05/03/2015

developerWorks

UnderstandingLinuxconfigurationfiles

Technicaltopics

Linux

Technicallibrary

UnderstandingLinuxconfigurationfiles
Classificationsandusage
ThisarticleexplainsconfigurationfilesonaLinuxsystemthatcontroluserpermissions,systemapplications,daemons,
services,andotheradministrativetasksinamultiuser,multitaskingenvironment.Thesetasksincludemanaginguser
accounts,allocatingdiskquotas,managingemailsandnewsgroups,andconfiguringkernelparameters.Thisarticle
alsoclassifiestheconfigfilespresentonaRedHatLinuxsystembasedontheirusageandtheservicestheyaffect.
Share:
SubodhSonihasabachelorofengineeringdegreeinComputerScienceandTechnologyRegionalEngineeringfromCollegeSurat,India.He
worksforIBMGlobalServices(IBMSoftwareLabs)inIndiaheisalsoamemberoftheIBMLinuxTechnologyCenter,wherehe
concentratesonLinuxRAS(Reliability,Availability,andServiceability).Otherareasofinterestareoperatingsysteminternals,Linuxsystem
administration,andtroubleshooting.Youcanreachhimatsubodh@in.ibm.com.

01December2001

Introduction
EveryLinuxprogramisanexecutablefileholdingthelistofopcodesthe
CPUexecutestoaccomplishspecificoperations.Forinstance,thels
commandisprovidedbythefile/bin/ls,whichholdsthelistofmachine
instructionsneededtodisplaythelistoffilesinthecurrentdirectoryontothe
screen.Thebehaviourofalmosteveryprogramcanbecustomizedtoyour
preferencesorneedsbymodifyingitsconfigurationfiles.

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IsthereastandardconfigurationfileformatinLinux?
Inaword,no.UserswhoarenewtoLinux(rightly)feelfrustratedthateachconfigurationfilelookslikea
newchallengetofigureout.InLinuxeachprogrammerisfreetochoosetheconfigurationfileformathe
orsheprefers.Formatoptionsrangefromthe/etc/shellsfile,whichcontainsalistofpossibleshells
separatedbyanewline,toApache'scomplex/etc/httpd.conffile.

Whataresystemconfigurationfiles?
Thekernelitselfmaybeconsidereda"program."Whydoesthekernelneedconfigurationfiles?The
kernelneedstoknowthelistofusersandgroupsinthesystem,andmanagefilepermissions(thatis,
determineifafilecanbeopenedbyaspecificuser,accordingtothepermissions,UNIX_USERS).Note
thatthesefilesarenotspecificallyreadbyprograms,butbyafunctionprovidedbyasystemlibrary,and
usedbythekernel.Forinstance,aprogramneedingthe(encrypted)passwordofausershouldnotopen
the/etc/passwdfile.Instead,itshouldcallthesystemlibraryfunctiongetpw().Thiskindoffunctionisalso
knownasasystemcall.Itisuptothekernel(throughthesystemlibrary)toopenthe/etc/passwdfileand
afterthat,searchforthepasswordoftherequesteduser.
MostoftheconfigurationfilesintheRedHatLinuxsystemareinthe/etcdirectoryunlessotherwise
specified.Theconfigurationfilescanbebroadlyclassifiedintothefollowingcategories:

Accessfiles
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/etc/host.conf

Tellsthenetworkdomainserverhowtolookuphostnames.(Normally/etc/hosts,
thennameserveritcanbechangedthroughnetconf.)

/etc/hosts

Containsalistofknownhosts(inthelocalnetwork).CanbeusediftheIPofthe
systemisnotdynamicallygenerated.Forsimplehostnameresolution(todotted
notation),/etc/hosts.confnormallytellstheresolvertolookherebeforeaskingthe
networknameserver,DNSorNIS.

/etc/hosts.allow Manpagesameashosts_access.Readbytcpdatleast.
/etc/hosts.deny

Manpagesameashosts_access.Readbytcpdatleast.

Bootingandlogin/logout
/etc/issue&
/etc/issue.net

Thesefilesarereadbymingetty(andsimilarprograms)todisplaya"welcome"
stringtotheuserconnectingfromaterminal(issue)orthroughatelnetsession
(issue.net).TheyincludeafewlinesstatingtheRedHatreleasenumber,name,
andKernelID.Theyareusedbyrc.local.

/etc/redhat
release

IncludesonelinestatingtheRedHatreleasenumberandname.Usedby
rc.local.

/etc/rc.d/rc

Normallyrunforallrunlevelswithlevelpassedasargument.Forexample,to
bootyourmachineintheGraphicsmode(XServer),runthefollowingcommand
fromyourcommandline:init 5.Therunlevel5isstartsthesystemingraphics
mode.

