Journal of Environmental Research And Development

Vol. 2 No. 4, April-June, 2008

PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF SINGLE SLOPED GREEN

HOUSE SOLAR STILL
B. Selvakumar*, R. Jayaprakash1 and Sanjay Kumar2
1. Department of Physics, Sri Ramakrishna Mission Vidyalaya, College of Arts and Science,
Coimbatore, Tamilnadu (INDIA)
2. Department of Physics, BR Ambedkar Bihar University, Muzaffarpur, Bihar (INDIA)

Received October 4, 2007

Accepted March 27, 2008

ABSTRACT
This paper presents the performance and distillate yield analysis of a single sloped
green house solar still for growing plants in cold climates through better utilization of the
available sunlight. A green house solar still of area 0.20m x 0.50m along with still water
storage area 0.50m x 0.50m is constructed using stainless steel. Sides of the basin are well
insulated to prevent heat losses. The still body consists of a step type basin insulated at the
bottom with glass wool. There is a parallel openening at base of the step for the circulation
of air to green house channel. Slits are closed to prevent the air flow for solar still study.

Key Words : Solar still, Water collection, Efficiency, Greenhouse, Fossil fuel

INTRODUCTION
The basic principles of solar water
distillation are simple, yet effective, as
distillation replicates the way nature purifies
water. The suns energy heats water to the point
of evaporation. As the water evaporates, water
vapor rises, condensing on the glass surface
for collection. This process removes impurities
such as salts and heavy metals, as well as
destroys microbiological organisms. The end
result is water cleaner than the purest rainwater.
Heating saline water can be done using fossil
fuels like oil. But fossil fuels are slowly declining
with time because of the rapid consumption
used in technology development.
Solar energy is the best alternative
heating energy source. It is inexhaustible, clean
and available in almost all parts of the world.
The use of solar energy is however more

economical than the use of fossil fuels in remote

areas having low population densities, low
rainfall and abundant available solar energy.
Solar stills can easily provide enough water for
family drinking and cooking needs. The most
commonly used device in solar desalination is
the solar distiller. In operation, the greenhouse
effect of the transparent cover during sunny
hours increases the water temperature, causing
some of it to evaporate and increase the relative
humidity of the air contained within the
enclosure.
Hamdan M.A.1 showed the productivity
of fresh water by solar distillation depends
drastically on the intensity of solar radiation and
the sunshine time interval during the day.
Distilled water productivity varies quite
dramatically with the geographical position, the
suns position, prevailing meteorological

*Author for correspondence

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Journal of Environmental Research And Development

conditions, still design and operational

techniques by Malik et al.2. Bilal3 and Tiwari
and Madhuri4 found that other parameters such
as water depth, salinity, black dye, wind speed
and direction have an effect on the output of
the solar stills. Numerous efforts have been
made by them to enhance the system
efficiency, so that the distillate output is obtained
at a reasonable cost and utilizes a minimum
amount of land surface along integrated with a
panel of collectors through heat exchangers by
Tiwari et al.5. Efforts involved in the use of
active solar distillation, in which the basin of
the solar still is integrated with a panel
of collectors through heat exchangers by Tiwari
et al.6, enhancing the solar still performance by
cooling the glass cover with water film was
studied by Bassam and Abu-Hijleh 7 .
Experimental study of a single-compartment
model and a two compartment type had been
studied by Pierre Meukam et al.8 for alcohol
distillation.
Bapeshwararao et al9 and Lawrence
et al10 have been studied the effect of water
flowing over the upper glass cover of a basin
solar still on its transient performance.
Numerical simulations for Condensation
irrigation (CI) through shorter pipes result in a
higher mean production had been studied by
Jenny Lindblom and Bo Nordell11. Performance
evaluation of one-sided vertical solar still tested
under desert climatic conditions of Algeria, has
been studied by Boukar and Harmim12. Tiwari13
studied a straightforward transient analysis of
a double basin solar still. It is concluded that
for higher daily yield of the collector should be
disconnected from the still during off sunshine
hours. Taj and Tiwari14 have been presented
the transient performance of a single basin seder
still coupled with a flat plate collector. Umarou
and Varadiyashivili15 have been explained the
fact that the free and forced convection
in convector still, which ensures rapid
displacement of the vapor-air mixture over the

