. Tornado;
troposphere.

A
The climograph is as follows:

Temperature (C)
24
Precipitation (mm)
144
22
132
20
120
18
108
16
96
14
84
12
72
10
60
48
36
24
12
Natural events that take place in the

atmosphere are called meteors or
atmospheric phenomena. These happen
because the air has a different density,
humidity and temperature in the various areas
of the planet. If we refer to the conditions of the
atmosphere at a certain time and place, we will
be talking about the weather. If we talk about
the whole of the atmospheric phenomena that
characterise a region during a long period of
time, we will be talking about the climate of that
region.
J F M A M J
J A S O N D
Rain (mm)
Average T.
183
ANSWERS
On the other hand, low pressure areas
are areas where atmospheric pressure
is lower than 1,013mb, because masses
of hot air rise, generating a zone of low
pressure.This hot air cools down and water
vapour condenses, forming clouds and
giving way to precipitation. Low pressure
areas are related with unstable weather.
III. Wind is the movement of masses of air in
the troposphere. It moves from areas of
high pressure (anticyclones) to low pressure
areas.
I. It corresponds to a city in the southern hemisphere. The months of the year when
the temperatures are lower/lowest and
in which it rains more/most are May to
June, which is winter in this hemisphere.
II. June.
III. 8.33 C.
IV. 800 mm; as each one is equivalent to
1 L/m2, the total result is 800 L/m2.
I. It belongs to a Polar zone, because of

the temperatures it shows.
II. It is the northern hemisphere, because
the warmer months are June, July and
August.
A
I. Atmospheric pressure. II. It decreases. III. 76

cm. IV. 76 cm of Hg or 1,013 mb. V. A is the
one carried out at the summit, as atmospheric
pressure is lower and so mercury falls more.
B was carried out at sea level.
I.It weighs more inflated.II. Higher;it is 1,013 mb.

III. It expands. IV. 1,013 mb. V. Anticyclones.
VI. In the termosphere (teachers can also
speak about the exosphere). VII. In the troposphere. VIII. 1,013 mb.
III. In the poles there is little rain because

evaporation is not common and if there
are no clouds there is no rain.
IV. The coldest month is February and the
one with the most rain is December.
V. 1. Near the Equator.
2. Between the Equator and one of the
poles.
3. Near one of the poles.
IV. Hail: When ascending air currents originate

inside a storm cloud, the drops of water
are thrown towards the upper part of the
cloud, where they freeze, owing to the low
temperatures. These form ice balls which
then fall to the ground.
I. Air is extracted from the interior of both

hemispheres with a vacuum pump. There
is a leather ring between them. Once the
vacuum is achieved, the strength of 16
horses is not capable of separating the
two hemispheres, owing to the pressure
of the surrounding air. When air enters
them they can be easily separated by
exercising a very small amount of strength.
II. Because the experiment was done with a
sphere in the German city of Magdeburg.
III. 1654.
IV. Otto von Guericke.
V. Atmospheric pressure.
VI. 16 horses.
I. The upper drawing shows how a low

pressure area is formed, and the lower
shows an anticyclone.
1.2 atm = 1 215.6 mb = 912 mmHg; 0.98 atm =

990 mb = 742.7 mmHg; 0.91 atm = 919.7 mb =
690 mmHg.
Worksheet VII (consolidation)
A
Worksheet VI (extension)
I. Rain. This is a precipitation of liquid water

drops, produced because in a cloud drops
of water combine, so increasing their
weight and causing them to fall.
II. Ice crystals. When the temperature in a
cloud is lower than 0 C, water freezes,
making crystals. III. Snow. These combine
to form large snow drops which, because
they are heavy, then fall.
II. Anticyclones are areas where atmospheric

pressure is higher than 1,013 mb (the
regular level), because the cold air of
the highest layers descends, and then
the temperature rises. Anticyclones are
associated with stable weather.
184
The property shown in the image is the

greenhouse effect, which happens due to CO2
and the water vapour found in the troposphere.
Solar radiation reaches the surface of the
Earth during the day and the ground returns
this radiation as heat (infrared radiation).
ANSWERS
The atmosphere contains this radiation and
keeps the temperature range within that
which is suitable to sustain life.
Worksheet IX (consolidation)
A
Greenhouses are used for cultivating fruit and

