English Grammar

ENGLISH GRAMMAR
English Alphabetic
Parts of Speech
Sentences
Verb to BE
Verb to DO
Verb to HAVE
Nouns

Countable Nouns
$ Spelling Rules for Plurals
%
&
Uncountable Nouns
Definite & Indefinite Articles
)
* Pronouns
+ , * Object Pronouns
- * Reflexive Pronouns
.* Relative Pronouns
) Making Questions
How - )
any/ some/
1, ) Making Negative
TENSES
* Present Simple Tense
1* Past Simple Tense
) Future Simple Tense
* Present Continuous Tense
)
Main Menu
1* Past Continuous Tense
)
Future Continuous Tense
) )
* Present Perfect Tense
)
) 1* Past Perfect Tense
) ) Future Perfect Tense
Present Perfect Continuous
* ) )
& . Imperatives
. Modals
,.
Comparing Adjectives
3 Adverbs
1
1 Active & Passive
5
Transitive & Intransitive Verbs
... )
3Prepositions

Question-Tags
7 Conditional if
Reported Speech
Countries and Nationalities
English Alphabet
Capital Letters
.2
Consonant Letters
c
g h
l m
v w
3) 3
Vowels Letters
a
.1
Small Letters & .
Parts of Speech

)
?
Ahmed, book
Noun

+ 3 3 < $
Pronoun
*
1 17 3 < $
Verb
Adjective
,.
Adverb
3
) - .)
I, he, she, it, etc. ..
$ $
Play, played, will play
1 = rich man
. -
,. 3 - ,. 5 ) 1) &
.
) , .)
$ $
3 *,.
Ahmed writes quickly.

. $ ) 3
Parts of Speech

)
Preposition
3
* ) - % 1)A)
Ahmed goes to school.
< 3
C
+) $
They traveled by plane.

Conjunction
3
Interjection
) 3
.)
.
Ali and Ahmad visited us

yesterday.
3 1 $
$ ) 3 . . $ $ Alas! She died.

)
.@ ! )
Parts of Speech

)
? 1 &
:
a, an, the
Article
) )C a -
3 .
This is a book.
) .
) )C an -
3 )3.

This is an apple.
). 3 ,
) .
C) ) This is the book I bought the

yesterday.
) )7 ) + .
):
% # # !
*# # )
- :
* ( # )# !
Ali doctor.
3 # ! )3 1 2 /0

: 1 2#
Ali is a doctor.
Sentences

Simple Sentences
Compound Sentences
Complex Sentences -
Simple Sentences
:- !
# # *#
I saw a boy.
The boy was riding a bicycle.
*
:(
(1
(2
:
#
I saw a boy riding a bicycle.
Compound Sentences

) 0
2 ) # # ## *#
*
: (
) # -# !
)
and/ but /or
)0
#: and:
) #
Ahmed did his homework yesterday. Anas

helped him.
:
Ahmed did his homework yesterday and

Anas helped him.
Compound Sentences

0 # ; #
#: but:
3< #
Khaled is rich.
He is unhappy.
Khaled is rich but he is unhappy.
#: or:
) #
We can play football.
We can watch TV.
We can play football or we can watch TV.
Complex Sentences
-
: #
! (
# # *#
Main Clause
Subordinate Clause :* ( (
Noun Clause
Adjectival Clause ;2
Adverbial Clause
Clause & Phrase

<=
A clause is a combination of words containing a verb

and has a complete meaning.
: ( . # !
) ! # #
I saw the man who was carrying a stick.
A phrase is a combination of words forming part of

the sentence but without a verb.
: ( .
#
I saw the man carrying a stick.
<=
Verb to BE
It is used as a principal and a helping verb.
* 3 ; #
Subject
$
Present
*
Past
1*
Past participle
,
( , ? .) )
am
was
been
He, She, It
is
was
been
We, They,
You
are
were
been
Verb to BE
3 - ( . #
# 2
0 #
# 2
# *0 <* 2 * !)# .*0

( :Examples
I am a pupil.
They are boys.
Negative Sentences with the verb to ;
BE
We make negative statements with the verb

to BE by using the word not after the verb
to be.
/0 ) ( / ;
(not) .
Affirmative
?
Negative
1,
I am at home.
I am not at home.
You are tall.
You are not tall.
Making Questions with the
/ #
verb to BE
Yes or No questions and short answers
:2#
Yes or No questions
% ) #
( %) ) ( 3
Short Answers
2#
Affirmative
Negative
1,
Be
+Subject
$
+ Complement
)
Yes + Subject + Be
No + Subject + Be + not
Are
you
a teacher?
Yes, I am.
No, I am not.
Were
the boys
at school?
Yes, they were.
No, they were not.
Verb to DO
* 3 ; #
Subject
$
Present
*
Past
1*
Past
participle
,
( , ? .) )
I, you, we,
they
do
did
done
He, She, It
does
did
done
. # ( 3 - # 0
.*0 )! * # 2 <*# *0
2 #
2 #
Verb to HAVE
* 3 ; #
Subject
$
Present
*
Past
1*
Past participle
,
( , ? .) )
I, you, we,
they
have
had
had
He, She, It
has
had
had
. # ( 3 - # 0
.*0 )! * # 2 <*# *0
2 #
2 #
Negative Sentences with verb to HAVE

as a main verb
1 , % ,
Subject
+
do/does/did
+ not
do
not
have
a car.
He
does
not
have
a new watch.
They
did
not
have
breakfast this
morning.
+ have
+ Complement
Making Questions with the verb to HAVE as a main verb

* 3 ; / #
Yes or No questions
% ) #
Short Answers
2#
Affirmative
?
Negative
1,
Do/Does/
Did
+Subject
$
+have
+ Complement
)
Yes + Subject
+
do/does/did
No + Subject +
do/does/did
+not
Do
you
have
a car?
Yes, I do.
No, I do not.
Does
he
have
a new watch?
Yes, he does.
No, he does not
Did
they
have
Breakfast this
morning?
Yes, they did.
No, they did

not.
Verb to HAVE as a helping verb
Verb to have is used as a helping verb to form the

perfect tense.
. # 0
; #
: (
They have lived here for two years.
Adel has just finished his work.
Negative Sentences with verb to HAVE as a helping verb
; / ;
. ; not /0
/ *; #
: (
I have lived here for a long time.