Vol. 2 No. 4, April-June 2008

surface of the evaporation mirror. Dhiman and

Tiwari16 have been given analytical model of a
multi-wick solar still with flowing water over
the glass cover.
Tiwari17 and Tiwari et al18 studied a
simple multiple wick solar still becomes
reasonably hot and hence the yield is not very
high. To increase the yield under this situation
a double condensing multiple wicks solar still
has been proposed. A tube-type solar still has
been investigated by Murase19 to integrate a
conventional still and a water distribution
network suitable for concept of desert
plantation. Desalting solar stills made from
waste materials had been studied by Toyama
and Murase 20 . An inclined solar water
distillation system was designed and tested
under actual environmental conditions of
northern Cyprus by Hikmet et al21. Lawrence
and Tiwari22 had studied thermal modeling
based heat and mass transfer relations of a
greenhouse integrated with a solar still. Syed
et al23 studied a commercial green house
system utilizing the solar pond-assisted heat
pump system. Ted et al24 studied the tomato
production with glam houer. Two similar glam
houses were used to study the influence of a
double-plastic cover an annual heat are, light
transmission and plant growth. Palacio et al25
have been investigated performance of green
house still with top cover slope of 60.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

The dimension of general setup of green
house solar still is 0.50m x 0.65m. There are
two step zones provided within the system. One
for water storage basin and other for placing
the green house plants. The pictures of single
sloped green house solar still is shown in Photo
plate 1 and Photo plate 2. Water storage
segment of the still is accommodated with
dimension 0.50m 0.50m 0.02m. One side
of the still zone is of height 0.30m and other
end of the still zone of 0.06m. The next zone
for green house is started and it is of dimension

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Journal of Environmental Research And Development

Vol. 2 No. 4, April-June, 2008

Photo plate 1 : Green house solar still

Photo plate 2 : Plant growth inside still

0.05m 0.15m 0.15m and it is placed 0.15m

down to the still zone. It is clearly viewed
through Photo plate 2. Base and sides of the

experimental study is started from 9 A.M. The

basin is filled with water of 4 litre of saline
water. The pre-calibrated thermocouples are
fixed at the appropriate places and it is
connected to the digital thermometer.
A thermometer with an accuracy of 0.1
C is fixed near the still to the air temperature
(Ta), water temperature (Tw) inside the still.
Also to measure the ambient temperature
(Tamb), Acrylic cover temperature (Tg), total
solar insolation (H) and the amount of distilled
water collected at the outlet are recorded. A
measuring jar is kept at the distilled water outlet and the collection is recorded at the regular
intervals.

water storage basin is painted with black paint

for good absorption of solar radiation. Glass
cover of thickness 3 mm is used at top of the
system. It is having a slope of 12.
The outer box for the still is made up of
wood of thickness 3mm with the length and
breadth as 0.60m and 0.80m. Bushes are
placed at the base of the still for uniform landing
in the land. Grooves are provided in the outer
cover for the inlet pipe, outlet pipe, distilled
water collection pipes and waste water flow
pipes. The bottom of the outer box and sides
are filled with the sawdust. It is used to reduce
the conduction heat loss through the base and
sides of the system. Condensed water over
the bottom of glass surface is crosses over
the green house zone and collected in water
collection segment. A stainless steel water
collection segment of dimension 0.60m
0.03m 0.03m is provided to collect the distilled
water.
Experimental arrangement
The single sloped green house solar still
unit has been designed and is installed with an
orientation in the North South direction. The
performance of the still has been studied for
number of days and its readings on clear
sunshine days have been recorded. The

Thermophysical Properties
Thermophysical properties are estimated
using experimentally measured temperatures
of evaporation and condensation surfaces.
These values are given by Toyoma et al.26.
k = 0.0244 + (0.7673 10-4) Tav
...(1)
-5
-8
= (1.718 10 ) + (4.620 10 ) Tav ...(2)

