Introducti

on
Name: Harshal N.ingle
Class: 12th science
Roll no. 462
Subject: Biology
Teacher Shruti Fuke
Topic: How cigarettes affect
your health?

Certificate
The work done in this file is
satisfactorily performed by
Mr.Harshal N. ingle studying in !
2th science
Class 12th Division A Roll No
462 during the academic year
2016-2017
_____________
______________
Teachers signature
Principals signature

__________

__________

Date

School stamp

Acknowledge
ment
I owe a great many thanks to
great many people who helped
and supported me during this
project.
My deepest thanks to lecturer,
Miss fuke teacher the guide of
the

project

correcting

for

guiding

my

and

various

documents with attention and

care. She has taken pain to go
through the project and make
correction

as

and

when

needed.I express my thanksto

principle

Mr.Raut

Sir

for

extending his support.

Why I chose smoking

effects topic?
I chose the topic How
cigarettes affect your health?

because its the most common

and well known thing among
people. And through this
project I could help my friend to
stop smoking. Through this
topic we can spread awareness
about smoking and help people
to quit smoking. Even if the
person has started smoking at
an early age due to any reason,
he /she can still try to stop
smoking.

 Index
Introduction
Defination
Components
Types of smoking
Advantages of smoking
Disadvantages of smoking
Causes And symptoms
smoking Effects
conclusion

Introduction

Smoking
In the early times, people could buy cigarettes and smoke pretty much
anywhere even in hospitals! Ads for cigarettes were all over the place.
Today we're more aware about how bad smoking is for our health.
Smoking is restricted or banned in almost all public places and cigarette
companies are no longer allowed to advertise on TV, radio, and in many
magazines.
Almost everyone knows that smoking causes cancer, emphysema, and
heart disease; that it can shorten your life by 10 years or more; and that
the habit can cost a smoker thousands of dollars a year. So how come
people are still lighting up? The answer, in a word, is addiction.

Once You Start, It's Hard to Stop.

Smoking is a hard habit to break because tobacco contains nicotine,
which is highly addictive. Like heroin or other addictive drugs, the body
and mind quickly become so used to the nicotine in cigarettes that a
person needs to have it just to feel normal.
People start smoking for a variety of different reasons. Some think it looks
cool. Others start because their family members or friends smoke.
Statistics show that about 9 out of 10 tobacco users start before they're
18 years old. Most adults who started smoking in their teens never
expected to become addicted. That's why people say it's just so much
easier to not start smoking at all.

What is a cigarette?
A cigarette is a small roll of finely cut tobacco leaves wrapped in a cylinder of
thin paper for smoking. The cigarette is ignited at one end and allowed
to smoulder; its smoke is inhaled from the other end, which is held in or to the
mouth and in some cases a cigarette holder may be used as well. Most modern
manufactured cigarettes are filtered and include reconstituted tobacco and
additives.

The term cigarette, commonly used, refers to a tobacco cigarette but can
apply to similar devices containing other herbs, such
as cloves or cannabis. A cigarette is distinguished from a cigar by its
smaller size, use of processed leaf, and paper wrapping, which is normally
white, though other colors are occasionally available. Cigars are typically
composed entirely of whole-leaf tobacco.
Rates of cigarette smoking vary widely, and have changed considerably
over the course of history - since cigarettes were first widely used in the
mid-20th century. While rates of smoking have over time leveled off or
declined in the developed world, they continue to rise in developing
nations.
Cigarettes like other tobacco products do carry serious health effects with
them. Nicotine, the primary psychoactive chemical in tobacco and
therefore cigarettes, is addictive. About half of cigarette smokers die of
tobacco-related disease and lose on average 14 years of life. Cigarette
use by pregnant women has also been shown to cause birth defects,
including mental and physical disabilities.

Defination

Smoking is the inhalation of the smoke of burning tobacco encased in

cigarettes, pipes, and cigars. Casual smoking is the act of smoking only
occasionally, usually in a social situation or to relieve stress. A smoking
habit is a physical addiction to tobacco products. Many health experts
now regard habitual smoking as a psychological addiction, too, and one
with serious health consequences
Smoking is the inhalation of the smoke of burning tobacco encased in
cigarettes, pipes, and cigars.
Casual smoking is the act of smoking only occasionally, usually in a social
situation or to relieve stress.