I have not lived here for a long time.
Making Questions with verb to HAVE as a helping verb
; / #
Yes or No questions and short answers
:2#
% 3
. ; ! ; -
; / #
:(
They have lived here for a long time.
Have they lived here for a long time?
Yes, they have.
No, they have not.
Other Uses of Verb to HAVE
/ #
To express necessity in the present and past have to, has
to, had to.
: ( .*0 0 * 0
I have to leave now.
________________________________________________
With some modal auxiliaries.
: ( . 2 /
You had better see a doctor.
________________________________________________
____
To show that something is caused by another person.
3 <
: ( . < 2
I have my shoes cleaned every week.
Nouns
Nouns are words we use to name:
: ) # *# *
. < <* <
<
People
man, father, teacher, neighbor,
<
Things
book, table, sugar, fruit,
Places
school, street, city, house, ..
Ideas
freedom, honesty, truth, .
<
Feelings
happiness, anger, boredom, joy, .
Countable & Uncountable Nouns

G
Countable Nouns: are things that are

counted as one, two, three, and so on.
( ( (
*# * < :
Uncountable Nouns: cannot be counted.

.)
/0
% *# * :
Countable Nouns

These nouns have singular and plural forms.

./ ; H 2 )

Before singular countable nouns you can use a/an.
# / # # ;
(a/an)
You cannot use singular countable nouns alone

without words such as:
a, an, one, my, your, his, etc.
. - ; ; # / # %
Spelling Rules for Plurals

/
We form plurals of most nouns by adding
s to the singular noun.
0I
/
s. ;
Singular
Plural
one book
two books
one horse
many horses

/
. C - 3
es 5 * sh, ch, z, x, s 3 15) ) 1)
Singular
Plural
match
matches
bus
buses
dish
dishes
box
boxes

/
. C - 3
ies * y 3)
3 +
3 15) ) 1)
Singular
Plural
city
cities
baby
babies
s*
3) 3 +
y 3 15) ) 1)
Singular
Plural
boy
boys
key
keys

/
. C - 3
es *
3 +
o 3 15) ) 1)
Singular
Plural
potato
potatoes
tomato
tomatoes
s*
3) 3 +
o 3 15) ) 1)
Singular
Plural
radio
radios
zoo
zoos

/
. C - 3
es * v 3 < 5 3 fe f 3 15) ) 1)
Singular
Plural
knife
knives
shelf
shelves
: C - 3 % )
Singular
Plural
classroom
classrooms
policeman
policemen

/
. C - 3
: 7
Singular
Plural
man
men
woman
women
child
children
person
people
foot
feet
tooth
teeth
goose
geese
mouse
mice
Uncountable Nouns

Uncountable nouns cannot be counted.

0I ) / % *# *
es , s
: (
salt, coffee, tea, food, meat, gold, music, blood.
an
a # / # # %
Uncountable Nouns

flour
information
&
salt
meat
coffee
knowledge
butter
food
tea
sugar
gold
blood
news
glass
cheese
milk
paper
bread
rice
wood
7C
furniture
7,
rain
steel
grass
7$
cloth
music
marble
<
Uncountable Nouns

. ;
/
: (
Coffee is a traditional drink in Saudi Arabia.

Milk has many minerals.
= K
0
./
Two cups of tea are not enough for me.
Five liters of oil do not operate this machine.
Definite & Indefinite Articles

#
a/an
are used as indefinite articles. . K # #
The
is used as definite articles. # K # #
We put a before a noun starting with a constant sound.
. # *#
a /0
We put an before a noun starting with a vowel sound.
. # # *#
an /0
Indefinite Articles a & an

We put a before a noun starting with a constant
sound.
. # *#
a /0
We put an before a noun starting with a vowel
sound.
. # # *#
an/0
#
Vowels :

We use a/an
Before a singular
countable noun.
Before a job, a particular

group of people or a
nationality.
With numbers that mean

every.
a table
an egg
Saleh is a doctor
He is an engineer.
She is an English
woman.
1 ) 1) %
He washes his
hands ten times a
day. (means every
day).

We DO NOT use a/an

No article is used with
abstract nouns and
the names of metals.
Love, beauty,
hatred, wood,
silver, gold
/ # # %
No article is used
before plural or
uncountable nouns.
There are books

on the table.
Milk is good for
you.
# # %

/
.
The Definite Article The

#
: # # # The is used before:
A noun that is the
only one of its kind.
% %
.- =
The river Nile

The Kaaba
Names of rivers,
seas, oceans, etc.
)
.M ........
The Arabian Gulf

The Red Sea
A noun which is the

object of a
sentence.
= ; %
.
Umar answered
the question.
. - %L
The names of
musical
instruments.
Can you play the

piano?

#
The is used before: : ) C) )
Names of some
countries.
With some time

expressions.
) %
. < $
The United Kingdom The

U.S.A.
at the weekend
in the evening
.K )%
On the first day of every

month.
) %
Listen to the radio/news.

Go to the market/desert.
With dates.
With some general
expressions.

#
Use article with the
name that is repeated.
) C)
- %
. ?
I saw a man. The man

was young.
No article is used with

the names of studies of
subjects.
% C) ) .
I do not like science. My

favorite subject is
mathematics.
No article is used before

such words as school,
home, bed, work, etc.
C) ) ?

.... $
I am going to school.
I always go to bed early.
No article is used before

such words such as day
and month names.
% C) ) ?

. 57
on Monday, in June
in summer (sometimes
in the summer).
before breakfast.
Pronouns 3 0
A pronoun replaces a noun. %
Subject
Pronouns
$ , *
Object
Possessive
Pronouns Adjectives
+ , *
,.
Possessive
Pronouns
*
Reflexive
Pronouns
-*
me
my
mine
myself
you
you
your
yours
yourself
he
him
his
his
himself
she
her
her
hers
herself
it
it
its
its
itself
we
us
our
ours
ourselves
you
you
your
yours
yourselves
they
them
their
theirs
themselves
Pronouns 3 0
We use a pronouns instead of a noun when it is
clear who or what we are talking about .
<*/ !
% % 0 #
. #
(
Examples
Ali is a good student. He has passed all his
tests.
Object Pronouns
= ; 3 0
We use an object pronoun
= ; 0 #

After a preposition.
Do you live near them?

Send the box directly to me.
After to and for with verbs like make, give, send, lend,
pass, take, show.
The little boy made it for her.
Reflexive Pronouns
% 3 0
Reflexive pronouns are used:
for emphasis
3 0 #
K#
Did you do the decorations yourself ?