/etc/rc.d/rc.local

Notofficial.Maybecalledfromrc,rc.sysinit,or/etc/inittab.

/etc/rc.d/rc.sysinit Normallythefirstscriptrunforallrunlevels.
/etc/rc.d/rc/rcX.d

Scriptsrunfromrc(Xstandsforanynumberfrom1to5).Thesedirectoriesare
"runlevel"specificdirectories.Whenasystemstartsup,itidentifiestherunlevel
tobeinitiated,andthenitcallsallthestartupscriptspresentinthespecific
directoryforthatrunlevel.Forexample,thesystemusuallystartsupandthe
message"enteringrunlevel3"isshownafterthebootmessagesthismeans
thatalltheinitscriptsinthedirectory/etc/rc.d/rc3.d/willbecalled.

Filesystem
Thekernelprovidesaninterfacetodisplaysomeofitsdatastructuresthatcanbeusefulfordetermining
thesystemparameterslikeinterruptsused,devicesinitialised,memorystatistics,etc.Thisinterfaceis
providedasaseparatebutdummyfilesystemknownasthe/procfilesystem.Manysystemutilitiesuse
thevaluespresentinthisfilesystemfordisplayingthesystemstatistics.Forexample,thefile
/proc/modulesliststhecurrentlyloadedmodulesinthesystem.Thisinformationisreadbythecommand
lsmod,whichthendisplaysitinahumanreadableformat.Inthesameway,thefilemtabspecifiedinthe
followingtablereadsthe/proc/mountfile,whichcontainsthecurrentlymountedfilesystems.
/etc/mtab

Thischangescontinuouslyasthefile/proc/mountchanges.Inotherwords,when
filesystemsaremountedandunmounted,thechangeisimmediatelyreflectedin
thisfile.

/etc/fstab

Liststhefilesystemscurrently"mountable"bythecomputer.Thisisimportant
becausewhenthecomputerboots,itrunsthecommandmount -a,whichtakes
careofmountingeveryfilesystemmarkedwitha"1"inthenexttolastcolumnof
fstab.

/etc/mtools.conf Configurationforalltheoperations(mkdir,copy,format,etc.)onaDOStype
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filesystem.

Systemadministration
/etc/group

Containsthevalidgroupnamesandtheusersincludedinthespecifiedgroups.A
singleusercanbepresentinmorethanonegroupifheperformsmultipletasks.For
example,isa"user"istheadministratoraswellasamemberoftheprojectgroup
"project1",thenhisentryinthegroupfilewilllooklike:user: * : group-id :
project1

/etc/nologin

Ifthefile/etc/nologinexists,login(1)willallowaccessonlytoroot.Otheruserswillbe
shownthecontentsofthisfileandtheirloginsrefused.

etc/passwd

See"manpasswd".Holdssomeuseraccountinfoincludingpasswords(whennot
"shadowed").

/etc/rpmrc

rpmcommandconfiguration.Alltherpmcommandlineoptionscanbesettogetherin
thisfilesothatalloftheoptionsapplygloballywhenanyrpmcommandisrunonthat
system.

/etc/securetty Containsthedevicenamesofttylines(oneperline,withoutleading/dev/)onwhich
rootisallowedtologin.
/etc/usertty
/etc/shadow

Containstheencryptedpasswordinformationforusers'accountsandoptionallythe
passwordaginginformation.Includedfieldsare:
Loginname
Encryptedpassword
DayssinceJan1,1970thatpasswordwaslastchanged
Daysbeforepasswordmaybechanged
Daysafterwhichpasswordmustbechanged
Daysbeforepasswordistoexpirethatuseriswarned
Daysafterpasswordexpiresthataccountisdisabled
DayssinceJan1,1970thataccountisdisabled

/etc/shells

Holdsthelistofpossible"shells"availabletothesystem.

/etc/motd

MessageOfTheDayusedifanadministratorwantstoconveysomemessagetoall
theusersofaLinuxserver.

Networking
/etc/gated.conf

Configurationforgated.Usedonlybythegateddaemon.

/etc/gated.version

Containstheversionnumberofthegateddaemon.

/etc/gateway

Optionallyusedbytherouteddaemon.

/etc/networks

Listsnamesandaddressesofnetworksaccessiblefromthenetworkto
whichthemachineisconnected.Usedbyroutecommand.Allowsuseof
namefornetwork.

/etc/protocols

Liststhecurrentlyavailableprotocols.SeetheNAG(Network
AdministratorsGuide)andmanpage.

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Cinterfaceisgetprotoent.Shouldneverchange.
/etc/resolv.conf

Tellsthekernelwhichnameservershouldbequeriedwhenaprogramasks
to"resolve"anIPAddress.