A smoking habit is a physical addiction to tobacco products. Many health

experts now regard habitual smoking as a psychological addiction, too,
and one with serious health consequences.

components

The three main components of inhaled smoke are :

1)Nicotine
2)Carbon monoxide
3)Tar
4) Oxides of nitrogen
5) Hydrogen cyanide
6) Ammonia
Nicotine :It is absorbed into the bloodstream and effects the brain within 10
seconds. If you are a regular smoker, when the blood level of nicotine
falls, you usually develop withdrawal symptoms such as craving, anxiety,
restlessness, headaches, irritability, hunger, difficulty with concentration,
or just feeling awful. These symptoms are relieved by the next cigarette.
So, most smokers need to smoke regularly to feel 'normal', and to prevent
withdrawal symptoms.
Carbon monoxide :One more of the dangers of smoking are Carbon monoxide. Smoking also
increases the level of carbon monoxide in the lungs. This poisonous gas is
quickly absorbed into the blood, reducing its capacity to carry oxygen.

As a result, the smoker has to exert more physical effort to attain a given
task than does a nonsmoker. The heart in particular must work harder,
particularly during rigorous exercise. Increased levels of carbon monoxide
in the blood can impair vision, perception of time, and coordination.
Carbon monoxide is a poisonous gas found in car fumes, which reduces
the amount of oxygen carried in the blood. Oxygen is vital for the bodys
organs to function efficiently. The reduction in oxygen changes the
consistency of the blood, making it thicker and putting the heart under
increased strain as it pumps blood around the body.

Tar:Tar contains many substances proven to cause cancer. Irritants found in

tar damage the lungs causing narrowing of the tubes (bronchioles) and
damaging the small hairs (cilia) that protect the lungs from dirt and
infection.
Oxides of nitrogen:
Animal experiments showed that nitrogen oxides lungs. It is believed that
nitrogen oxides are some specific chemicals in tobacco that causes lung
disease and efizem.
Hydrogen cyanide:
The lungs have some hairs (cilia) that help to clean lungs by removing
the foreign substances. Hydrogen cyanide prevents the development
process of clearing. The substances of cigarette smoke remains in the
lungs.
Ammonia:
Ammonia is a powerful chemical found in household products, it is used to
preserve human bodies in the morgue, which is also harmful to the lungs..
.

.
.
.

Types of Smoking

Different types of smoking do not eliminate its risk. And smoking,

regardless of what type it is, still represents one thing, which is addiction,
disease, ailments, early death and a waste of life and money.
.
.
.
.

Cigarettes

Cigarettes are the most common way of consuming tobacco, especially

among young people. A young person starts by trying a cigarette and
then finds themselves addicted to nicotine, which is then hard to give up.

There are several types of cigarettes that differ in shape but they all harm
in the same way. Every day, we see tobacco companies trying to come up
with something new to attract more people to succumb to the addiction
while they make billions of dollars in profits.
There are filtered cigarettes and others with low levels of nicotine, as well
as rolled cigarettes either in white paper or brown paper (tobacco paper).
They come with regular tastes while others are sweetened with several
flavors.
The harmful effects of smoking cigarettes are many. Seemingly, everyday
something new is discovered that can damage a persons health, their
families' health and that of their community. Cigarettes are harmful to
many parts of the body including skin, the mouth, throat, esophagus,
stomach, pancreas, lungs, heart, arteries, bladder, breasts, and the
cervix, in women, as well as the brain and nervous system. All are prone
to diseases and ailments caused by smoking, the most of which are
cancer, heart disease and lung disease.
.

.
Cigars or Pipes

Contrary to popular opinion, smoking cigars or pipes is no less harmful to

health than smoking cigarettes.
The truth is that one cigar on average has more nicotine and tar than a
pack of cigarettes and one large size cigar has 40 times the nicotine and
tar found in one cigarette. The concentrated toxic substances and
carcinogens in cigars means that regular cigar smoking is harmful, even
in a small amount. Also, the number of people who die from mouth,
throat or esophagus cancers due to cigar smoking is ten times higher
than those who do not smoke. ishas or Hookahs and Mouassal

It is commonly thought that smoking shisha and hookah can be less

harmful than cigarettes, but the truth is that one shisha is equivalent to
50 to 60 cigarettes, and a two hour to three hour session of smoking a
shisha is equivalent to smoking 25 cigarettes.