I did the painting myself.
With some special expressions 2

Help yourself .
Enjoy yourself.
Behave yourself.
I live by myself. (I live alone)
# /
Relative Pronouns
3 0 2
The relative pronouns are used to join
sentences together.
) )C * . *5
) % C : )L
) 1
3 -1 $
M ) $ $ who
, .
, ) $ + - which
= $ ) . that
- *, - ) 1 5

C) ) whose
% .
.
)

-23
? 3 $ . 5
* % - 3 ? 1 +
<.
Relative Pronouns
2 3 0
Who
Who
[[
]]
; # who # #
:* # ( %
Here is the man. The man is a doctor.
/0 (who ) % /0 (
The man
:1 2# !
* ( ) * #
(
Here is the man who is a doctor.
: (
1) The man came here. The man is a doctor.
The man who came here is a doctor
2) My friend swims well. He lives here.
My friend who lives here swims well.
Relative Pronouns
2 3 0
Whom
Whom
[[
" #
"#%
% &&]]
. , + ,
+ , 3 3) whom) )
:1 ) ? 3The man came here. I visited him.
- %* ?
whom%* ?
?
him
3
:J .) ( * 5 1) )5 ?
3 1)
?
.
The man whom I visited came here.
: ?
1) The man was working with me. I paid him.
The man whom I paid was working with me.
2) This is the girl. You gave her a flower.
This is the girl whom you gave a flower.
Relative Pronouns
2 3 0
Which
Which
["# % &
["# % &
] *&
] *&
$ , $ & , $ , 3 3) which ) )
:1 ) ? 3- . , + ,
He found his book. He lost it yesterday.
1 which 5 - %* 5 3 his book < $ ) him

3 1)
?
. - %* ? ?
5 1) )5 ?
:J .) ( *
He found his book which he lost yesterday.
: ?
1) This is the house. I live in it.
This is the house which I live in.
2) This book is cheap. It is very useful.
This book which is very useful is cheap.
Relative Pronouns
2 3 0
That
That
["# % &
["# % &
/01
/01
G ; ; = # that # #
: # ( % . ) <#
This is the boy. You met her.

This is the boy that (whom) you met.
I have a bird. It sings.
I have a bird that (which) sings.
Relative Pronouns
2 3 0
Whose
Whose
[203
[203&& ] ]
:* # ( % .
whose # #
This is the man. His car hit the boy.

This is the man whose car hit the boy.
% /0
car
0 the man

. car
/0 (whose 2 %=
Making Questions
: *
; /0 !
#
Helping Verbs :*

am is are was were have has
had will would shall should can
could may might must ought to
: (
Are they doctors? They are doctors.
Can they help us? Can she help us?
Will you go to the market?
Making Questions
s 0 ; / (1
: (
They play tennis. Do they play tennis?
I write books. Do you write books?
L
@ AB M
do
N ( H IJ K >=< )
@ AB CDE
: does #
s = 0 ; / (2
: (
Ahmed plays tennis. Does Ahmed play tennis?
Huda watches TV. Does Huda watch TV?
L
@ AB M
N ( H IJ K >=< )
@ AB CDE
Making Questions

: did #
*0 ; / (3
: (
They watched TV last night.

Did they watch TV last night?
I played football yesterday.
Did you play football yesterday?
L
@ AB M
N ( H IJ K >=< )
. K # )
No Yes ) #
@ AB CDE
# -
:
3 /
Making Questions
#
5 $
3
3M )
)) 1
Wh Questions
?Where
!#
?When
?Why
<*
?What
# <3
?Which
?Who
?Whom
; =
<:
Making Questions
)Wh Questions (Cont.

?Whose
?How
?How many
?How much
?How old
?How far
?How long
Steps for Making a Question
(1 #
=( :
When, Where, Why..etc
/0 (2 ;
#:
(3
* / ; 0 # s do
* / ; 0 = # s does
* / ; # *0
did
2 *# #

/0 (4 ; ;
; ! = 2 2# ;= .
(5 = = .
helping verb
) ( ;
<.
#
:
They are going to eat meat.

What are they going to eat?
. < $ 5
3 ?$
meat
, 1 5
they < $ are
3- *
They played tennis at school.

Where did they play tennis?
ed 3 * 3- .1* 1 , $ did C) 3- *
. < $ 5
3 3- .+ . < +) $ ,
at school
#
:
## * 3 0 # %
you 1 2# I
you 1 2# your
: ! (/
I 1 2# you
we 1 2# my
/0
.
G ;

# % ;
who
what
;

: (
Who broke the window?

What describes accidents?
Ahmed broke the window.

The book describes accidents.
% #
How

;
He was very pleased when he met his

friend.
How was he when he met his friend?
How
many
How old
Thirty boys are in this class.

How many boys are in this class?
I am twenty years old.
How old are you?
You paid five pounds for this coat.

How much did you pay for this coat?
How
How
much
% #
How
It is 450 KM from Dammam to Riyadh.
How far is it from Dammam to
Riyadh?
This rope is two meters long.

How long is this rope?

; #
This fence is four meters high.

How high is this fence?
Sami is one meter and a half tall.
How tall is Sami?

<
How far
How
long
How
high
How tall
/
some / any
. ,
1 5)C some C) )
1) We have some books.

2) Somebody was there.
3) He is somewhere.
.1, % 5)C
any C)
: %
1) Do you have any books?
2) Is anybody at home?
3) Is he anywhere?
:*; /
1) We do not have any books.
2) I did not see anybody.
3) He is not anywhere.
Making Negative
*; #
:
; not
/0 *; !
Helping Verbs are:

:*

am is are was were have has had will
would shall should can could may
might must ought to
: (
They are happy. They are not happy.
He can help us. He can not help us.
Making Negative
*; #
Long forms & Short forms of Verb to be
(Affirmative) * (
(Negative) *; *
Long Forms
Short Forms
Long Forms
Short Forms
(written)
(spoken)
(written)
(spoken)
I am
Im
I am not
Im not
He is
Hes
He is not
Hes not
She is
Shes
She is not
Shes not
It is
Its
It is not
Its not
You are
Youre
You are not
Youre not
We are
Were
We are not
Were not
They are
Theyre
They are not
Theyre not
Making Negative
*; #
.
/
not
not
:1 ) 1

* ; #K
*
/0 ( (do,

(do,does,
does,did)
did) :*
. 2# = 2 ; !
1,
1,
Affirmative ?
neither.nor
either..or ......
sometimes
neither.nor
never
asas ?.......+ ?
all
every
: 3
no, any
....
bothand
Negative 1,
some
)L
not so..as
not all
no, not every
TENSES
1. Present Simple Tense
(What always happens?)
.3 - - -# # #
. ; ; 2# #
: (
/ * #K
every
always 3
generally
usually
often G
sometimes
never
rarely
from time to time

L
TENSES
1. Present Simple Tense
>0?@ C&
(What always happens?)
(
I go to school everyday.
They usually sleep at 11.00 p.m.
We often drink coffee in the morning.
She is never late to school.
. ; s 0 3 G ; ;:
Ali drinks milk every morning.
A cow gives us milk.
TENSES
2. Past Simple Tense >0?@ H &

