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ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION
Pros
Cons
Standard equipment
Standard solid wire
No clean-up needed
High porosity
Spatter
Burn through
High repair rate
Low travel speed
Solution A
GMAW with
DCEP Pulse
Solution B
Metal cored
wire with AC
waveform
Minimum porosity
Low spatter
Flexible with gap
High travel speed
Investment on new
equipment
Silica islands on the
surface
Solution C
FCAW-S wire
with DCEN
Standard equipment
Minimum porosity
High travel speed
Slag clean-up
Fume cleaning
May not e-coat well
Solution D
ER70S-6
Laser Hot Wire
Minimum porosity
No clean-up needed
Solution A
Solution B
Wire
Waveform
Advanced Pulse
AC waveform (Rapid Z)
Shielding Gas
CTWD (in)
1/2 - 5/8
Travel Speed
Welding Position
2F Lap
%C
%Si
%Mn
%P
%S
0.08
0.08
1.52
0.006
0.008
0.12
1.03
1.65
0.008
0.01
Porosity
Bead Profile
19.1 mm/sec
21.2 mm/sec
19.1 mm/sec
21.2 mm/sec
87% Reduction
5
4
96% Reduction
8.2%
area
0.04%
area
0.9%
area
0
16.9
10.1%
area
12.3%
area
3
2
1
75% Reduction
19.1
Travel Speed (mm/sec)
Solution B
Solution A
Solution B
1.24
0.83
8.28
7.56
Solution A
1.8%
area
21.2
Solution B:
16.9 mm/sec
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
19.1 mm/sec
21.2 mm/sec
Corrosion Tests
Figure 9. Spatter Weight for Solution B With and Without the AC Waveform
6
Spatter weight (g)
5
4
3
2
1
0
w/ AC
w/o AC
Operating Range
The differences in operating range between Solution B
with and without the AC waveform are schematically
shown in Figure 10 below. This also shows the change in
penetration and HAZ size as a function of bead size (WFS).
DISCUSSIONS
Porosity
One major concern of welding coated steel is the porosity.
As mentioned in the background work, the negative
effects of internal porosity can dramatically reduce the
fatigue life and tensile strength of the welded components.
The target of all new solutions for welding galvanized
sheets is to effectively reduce the external and internal
porosity of the weld deposit.
One of the approaches to reduce porosity is to lower the
solidification temperature of weld deposit. In an arc welding
process, the arc superheats the weld pool to temperatures
around 2500C which is well above the melting point of
steel and boiling point of zinc. As the weld pool cools down,
Figure 10. The Operating Range for Solution B With (Z) and Without (MCDCEN) AC Waveform at 16.9 mm/sec (40 in/min) Travel Speed
Low WFS
High WFS
Low penetration
WFS
Z
MCDCEN
400
7.46 mm
0.81 mm
420
435
7.56 mm
0.83 mm
7.78 mm
0.88 mm
Unable to weld
450
8.23 mm
HAZ size
1.08 mm
Penetration depth
8.50 mm
HAZ size
1.10 mm
Penetration depth
95% solidification
temperature (C)
Solution A
Solution B
1456
1440
Figure 11. Crater Sizes from Solution A and B Deposited at 16.9 mm/sec
(40 in/min) Travel Speed Indicating the Differences in the Weld Pool
Solidification Times
Solution A
Solution B
Figure 12. Illustration of the Droplet Transfer at (a) Positive Polarity and
(b) Negative Polarity
Cathode spot
(a)
(b)
(a)
(b)
(c)
(e)
(f)
(g)
(d)
DCEN
DCEP
Solution A
Solution B
Porosity
+++
Spatter
++
Penetration
+++
Overall
+++
C U S TO M E R ASS I S TA N C E P O L I C Y
The business of The Lincoln Electric Company is manufacturing and selling high quality welding equipment, consumables, and cutting equipment. Our challenge is to meet the needs of our customers
and to exceed their expectations. On occasion, purchasers may ask Lincoln Electric for information or advice about their use of our products. Our employees respond to inquiries to the best of
their ability based on information provided to them by the customers and the knowledge they may have concerning the application. Our employees, however, are not in a position to verify the
information provided or to evaluate the engineering requirements for the particular weldment. Accordingly, Lincoln Electric does not warrant or guarantee or assume any liability with respect to
such information or advice. Moreover, the provision of such information or advice does not create, expand, or alter any warranty on our products. Any express or implied warranty that might arise
from the information or advice, including any implied warranty of merchantability or any warranty of fitness for any customers particular purpose is specifically disclaimed.
Lincoln Electric is a responsive manufacturer, but the selection and use of specific products sold by Lincoln Electric is solely within the control of, and remains the sole responsibility of the customer.
Many variables beyond the control of Lincoln Electric affect the results obtained in applying these types of fabrication methods and service requirements.
Subject to Change This information is accurate to the best of our knowledge at the time of printing. Please refer to www.lincolnelectric.com for any updated information.