= 353.44 / (273.35 + Tav)

...(3)
3
hv = 2324.6 [(1.0727 10 ) (1.0167Tav)
+ (1.4087 10-4) Tav2 (5.1462 10-6)
Tav3 ]
...(4)
The arithmetic mean of the temperatures
of evaporation and condensation surface can
be expressed as follows:
Tav = (Tw + Tg) / 2
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Journal of Environmental Research And Development

Similarly the values of saturation vapour

pressure are predicted under the expression,
which is suggested by Brooker et al.27.
P = 6893.03 exp (54.63 12301.69/T
5.17 ln T)
...(5)
where T = (1.8T + 491.69)

The Performance Ratio is calculated

using the formula
PR = (me,i hv) / (Hs)
...(6)
The convective heat transfer is considered in terms of dimensionless parameters, viz.
the Nusselt number (Nu), the Grashof number
(Gr), the Reynolds number (Re) and the Prandtl
number (Pr); the expressions for these numbers are

Nu = (hci L / k)
...(7)
n
where
hci = C (Gr Pr) k / L
The values of constants C and n are
determined by the following conditions :

C = 0.21, n = for 104 < Gr < 2.51 105

C = 0.1255, n = for 2.51 105 < Gr < 107
Gr = (xi3 i2 g T) / i2

...(8)

Pr = (Cp / k)

...(9)

Heat transfer modes in a solar still

It is very important to know accurately
the heat and mass transfer processes in basin
type solar stills for improving their
performance. Many researchers have
conducted a great many experimental and
theoretical studies about them. For the most
normal range of operation for a conventional
solar still, the most commonly used relationship
to evaluate heat and mass transfer coefficients
and it is proposed by Dunkle.28 . The study
carried out by Adhikari et. al29 for verifying
the applicability of Dunkles relationships
over a wide range of operating temperatures
within a solar still reported that Dunkles
relationships behave well in the lower

Vol. 2 No. 4, April-June 2008

temperature ranges. So Dunkles relationship

needs the modification in the higher ranges of
temperatures. Thus they proposed a relationship
for evaluating heat and mass transfer
coefficients including higher temperature
ranges as follows :

Internal heat transfer modes

(a) Convection :
Heat is transported inside the still by
free convection of air. It releases its enthalpy
upon air, which is coming in contact with the
glass cover. The heat transfer per unit area per
unit time due to convection is
Qci =
0.884
...(10)
(b) Evaporation :
Dunkle connects convective and evaporation heat transfer coefficients as :
Qei = 16.273 x 10-3 hci. R1 (TwTg) ...(11)
(c) Radiation :
In the usual analyses of solar stills, the
water surface and the glass cover are considered as infinite parallel planes. Using Stefan
Boltzmanns constant, the heat transfer coefficient is given by,
Qri = [(Tw + 273)4 (Tg + 273)4] ...(12)
External heat transfer mode :
The external heat transfer modes are
convention and radiation. Due to the small
thickness of the glass cover, it is assumed that
the lamp of the cover is uniform. The external
convention loss from glass to the outside atmosphere is,
Qce = hca (Tg Ta)
...(13)
here, hca is a function of wind velocity
and is given by Duffie, 1974, as,
hca = 5.7 + 3.8 V
The external radiation loss from the
acrylic cover to the atmosphere is given by,
Qre= g [(Tg + 273)4 (Tsky + 273)4)]
...(14)

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Journal of Environmental Research And Development

T sky = (T a 12) is the apparent sky

temperature for long wave radiation. g for glass
is 0.85
The value of conduction heat loss through
the base Qbe is given by
Qbe = hb (Tw Ta)
...(15)
Efficiency
The efficiency of the still is calculated
using the formula
= (M L) / (H A t)
...(16)

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Thermal performance of single sloped
solar still coupled with green house effect is

Vol. 2 No. 4, April-June, 2008

studied. The instantaneous efficiency and

overall efficiency are predicted. Night water
collection of the still is also observed. The
observations are recorded on clear sunny days.
Fig. 1 show the variation of solar
radiation with respect to time for still
performance study and combined with green
house effect. It rises to maximum and then
decreases to the minimum. Radiation received
is in the range of 386.46 W/m2 to 1014.46 W/
m2 for still analysis and 434.77 W/m2 to 1026.54
W/m2 for inbuilt green house and still combined
performance.