/etc/rpc

Containsinstructions/rulesforRPC,whichcanbeusedinNFScalls,
remotefilesystemmounting,etc.

/etc/exports

Thefilesystemtobeexported(NFS)andpermissionsforit.

/etc/services

Translatesnetworkservicenamestoportnumber/protocol.Readbyinetd,
telnet,tcpdump,andsomeotherprograms.ThereareCaccessroutines.

/etc/inetd.conf

Configfileforinetd.Seetheinetdmanpage.Holdsanentryforeach
networkserviceforwhichinetdmustcontroldaemonsorotherservicers.
Notethatserviceswillberunning,butcommentthemoutin/etc/servicesso
theywillnotbeavailableevenifrunning.Format:<service_name>
<sock_type><proto><flags><user><server_path><args>

/etc/sendmail.cf

TheMailprogramsendmail'sconfigurationfile.Cryptictounderstand.

/etc/sysconfig/network

IndicatesNETWORKING=yesorno.Readbyrc.sysinitatleast.

/etc/sysconfig/network RedHatnetworkconfigurationscripts.
scripts/if*

Systemcommands
Systemcommandsaremeantexclusivelytocontrolthesystem,andmakeeverythingworkproperly.All
theprogramslikelogin(performingtheauthenticationphaseofauserontheconsole)orbash(providing
theinteractionbetweenauserandthecomputer)aresystemcommands.Thefilesassociatedwiththem
arethereforeparticularlyimportant.Thiscategoryhasthefollowingfilesofinteresttousersand
administrators.
/etc/lilo.conf

Containsthesystem'sdefaultbootcommandlineparametersandalsothe
differentimagestobootwith.YoucanseethislistbypressingTabattheLILO
prompt.

/etc/logrotate.conf Maintainsthelogfilespresentinthe/var/logdirectory.
/etc/identd.conf

IdentdisaserverthatimplementstheTCP/IPproposedstandardIDENTuser
identificationprotocolasspecifiedintheRFC1413document.identdoperates
bylookingupspecificTCP/IPconnectionsandreturningtheusernameofthe
processowningtheconnection.Itcanoptionallyreturnotherinformationinstead
ofausername.Seetheidentdmanpage.

/etc/ld.so.conf

ConfigurationfortheDynamicLinker.

/etc/inittab

ThisischronologicallythefirstconfigurationfileinUNIX.Thefirstprogram
launchedafteraUNIXmachineisswitchedonisinit,whichknowswhatto
launch,thankstoinittab.Itisreadbyinitatrunlevelchanges,andcontrolsthe
startupofthemainprocess.

/etc/termcap

Adatabasecontainingallofthepossibleterminaltypesandtheircapabilities.

Daemons
Adaemonisaprogramrunninginnoninteractivemode.Typically,daemontasksarerelatedtothe
networkingarea:theywaitforconnections,sothattheycanprovideservicesthroughthem.Many
daemonsareavailableforLinux,rangingfromWebserverstoftpservers.
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/etc/syslogd.conf

/etc/httpd.conf

UnderstandingLinuxconfigurationfiles

Theconfigurationfileforthesyslogddaemon.syslogdisthedaemonthattakes
careoflogging(writingtodisk)messagescomingfromotherprogramstothe
system.Thisservice,inparticular,isusedbydaemonsthatwouldnototherwise
haveanymeansofsignalingthepresenceofpossibleproblemsorsending
messagestousers.
TheconfigurationfileforApache,theWebserver.Thisfileistypicallynotin/etc.
Itmaybein/usr/local/httpd/conf/or/etc/httpd/conf/,buttomakesure,youneed
tochecktheparticularApacheinstallation.

/etc/conf.modules Theconfigurationfileforkerneld.Ironically,itisnotthekernel"asadaemon".It
or
isratheradaemonthattakescareofloadingadditionalkernelmodules"onthe
/etc/modules.conf fly"whenneeded.