There are several types of shisha that differ in shape and content, but its
harmful effects are the same. One type is mouassal which is molasses
tobacco, another is jrak which is tobacco added to a group of rotten
fruits and the sweetened shisha which contains tobacco and specials
kinds of fruits like apricot. All of these contain fermented material.

Smoking shisha is a leading cause of lip, mouth and throat cancer. It also
leads to lung, esophagus, stomach and bladder cancer. Smoking shisha
can also be responsible for the spread of tuberculosis microbes that cause
tuberculosis and help spread it between smokers who share the same
shisha pipe, and it can . This can also spread to non-smokers who come in
contact with smokers. Shisha are also a minimal source of air pollution as
they spread smoke and toxic gases like carbon monoxide and are
contaminated with pesticides, heavy metals and mycotoxins.
.
.

Storing or Chewing Tobacco in the Mouth

.
Chewed and smoke-free tobacco is consumed through the mouth; it is
smoking without the smoke. The person chews the tobacco mixed with
other ingredients in their mouth for a sustained period of time where the
juice from the tobacco is absorbed to the bloodstream and hence to the
rest of the body. The effects on the body are much the same as smoking.
The user can also store it in the mouth cavity without chewing for the

same result. This way of consuming tobacco is no less dangerous than

smoking. Continuous use will expose the interior membranes of the mouth
and throat to the harmful effects of tobacco with the potential to develop
mouth and throat cancer. Chewing tobacco also increases the chances of
increased blood pressure, heart diseases and peptic ulcers
.
.

Advantages of smoking
Makes me feel really relaxed when I smoke, and I know that everyone
says it is so bad for you, but I only do it when I am extremly agitated,
studiying, when I was in school in early years,or when extremly angry.I
guess I angry all the time, so I am basically two packs a week.No joking
with you. There is NO benifiet to smkoing. If ANYONE tells you there is,
THEY ARE LYING TO YOU... One friend of mine would smoke so he would
not eat, and he died of lung cancer, but I bet she was the skinniest one
out in the grave yard...

Disadvantages of

smoking
Smoking is recognized as the leading preventable cause of death, causing
or contributing to the deaths of approximately430,700 Americans each ye
ar. Anyone with a smoking habit has an increased chance of lung, cervical,
and other typesof cancer; respiratory diseases such as emphysema, asth
ma, and chronic bronchitis; and cardiovascular disease, suchas heart
attack, high blood pressure, stroke, and atherosclerosis (narrowing and ha

rdening of the arteries). The risk ofstroke is especially high in women who
take birth control pills.
Smoking can damage fertility, making it harder to conceive, and it can int
erfere with the growth of the fetus duringpregnancy. It accounts for an est
imated 14% of premature births and 10% of infant deaths. There is some
evidence thatsmoking may cause impotence in some men.
Because smoking affects so many of the body's systems, smokers often h
ave vitamin deficiencies and suffer oxidativedamage caused by free radic
als. Free radicals are molecules that steal electrons from other molecules,
turning the othermolecules into free radicals and destabilizing the molecul
es in the body's cells.
Smoking is recognized as one of several factors that might be related to a
higher risk of hip fractures in older adults.
Studies reveal that the more a person smokes, the more likely he is to sus
tain illnesses such as cancer, chronicbronchitis, and emphysema. But eve
n smokers who indulge in the habit only occasionally are more prone to th
esediseases.
Some brands of cigarettes are advertised as "low tar," but no cigarette is t
ruly safe. If a smoker switches to a low-tarcigarette, he is likely to inhale l
onger and more deeply to get the chemicals his body craves. A smoker ha
s to quit thehabit entirely in order to improve his health and decrease the
chance of disease.
Though some people believe chewing tobacco is safer, it also carries healt
h risks. People who chew tobacco have anincreased risk of heart disease a
nd mouth and throat cancer. Pipe and cigar smokers have increased healt
h risksas well,even though these smokers generally do not inhale as deepl
y as cigarette smokers do. These groups haven't beenstudied as extensiv
ely as cigarette smokers, but there is evidence that they may be at a sligh
tly lower risk ofcardiovascular problems but a higher risk of cancer and va
rious types of circulatory conditions.