vegetables out of season. They are closed
structures covered by transparent materials,
such as plastic or glass. Solar rays penetrate
the glass or the plastic, heat the ground, and
then the heat is emitted as infrared radiation,
which stays inside the greenhouse. This
makes the temperature in the greenhouse
several degrees higher than it is outside.
I.
For predicting atmospheric weather.
II.
Higher.
III. They are lines that join points which have

the same atmospheric pressure.
IV. They are masses of cold, wet air.
V.
It is under the influence of a low pressure

area, because the pressure registered
in the isobar in the centre is 996 mb, which
is less than 1,013 millibars; consequently
they are low pressure areas.
VI. London, Berlin and Prague.

I. When there is an increase of CO2 in the
troposphere, there is also an increase in
the average temperature of the Earth,
because the quantity of infrared radiation
it receives is higher.
VII. It is a red line with semicircles which

point towards the direction where the
front is heading.
II. If there are more clouds, there will be

fewer changes of temperature, because
they act as an insulator. In the deserts,
where there are few clouds, the difference
of temperature between day and night
is considerable, while in places at the
Equator, where there are abundant clouds,
changes of temperature between day and
night are not very great, partly because of
clouds.
IX. Clockwise direction.
VIII. Anti-clockwise direction.

X.
The anticyclone and low pressure area

and the value of the isobars can be
seen in the following image.
1004
The possible effects of the climatic change

this can bring are: increases in sea levels
owing to the thawing of ice on the polar
ice caps and glaciers; an increase in arid
areas; the disappearance of animal and
vegetable species; and the migration of
species.
1016
London
Berlin
1012 Prague
1000
Paris
1008
996
1012
Lisbon
50 N
1008 Vienna
Berna
Rome
Madrid
1016
III. In the troposphere.

IV. Gases emitted by the burning of fossil
fuels (including those produced by cars)
are greenhouse effect gases, since the
normal greenhouse effect of the atmosphere
increases, making the average temperature
of the Earth increase too.
1004
40 N
Algiers
UNIT 9
A
I. T. II. F. III. F. IV. T. V. F.
I.
Pure water is made up of oxygen and

hydrogen.
II. The chemical formula of water is H2O.

III. The characteristics of pure water are: it
is colourless, odourless and tasteless,
it boils at 100 C at sea level and it
freezes at 0 C.
IV. Nowadays water covers three quarters

of the Earths surface.
I. T. II. F. III. T. IV. F. V. T. VI. T. VII. T. VIII. F.
The phenomenon is a volcano and it is a

type of atmospheric pollution, since it expels
ashes, dust and gases, all of which are
atmospheric pollutants.
V. At sea level pure water boils at 100 C,

and freezes at 0 C.
I.
The sea is in a liquid state; the glacier is

in a solid state and the clouds are in a
gas state.
185
ANSWERS
Worksheet IV (extension)
A
Glacier cap. Polar ice caps are those situated

above the polar regions, covering them,
such as those in Greenland or the Antarctic.
They advance slowly towards the sea. Large
chunks of ice break off, and these are called
icebergs.
Lakes. These
are
relatively
large
accumulations of water located in the
depressions of the ground. There are huge
lakes, such as the Caspian Sea, and small
lagoons which only contain water at a
certain time of the year.
Rivers. These are permanent water currents

that run along a basin and move along the
surface of the ground.
Groundwater in a cave. These are waters that

derive from the precipitation and thawing of
ice and snow which penetrates the ground
through rocks. The underground area where
these waters collect form deposits called
aquifers.
Ice field. These are the ice layers that cover

the Arctic and the Antarctic Oceans. They
are several metres thick and they are less
numerous in summer.
Worksheet II (extension)
A
I.
We draw the conclusion that the egg

floats in salt water but does not float in
fresh water. This is related to how easily
we float in the sea compared to how we
float in a swimming pool. This happens
because salt water is much denser than
fresh water.
II. Because salt water is much denser than

fresh water.
I.
Salinity.
II. The one which has the most salt is the

Dead Sea (which is really a lake), and
it has 360 g/kg of water; the least salty
water is in the swimming pool, which has
0.5 g/kg of water (0.5 g = 500 mg).
III. It would be more difficult for us to float in
the swimming pool because its density is
lower (due to its small salt concentration).
This is the order: swimming pool; North
Sea; Atlantic Ocean; Mediterranean Sea;
Dead Sea.

