Scientific Journal of Architecture

Aug 2013, Vol. 3 Iss. 4, PP. 65-72

Statistical Analysis of Sport Stadiums with

Retractable Roof Systems
Fatemeh Goudarzi, Golnaz Dadkhah Aseman, Mohammad Reza Maghareh
MA Student of Arch., School of Art and Arch., Shiraz Uni., Iran
MA Student of Arch., School of Art and Arch., Shiraz Uni., Iran
Asst. Prof., Arch. Dept., School of Art and Arch., Shiraz Uni., Iran
fg_arch_86@yahoo.com; golnaz_aseman@yahoo.com; maghareh@shirazu.ac.ir
Abstract- Although, the construction of Retractable Roofs is expensive and this is not explainable economically, using such roofs has
been common in countries with variable weather conditions from the second half of 20th century. Some specifications such as
flexibility, beautification, and authentication have made suitable this kind of construction for the wide span roof stadiums.
According to this, the most important viewpoint in these special projects is how to cover the wide span open roofs. Therefore,
identification of structural systems used in these stadiums is important.
In this article, the main characteristics of about 44 famous Retractable Roofs of sport and recreational stadiums have been
extracted and assessed. Based on their structural systems, structural forms, movement type & direction; the assessment of these
samples is the main purpose of this article. In the last section of the article, the results will be discussed.
Keywords- Retractable Roofs; Sport Stadiums; Structure

I. INTRODUCTION
Retractable structures which their geometry could be changed according to practical requirements and environmental
conditions have been vastly used in large spam sport stadium structures [1, 2, 3]. These mechanized adjustable structures play
an essential role in flexible sport facilities development. Being practically flexible to protect audiences and athletes from bad
environmental conditions in some time of the year, and at the same time providing the possibility to benefit from the open air
in proper weather conditions, are amongst the reasons why retractable roofs are being used in sport stadiums. This kind of
Another important point which is a challenge in sport stadiums roof design is to cover the large span without using medial
components which might block the view, whereas in retractable roof structure this matter is handled [7].
Any way these systems are generally very expensive and complicated and they might need time consuming mechanisms for
installation. Therefore, it is essential to use proper mechanisms to install these giant structures [6].
Nowadays many stadiums are being made or have been made using retractable roof system. Evidently, using large amount
of retractable structures appeared from second half of 20th century [2, 8]. Primary designs of retractable roof for sport stadiums
originate from crane technology. Pittsburgh civic arena was the first stadium with retractable roof structure which inaugurated
in 1961 [8].
II. THE HISTORY OF RESEARCH ON RETRACTABLE ROOFS
After World War II, by increasing demands to construct sport stadiums, important pioneer works of slight retractable
structures have been constructed parallel with the appearance of retractable roof structures composed of solid mobile organs
and increasing tendency for this kind of structures. Invention of Geodesic Dome by B. Fuller and his lectures on 3D
geometrical form for architecture was an inspiration to the researchers to explain their ideas very precisely. Furthermore, F.
Otto works in the field of tensile and membrane structures and systematic research works on deployable and retractable
structures in 1960s lead to a vast variety of retractable membrane roof structure designs in the second half of the 20th century
[9]. F. Otto classified retractable roofs in the form of a matrix on the basis of the type and the direction of the movement [8].
From 1960, the beginning of the movement of retractable roof structure employment, so far, many inventions of different
retractable roof structure systems have been recorded in the United States invention collection.
Amongst research activities in the last 2 decades following items could be mentioned:

Presentation of a new idea for retractable roof structures by Kassabian et al in 1999 [10];
A research regarding optimization of cover plates of retractable roof structures by Buhl et al in 2004 [5];
A thesis titled Design considerations for retractable-roof stadia in which one of the master students of the MIT
university named Frazer in 2005 have analyzed constructed and being constructed retractable roof sport stadiums design
considerations [11];
Architectural evaluation of Transformable roof structures by Asefi et al in 2006 [12];

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A research in which Luo et al in 2007 introduced a special type of retractable roofs named Radially retractable plate
structures (RPS) [13];
Representing a retractable structure on the basis of rotating rings of tetrahedral and Brikards connections (Luo et al,
2008) [14];
Representing a new structural mechanism with Scissor-hinge system for convertible roofs [4];
A research by Ramzy et al in 2011 in which mobile systems including retractable roofs considered through a stable
approach and eventually these systems classified on the basis of several factors [7];
A research named Roof structures in motion in which Friedman et al in 2011 concentrated on roofs mobile structures
which could be constructed quickly and consistent with external factors; this research also introduces different types of mobile
structures [8];
A kind of Tall buildings structural classification in 2006 by Gunela et al [15].
The above mentioned researches regarding mobile structures and retractable roof structures have been represented up to
2011. About 44 sport stadiums have been constructed and launched around the world so far, using retractable roof structures.
The objective of this research is to classify these examples on the basis of structural systems employed in their retractable roof
in order to achieve classified results out of these data.

