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Tayyab Imran1
Mukhtar Hussain2
1. Introduction
A swift advancement in the development of high
average peak power laser systems have been
observed in recent years [1-5]. The high peak power
laser systems have become quite important in
various experimental applications such as high
harmonics
generations
(HHG),
white-light
continuum (WLC), plasma and optical field
ionization [6-8]. High peak power laser system
needs high power pump laser beam to pump the
crystal in the amplifier. This high pump power in
amplifiers induced the thermal effect in amplifying
crystal which leads to the distortion in the amplified
pulses that ultimately reduce the efficiency of the
amplifier. To perform experiments, it is essentially
required to characterize and optimize the spectral
and temporal evolution of thermal lensing
compensated laser systems.
Different diagnostics techniques have been
employed to characterize the high power
femtosecond laser systems such as auto-correlation
[9,10], spectral phase interferometry for direct
electric-field reconstruction (SPIDER) [11], and
frequency resolved optical gating (FROG) [12-16].
The autocorrelation technique fails to provide
information about the phase of the pulse therefore
the shape of temporal profile is guessed before to
make experimental measurement, on the other hand
SPIDER technique can provide spectral and
temporal information but the experimental setup is
quite complicated and difficult to align. The FROG
Printed in IRAQ
Fig. (1) Schematic setup of 1-kHz repetition rate Ti:Sapphire femtosecond laser system: FR (Faraday Rotator), PC (Pockels Cell)
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Iraqi Society for Alternative and Renewable Energy Sources and Techniques (I.S.A.R.E.S.T.)
(, ) = | ()( )() |
(a)
(1)
()
,=1 | ( , ) ( , )|
(2)
Where
IFROG(i,j)
and
I(k)FROG(i,j)
are
representing the experimental and retrieved FROG
traces respectively, which are always normalized to
a peak of unity. The information of the femtosecond
pulse retrieved from the FROG trace is considered
to be reliable if FROG error is below than the noise
level of the experimental trace [23-25]. A two
dimensional FROG trace is retrieved from the
measured trace (Fig. 3) by running a number of
iterations using FROG software (Femtosecond,
Inc.). From the two dimensional FROG trace,
retrieved temporal and spectral evolution of the
compressed pulse was plotted, which reveals
temporal and spectral phase variations. From the
retrieved plots we observe, the FWHM of retrieved
temporal profile is 30 fs with relatively flat temporal
phase variations, which changes about 1 radians
peak to peak as shown in Fig. (3a).
Similarly retrieved spectral profile shows that
the phase distortion is less than 1 radian over the
bandwidth of 70 nm, as shown in Fig. (3b). The
(b)
Fig. (3) (a) Retrieved temporal profiles of amplified laser
pulses, inset FROG trace, (b). Retrieved spectral profiles of
amplified laser pulses
Printed in IRAQ
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Acknowledgment
The authors acknowledge this research was
carried out at Korea Advanced Institute of Science
and Technology (KAIST), South Korea. One of the
author would also like to greatly acknowledge the
support of Prof. Dr. Nam Chang Hee and senior
fellow Dr. Jae Hee Sung.
(a)
(b)
Fig. (4) (a) Optimized output spectrum of the femtosecond
laser system, (b). Grating detuning to optimize the
compressor for minimum possible pulse duration
4. Conclusion
A thermally compensated Ti:Sapphire based
high power femtosecond laser system, 4.0mJ energy
per pulse, 30fs pulse duration operating at 1-kHz
repetition rate has been described, characterized and
optimized. Long cavity oscillator used as front end
of femtosecond laser system because of broadband
spectrum, low ASE and long interval between
pulses. To compensate the thermal lensing, convex
folding mirrors and Peltier cooler was used to cool
down the Ti:Sapphire crystal of the amplifier and
thermal eigenmode post-amplifier was introduced to
overcome the thermal lensing effects by keeping the
beam size of the amplified laser pulses on the
amplified crystal. Sensitive SHG-FROG single-shot
technique was employed to characterize the
thermally compensated femtosecond laser system.
The detuning of grating compressor vs pulse
duration was studied to optimize the compressor for
minimum possible pulse duration.
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