A
Marine waters have a high salinity and they

represent 97% of the total amount of water
on Earth. Continental liquid waters are
formed by groundwater, the water of rivers
and streams, and that of lakes and lagoons.
We can also find water in a solid state forming
the polar ice caps and glaciers. 79% of fresh
water on our planet is ice.
A
The route of the water from the glacier: the

water that accumulates as ice on the glacier
thaws in the hot season, supposing there is
a hot season in that area.
I. In ice layers and glaciers, in a solid state.

II. The least abundant water is that found in
rivers and the most is in lakes.
It flows down the hillside, becoming part of

permanent water currents (rivers), and from
here it flows into the sea. A part of it could
filter into the ground and collect in the aquifer
or also travel downhill to the sea. Once in the
sea it evaporates, condensing as a cloud.
Thanks to the wind it then returns to the high
mountain areas, where, due to low temperatures,
it falls to the ground as snow, accumulating
to form the glacier again.
III. Groundwater.
The completed pie chart:

Rivers
2%
I. Infiltration. II. Surface run-off. III. Precipitation.

IV. Transpiration.
Reservoirs
11%
Worksheet VI (extension)
Lakes
87%
186
I. 1. The high temperature makes water become

vapour; therefore, when the temperatu-
II. Water becomes solid at 0 C. Solid water

has less density than liquid water.
ANSWERS
re rises, evaporation increases. Human
beings perspiration increases too.
2. The wind makes water evaporate more
quickly.

A
II. It is fresh water.

III. It should not have an unpleasant smell or
colour. It should not have any pathogenic
microorganisms or pollutants. It should be
clear and it should have a certain quantity
of mineral salts.
3. When there is a lot of humidity and

temperatures are high, ascending
currents of hot, wet air are formed.
When they cool down in the troposphere,
they form clouds.
4. In the desert there are almost no
clouds, because as there is no water for
evaporation the air humidity is very low.
II. The infiltration water can reach the rivers,

the lakes and the sea, or it may remain in
aquifers for centuries.
I. It is a well.
II. It is located underground in the phreatic
mantle or aquifer.
III. Yes, it could because treated water has

no pollutants.
The labels are: 1. Trickle irrigation. 2. Farmland.

3. Water inlet for irrigation. 4. Treated
water for watering. 5. Used treated water.
6. Sewage treatment plant. 7. Domestic
consumption. 8. Water treatment plant.
9. Extraction well. 10. Reservoir. 11. River.
I. Sewage (waste water) is water that has
been used for domestic, agricultural,
farming or industrial activities.
Worksheet VII (consolidation)
I. The shower 20%; washbasin 10%; drinking

and cooking 5%; washing up 9%. The
total amount is the sum of all of them,
which gives a result of 44%.
II. The rest, that is 56%.
III. Since the aquifer is full to a certain level,

and it fills up through other areas with
water from rivers, torrents,. when we
extract water in moderate amounts it fills
up again since underground materials are
porous.
I. It is drinkable water.
II. This water should be treated so it can be

reused or returned to the environment
without pollutants.
The place where a river starts is its source.

For the first few kilometers, which is the
upper course of a river, the force of erosion
predominates; the slopes are steep and the
water flows quickly. As the river flows along
the middle course its waters flow more
slowly, transportation predominates and
meanders appear in the landscape. In the
last part of the river, or lower course, the
stream is slow and sedimentation of materials
carried by the river takes place, forming the
deltas, which can be found at the mouth of
the rivers.
III. 1. Watering plants with used water, for

example; cooking vegetables at night or
early in the morning because evaporation
at these times is lower.
2. Filling to capacity the dishwasher and
the washing machine before using
them.
3. Having a shower instead of a bath.
4. Using soap, shaving, and brushing our
teeth with the tap off.
1. Source. 2. Meander. 3. Mouth. 4. Delta.

5. Lower course. 6. Middle course. 7. Upper
course.
5. Placing devices in the cistern so that

less water is used. Never using the
toilet as a waste paper basket.
I. In the upper course.