1200

1000

Radiation (W/m

800

600

400

200

S +
G.H
0
9:30 10:30 11:30 12:30 1:30 2:30 3:30 4:30

Time (min)

Fig . 1: Variation of radiation with respect to time

Fig. 2 and Fig. 3 show the variation of

water temperature, air temperature, glass
temperature and ambient temperature with
respect to time for still alone and combined
performance for additional feature of green
house within the same system. The rise in
temperature is observed in the range of 28C
to 54C for water, 29C to 58C for air, 29C

to 38C for to glass and 28C to 37 C for

ambient temperature. Similarly the rise in
temperature is observed in the range of 29C
to 52C for water, 28C to 50C for air, 29C
to 37 C for glass and 28C to 36.5C for
ambient temperature. The air temperature is
lesser than the water temperature because
natural air flow is occurring from outside of

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Journal of Environmental Research And Development

60

Vol. 2 No. 4, April-June 2008

55

50

50

45

Temperature (C)

Temperature (C)

40

40

30

35

20

30

Glass (C)
Air (C)
Wat er (C)
Room (C)

10

Glass
Air
Water
Room

25

20
9:30 10:30 11:30 12:30 1:30 2:30 3:30 4:30

0
9:30 10:30 11:30 12:30 1:30

2:30

3:30

4:30

Time (min)

Time (mi n)

Fig. 2 : Variation of temperature with respect to

time for still study

Fig. 3 : Variation of temperature with respect to

time for still combined with green house study

the system. So it maintains the low temperature

in green house area of the still system but in
the case of still performance the air
temperature is greater than the water
temperature.

Fig. 4 shows the variation of instantaneous water collection with respect to time.
The water collection is increased to the
maximum of 92 ml and then decreased to 24
ml at 5 P.M. for still. Similarly the maximum

100
90
80

Water collection (ml)

70
60
50
40
30
20

S
10

S+G

0
9:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 1:00

2:00

3:00

4:00

5:00

Time (min )

Fig. 4 : Variation of water collection with respect to time

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Vol. 2 No. 4, April-June, 2008

less because it takes more time for water

condensation as well as water collection. The
water collection is stopped when the radiation
fall over the system stops. Thus in this system
the still effect is observed only during the
irradiation period.
Fig. 5 shows the variation of
instantaneous efficiency with respect to time.
The instantaneous efficiency increases with

water collection is 64 ml and then decreased

to 18 ml at 5 P.M. for green house study with
solar still.
The distilled water collection at the outlet
is increased according to solar radiation. It
shows that maximum yield at noon (12 P.M to
2 P.M) and then decreases in the evening
(5 P.M to 6 P.M). But in the case of still with
green house study the water collection rate is

30

25

Instanateous efficiency (%)

20

15

10

S
S+G
0
9:30 10:30 11:30 12:30 1:30

2:30 3:30 4:30

Time (min)

Fig. 5 : Variation of instantaneous efficiency with respect to time

time. The instantaneous efficiency obtained is

in the range of 1.81% - 24.18% for still and
4.42% - 17.67% for still combined with green
house study. The efficiency of the green house
still is less than the solar still. It is due to the
free flow of air in the green house, even though
it increases the growth rate of plants. The overall efficiency of the still is 16.05% and still
combined with green house is 12.15%.

Fig. 6 shows the variation of humidity

with respect to time for the green house solar
still. The humidity value starts to increase form
21 % to 96 %. The humidity is inversely
proportional to the still temperature. So it
increases the moisture content at the green
house zone. So it is more suited for plants
growth.

