Journal of res Environmental ~ Biology Green Technologies in Bio-separations Triveni Enterprises Lucknow, IndiaH Journal of Environmental Biology Guidelines for Authors (Revised Apri 30,2016) General oumal of Environmental Biology is a broad-based, peer reviewed open ‘aoces5Iniomatonal Jour and publshes ogra research papors ard research eviews thprnso romal reas of Environmental Biology Journals publish bimonthy with sx issues in yar—January, March May, uy, Seplember and Noverbe. Al the papers publshed inthe Jounal, are reviewed by @ group of reviewers / referees for ther scinife mert, Journal follows dal bind review systom and the manuscript decisions are solely based on he results ofpeerreviews. ‘Authors wl bo noted of aooptanos,naod for revision or reseision or ‘ection. 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In general the NO, emission was more for Cl engine, but the effect of turbocharger considerably reduced the NO, emission due to reduction in peak temperature inthe engine, and another reason was due to dilution of air fuel mixture running with lean mixture combustion. For the inerease in load with increase in thermal efficiency, the NO, emission also increased without turbocharger. In comparision with turbocharger the NO, emission was 80 ppm. and in the absence of turbocharger the NO, emission was 90 ppm. for ‘maximum load, Compared with the previous research work in the present study, an optimum blend of 10% diethylether added ‘with biodiesel resulted ina slight decrease in brake specific fucl consumption of §.6%, while the brake thermal efficiency increased by 4.8%. Diethy] ether added to 20% biodiesel showed lower nitrogen oxide (NO,) emission and slightly higher carbon dioxide (CO,) emission as compared to diesel (Raheman et al,2013)-Itis clear from the present study that biodiesel blend used in turbocharged engine have more benefits when compared with dese. It is concluded based on the engine performance and emission characteristics of biodieselused in turbocharged engine that the biodiesel blend (B10) gives better thermal efficiency and low exhaust gas emission with improved performance. The indicated thermal efficiency is considerably increased. The brake thermal efficiency and specific fuel consumption were optimum with increase in Toad for turbocharger. The overall emission concentrations ‘were found to be low when using turbocharged engine. Itwas proved that the biodiesel blend (diesel with tamanu oil) could ‘be used as an alternative fuel in diesel engines without major modifications. Acknowledgments, ‘The experimental set up with instrumentation was provided by School of Mechanical Engineering, SASTRA, University. We express our sincere thanks and gratitude to ‘the Dean, School of Mechanical Engincering and Honourable Vice Chancellor, SASTRA University. References Agarwal, D. and AK. Agarwal: Performance and emission ‘characteristics of Jatwoph oil (preheated and blends) ina direct injetion compression ignition engine. Llseeir pp. Thermal Engg 27,2314-2323 2007) Al-Sood, MUMLA,.M. Almedand Y.M.A. Rabin: Rapid termodynanic ‘mulation model for optimum performance of a fouratoke, irechinjection, and varabe-compression-satio diesel engine Inter J Ene Environ Eng 3, 132012) Ani, AY.,.M-A.M Ishak and K Ismail Production of bioiesel vai situ supercite!nethanoltransesterifiation, Fossil and Biomass Energy Ressarch Group, Fuel Combustion Reseach Laboratory, Universi Teknologi MARA, Peli, Malaysia, InTech, 11, 223- 14a 246 2011), (Choi 1S., MK. Roh, .U: Kim, EJ. Cheon, W'S. Moon and MR. Kis (Characttniesofetrfed rice bran oil converted by enzymatic sterifieaion, J Environ Biol, 36 1247-1256 2015). Ghodasan, P: Experimental studies on emission and performance characteristics in diesel engine using biodiesel blends and EGR (Exhaust Gas Recivultion), Jat J. Emer. Technol Advan Bug, 2,2250-2459 2012) Gmbosk, MS. 2nd RL, McCormick: Combution ffi and vegetable oil erved fuckin dese engines. Prog. Energy Combust. Sct, 24, 28 1642998). Gvidonat, Land, Slavinskat: The fet of rapesce ol methyl eteron Airet injection diese engine performance aad exhaust exisions Ene. Conver Manag. ,47, 1954-1967 2006). ‘Higur, R, PC Jana and SS, Jay: Performance of dics engine with ‘blends of biodiesel (toma rnistre of ils) and high-speed diesel, Inte J.Bner Emsron Eng. 462013) Lapuena, M. JR. Femandez and 0. Armes: Effect of bodies! fuels on ise eagine emissions. Prog. Energy Combust Sel, 34, 198-228, (200. Lapuerta, M, IR, Femandez and J.R. Aqilo: Diesel particulate ‘emissions from used cooking oil biodiesel. Biores. Technol. 