(What happened yesterday?)
.*0 * / # #
/ ed 0 ( * ; 2# #
Irregular verbs
#
: (
/ * #K
yesterday
1*
last
ago <*
in 1988 AD, in 1415 AH: ?1* 1 K )
TENSES
2.
Past Simple Tense >0?@
H&
(What happened yesterday, last night?)
was
were
I, He, She, it
They, We, You
(
I watched television last night.
They visited their uncle yesterday.
We went to Makkah two months ago.
TENSES
3. Future Simple Tense
>0?@
@L ?&
(What will happen tomorrow, next week, in the future?)
3.
. ) 1 +?3 % )3 $ ) C)
. , .) ? shall will )
. * 1 % 1)A) will we I * ) % shall1)A)
% 5 will
3 ? 3
1 5 C) shall
. *
: ?
% $ 1)A
tomorrow
next
in the future
in 2010 AD, in 1430 AH : ?1* 1 K )
TENSES
3. Future Simple Tense >0?@
@L ?&
(What will happen tomorrow, next week, in the future?)
(
I will go to school tomorrow.
They will play football next Friday.
He will join the army in the future.
: # -#
am , is , are
going to
TENSES
4.
4. Present
PresentContinuous
ContinuousTense
Tense ) )
**
(What
(Whatis
ishappening
happeningnow?)
now?)
. L % 3 $ ) C)
: )
am / is / are + @AX + ing

I
He, she, it
They, we, you
: ?
now
am + verb + ing
is + verb + ing
are + verb + ing
% $ 1)A
3 1
at the moment
listen % )
at the present time *3 1
look
TENSES
4.
4. Present
PresentContinuous
ContinuousTense
Tense
(What
/&
(Whatis
ishappening
happeningat
atthe
themoment?)
moment?)
/& ?&
?&
C&
C&
(
I am reading at the moment.
They are watching television now.
Look! The bus is coming.
TENSES
4.
4. Present
PresentContinuous
ContinuousTense
Tense
/&
/& ?&
?&
C&
C&
e
^ ^ \ E X _ ` bc J E AXH dA
: AXH g bi Dk H Am b nA` AXH g
love
wish
< )
hate
hope
hear
fear
<7C
like
appear 5
believe
prefer *,
dislike
feel 7
think )
seem
consider
trust ?
want
understand
fit
5,
TENSES
5.
5. Past
PastContinuous
ContinuousTense
Tense ) ) 1*
1*
(What
(Whatwas
washappening?
happening?
))
. * ( 0 * / # #
: #
was / were +@AX + ing
: (
when
while
* #K
because
:
* 0 * = #K
.=( ( /
* 0 #
as
TENSES
5.
5.
Past
PastContinuous
ContinuousTense
Tense
/&
/& ?&
?&
H
H&&
(
While I was sleeping, a thief entered my room.
i
*0
ei
! ( # #
*( # G 3
. ( 2 L #
When we were eating, my father came.
i
ei
*0
ei
ei
! ( # #
( K
. ( 2 * L
TENSES
5.
5.Past
PastContinuous
ContinuousTense
Tense
/&
/& ?&
?&
H
H&&
(
1 2# !
/0 :
:*
- #
A thief entered while I was sleeping .

p
ei
ei
*# G
My father came when we were eating .

p
ei
ei

H
&&H
TENSES
5.
5. Past
PastContinuous
ContinuousTense
Tense
&/
&? &/
&?
:
while # *
# # ; 2
! .
2#
# L
# 3 ) while
; P *0.
TENSES
6.
6.Future
FutureContinuous
ContinuousTense
Tense ) ) ) )
(What
(Whatwill
willbe
behappening?)
happening?)
. ), ) )
1 +?3 % )17 $ ) C)
: )
( will + be +@AX + ing )
: ?
at
by
! ..
fromto
all
% $ 1)A
in 0G *
after
TENSES
6.
6.Future
FutureContinuous
ContinuousTense
Tense /&
/& ?&
?&@ L
@L ?&
?&
(
By 7.30 tomorrow, I will be flying to Cairo.
They will be waiting for you at 5 o'clock .
TENSES
7.
7.Present
PresentPerfect
PerfectTense
Tense ) )
**
((What
Whathas
hashappened?)
happened?)
Past participle
Past participle
1 <5) 3 < 5) 1* 1 .3 3 $ ) C)
.L)< 3 ? - 1*
:)
has / have + past participle ; I( 2#

: ?
since
yet
for
L)< 3
recently
just
already
)1
never
ever 1
? 3
% $ 1)A
TENSES
7.
7.Present
PresentPerfect
PerfectTense
Tense

C&
C&
(
I have lived in Riyadh for six years.
I have not visited him since 1995.
Ahmed has already finished his homework.
She has written three letters just now.
TENSES
Since
Since&&For
For
Since means from some definite point or period n the past up to

now
.L)< 3 1* 1 3 ) )$
For means a definite period of time
< ) $
.
since
1 )
1 )
for
2 oclock
a moment
Monday
3 minutes
yesterday
an hour
last night
many hours
last week/ last month/ last year
3 days/ 5 weeks / 4 months
1996
a year
last century
10 years
he came
a century
TENSES
8.
8. Past
PastPerfect
PerfectTense
Tense ) )1*
1*
(What
(Whathad
hadhappened?)
happened?)
Past
Pastparticiple
participle
.1* 1
3 1 <5) .3 3 $ ) C)
:)
had +past participle ( ; I2#

: ?
% $ 1)A
after
before
when
as soon as
TENSES
8.
8. Past
PastPerfect
PerfectTense
Tense
H
H&&
(
I had washed before I prayed.
They went home after they had finished their work.
Ahmed had done his homework before he went to school.
As soon as they had bought a car, they drove to Makkah.
. # * 0 ) #
* 0 =
*#K
G %
TENSES
9.
9. Future
FuturePerfect
PerfectTense
Tense ) ) ) )
(What
(Whatwill
willhave
havehappened
happenedby?)
by?)
Past paticiple
Past paticiple
. -#
) * # (= / # # #
: #
will + have + past participle ( ; I 2#

: (
by
at
* #K
TENSES
9.
9. Future
FuturePerfect
PerfectTense
Tense
@ L
@L ?&
?&
(
By 2.00 this afternoon, I will have finished my work.
At 10.00 tonight, she will have written five letters.
TENSES
10.
10.Present
PresentPerfect
PerfectContinuous
ContinuousTense
Tense ) ) ) )
**
(What
(Whathas
hasbeen
beenhappening?)
happening?)
.L)< 3 )
1* 1 )+ % 3 $ ) C)
:)
has / have + been +@AX+ ing
: ?
for
since
% $ 1)A
TENSES
10.
10.Present
PresentPerfect
PerfectContinuous
ContinuousTense
Tense /&
/& ?&
?&
C&
C&
(
I have been studying English for six years.
(I am still studying English)
She has been sleeping since 2 oclock.
(She is still sleeping)
TENSES
10.
10. Present
PresentPerfect
PerfectContinuous
ContinuousTense
Tense /&
/& ?&
?&
C&
C&
0 Present Perfect Cont. # # 0 * ;

: # ( % Present Perfect
Maha started making cakes three hours ago. There are
now one hundred cakes on the table.
: #
)
* ) Present Perfect Continuous Tense
She has been making cakes for three hours.
* ) Present Perfect Tense
She has made 100 cakes..
Imperatives
Imperatives are verbs used at the beginning

of sentences either in the affirmative or
negative to indicate instructions,
invitations, signs and notices or telling
someone what to do.
# * ( # * # # * 2
. < ;
< #
The Imperatives uses the simple form of the
verb such as: walk, read, open,.etc.