II. They can be found in the upper course,
where water flows quickly and consequently
there is a lot of erosion.
Worksheet IX (consolidation)
A
I. 5. II. 1. III. 2. IV. 3. V. 3 y 4.
III. Beaches.
Consumption: III, IV and VI.
IV. 70%.
Non-consumption: I, II and V.
187
ANSWERS
According to the map the countries with the

highest consumption of water in the world
are: USA, Canada, Australia, Portugal,
Bulgaria, Romania, Ecuador, Guyana,
Surinam, Sudan, Iraq, Iran, Turkmenistan,
Uzbekistan,
Kazakhstan,
Kyrgyzstan,
Tajikistan, Pakistan, Armenia, Azerbaijan,
Burma and Thailand.
I.
b) The minerals of a rock give it its composition.

c) The composition of the rock consists of the
minerals that form it.For example, in the case
of granite they are quartz, felspar and mica.
500,000
and
III. Mexico: between 500,000 and 1,000,000

litres.
b) Sedimentary rocks are set in strata and

they can contain fossils.
IV. Somalia: between 250,000 and 500,000

litres.
V. Norway: between 250,000 and 500,000
litres.
c) Sedimentary rocks are formed by the

hardening and the transformation of
sediment which is deposited at the
bottom of seas or lakes.
VII. Russia: between 500,000 and 1,000,000

litres.
A
1-B; 2-C; 3-D; 4-A
a)-T; b)-F; c)-F; d)-T.
No it cannot, because the shell is formed as

a consequence of the activity of the mollusc
(a living thing).
A
B
b) metallic
c) greasy
d) pearly
188
a) False. Some rocks are formed by several

types of minerals.
b) False. Plutonic and volcanic rocks are
magmatic.
c) False. Some metamorphic rocks demonstrate
cleavage.
d) True.
A
Besides birefringence, it has a vitreous

lustre; it has cleavage and it reacts to acid.
a) vitreous
a) Metamorphic rocks are formed from

other rocks in the Earths crust which are
transformed when the temperature and
the pressure on them increases.
b) Magmatic rocks are formed when magma
cools down and solidifies.
VI. Saudi Arabia: between 500,000 and

1,000,000 litres.
UNIT 10
For example:
a) Magmatic rocks are formed by the
solidification of magma.
Australia: more than 1,000,000 litres.
II. Argentina: between

1,000,000 litres.
a) According to their origin rocks can be

sedimentary, metamorphic and magmatic.
a) Limestone, clay and slate.

b) Quartz.
c) Marble and granite.
a) Metallic ores are minerals used to extract

metals.
b) The crystals of some minerals have a high
value and are called gems. The diamond
and the emerald are included in this category.
c) Quartz is used for glass.
d) Uranium is obtained from the mineral

uraninite and it is used in nuclear power
plants.
The false statement is b) because some

rocks are formed by a single mineral such as
limestone.
Worksheet X (extension)
ANSWERS
UNIT 11
A
I, II, III Open answer.

IV. 1. Everything that occupies a place in space
has mass, and consequently weight.
2. Specific.
4. No, they are not. Because specific
properties allow us to differentiate
one type of matter from another and
general properties do not.
I. F. II. F. III. F. IV. F. V. F. VI. T. VII. F. VIII. F.
I. 1 and 4. II. 2 and 3. III. 1 and 4. IV. 2 and 3.
EQUIVALENCE
1 000 000
1 000
10
100 = 1
0,1
0.001
0.000 001
Those properties we can observe and

measure are called physical magnitudes.
We use measurement instruments in order
to know the value of a specific magnitude.
In them we read numerical data followed by
the corresponding unit. A unique system
of units has been defined by scientists in
order to avoid the use of different units for one
and the same physical magnitude, for
example, metres and centimetres to indicate
a measurement of length.
DIRECT MEASUREMENT
INDIRECT MEASUREMENT
Length
Surface
Mass
Density
I. Yes. II. No. III. No. IV. No. V. No. VI. No.
So that all scientists use the same units,

avoiding errors in the results.
I. m/s. II. m3. III. kg. IV. m.
I. 3,500 mm. II. 750,000 dm2. III. 5.052 50

km. IV. 6.5 107 cm3. V. 0.000 025 00 hm2.
VI. 0.755 hm3.
I. Yes. II. No. III. No. IV. No. V. No. VI. No.
I. F. II. F. III. T. IV. F. V. T. VI. F.
MAGNITUDE MEASURED
Test tube
Volume
Metric tape measure
Length
Scales
Mass
Chronometer
TIME
The missing words are:

II. Volume; cubic metres.
III. Capacity; m3; 1,000.
IV. Scales; test tube.
Mass is the amount of matter a body has;

weight is the force of attraction with which
another body attracts it. They are different
magnitudes which should not be mistaken.
To know which metal we are talking about,

we measure its density, as this is a specific
property, that is, characteristic of each body.
Since density is the relationship between
mass and volume, we have:
d=
m
0,025 kg
d=
=
V
0,000 003 18 m3
= 7,862 kg/m3
So, it is iron, because the result we got is

close to the value of its density, according to
the data on the chart.

A
MEASUREMENT INSTRUMENT
I. Physical magnitude; dimensions; square.
SYMBOL
M
k
da
u
c
m
3. General.
PREFIX
Mega
Kilo
Deca
Unidad
Centi
Milli
Micro
Density is a specific property which establishes

the relationship between the mass of a body
and the volume it occupies. If two bodies
have te same volume, but one of them has
more mass, it will be denser. So, body A is
denser than B: its density is double.
Worksheet V (extension)
A
I. Open answer. The text deals with some

properties of material bodies, it indicates
that all of them have some dimensions
which we define by means of their length,
their surface and their volume. It also
refers to the concept of capacity and for
189
ANSWERS
II. The density of iron is:
one of the units this is usually expressed

in litres, L. Finally it explains a specific
property of bodies, such as their density.
d=
II. Volume is the physical magnitude that

measures the extension of a body in its
three dimensions. It can be expressed in
cubic metres, m3, which is the S.I. unit,
or in cubic centimetres, cm3 for smaller
bodies. Capacity is the maximum volume
of liquid (or gas) that a given container
can hold. It can be measured in litres,
L, or in millilitres, ml.
The density of wood is:

d=
m
14,3 kg
d=
= 530 kg/m3
V
0,027 m3
The relationship between them is:

7 870
= 14,8
530
III. The density in S.I. units is:

m
0,001 kg
d=
d=
=
V
0,000 001 m3
That is, iron is 14.8 times denser than wood.

III. The same amount of water could be placed in
both pieces, because both of them have
the same volume and consequently the
same capacity. The volume of each cubic
piece, V, is:
= 1 000 kg/m3
IV. The volume of the swimming pool is the
multiplication of its three dimensions:
V = 20 m 8 m 1.5 m = 240 m3
As a cubic metre = 1,000 L, the swimming
pool can hold:
240 m3
m
215,5 kg
d=
= 7 870 kg/m3
V
0,027 m3
V = 0,45 m 0,30 m 0,20 m = 0,027 m3

As 1m3 = 1,000 L, we could hold in each
of them:
1 000 L = 240,000 L
1 m3
0,027 m3 1 000 L/m3 = 27 L
MASS
THERMOMETER
TIME
CHRONOMETER
LENGTH
SCALES
TEMPERATURE
METRIC TAPE MEASURE
The main characteristic we can see in a solid

is its rigidity. This happens because the
particles which make it up are strongly
connected, but a solid can become a liquid if
we supply enough heat.
I. Yes; yes; yes.
The measurement of the density of an

unknown liquid can help us determine what
its density is. To do this we measure the
mass of an empty test tube with the scales,
and the result is 235 g. Next, we add 20 cm3
of the liquid, and we measure the mass of
the test tube with the liquid again, and this
time the result is 250 g. Therefore the liquid
has a mass of 15 g, and its density expressed
in SI units is 750 kg/m3.
The title of the experiment could be Measuring
the Density of a Liquid.
190
I. As both of them have the same dimensions,

that is, the same volume, the iron piece
has more mass, and therefore iron is denser
than wood.
II. No; no; yes.