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Journal of Environmental Research And Development

Vol. 2 No. 4, April-June 2008

120

100

Humidity (%)

80

60

40

20

Time (min)

Fig. 6 : Variation of Humidity with respect to time

Fig. 7 shows the latent heat inside the

still. It shows that the latent heat decreases
initially with respect to time. It reaches low
value around 2:00 P.M and starts to increase
according to time because the temperature at
this region is more. So it shows that the latent

heat is decreased in this region at higher order

of temperature. But in case of combined green
house study latent heat value is comparatively
smaller than the still because of low air
temperature maintained in the system

2430000

2420000

2410000

Latent Heat (Jkg-

1)

2400000

2390000

2380000

2370000

S
S + G.H

2360000

Time (min)

Fig. 7 : Variation of latent heat with respect to time

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Journal of Environmental Research And Development

Fig. 8 shows the variation of saturated

vapour pressure with respect to time.
Saturated vapour pressure starts to increase
as time progress and it reaches the peak value

Vol. 2 No. 4, April-June, 2008

around 1:30 P.M to 2:00 P.M. Saturated vapour

pressure reaches maximum value when water
collection is more and tend to decrease when
water collection less.

12000

10000

SVP (pa)

8000

6000

4000

2000

S
S + G.H

0
9:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 17:00

Time (mi n)

Fig. 8 : Variation of SVP with respect to time

200000

4.5

180000

160000

3.5

140000

3
120000

Nu

Gr

2.5
100000

2
80000

1.5
60000

1
40000

20000

0.5

S
S + G.H

S
S + G.H

0
9:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 17:00

9:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 17:00

Time (min)

Time(min)

Fig. 9 : Variation of Gr with respect to Time

Fig. 10 : Variation of Nu with respect to time

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Journal of Environmental Research And Development

Fig. 9 and Fig. 10 show the Grashof

number and Nusselt number variation with
respect to time. Both Grashof and Nusselt
number increases as time increases. The

Vol. 2 No. 4, April-June 2008

Nusselt number value and Grashof number

value is almost nearer to each other for still
performance study as well as combined
performance study.

0.14

0.12

0.1

PR

0.08

0.06

0.04

0.02

S
S + G.H

0
9:00 10:0011:0012:0013:0014:0015:0016:0017:00
Time (mi n)

Fig. 11 : Variation of PR with respect to Time

Fig. 11 shows the variation of

performance ratio with respect to time for still
performance and combined performance
studies. This shows that the value of
performance ratio increases due to increase in
temperature inside the still. In the case of green
house solar still the temperature is reduced due
to the free flow convection. Thus performance
ratio is very much reduced.
Thermal conductivity and dynamic
viscosity of water is analyzed for all the studies
and thermal conductivity is in the range of
2.73744 10-2 Wm-2 C1 and 2.73067 10-2
Wm-2 C-1 for still performance and combined
performance studies. Similarly dynamic
viscosity is in the range of 1.8971 10-5 Nsm-2

and 1.8837 10-5 Nsm-2 for still performance

and combined performance studies. The
thermal conductivity and dynamic viscosity are
observed and it is almost same for both the
studies.
The density of water is predicted for the
still under these experiments and it is observed
as 1.1689 to 1.1084 Kgm-3 and 1.1689 to 1.1119
Kgm-3 for still and combined green house study.
It shows a small decrease in density due to the
increase of temperature.
Heat transfer coefficients predicted
under internal and external heat transfer modes
for still and combined green house is shown in
Table 1.
From the above table it is clear that

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Vol. 2 No. 4, April-June, 2008

Table 1
Internal Heat Transfer Mode
2

External Heat Transfer Mode

2

Qri W/m

Qci W/m

Qei W/m

Qbe W/m

Qre W/m

Qce W/m

Still

52.25

15.90

124.67

3.93

104.11

64.54

Still combined with

Green House

48.59

14.46

106.62

3.52

111.87

80.47

evaporation rate.
A comparison chart for growth of plants
inside (G.H) and placed outside (O.G) the
green house solar still is listed in table 2.