. 2# ; 2 2 # #
Imperatives
(
Give Instructions
) $
Mix the flour and the sugar.
(Affirmative) ?
Take two tablets every four hours. (Affirmative) ?
$ & .
Make Invitations
Come in; make yourselves at home. (Affirmative) ?
Please start; do not wait
(Negative) f
or me.
1,
Tell someone what to do open your book.
+ ,
C7 C
(Affirmative) ?
(Negative) 1,
Do not forget to post the letter.
Imperatives
(
Give Warnings #
( ( Affirmative)
Keep out! Danger.
Make Signs & Notices
< #
(
(Affirmative) Push.
( ( Affirmative)
Insert 2 X 50 SR.
( ( Affirmative) Keep off the grass..
Make Requests #
Please open the door (Affirmative)
Modals L
A modal has only one form of the verb for all persons, but
it can have several meanings and time frames,
depending on the context in which it is used.
* <
< = /
2 = ;
.+ C) ) ) 3
Form
&.
shall, should, will would, may, might, can, could,
ought to + ( , .) )
must,
Modals have no infinitives or past participles.

. ? .) . ,
Modals L
Modals

X
?&
shall
Expresses:
:$ )
Determination
will
You shall take a reward.
.)
He does not want to obey

me: but he shall.
5)
Threat
should
Example
?
Promise
You shall be punished if you

come late.
Duty
You should obey your

teachers.
Advice or opinion
3 .
You should stop smoking.
The simple future tense.

& ) .
He will visit us tomorrow.
Determination or promise
$ .)
I will travel when I like.

We will do as you wish.
Modals L
Modals
Expresses:
:$ )
Example
?
might
Possibility
I hoped that I might succeed.

I thought that the weather might change
can, am/is/are
able to
Ability

shall be able,
will be able
Ability in the future

< ) $
I shall be able to help you.
could
Past, present or
future possibility
/ * /1* 1
Fahad could drive his car a year ago.

Ali is not in class today. He could be sick.
Do not leave now. It could rain now.
must
Necessity
*
had to
The past form of

must: past
necessity
1* 1 *
?&
He can do it carefully.
He is able to solve the problem.
You must listen to your teachers.
Faisal could not come to our dinner

party. He had to stay home to study.
Modals L
Modals
X ?&
Expresses:
:$ )
Example
?
ought to +
infinitive
Advice
2
You ought to help the poor.
ought to
have + past
participle
Actions that
were advisable
in the past
#
*0 ) *
You ought to have studied.

(You did not. That was a
mistake)
Modals
Affirmative
Negative
Question
1,
Short Answers
.)C
Affirmative
Negative
They should
eat now.
They should
not eat now.
Should they eat

now?
Yes, they
should.
No, they
should not.
He will leave.
He will not
leave.
Will he leave?
Yes, he
will.
No, he will
not.
He would
succeed.
He would not
succeed.
Would he leave?
Yes, he
would.
No, he
would not.
I might
succeed.
I might not
succeed.
Might I succeed?
I may sleep.
I may not
sleep.
May I sleep?
Modals L
Affirmative
?
Negative
1,
Question
?
Short Answers
.)C
Affirmative
Negative
I can do it.
I cannot do
it.
Can I do it?
Yes, you can.
No, you can

not.
He could talk.
He could not
talk.
Could he
talk?
Yes, he could.
No, he could
not.
We could have a
test tomorrow.
We could
not have a
test
tomorrow.
Could we
have a test
tomorrow?
Yes, you
could.
No, he could
not.
You must go now.
You must
not go now.
Must you go
now?
Yes, I must.
No, I must
not.
You ought to help

them.
You ought
not to help
them.
Ought you
to help
them?
Yes, I ought
to.
No, I ought
not.
; 2 1.
1.Comparing
ComparingShort
ShortAdjectives
Adjectives
than
?.
er
/0\L
/0\L
\
\2^
2^L_
L_
: 2 < 3 <
,. =
* 3
- .1
Ali is older than Ahmed.

My Car is faster than yours.
r *A
.
safer than safe
simpler than simple
.
er
? *
<
easier than
heavier than
easy
heavy
3 ,. 5)
3 ,. 5)
; 2 1.
1.Comparing
ComparingShort
ShortAdjectives
Adjectives
/0\L
/0\L
\
\2^
2^L_
L_
: .C7 7 ?
est
est
.2
* 3 ,. ) 1) the
3
Everest is the highest mountain.
This is the biggest building in Riyadh.
e *- A
.
the safest safe
.
? *
<
the easiest
easy
3 ,. 5)
y 3
,. 5)
; 2 -
2.
2.Comparing
ComparingLong
LongAdjectives
Adjectives
22 a%b
a%b
\
\2^
2^L_
L_
: .C7 7
. $ ) 3) 3 < ? $ )3 %
difficult
dangerous C
correct
J 3.
important 5
fluent
beautiful
.est
than
more
J.
er
- ,.
,. ) 7
.1
,. ))
Jeddah is more beautiful than Riyadh.

French is more difficult than English.
3 1,
; 2 -
2.
2.Comparing
ComparingLong
LongAdjectives
Adjectives
22 a%b
a%b
\
\2^
2^L_
L_
:
the most
.C7 7 ?
; 2 # 3 < (
.
*
Amal is the most beautiful girl in her class.

This is the most important subject in this book.
; 2 2.
2.Comparing
ComparingLong
LongAdjectives
Adjectives
<
,.
22 a%b
a%b
\
\2^
2^L_
L_
? ?
good
better than
the best
bad
worse than
the worst
(( )
()
(
many
much
more than
the most
)
(
little
less than
the least
far
farther than
the farthest
Adel is better than his brother at school.

This girl is the worst one in her class.
( 0 ) ( = (
( = (
as..as
as..as
as..as
not as.as
((>@C
>@C ##)) c_
c_"" c_
c_
. #;2 2% #
Ali is as tall as his brother.
This bag is as big as my bag.
not
notas..as
as..as
c_
c_"" c_
c_d0
d0
. #;2
* 2% #
Ali is not as tall as his brother.
This bag is not as big as my bag.
Adverbs
An Adverb always modifies a verb.

3 ; 2
Most adverbs are formed by adding
adjectives.
. ;2
nice
nicely slow
happy
careful
ly
ly to the
0I #
carefully
slowly
happily
] Adverbs
There are many kinds of adverbs:

: $
Adverbs of manner: express how an action was done.