III. No; no; no.
I. Solid.
II. Liquid.
III. Gas.
A
I. The word extensive should be crossed out

because the value of temperature does not
depend on the amount of matter.
II. The word irreversible should be crossed
out because the changes of state are
reversible if we go back to the pressure and
temperature conditions we initially had.
III. The word vaporisation should be crossed
out because this is the change from liquid
to gas.
UNIT 12
ANSWERS
IV. The word changes should be crossed out
because during a change of state all the
heat that the body interchanges with its
environment is used in modifying its internal
structure, and for that reason its temperature
remains constant.
B
C
Look at the diagram given in lesson 2, unit

12 in the textbook.
The following words must be found: Kelvin;
Thermal; Fusion; Gas; Boiling; Solid; Heat.
A
Atoms.
An extremely small particle that makes up

matter.
It is a unit of matter that is obtained when

two or more atoms join together.
If a line one metre in length requires 11

thousand million atoms, in I mm, which is
1,000 times smaller, there would be 1,000
times fewer atoms, therefore we would need
11 million atoms of carbon.
Hydrogen: H. Carbon: C. Oxygen: O. Sulphur:

S. Nitrogen: N.

A
Temperature is a physical magnitude which

we associate with the thermal level of a
body. In the S.I. it is measured in Kelvin,
whose symbol is K. Nevertheless, in daily life
we use other units, for example, the degree
centigrade, whose symbol is C.
As the outside temperature is lower than
the temperature at which the antifreeze
solidifies, the antifreeze would be in a
solid state. Remember that solidification
temperature and fusion temperature have
the same value.
A
To be able to answer this question we need

to express the two temperatures using the
same scale, for example, the centigrade scale.
Substituting data, the temperature of body A
can be expressed by the following formula:
t (C) = 280 273 = 7 C

As body A is at a higher temperature, it will
transfer heat to body B, so the upper arrow
is the correct one.
When we heat a body, its temperature

increases (except if a change of state takes
place). Therefore, the particles that constitute
it move more, which means they are farther
apart from each other, and that is what we
can see in the picture on the right. So, in the
blank on the left should be written before
and in the blank on the right, after .
Matter can be classified according to its

aspect in homogeneous and heterogeneous
mixtures. The first ones have a uniform
aspect, that is, all their parts are equal, but
both are made up of different substances.
For instance, sea water is made up of (pure)
water and different salts. All the substances
are made up of very small particles, called
atoms, which join together, forming molecules.
PURE
MIXTURE
THE MIXTURE IS MADE UP OF
Water
Air
Oxygen, nitrogen, and carbon

dioxide.
Carbon
dioxide
Tin
Copper and tin.
Ozone
Saline
solution
Water and sodium chloride.
Oxygen
Dextrose
Water and glucose.
SUBSTANCES
I. 2. II. 4. III. 1. IV. 3.

The contents of the blanks should be,
from left to right: Crystalline, atomics and
molecular.
SO3-sulphur trioxide; KF-potassium fluoride;
CO-carbon monoxide; Fe-iron; MgCl2magnesium chloride; CO2-carbon dioxide.
The text has two mistakes. The first one is

describing a heterogeneous mixture as one
with a uniform aspect, something that is
characteristic of homogeneous mixtures,
and the second one is in mistaking molecules
for atoms: atoms are the particles that join
together to form molecules.
The correct text would be:
A
B
I. Element, molecular. II. Compound, crystalline.

III. Element, crystalline net. IV. Element,
atomic.
I. Pure substance, element.

II. Homogeneous mixture.
191
ANSWERS
Worksheet VIII (extension)

A
On the left: the mixtures are classified as

homogeneous, as for instance sea water, and
heterogeneous, for instance water and oil.
vapour of the substance it distils (which

boils first), so that it condenses and is
collected in liquid form in a container,
placed at the end of the refrigerant.
III. Funnel. It is used for filtering with the

I. Filtration. II. Decantation. III. Distillation.
IV. Crystallization. V. Solutions. VI. Pure
substances. VII. Elements. VIII. Compounds.
METHOD OF
SEPARATION
Distillation
Homogeneous
Filtration
Heterogeneous
Decantation
Heterogeneous
appropriate filter. The solid is kept on the

paper of the filter, and the liquid passes
through the paper and through the
funnel into a container, for example, a
beaker.
PHYSICAL PROPERTY
TYPE OF MIXTURE
IV. Decantation funnel. It is used in decantation.
IT DIFFERENTIATES
Different boiling
temperatures of the
components.
Different size of the
particles.
In this funnel immiscible liquids separate