99, 73174012008) Manickam, AR, K. Rajan and N. Manoharan, KR Senthil Kumse ‘Experimental analysis ofa diesel engine filled with biodiese! blend using dtl ether as ue addves. fat J ng Technol, 66241202014) Marcheti, JM, V.V. Miguel and ALF. Era: Posible methods for biodiesel production. Renew Sustain Energ. Reviews, 11, 1300-1311 2007). Pandey, 8, A. Sharma and PK, Sahoo: Experian inves the performance and emission characteristics of a diesel engine fuelled with ethanol, diesel and jopha based biodiesel blends. University of Peoleum and Energy Stade, Deradn, Ida. nt I. Advan Engg, Technol, 8 2231-1968 (2012). Raj MT. and MACK, Kendsamy: Taman oil an alteative fel for ‘arable compression to engine. IEEE. ,18,2251-6882(2012), Sinha Nand V.K.Sivagoti: Environmental monitoring of adulterated ‘gssline with Kerosine and ther assessment a exhst Level J Environ Biology, 38,729-734(2012). Subramanian, K., A, Kandanamy and S. Mahadevan: Two cylinder engine. performance enbancement with low cost emission sutement technologies for offtead application. J. Chem Pharmac: Sei, 68,0974-2115 2018, ‘Verma, AS: Exhaust eaissons of turbocharged diselengincand its ater treatment-A survey. Int. J. App. Res. Stud, 2, 2278-9480 2013, Vignes, TP.B., C. Belamuragan, N. Vinayagam and T. Gavaskar, Experimental analysis and modelling of & four stroke single cinder DI diese engine under variable compression ati. eter. J Engg Sei. Technol, 44029-4082 (2012). Wang, XG, B. Zhong, Z. Huang, N. Zhang, YJ. Zhang and E.Hus Performance and emissions of a turbocharged. high-pressie common rail diesel engineoperating on biodiesel diet blends Proc. IMeshE, 228, Part. J dulomoh. Eng (2010) Wei, C¥., TC, Hang and ILI. Chen: Biodiesel Production using supeestieal methanol with eabon dioxide and acetic acid Department of Food Science, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Nei Pingtung 91201, Taiwan J (Chem, 2013) Journal of Brironmental Biology, Special insu, November 2016JEB Webs wasee.co.n Ema: ete coin Journal of Environmental Biology Removal of high concentrations of chromium from aqueous solutions using leaves of Tamarindus indica: Kinetics and equilibrium studies A. Muthulakshmi**, R. Baskaran’ and N. Ashwin Karthick’ 'Sathyabama University, Chenna-600 119, India "Deparment of Chemica Engineering, St Joseph's Engineering College, Chennai-600 119, India "Department of Biotechnology, Jeppaar Enginesting College, Chennsi-600 119, India *comesponing Aushor E-mail vsitmuth 198068 gmaicom Abstract The need for removal of heavy mal from the environment has been increasing. The present study was conducted to identify a potential ability of the plant leaf powder in removal of high concentrations of Cr (VI). Tamarindus indica, a widespread plant cepable of growing under all limatie and sil eondtions was evaluated forts potential to remove high concentration of Cr (VD) (1000 mgr") using leaf. The effect of process parameters such as pH, contact time and adsorbent ‘dosage for Cr (VP) adsorption was studied. The esults showed that at pH13.0, upto 560 mel" of Cr (Vd was adsorhed onto the surface of Ig of leaf within 30 min, However, desorption ocurred with increase in eontaet time. While, stable adsorption of260 mg!’ was observed al pl 6.0 using Ig of Publication Info Paper receive: 20 Sepemiber 2015 Revised receive: 1OMay 2016 audsorbent after? hs. Further, it was observed thatthe adsorption phenomenon followed Langmuir adsorption isotherm, The kinetes of the adsorption studies was studied, and it was observed that Accepted: the adsorption followed second order kinetics with second onder rate constant of 24x10" g mg" 20 Avgust 2016 rin Key words Adsorption isotherm, Adsorption kine Introduction Toxicity of heavy metals is imperative, making it a global concem (Singh etal.,2010). As rapid global economic evelopment results in release of large volumes of heavy ‘metal containing effluents. Cr (VI) is widely used in leather tanning, cement, dye plating and electroplating industries (Mishra etal, 2009) and is recognized as a priority pollutant bythe US EPA (2014). Cr(VI)isestimated to be five hundred times more toxic than Cr (II) (Fahim etal, 2006). thas been termed as carcinogen owing to its accumulation and persistent character in the environment (Pushan era, 2012). Cr (VI) can be a cause of liver damage, pulmonary congestion, edema, skin invitation (Raji and Anirudhan, 1998), and drinking water contaminated with Cr (VD increases the risk of bladder, liver, kidney and skin cancers (Hsu e al, 2007; Xing et al, 2007). The tolerance lin Chromium (VD,Tamarindus indica discharge into inland surface waters is 0,1 mg" and 0.05 mg I" in potable water, However, large volume of Cr (VI) is released in the effluents (Huang et al, 2009; Nriagu et al 1988), where its concentration ranges from 0.5 to 270, 000, mg 1" (Patterson, 1985), Thus, an efficient method is necessary forthe for removal of chromate from wate, Adsorption