.3 , $ ) 1) : < $
I closed the window carefully.
The soldier fought bravely.
Adverbs of time express the time when an action is or was done. :
. , 3 , $ ) 1) :
Im going to leave for Cairo tomorrow.
Whats going to happen next?
Adverbs
Adverbs of place: express when an action is done.

.3 $ ) 1) :
I shall stand here.
Ive looked everywhere for my lost pen.
Some words that end in ly can be both adjectives or adverbs. Most of
them refer to time.
:?
. < $ ). ,. ) ly 15) ) 1)

57
daily
weekly
monthly
yearly
A daily newspaper is published daily.

We get up early to catch an early train.
Adverbs
Adverbs of frequency tell how often we do something

:
: .17 3 $ $ C) 1) : < ) $
always
often
usually
sometimes
seldom
never
rarely
occasionally CL 13
Verb to BE:
; # * #K :
Ali is always on time.
Other Verbs: ; # * #K :
Ali sometimes reads a book.
Adverbial Clause of Time

!

Conjunctions
when, whenever, as, as soon as, while, after,

before, until, since
These words (conjunctions) link the adverbial clause of
time with the main sentence.
/ !
:(
I found a watch. I was walking in the street.
I found a watch while I was walking in the street.
Adverbial Clause of Place

!

Conjunctions:
where, wherever
These words (conjunctions) link the adverbial
clause of place with the main sentence.
.
< $
)
:?
Wherever he goes his brother follows him.
Adverbial Clause of Cause

!

Conjunctions:
because, since, as
These words (conjunctions) link the adverbial clause
of cause with the main sentence.
/ !
:(
I stayed at home yesterday because it was raining.
Adverbial Clause of Manner

!

Conjunctions:
As, as if, as though
clause of manner with the main sentence.
< $ )
as if
.1 3 = 1*
1)A
:?
He speaks as if he were a king.
. C
3 =5
was -
It looks as if it would rain.

.% )5 1 3 = 1* will -
were C) 3would C) 3-
Adverbial Clause of Purpose

!

Conjunctions:
that, so that, in order that
These words (conjunctions) link the adverbial clause of purpose
with the main sentence.
.
% < &$
a) We use (may + infinitive) when the main verb is in the present or future.
.)
* 1 1
$ (. + )C)
:?
He works hard. He wishes to succeed.
He works hard so that (that or in order that) he may succeed.
b) We use (might + infinitive) when the main verb is in the simple past.
$ (. + )C)
:?
He was walking quickly in order that he might not be late.
1* 1 1
Adverbial Clause of Result

# !

We use: to link the main sentence with the adverbial clause of
result.
so + adjective or adverb + that
.
) < $
such + noun+ that

& . C) )
:(
The man is so weak that he cannot walk.
The student walked so slowly that he reached school late.
He wrote such good answers that he got he marks.
It was such a good performance that everybody applauded.
Adverbial Clause of Contrast

#!

Conjunctions:
though, although
clause of contrast with the main sentence.
% < ) $
:(
He is poor. He is happy.
Although (though) he is poor, he is happy.
Adverbial Clause of Contrast

- !

Conjunctions:
as.as, soas
clause of contrast with the main sentence.
.
< $
:(
Nabeel is as clever as his father.
Sami is not so strong as his brother.
Adverbial Clause of Condition

!

Conjunctions:
if, unless (if not)
These words (conjunctions) link the adverbial clause of condition
with the main sentence.
3 < $
)
: ?
If we are ill, we go to bed. (conditional if type 1)

If we work hard, we will succeed. (conditional if type 1)
If we worked hard, we would succeed. (conditional if type 2)
If he had fallen, he would have hurt himself. (conditional if type 3)
Unless the rain falls, the crops will not grow. (conditional if type 1)
[ 0 ] ( = (
( = (
as..as
not as.as
as..as
as..as
[[>@C
>@C ##]] c_
c_"" c_
c_
2% #
Ahmed drives as dangerously as his brother.

not
notas..as
as..as
c_
c_"" c_
c_d0
d0
* 2% #
Hamad does not drive as dangerously as his brother.
Active & Passive

5
1
1
.
) 1 5 $

1
.
) 1 = 5 $
5
1
.
.
5:
1
$ 1
C
Statements
Questions
Command
Active & Passive

)
*
*
A.
A. Statements
Statements
2a/@f
2a/@f*&
&*
Ahmed broke the window yesterday.

. Ahmed
) ; Active
*

___________________________________________
The window was broken yesterday.
The window was broken (by Ahmed) yesterday.
*

Ahmed G ) ; Passive )
by
*
= ; /0 !
*
. (
Active & Passive

)
*
*
A.
A. Statements
Statements
2a/@f
*& 2a/@f
*&
Active !
# *
/ # #
.1 ; = 1 2
/0 .2 to be
/0 .3 ; * 2
/0 .4 ;
.5 *
) * Passive
*
:
) . ; = ;
; =.
* ;
* 2# ( (Past participle).
by < 0.
#.
* )
/0
<(
Active & Passive

)
*
*
A.
A. Statements
Statements
2a/@f
2a/@f*&
&*
: (
Active
Passive 5
Ali writes letters.
Letters are written (by Ali).
Huda wrote the lesson.
The lesson was written (by Huda).
Saleh will buy a car.
A car will be bought (by Saleh).
Khaled is helping Ahmed.
Ahmed is being helped (by Ali).
She has eaten the apple.
The apple has been eaten (by her).
Active & Passive

)
*
*
A.
A. Statements
Statements
2a/@f
2a/@f*&
&*
:*
;#
to be
am, is, are
was, were
1*
shall be, will be
am being, is being, are being
was being, were being
1*
has been, have been
* )
had been
) 1*
can be, could be, may be, might be, must be,
ought to be
Active & Passive

)
*
*
B.
B. Questions
Questions
22 ijk
ijk
Active !
# *
/ # 3 : #
.1 ; = 1 2
/0 .2 to be
/0 .3 ; * 2
/0 .4 ;
.5 *
) Passive
) . ; = ;
* ; .
* 2# ( .
by < 0.
#.
* )
/0
<(
Active & Passive

)
*
*
B.
B. Questions
Questions
22 ijk
ijk
: (
Active
Passive 5
Does Ahmed write letters?
Are letters written (by Ali)?
Did he eat the cake?.
Was the cake eaten (by him)?
Will Ali buy a new car?
Will a new car be bought (by Ali)?
Why is he using a pen?
Ahmed is being helped (by Ali).
Who broke the window?
By whom the window was broken?
Active & Passive

)
*
*
C.
C. Command
Command
/_k
/_k
Active !
# *
/ # : #
.
* let
/0 .1
) . ; = ;
.2 ; = 1 2
/0 .3 ; * to be . be
/0 .4 ; * * 2 2# ( .
*
) * Passive
<(
Active & Passive