according to their density; the least
dense remains on top.
The water solution of salt is a homogeneous

mixture whose components can be separated
by evaporation (distillation); the other two
are heterogeneous: the mixture of water and
oil can be separated by decantation and the
mixture of water and iron dust by filtration.
First, water is added until the sugar is dissolved;

thus we have a heterogeneous mixture:
the water and the sugar are in the liquid
phase; and the sand in the solid phase.
Next, the sand is separated by filtration,
and finally the sugar is separated from the
water by evaporation (or by distillation).
In lesson 3 of unit 12 of the textbook you can
see filtration and distillation processes
similar to those we use to separate the
components of the mixture of sand and sugar.
Different densities.
I. Beaker , Filtration, Decantation.

II. Flask, Distillation.
III. Volumetric Flask, Distillation.
IV. Decantation funnel, decantation.
V. Refrigerant, Distillation.
VI. Funnel, Filtration.
The diagram should be similar to the

following one:
Petrol
Water
192
so it can be used in the filtration method

(to collect the filtered matter); in the
decantation method, to receive the less
dense liquid; and in the distillation method,
to collect the distilled liquid.
II. Refrigerant. It is used to cool down the
On the right: Pure substances are classified

as elements, as for instance, oxygen; and in
compounds, for instance, sodium chloride.
I. Beaker. It is used for containing liquids;
III. Pure substance, compound.

IV. Pure substance, element.
V. Pure substance, element.
VI. Mixture.

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ANSWERS

c) The diameter of the Earth is 12,740 km,

Geocentric: 1. Moon; 2. Earth; 3. Mars; 4.

d) It is equivalent to the translation period.

Sphere of fixed stars that rotate around the

Heliocentric: 1. Mercury; 2. Sun; 3. Mars;

b) The Moon rotates around the Earth.

photograph, and Europa, the one next to

b) Because its distance to Jupiter is much

Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars,

2. The one on the left is a comet, made

C-1; A-2; D-3; F-4; B-5; E-6.

A a) Io is the satellite on the left of the

the left is Saturn, which is a gas giant with

The picture in the centre.

Worksheet III (extension)

B 1. Both of them are planets, but the one on

A picture of the Universe focusing on our

The star corresponds to the celestial

c) All of them rotate in an anti-clockwise

a) The Earth moves around the Sun.

d) Planets rotate around their stars.

b) All of them have an atmosphere, with the

c) The Earth rotates around the Sun.

c) No, it isnt. It is one star out of the thousands

a) Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars are

The planets are:

Look at the photo on page 15 of the textbook.

ANAYA ENGLISH. Grupo Anaya, S.A., 1. ESO. Authorized reproducible material.

a) AU are 150 million kilometres; so 50 million

that of a frying pan or that of a carriage (it

Worksheet VII (extension)

b) Blue stars have a temperature of 30,000

5.19; 1.52; 19.13; 9.53.

b) In the sky we can see stars that do

1b) It orbits around a star.

c) As the explosion of the supernova was

ANAYA ENGLISH. Grupo Anaya, S.A., 1. ESO. Authorized reproducible material.

a) A supernova is a huge explosion which

F-1; B-2; E-3; A-4; D-5; C-6; I-7; G-8; H-9.

d) New stars will be generated by the

Sentences 2 and 3 are TRUE and the rest

Worksheet VIII (consolidation)

The four pictures correspond to stars, but

Stars come from nebulae which concentrate

The constellation is Ursa Major; it is formed

a) Like this one, all galaxies have millions of

The beginning of the Universe has been

a) The Earth would be in position 2, because

c) The Earth would be in position 4: the angle

c) 150 ,000, 000; astronomical.

d) The Earth would be in position 3, because

e) The Earth would be in position 4, because

f) The Earth would be in position 3 because

b) Look at the illustration below. The northern

g) The Earth would be in position 2. The

d) Look at the illustration below. It is day in India.

h) The Earth would be in position 1, because

The complete table:

g) The northern hemisphere.

Worksheet III (consolidation)

From left to right: the Moon, the Earth and

c) The path is called the orbit and it has an

ANAYA ENGLISH. Grupo Anaya, S.A., 1. ESO. Authorized reproducible material.