Recent research reveals that passive smokers, or those who unavoidably

breathe in second-hand tobacco smoke, havean increased chance of man
y health problems such as lung cancer and asthma, and in children, sudde
n infant death syndrome.

Causes and

symptoms
No one starts smoking to become addicted to nicotine. It isn't known how
much nicotinemay be consumed before the body becomes addicted. How
ever, once smoking becomesa habit, the smoker faces a lifetime of health
risks associated with one of the strongestaddictions known to man.
About 70% of smokers in the United States would like to quit; in any given
year, however,
only about 3.6% of the country's 47 million smokers quit successfully.
Although specific genes have not yet been identified as of 2003, research
ers think thatgenetic factors contribute substantially to developing a smok
ing habit. Several twin studieshave led to estimates of 46to84% heritability
for smoking. It is thought that some geneticvariations affect the speed of
nicotine metabolism in the body and the activity level ofnicotinic receptor
s in the brain.

.
Smokers' symptoms
Smokers are likely to exhibit a variety of symptoms that reveal the damag
e caused bysmoking. A nagging morning cough may be one sign of a toba
cco habit. Other symptomsinclude
shortness of breath:wheezing, and frequent occurrences of respiratory illness,such as bronchit
is. Smoking also increases fatigue and decreases the smoker's sense ofsm

ell and taste. Smokers are more likely to develop poor circulation, with col
d hands andfeet and premature wrinkles.
Sometimes the illnesses that result from smoking come on silently with lit
tle warning. Forinstance, coronaryarterydisease may exhibit few or no sy
mptoms. At other times,there will be warning signs, such as bloody discha
rge from a woman's vagina, a sign ofcancer of the cervix. Another warnin
g sign is a hacking cough, worse than the usualsmoker's cough, that bring
s up phlegm or blooda sign of lung cancer.
Withdrawal symptoms
A smoker who tries to quit may expect one or more of these withdrawal sy
mptoms:nausea, constipation or diarrhea, drowsiness, loss of concentratio
n, insomnia,headache, nausea, and irritability.
.

Symptoms That Occur After Quitting Smoking

Symptoms That Occur After Quitting Smoking
Symptom

Cause

Craving forcig nicotine craving

arette

Duration

Relief

first week can distract yourself with oth

linger formont eractivity

Symptoms That Occur After Quitting Smoking

Symptom

Cause

Duration

Relief

hs
Irritability,imp nicotine craving
atience

2 to 4 weeks

Exercise, relaxationtechni
ques, avoid caffeine

Insomnia

nicotine cravingtempor 2 to 4 weeks

arily reduces deepslee
p

Avoid caffeine after 6 PMr

elaxation techniques;exer
cise

Fatigue

lack of nicotinestimulat 2 to 4 weeks

ion

Nap

Lack ofconce
ntration

lack of nicotinestimulat A few weeks

ion

Reduce workload; avoidst

ress

Hunger

cigarettes cravingconfu Up to several Drink water or low calorie

sed hunger pangs
weeks
drinks; eat lowcaloriesnacks

Coughing, dry Body ridding itself ofm Several week Drink plenty of fluids; use
throat, nasald ucus in lungs andairwa s
cough drops
rip
ys
Constipation, Intestinal movementde 1 to 2 weeks
gas
creases with lack ofnic
otine

Drink plenty of fluids; add

fiber to diet; exercise

smoking affects

How smoking affects your health?

There are no physical reasons to start smoking. The body doesn't need
tobacco the way it needs food, water, sleep, and exercise. And many of
the chemicals in cigarettes, like nicotine and cyanide, are actually poisons
that can kill in high enough doses.
The body is smart. It goes on the defense when it's being poisoned. Firsttime smokers often feel pain or burning in the throat and lungs, and some
people feel sick or even throw up the first few times they try tob

The

consequences of this poisoning happen gradually. Over the long term,

smoking leads people to develop health problems like heart disease,
stroke, emphysema, and many types of cancer -including lung, throat,
stomach, and bladder cancer. People who smoke also have an increased
risk of infections like bronchitis and pneumonia.
These diseases limit a person's ability to be normally active, and they can
be fatal.