III. DATA, MATERIAL AND RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This research is based on classification. This approach at first tries to identify most stadiums equipped with retractable roof
structure system around the world and also to derive their structural and architectural data, from internet and library written
sources. It is worth mentioning that, in order to recognize special data and characteristics regarding the type and the direction
of retractable roofs employed in the analyzed stadiums, the F. Otto investigations in 1971 in the form of movement matrix is
used.
Until 2011 about 43 sport stadiums constructed by retractable roof structure were recognized and their data and
characteristics were derived from internet and library sources. Due to the representation limit, we have only represented some
of the main achieved data in the form of the Table I. The data represented on the basis of the projects inauguration order. In
the next stage, characteristics driven from these data are being analyzed and evaluated also the results are being presented in
the form of charts. Finally, this research classifies this known stadium collection on the basis of employed structural system.
TABLE DATA OF SPORT STADIUMS WITH RETRACTABLE ROOFS

Roof Structure

Structure Form

U.S.A
Hungary
Japan
Canada
Australia
Spain
Japan
Japan
Netherlands
Japan

Completion
Year
1961
1976
1987
1987
1987
1988
1993
1993
1996
1997

Space Grid
Truss
Space Grid
Cable-supported
Space Grid
Cable-supported
Space Grid
Space Grid
Truss
Space Grid

Germany

1997

U.S.A
Netherlands
Japan
England
U.S.A
Australia
Australia
Japan
U.S.A
Japan
Denmark
Japan
Germany
U.S.A
Germany

1998
1998
1998
1999
1999
2000
2000
2001
2001
2001
2001
2001
2001
2002
2005

Name of Stadiums

Location

Pittsburgh Civic Arena [24,25]

Komjadi Swimming Pool [26]
Ariake Coliseum [27]
Olympic Stadium Montreal [12,28]
Rod laver Arena [29,30]
Zaragoza Arena [8,32]
Fukuoka Dome [33,34,35]
Seagaia Ocean Dome [36,37]
Amsterdam Arena [38]
Komatsu Dome [39]
Rothenbaum Centre
Court [40, 41, 42]
Chase Field [43,44]
Gelre Dome [45,46]
Tajima Dome [47,48,49]
Millennium Stadium [50,51,52]
Safeco Field [53,54,55,56]
Etihad Stadium [57,58,59]
Hisense Arena [29,60,61]
Kobe Wing Stadium [62,63]
Miller Park [64]
Oita Bank Dome [65]
Parken Stadium [66,67]
Toyota Stadium [68,69,70,71]
Veltins Arena [72,73,74]
Reliant Stadium [75,76]
Alianz Arena [12,77,78]

Spherical
Curved
Curved
Umbrella Shaped
Planar + Arch-Truss
Umbrella Shaped
Spherical
Curved
Spherical
Spherical

Retractable
Tracks
6
2
2
1
2
1
2
4
2
2

Circular-Sliding
Parallel-Sliding
Parallel-Sliding
Central-Bunching
Parallel-Sliding
Central-Bunching
Circular-Sliding
Parallel-Sliding
Circular-Sliding
Parallel-Sliding

Cable-supported

Umbrella Shaped

Central-Bunching

Space Grid
Space Grid
Space Grid
Cable & Truss
Truss
Truss
Truss
Space Grid
Space Grid
Truss
Space Grid
Cable & Truss
Space Grid
Truss
Cable & Truss

Curved
Curved
Spherical
Spherical
Curved
Planar + Arch-Truss
Planar + Arch-Truss
Spherical
Spherical Fan-shape
Spherical
Planar + Arch-Truss
Spherical
Spherical
Curved
Planar

6
2
1
2
3
2
2
2
5
2
2
1
2
2
1

Parallel-Sliding
Parallel-Sliding
Circular-Sliding
Parallel-Sliding
Parallel-Sliding
Parallel Sliding
Parallel-Sliding
Circular-Sliding
Circular-Sliding
Circular-Sliding
Parallel-Sliding
Parallel-Bunching
Circular-Sliding
Parallel-Sliding
Parallel-Bunching

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Movement

Scientific Journal of Architecture

Aug 2013, Vol. 3 Iss. 4, PP. 65-72

Commerzbank-Arena [79,80]
Esprit Arena [81,82]
Gerry Weber Stadium [83,84]