)
*
*
C.
C. Command
Command
/_k
/_k
: (
Active
Passive 5
Do the work.
Let the work be done.
Open the door.
Let the door be opened.
Send this letter to your

friend.
Let this letter be sent to

your friend.
Active & Passive

)
*
*
2mno_
2mno_
- , 5
1 < 5 3)
)
.5
1 < 3) $ & ) . < $ 3
?
Active
Passive 5
Ali does not write letters
Letters are not written (by Ali).
Dickens wrote those novels,

didnt he?
Those novels were written by

Dickens, werent they?
Dickens didnt write that play,

did he?
That play wasnt written by

Dickens, was it?
Prepositions
3
? 3 3 7) ? 3
3 ? < ) .
1 + 3 <
. ., 3 C 5 $ )1
A preposition shows the relation between the
subject and the object. There are also prepositions
of time and prepositions of place.
< $ 3 * + , $ ,
< $ 3 )
. < $ 3
Use of Prepositions
#
Prepositions
3
on
Use C) -
Days
Example ?
On Monday
Day + morning, night

#; +
On Friday morning
Afternoon, evening,
date M #
My birthday is on June
10.
Special days 2
To mean above !
I will travel on the

National Day.
The tea is on the table.
Use of Prepositions
#
Prepositions
in
C) -
Use
Example ?
Season 2
The trees grow in

spring.
Year
I was born in 1968.
Month <)
The test is in May.
The morning 2
The evening
I go home in the
evening
To mean inside *
I go to work in the
morning.
He is in the masjid.
Use of Prepositions
#
Prepositions
3
at
Use C) -
Time
Festival
Example ?
I will come back at 2

oclock.
- ,)3- $
Meal times
The weekend
I will meat you at the

school festival.
I will talk to my father
at lunch.
We will travel at the
weekend.
Noon
We pray at noon
everyday.
Night
We sleep at night.
To mean place
He is at the grocers.
Use of Prepositions
#
Prepositions of Place
< $ 3
C) -
Prepositions
3
Use
at
at an exact 3
place
at work
Example
He lives at number 5, King

Fahad Street.
Ahmed is at work.
<$
at the table
They are standing at the

dinner table
under
3) <
The cat is under the table.
in front of
<
The teacher is in front of

the class.
to
) /
direction/place
I go to school everyday.
Use of Prepositions
#
Prepositions
3
in
Use C) -
Example ?
C<
To mean
inside
Put this book in the

box.
1
In a country
In a
7 1 / 1
town/street
, 1
in bed
You were in the club

last night.
In a chair 1 < $
I live in Al-Madina.
The baby is in bed.
In a
< 1
building or area
I live in Saudi Arabia.
Ali is sitting in his

chair.
Use of Prepositions
#
Prepositions
3
Use C) -
< $ 3
Example ?
with
I write with a pen.
from
I am from Riyadh.
behind
between
on
The wall is behind the class.
Samah is sitting between Fatma

and Salwa.
, ) 7 7 < $
TV
Ali watches football on TV every

Saturday.
3
Time
He arrives on time.
Use of Prepositions
#
(
More Examples
Example ?
Prepositions
3
in
The medicine is in the bottle.
on
The knife is on the table.
at
near
opposite
onto
Ahmed is sitting near the window.
between
into
Someone is at the door.

The house is between the school and the
masjid.
The bank is opposite to the post office.
The electrician is putting his hand into the TV.
The water is spilling onto the floor.
Use of Prepositions
#
?
More Examples
Prepositions
Example
off < $
out of
The man is falling off the chair.
The child is falling out of the window.
across C $
The carpenter cut across the wood.
over/above < $
The light is over (above) the table.
, 3)
The fire is under (below) the stairs.
under/below
through C $
The ball is going through the window.
among
The teacher is sitting among the

students.
Use of Prepositions
#
?
More Examples
Example ?
Prepositions
3
in
The medicine is in the bottle.
on
The knife is on the table.
Someone is at the door.
at
near
between
opposite
into
onto
Ahmed is sitting near the window.

The house is between the school and
the mosque.
The bank is opposite to the post office.
The electrician is putting his hand into

the TV.
The water is spilling onto the floor.
Use of Prepositions
#
?
More Examples
Prepositions
3
Example ?
round 3
The car is going round the tree.
in front of
The child is sitting in front of the TV.
behind C
The headmaster is sitting behind the pupils.
on top of < $
The sweets are on top of the table.
at the side of
The garage is at the side of the house.

The man is walking along the street.
along < $
The bank is next to the bakers.
next to
Question-Tags
3
) 1
5 $

& . $ $ .)C
C ) + $ C
)%
)) ? + ) 1
3 ? M .1,
? ) .
1 1, ,
3 ? 1,
* ) %
C .
) ? $ )3 &
*
) .
- + )C 1 +
Question-Tags
3
Questions
Questionsthat
thatwe
weexpect
expectthe
theanswer
answerYes
Yes
uu ^^## q0
q0 2#
2#rs
rstt %% ^^22 ij
ij
:+ $
* Theres a supermarket near here, isnt there?

Yes , there is.
. , ( ) ) 5 $
.1,
? )
) 1)
. Yes ?
not %* ?$
, - 1 *
:1 ) ? L
* You come from the United States, dont you?

.$
Yes, I do.
do C)
? ) ) 1 *
Question-Tags
3
Questions
Questionsthat
thatwe
weexpect
expectthe
theanswer
answerNo
No
## q0
2#
rs
t
%
^
2
ij
q0 2# rs t % ^ 2 ij
1) You dont come from Saudi Arabia, do you?

No, I dont.
2) It doesnt take long time by car, does it?
No, it doesnt.
.$
do/does
C)
* 1 3-*
3) You didnt travel last year, did you?

No, I didnt.
.$
C)
did
1* 1 3-*
Conditional if
<
1)
if + present \ i
< A ) ) =
will + IJ K`
.+$ 3
If it rains tomorrow, I will stay at home.
( 1
:?
If you eat too much, you will become fat.
Conditional if
<
2)
if + past
ei
would + IJ K`
.= #
If Shakespeare lived today, he would use different English.

%
1* ,
C)
:$ 1
* 3- . 3 3)
7 3.1* < $ - +
1 ? 1 ( would + . )C)
if + subject + past
subject+ would + IJ K`
- $ 1 were < 3)) be * 3.,
$ , )< 3 was C) % )
If I were you, I would buy a new car.
Conditional if
<
%%
3)3)
3)
if + had + t u IJ K`
==3
3
would have + t u IJ K`
If he had lived in Taif, he would have been happy.

If he had visited Makkah, he would have seen the Kaaba.
Conditional if
<
0)
if + present \ i
. ) ?
3 ,
present \ i
) 5 ) 1)
3 1 ) C)
( C J . + A ) = If you boil water, it becomes steam.