Smokers not only develop wrinkles and yellow teeth, they also lose bone
density, which increases their risk of osteoporosis, a condition that causes

older people to become bent over and their bones to break more easily.
Smokers also tend to be less active than nonsmokers because smoking
affects lung power.
Smoking can also cause fertility problems and can impact sexual health in
both men and women. Girls who are on the pill or other hormone-based
methods of birth control increase their risk of serious health problems,
such as heart attacks, if they smoke.
The consequences of smoking may seem very far off, but long-term
health problems aren't the only hazard of smoking. Nicotine and the other
toxins in cigarettes, cigars, and pipes can affect a person's body quickly,
which means that teen smokers experience many of these problems:
Bad skin. Because smoking restricts blood vessels, it can prevent oxygen
and nutrients from getting to the skin - which is why smokers often
appear pale and unhealthy. Studies has also linked smoking to an
increased risk of getting a type of skin rash called psoriasis.
Bad breath. Cigarettes leave smokers with a condition called halitosis, or
persistent bad breath.

Bad-smelling clothes and hair. The smell of stale smoke tends to linger not just on people's clothing, but on their hair, furniture, and cars. And it's
often hard to get the smell of smoke out.
Reduced athletic performance. People who smoke usually can't compete
with nonsmoking peers because the physical effects of smoking impair
sports performance.
Greater risk of injury and slower healing time. Smoking affects the body's
ability to produce collagen, so common sports injuries, such as damage to
tendons and ligaments will heal more slowly in smokers than nonsmokers.
Increased risk of illness. Studies show that smokers get more colds, flu,
bronchitis, and pneumonia than nonsmokers. And people with certain

health conditions, like asthma, become sicker if they smoke because

teens who smoke as a way to manage weight often light up instead of
eating, their bodies also lack the nutrients they need to grow, develop,
and fight off illness properly.
Immune Cells. Smoking weakens the immune system by depressing
antibodies and cells that are in the body to protect against foreign
invaders. There is an association between smoking and the increased
incidence of certain malignant diseases and respiratory infections,
according to the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI).
There is also a significant decrease in immune cells that normally help the
body. But this process can be reversed if a smoker gives up cigarettes.
Smokers who stop show increased levels of natural killer cell (NK) activity
that targets cancerous cells in the body.
Infections. Many cancer-causing chemicals from cigarette smoke travel
throughout a smoker's bloodstream to reach the organs of the body and
damage the immune response. Carbon monoxide is carried through the
body by smoke, interfering with oxygen levels. Less oxygen reaches the
brain, heart, muscles and other organs. Lung function is reduced because
of the narrowing of the lung airways and excess mucus in the lungs. Lung
irritation and damage result from invading substances, leading to lung
infection. Blood pressure and heart rate are affected negatively by
smoking chemicals carried through the blood. The immune system does
not work as well and smokers become more prone to infections, such as
pneumonia and influenza. It takes smokers longer than nonsmokers to get
over illnesses.
Lung Tissue. Smoking can cause the body's immune system to attack lung
tissue and result in severe respiratory disorders, according to research at
the University of Cincinnati, Ohio. Health scientists examined mice to
study the link between cigarette exposure, the immune system and
chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder (COPD), a serious lung disease
characterized by emphysema and severe inflammation of the lung tissue.
After lung cells were damaged from cigarette smoke in the lab research,

the cells signaled the immune system when the damaged cells needed to
be destroyed. The research shows that smoking actually activates certain
parts of the immune system, which works against the lungs and attacks
the tissue; it was reported in the March 2009 issue of the "Journal of
Clinical Investigation." The researchers found a strong correlation
between cellular stress signals, activation of the immune system and
development of diseases similar to COPD.
Researchers compared the results with tissue samples from humans who
included nonsmokers, smokers with COPD and smokers who did not have
COPD. They found that patients who had never smoked had no trace of
the lung cells that triggered the immune system to attack lung tissue.
Current and former smokers who developed the disease had evidence of
those lung signals.

Physical Addiction
Being physically addicted means a person's body actually becomes
dependent on a particular substance (even smoking is physically
addictive). It also means building tolerance to that substance, so that a
person needs a larger dose than ever before to get the same effects.
Someone who is physically addicted and stops using a substance like
drugs, alcohol, or cigarettes may experience withdrawal symptoms.
Common symptoms of withdrawal are diarrhea, shaking, and generally
feeling awful.