Germany
Germany
Germany

2005
2005
2005

Cable-supported
Space Grid
Cable & Truss

Planar
Planar
Planar

1
2
2

Qi Zhong Stadium [85]

China

2005

Space Grid

Planar

Rogers Centre [86,87]

The University of Phoenix
Stadium [88,89,90,91]
Wembley Stadium [92,93]
Lucas Oil Stadium [94,95]
Cowboy Stadium [96,97,98]
Wimbledon Centre
Court [99,100,101]
Minute Maid Park [102,103]
Nantong Stadium [104,105,106]
BC Place Stadium [107,108]
National Arena [109,110]
National Stadium
Warsaw [111,112,113]
Ordos Stadium [114,115]
Trk Telekom Arena [116,117]

U.S.A

2005

Space Grid

Spherical

Central-Bunching
Parallel-Sliding
Parallel-Sliding
PeripheralRotating
Circular-Sliding

U.S.A

2006

Truss

Spherical

Circular-Sliding

England
U.S.A
U.S.A

2007
2008
2009

Cable & Truss

Truss
Truss

Planar + Arch-Truss
Sloping
Spherical

7
2
2

Circular-Rotating
Parallel-Sliding
Circular-Sliding

England

2009

Truss

Curved

Parallel-Folding

U.S.A
China
Canada
Romania

2010
2010
2011
2011

Truss
Truss
Cable-supported
Cable-supported

Curved
Spherical
Spherical
Planar

3
2
1
1

Parallel-Sliding
Circular-Sliding
Central-Bunching
Central-Bunching

Poland

2011

Cable-supported

Planar

Central-Bunching

China
Turkey

2011
2011

Cable & Truss

Truss

Spherical
Spherical

2
2

Circular-Sliding
Circular-Sliding

IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The implementation of retractable roof structures is indebted to the technology development of 20th century. The
continuous increasing development of computer technology, Robotics, Nanotechnology, Numerical methods improvement
and development of characteristics in new building materials, made construction of these kinds of structures easy and possible.
Inferring to the mentioned information, about 30% of sport stadiums implemented with retractable roof structures are
related to the years before 2000 and others related to the last 11 years of 21st century. This matter demonstrates development
and improvement of this technology in recent years around the world and its distribution in developed countries. It is worth
mentioning that according to the analysis, required time to build these projects varies from 2 to 4 years.
Pittsburgh civic arena is the first project that was implemented with retractable roof structures which was originated in
1961 in United States. According to the previously mentioned information and also from the economical point of view,
considering the fact that implementation of such structures is costly, it can be inferred that United States is the first country that
achieved these difficult and complicated structural systems. On the other hand this matter demonstrates high economical
efficiency of this country to implement such expensive and costly structural systems.
As it is observed in Diagram 1, United States with 10 constructions, Japan with 8 and Germany with 6 examples have the
record of having the most retractable roof structure implementation around the world. This matter demonstrates the relative
high economical and technological efficiency of these countries around the world.

Fig. 1 Location of Sport Stadiums with Retractable Roof

One of the characteristics of retractable roofs that can be analyzed, is the form of these structures. Diagram 2, indicates
various forms of these roofs. As it is observed in the diagram, Spherical and Curve forms are the most abundant ones. After
that, Planar forms are the most abundant and the least used forms in these roofs including: Umbrella shape, Fan shape and
Sloping shape.

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Fig. 2 Structural Form of Sport Stadiums with Retractable Roof

Another characteristic of retractable roofs which has been analyzed in this paper is structure type used in these kinds of
roofs. Diagram 3, indicates the types and abundance of these structures. Thus 70% of the structures used in the sport stadiums,
were Space Grid and Truss structures, And the rest of other used structures were cable structures.