is a reliable and has served as an efficient technique for the removal ofheavy metals from contaminated water (Malkoc et al, 2006). In comparison with the traditional chemical sorbent materials, such as carbon materials, (Lo et al, 2012), mesoporousalumine-silicate (Sepehrian etal, 2010) and granular titanium dioxide (Xieet al, 2009), natural adsorbents such as powdered marine algae (Lee et al, 2000), palm fiber (Isa etal, 2008), coconut coir pith (Suksabye er al, 2008), Ocimum americanum seed pods (Levankumar etal, 2009), Hydra vertcillata (Baralet al ‘B Trivent Enterprises, Lucknow (india) “Journal of Environmental Biology, Vol. 31 (Special issue), 1445-1450, Novernber 20161444 2009), wheat bran (Nameni etal, 2008), Azadirachta indica leaf powder (Sharma and Bhattacharyya, 2005), Spirogyra condensata and Rhizoclonium hieroglyphicum (Onyancha et al, 2008), Helianthus annuus stem waste (Jain etal, 2009), comstalks (Chen etal, 201), sugarcane bagasse (Gargetal, 2009; Cronje et al, 2011), and Borassu saethiopum flower (Elangovan etal, 2008) have gained attention. Adsorption of heavy metals using plant parts is reliable because oftheir low cost, reasonable adsorption capacity and eco-friendliness and thus, can serve as an efficient decontamination technique for heavy metal contaminated water, However, their efficiency at high concentration of metals is ow. ‘Tamarindus indica, a widespread plant belonging to the family Fabaceae can grow in all climatic and soil conditions, and its seeds(Agarwalet al, 2006; Gupta and Babu, 2006, 2009), fruit shell and hull Popuri et al, 2007; Verma et al, 2006) and wood bark (Sahu et al, 2009, 2010; Acharya, 2009) have been reported as an excellent adsorbent. However, a detsiled literature survey has shown that the adsorption using leaves of Tamarindus indica has not been studied, and further absorption of higher concentrations of ‘metal contaminants has not been reported in adsorption using, any natural adsorbents. Thus, the present study aimed to assess the adsorption capacity of leaves of Tamarindus indica at high concentrations of Cr(VI), asthe leaves possess high surface area and functional bonds. Optimization of adsorption at various pH, an initial concentration of adsorbent and adsorbate and adsorption time was performed to achieve maximum adsorption. Further, the data obtained was subjected to kinetic studies to find out the adsorption kinetics by the leaves of Tamarindus indica. Materials and Methods Collection of plant leaves: The eaves of Tamarindus indica were collected from Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India. The collected leaves were repeatedly washed under tap water and dried under shade in room temperature for 6 days, Dried leaves were then crushed and powdered and passed through sieve to obtain auniform size of 300m, (ASTM-ELI No.50) Batch studies on adsorption of chromium using Tamarindus indica leaves : A stock solution of 1000 mg l" was prepared by dissolving 28.285 g of dried potassium |, the adsorption is said to be unfavourable The value of R, was near to 0 in the present study which indicates that the adsorption was favourable and almost irreversible Freundlich isotherm model: The R’ value was found to be (0.2002, which indicates thatthe data followed the isotherm with poor validity, The value of lin as obtained from the slope in Fig. 3 was ! (0.0726), indicating that the adsorption was favourable (Mohan and Karthikeyan, 1997). The Fig 4: Temkiniothermmodelbetween in Ceande ‘constant k, value was found to be as igh as 168,05 mg per 4g ofadsorbent, hence 33.6mg g" ofthe adsorbent. The constant gives the adsorption capacity, while /n isa function ofthe strength of adsorption in the adsorption process (Voudias et al,, 2002), It could be inferred that the adsorption did not follow Freundlich isotherm. ‘Temkin isotherm : The interactions between adsorbate and the adsorbent are related through the Temkin isotherm. The isotherm assumes that the heat of adsorption of all the ‘molecules in the monolayer will decrease linearly rather than logarithmic coverage (Temkiner al,, 1940). From the plot showing in Fig, 4, it was observed that the R° value was (0.1432 which indicates that the data had a low fit and hence the temikin isotherm was not followed. The constant B value ‘was found tobe 15.568, which indicates the heat of sorption to the surface of the adsorbent, The Temkin isotherm constant calculated from b, was 0.6022, and the Temkin isotherm equilibrium constant A, the equilibrium binding constant (L min’) corresponding to the maximum binding ‘energy Was 182.387 Lg”, However, due to low fitit could be inferred that the adsorption did not follow the Temkin isotherm, Journal of Brironmental Biology, Special insu, November 2016