Psychological Addiction
Psychological addiction happens when the cravings for a drug are
psychological or emotional. People who are psychologically addicted feel
overcome by the desire to have a drug. They may lie or steal to get it.
A person crosses the line between abuse and addiction when he or she is
no longer trying the drug to have fun or get high, but has come to depend
on it. His or her whole life centers on the need for the drug. An addicted

person - whether it's a physical or psychological addiction or both - no

longer feels like there is a choice in taking a substance.

Signs of Addiction
The most obvious sign of an addiction is the need to have a particular
drug or substance. However, many other signs can suggest a possible
addiction, such as changes in mood or weight loss or gain. (These also are
signs of other conditions too, though, such as depression or eating
disorders.)
Signs that you or someone you know may have a cigarette
addiction include:

Psychological signals:
1)Use of drugs or alcohol as a way to forget problems or to relax.
2)Withdrawal or keeping secrets from family and friends.
3)Loss of interest in activities that used to be important.
4)Problems with schoolwork, such as slipping grades or absences.
5)Changes in friendships, such as hanging out only with friends who use drugs.
6)Spending a lot of time figuring out how to get cigarette.
7)Stealing or selling belongings to be able to afford cigarette.
8)Failed attempts to stop taking cigarette or drinking.
9)Anxiety, anger, or depression.
10)Mood swings.

Physical signals:
1)Changes in sleeping habits.
2)Feeling shaky or sick when trying to stop.
3)Needing to take more of the substance to get the same effect.
4)Changes in eating habits, including weight loss or gain.

How to quit smoking?

There are many different methods that have successfully helped people
to quit smoking, including:
1)Quitting smoking cold turkey.
2)Systematically decreasing the number of cigarettes you smoke.
3)Reducing your intake of nicotine gradually over time.
4)Using nicotine replacement therapy or non-nicotine medications to
reduce withdrawal symptoms.
5)Utilizing nicotine support groups.
6)Trying hypnosis, acupuncture, or counseling using cognitive behavioral
techniques.

You may be successful with the first method you try. More likely, youll
have to try a number of different methods or a combination of treatments
to find the ones that work best for you.

There are several things you can do to stop smoking that dont involve
nicotine replacement therapy or prescription medications:

Hypnosis
A popular option that has produced good results. Forget anything you
may have seen from stage hypnotists, hypnosis works by getting you into
a deeply relaxed state where you are open to suggestions that strengthen
your resolve to quit smoking and increase your negative feelings toward
cigarettes. Ask your doctor to recommend a qualified smoking cessation
hypnotherapist in your area or refer to the Society of Clinical Hypnosis

(ASCH) for guidelines on selecting a qualified professional.

Acupuncture
One of the oldest known medical techniques, acupuncture is believed to
work by triggering the release of endorphins (natural pain relievers) that
allow the body to relax. As a smoking cessation aid, acupuncture can be
helpful in managing smoking withdrawal symptoms. Ask your doctor for a
referral or search for a local practitioner

Behavioral Therapy
Nicotine addiction is related to the habitual behaviors (the rituals)
involved in smoking. Behavior therapy focuses on learning new coping
skills and breaking those habits. The American Lung Association offers
afree online smoking cessation program that focuses on behavioral
change. To find a local behavioral therapist, check with your doctor or
search at the Association for Behavioral and Cognitive Therapies

(ABCT).

Motivational Therapies
Self-help books and websites can provide a number of ways to motivate
you to quit smoking. One well known example is calculating the monetary
savings. Some people have been able to find the motivation to quit just by
calculating how much money they will save after they quit. It may be
enough to pay for a summer vacation.

Filters
Filters that reduce tar and nicotine in cigarettes do not work. In fact,
studies have shown that smokers who use filters tend to smoke more.

Smoking deterrents
Other methods have been used to help stop smoking, such as over-thecounter products that change the taste of tobacco, stop-smoking diets
that curb nicotine cravings, and combinations of vitamins. At this time
there is little scientific evidence that any of these work

Conclusion

From the above illustrations and statements, it is very much clear that
smoking is certainly one of the major public health problems all over the
world and we need to control it at all levels of life, until it takes us down to
the ground.we should not smoke as well as we should not smoke in public
place

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www.wikipedia.com
www.ncbi.com

References