Fig. 3 Structural Systems of Sport Stadiums with Retractable Roof

In the retractable roof structure design, form and structure are considered as two principal related items which
influence each other. Also, as it was mentioned previously, the roofing of the sport stadiums should be in a way that middle
structure elements which block the view not be required. According to these points and analyzing the collected data it can be
mentioned that sport stadium designers prefer to cover the roof of stadiums with Spherical and Curve forms along with Truss
and Space Grid Structures.
In order to analyze the reason of this selection we can say that using these forms and structures together makes it possible
to cover large spans with no need of middle structure elements use. Also, due to this kind of form and structure along with
technical possibilities, convenience and security; rapid movement of retractable parts of these roofs is desirably possible. Also
performing retractable roofs with the mentioned forms and structures provides more secure environment in different weather
changes like heavy rain and snow or storm. On the other hand, according to the technological situations, performance
possibilities and material availability, Execution of these forms and structures is more suitable than others. From the aesthetical
and architectural view point, these forms and structures create more desirable environment for sport stadiums.
One of the most important items on the retractable roofs is the research conducted by F. Otto about type of the movement
and direction of the movement in these roofs (Diagram 4). With a little thinking and analyze, it can be inferred that type and
direction of retractable roofs movement, greatly, relates to the form and structure of these coverings. According to Diagram 4
it is obtained that sliding type is the most abundant movement type system in retractable roofs. Implementation of structures
like Truss and Space Grid structures and also special forms along with technical facilities created a special quality and
movement possibility that led to sliding movement type. On the other hand, in comparison with other forms, sliding movement
is also easier and it can be considered as a normal simple movement with no complication. As it is obvious in the diagram, the
movement direction of retractable parts is mostly circular and parallel which relates to the type of the structure and the form of
the roof covering specially. Thus, the movement direction of roofs retractable parts takes place on the basis of dominant Curve
and Spherical forms.

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Fig. 4 Movement Type & Direction of Sport Stadiums with Retractable Roof

The number of retractable tracks in stadiums with retractable roof structure varies from 1 to 8. More than half of these
stadiums have 2 retractable tracks. The time needed to open and close this kind of roof varies from 1.5 to 30 minutes.
According to the analysis in this paper, the mentioned time duration depends on weather conditions ( for example wind speed),
roofs weight and material roofs structural system, type and direction of tracks movement, efficiency of implemented
technology and the power of engines. Materials implemented to cover this kind of roofs are generally translucent and water
and light resistant and also relatively slight. PVC, PTEF, ETEF and general Teflon and Fiberglass materials are used to cover
this kind of roof.
V. CONCLUSION
Using retractable roof structure to design sport stadiums begun in second half of the 20th century. Developing countries and
in the first step, the United States, were the pioneers to use these kinds of structures, because of their powerful economy and
technology.
The goal of this paper is to analyze retractable roofs structural systems in sport stadiums around the world statistically. In
order to achieve this goal the researcher of this paper extracted information and characteristics of 43 sport stadiums around the
world which implemented retractable roof structures and the information was presented in the form of a table. The collected
data were presented in diagrams which were analyzed and investigated. Outcomes obtained from these analyses are mentioned
briefly.
Two main characteristics of retractable roof systems are form and structure. Outcomes obtained from the analysis
indicate that the dominant forms and structures used in sport stadiums are Spherical and Curve forms along with Truss and
Space Grid Structures. Using these forms and structures is preferred to others in aspects like: technological facilities,
functionality, convenience and security of movement, security in different weather conditions, aesthetic and architectural
criteria and creating desirable environmental effects.
Movement type and direction of retractable roofs moving tracks in sport stadiums is another point which was analyzed in
this paper. These two points have a direct relationship with form and structural systems used in retractable roofs. Sliding is
the most common type of movement applicated in these roofs, this can be explained based on using the type of structural
systems in their construction.
Also direction of the movement is dominantly Circular and Parallel which is regulated according to the form of these
structures.
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Scientific Journal of Architecture

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Aug 2013, Vol. 3 Iss. 4, PP. 65-72

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arena_Na%C8%9Bional%C4%83
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Stadium,_Warsaw
http://www.hightexworld.com/en/latest/in-progress/national-stadium-warsaw
http://www.alpine-bau.de/en/allgemein/nationalstadion-warschau/
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordos_Stadium
www.sheerfill.com
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrk_Telekom_Arena
http://www.stadiumguide.com/turktelekomarena/

Fatemeh. Goudarzi was born in Ahwaz on October 31, 1986. She has taken her bachelor degree of Architecture with First Rank from the
Shahid Chamran University of Ahwaz in 2009. She has earned her master degree of Architecture from Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran in
2013.
Mohammad Reza. Maghareh Place and date of birth: Shiraz, Iran, 2 May 1961. Education: BS in Civil Eng., Dept. of Civil Eng., Shiraz
University, Shiraz, Iran, 1982-1987 MS in Civil Eng. Hydraulic Structures major, Dept. of Civil Eng., Shiraz Uni., Shiraz, Iran, 1987-1990,
PhD in Civil Eng. Design and Analysis of Reinforced Soil Dams, Dept. of Civil and Mining Eng. Wollongong University, Wollongong
Australia, 1991-1994.
Golnaz. Dadkhah Aseman was born in Shiraz on June 20, 1983. She has taken her bachelor degree of Architecture with First Rank from the
Hafez University of Shiraz in 2009. She has earned her master degree of Architecture from Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran in 2013.

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