1 * 1 becomes
? )
3
. )
0)
if + present \ i
If the radio is too loud, turn it off.
instructions
=A`
Or Turn the radio off if it is too loud.
If you are under 17, dont drive a car. Or Dont drive a car if you are
under 17.
Reported Speech
-
.7
<* &

Indirect Speech
There are four kinds of direct and Indirect Speech.

:7 = 7
1) Statement
2) Question
3) Command
4) Exclamation
Reported Speech
-
Statement
Statement
2a/@f
2a/@f22 &*
&*
Direct <
Indirect <
I live in Riyadh
He said that he lived in Riyadh.
We are happy
They said that they were happy.
She said: "I have not been in the

school library recently.
She said that she had not been to

the school library recently.
He said to me: "I shall see you

tomorrow.
He told me that he would see me

the next day.
: $ 5 - %* 3 ) C7 )
: * 1 ) 1)
They said to him: We shall see you

tomorrow. We shall visit Ahmed.
They told him that they would see

him the next day and added that
they would visit Ahmed.
and added that
: * 1 )&
( .)
say, says
)& - 3 *
She says: I will cook the food

tomorrow.
She says that she will cook the

food tomorrow.
We say: We are playing football now.
We say that we are playing

football now.
Reported Speech
-
?x
?x
7 Direct
Question
Question
<
% ) Reported C
* )3
) :
:1
3 1
asked
-1 ,
* Present
*Past 1
*Past 1
* ) 1 Past Perfect
-2 )3 < $ ) )C A 5 , .
C ) $ , < $ ,
) -3 )3 <
.
3 -4 )& * 3 <
$.
Reported Speech
-
Question
Question
x?
x?
Direct 7
Indirect 7
What is your name?
He asked me what my name was.
Why are you late?
The teacher asked me why I was

late.
Where is your book?
He asked me where my book was.

if
: < $ )3 -
Is your school very large?

.
if C) )
He asked me if my school was

very large..
1* < , 3 5 3
do
does<
$ )3
Where do you live?
He asked me where I lived.
Does he go to school?
I asked him if he went to school.
Reported Speech
-
Question
Question
x?
x?
Direct 7
? .))
Indirect 7
1* < , 3 5 3 did < $ )3

.( had + past participle
Where did you go yesterday?
Sami asked me where I had gone

the day before.
Did Ahmed buy a new car?

: * 1 )&
Ali asked me if Ahmed had bought

a new car.
ask, asks
)& - 3 *

Who is your English teacher?
They ask me who my English

teacher is.
What are your marks?
He asks me what my marks are.
Reported Speech
-
{
{b
b
* )3
C ) :
C) -1 ) ( ordered
( begged
)C )
I
)C ) ( advised J.
told
(
)C ) C
1 + ) .
Command
Command
Direct <
% ) Reported
. + .
. + ) .
. + . 3 .
+ C7 < C7
to ,
-23 ), 3 *%
) .
-33 ) Please, do 1
.
= -4 * 3 <
Reported Speech
-
Command
Command
{
{b
b
Direct 7
Indirect 7
He said to the servant: bring me

a glass of water.
He ordered the servant to

bring him a glass of water.
The son said to his father: please

give me some money.
The son begged his father to

give him some money.
The doctor said to me: Drink a lot

of water.
The doctor advised me to

drink a lot of water.
He said to me: Do not go to the

market tonight.
He told me not to go to the

market that night.
Reported Speech
-
Exclamation
Exclamation
:
{*
{*
) C % ) Reported < Direct 7 )

: ?5 $ )
5 - %* )
with regret
with joy
with anger
with admiration
&*
$M
with sadness
%* 3 -2
. C
1
< 3 = * -3
) 5,) 3 )
: 3
how, what:) ?
5 1 )
$
.! )
$ 5 ) Alas, Hurrah, Oh : ?5))
that
5 )
3) *
3 -1
Reported Speech
-
Exclamation
Exclamation
{*
{*
Direct <
Indirect <
He said : Alas! I will not find He said with sorrow that he

my money.
would not find his money.
He said : How foolish I have
been.
He said with regret that he

had been foolish.
Countries and Nationalities

: ?
) - 3 * $
:
:1* S
)3 3 C 5
& 1

& 1
i, n, ian, ish, ese

: ? .3 5 ) ? $
Country
Nationality
Country
Nationality
Saudi Arabia
Saudi
Britain
British
Turkey
Turkish
China
Chinese
Lebanon
Lebanese
France
French
Switzerland
Swiss
Oman
Omani
Algeria
Algerian
Libya
Libyan
Palestine
Palestinian
Syria
Syrian
ENGLISH GRAMMAR
Prepared by: Mulla (2002)

Reference: Grammar For All Levels by Adnan Naim
Edited by: Dr Saif H. Al-Ansari

English Grammar

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ENGLISH GRAMMAR

Small Letters & .

I, he, she, it, etc. ..

Play, played, will play

Ahmed writes quickly.

Ali and Ahmad visited us

$ ) 3 . . $ $ Alas! She died.

C) ) This is the book I bought the

Ahmed did his homework yesterday. Anas

Ahmed did his homework yesterday and

Khaled is rich but he is unhappy.

We can play football.

We can watch TV.

We can play football or we can watch TV.

Clause & Phrase

A clause is a combination of words containing a verb

A phrase is a combination of words forming part of

# *0 <* 2 * !)# .*0

Negative Sentences with the verb to ;

We make negative statements with the verb

You are tall.

You are not tall.

Making Questions with the

Yes, they were.

No, they were not.

It is used as a principal and a helping verb.

It is used as a principal and a helping verb.

Negative Sentences with verb to HAVE

Making Questions with the verb to HAVE as a main verb

No, he does not

Yes, they did.

No, they did

Verb to HAVE as a helping verb

Verb to have is used as a helping verb to form the

Negative Sentences with verb to HAVE as a helping verb

I have lived here for a long time.

Making Questions with verb to HAVE as a helping verb

Other Uses of Verb to HAVE

. < <* <

man, father, teacher, neighbor,

book, table, sugar, fruit,

school, street, city, house, ..

freedom, honesty, truth, .

happiness, anger, boredom, joy, .

Countable & Uncountable Nouns

Countable Nouns: are things that are

Uncountable Nouns: cannot be counted.

These nouns have singular and plural forms.

You cannot use singular countable nouns alone

Spelling Rules for Plurals

Spelling Rules for Plurals

Spelling Rules for Plurals

Spelling Rules for Plurals

Spelling Rules for Plurals

Spelling Rules for Plurals

Uncountable nouns cannot be counted.

Coffee is a traditional drink in Saudi Arabia.

Definite & Indefinite Articles

Indefinite Articles a & an

Indefinite Articles a & an

Before a job, a particular

With numbers that mean

Indefinite Articles a & an

We DO NOT use a/an

# 0 < 2 * !)# .*0