evaporative heat transfer is less in still combined

with green house when compared to still study.
Which infers that lower evaporation rate is due
to air flow inside the still slow down the

Table 2
Day

G.Gram
G.H

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

10
11
12

B.Gram

O.G G.H

Cotton

F.Gram

Gingili

H.Gram

Paddy

O.G

G.H

O.G

G.H

O.G

G.H

O.G

G.H

O.G

G.H

O.G

.05
.15
.20
.50
.75
.925
1.30
2.00
2.60
3.30
3.90
5.15
5.90
6.50
6.95
7.80
8.50
9.15
10.20

.05
.08
.20
.300
.500
.825
1.00
1.55
2.10
3.00
3.90
4.65
5.10
5.90
6.45
7.25
7.90
8.50
8.90

.05
.75
.225
.50
.75
1.00
1.75
2.30
3.10
3.55
4.10
4.60
5.35
5.80
6.90
7.30
8.60
9.10

.05
.75
.125
.30
.65
.90
1.20
1.60
2.80
3.50
4.20
4.50
5.05
5.50
5.90
6.50
7.00
7.20

.05
.070
.100
.150
0.50
0.90
1.30
2.00
2.60
3.00
3.50
3.95
4.60
5.20
6.12
6.89
7.60
8.13

.05
.10
.225
.350
.500
.750
1.50
2.50
3.45
4.50
6.50
7.50
8.80
9.20
10.30
11.10
12.30
12.90
14.10
15.00
16.60
17.20

.02
.08
.125
.190
.750
1.15
2.00
2.80
4.00
4.90
6.50
7.25
9.10
9.80
10.25
10.40
11.00
11.30
11.50
12.10
12.30
12.45

.05
.125
.170
.275
.500
.700
1.10
2.75
3.15
5.50
6.25
7.50
8.25
9.10
9.80
10.45
11.15
12.36
13.59
15.00
15.50

.05
.10
.20
.275
.50
.700
1.10
2.75
3.15
5.50
6.25
7.50
8.25
8.75
9.10
9.45
10.15
10.56
10.95
11.30
11.90

.05
.03
.025
.075 .075
.05
.100 .100
.10
.125 .125
.15
.405 .375 .325
.700 .500 .625
1.00 0.90 .825
1.75 1.35 1.25
2.15 2.15 1.50
4.20 3.50 3.50
5.30 4..20 4.10
6.25 5.65 5.10
6.90 6.30 5.75
7.50 7.20 6.30
8.10 7.90 6.90
9.20 8.50 7.20
9.90 8.90 7.90
10.90 9.50 9.00
12.00 10.00 9.60
13.35 10.35 10.55
14.80 10.70 11.10

CONCLUSION
The results show that :
(1) the still daily average efficiency is
about 16.05% (0.5 m2 area) for still and
12.15% (0.5 m2 area) for green house study;
(2) total daily yield is about 838 ml

.025
.05
.07
.10
.225
.325
.725
1.05
1.80
2.75
3.50
4.20
4.95
5.60
6.10
6.80
7.35
8.00
8.60
9.15
9.60

.05
.10
.125
.750
1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
3.10
3.60
4.20
4.60
5.00
5.45
5.90
6.20

(0.5 m2 area) for still and 536 ml (0.5 m2 area)

for combined performance of green house and
still study;
(3) The internal heat transfer and external heat transfer modes are studied for still
and ; and

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Journal of Environmental Research And Development

(4) the growth rate of the green house

still is studied and it is compared with that of
plants growth outside the system.

11.

REFERENCES
1.

Hamdan M. A, Musa A.M and Jubran

B.A, Performance of solar still under
jordanian climate, Energy Conversion
and Management, 40(5), 495, (1999).
2. Malik M.A.S, Tiwari G.N, Kumar A and
Sodha M.S, Solar Distillation, Pergamon
Press, Oxford, (1982).
3. Bilal A. Akash, Mousa S. Mohsen and
Waleed Nayfeh, Experimental study of the
basin type solar still under local climate
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