Userprograms
InLinux(andUNIXingeneral),therearecountless"user"programs.Amostcommonuserprogram
configfileis/etc/lynx.cfg.Thisistheconfigurationfileforlynx,thewellknowntextualbrowser.Through
thisfileyoucandefinetheproxyserver,thecharactersettouse,andsoon.Thefollowingcodesample
showsapartofthelynx.cfgfilethatcanbemodifiedtochangetheproxysettingsoftheLinuxsystem.
Thesesettingsapply(bydefault)toalltheusersrunninglynxintheirrespectiveshells,unlessauser
overridesthedefaultconfigfilebyspecifying--cfg = "mylynx.cfg.
Proxysettingsin/etc/lynx.cfg
.h1 proxy
.h2 HTTP_PROXY
.h2 HTTPS_PROXY
.h2 FTP_PROXY
.h2 GOPHER_PROXY
.h2 NEWS_PROXY
.h2 NNTP_PROXY
# Lynx version 2.2 and beyond supports the use of proxy servers that can act as
# firewall gateways and caching servers. They are preferable to the older
# gateway servers. Each protocol used by Lynx can be mapped separately using
# PROTOCOL_proxy environment variables (see Lynx Users Guide). If you have
# not set them externally, you can set them at run time via this configuration file.
# They will not override external settings. The no_proxy variable can be used
# to inhibit proxying to selected regions of the Web (see below). Note that on
# VMS these proxy variables are set as process logicals rather than symbols, to
# preserve lowercasing, and will outlive the Lynx image.
#
.ex 15
http_proxy:http://proxy3.in.ibm.com:80/
ftp_proxy:http://proxy3.in.ibm.com:80/
#http_proxy:http://penguin.in.ibm.com:8080
#ftp_proxy:http://penguin.in.ibm.com:8080/
.h2 NO_PROXY
# The no_proxy variable can be a comma-separated list of strings defining
# no-proxy zones in the DNS domain name space. If a tail substring of the
# domain-path for a host matches one of these strings, transactions with that
# node will not be proxied.
.ex
no_proxy:demiurge.in.ibm.com, demiurge

Changingconfigurationfiles
Whenchangingaconfigurationfile,makesurethattheprogramusingthatconfigurationisrestartedifit's
notcontrolledbythesystemadministratororthekernel.Anormaluserdoesn'tusuallyhaveprivilegesto
startorstopsystemprogramsand/ordaemons.

Thekernel
Changingconfigurationfilesinthekernelimmediatelyaffectsthesystem.Forexample,changingthe
passwdfiletoaddauserimmediatelyenablesthatuser.Alsotherearesomekerneltunableparameters
inthe/proc/sysdirectoryonanyLinuxsystem.Thewriteaccesstoallthesefilesisgivenonlytothe
superuserotherusershaveonlyreadonlyaccess.Thefilesinthisdirectoryareclassifiedinthesame
mannerastheLinuxkernelsource.Everyfileinthisdirectoryrepresentsakerneldatastructurethatcan
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bedynamicallymodifiedtochangethesystemperformance.
Note:Beforechanginganyvalueinanyofthesefiles,makesureyouknoweverythingaboutthefileto
avoidirreparabledamagetothesystem.
Filesinthe/proc/sys/kernel/directory
Filename

Description

threadsmax

Themaximumnumberoftasksthekernelcanrun.

ctrlaltdel

If1,thenpressingthiskeysequencecleanlyrebootsthesystem.

sysrq

If1,thenAltSysRqisactive.

osrelease

Displaysthereleaseoftheoperatingsystem.

ostype

Displaysthetypeoftheoperatingsystem.

hostname

Thehostnameofthesystem.

domainname Networkdomainofwhichthesystemisapart.
modprobe

Specifieswhethermodprobeshouldbeautomaticallyrunatstartup,andloadthe
necessarymodules.

Daemonsandsystemprograms
Adaemonisaprogramthatisalwaysrunninginbackground,quietlycarryingoutitstask.Commonones
arein.ftpd(ftpserverdaemon),in.telnetd(telnetserverdaemon),andsyslogd(systemloggingdaemon).
Somedaemons,whilerunning,keepaclosewatchontheconfigurationfileandreloaditautomatically
whenitchanges.Butmostofthedaemonsdonotreloadautomatically.Weneedto"tell"themsomehow
thattheconfigurationfilehaschangedandthatitshouldbereloaded.Thiscanbeachieved(onRedHat
Linuxsystems)byrestartingtheservicesusingtheservicecommand.
Forexample,ifwehavechangedthenetworkconfiguration,weneedtoissue:
service network restart.
Note:Theservicesaremostcommonlythescriptspresentinthe/etc/rc.d/init.d/*directoryandarestarted
bytheinitwhenthesystemisbooted.So,torestarttheserviceyoucanalsodothefollowing:
/etc/rc.d/init.d/<script-for-the-service> start | stop | status
start,stop,andstatusarethevaluesthatthesescriptstakeasinputtoperformtheaction.

Userprograms
Auserorsystemprogramreadsitsconfigurationfileeverytimeitislaunched.Remember,though,that
somesystemprogramsarespawnedwhenthecomputeristurnedon,andtheirbehaviourdependson
whattheyreadintheconfigurationfilesin/etc/.So,thefirsttimeauserprogramisstarted,thedefault
configurationisreadfromthefilespresentinthe/etc/directory.Later,theusercancustomisethe
programsbyusingrcand.(dot)filesasexplainedinthenextsection.

Userconfigurationfiles:.(dot)filesandrcfiles
Wehaveseenhowprogramscanbeeasilyconfigured.Butwhatifsomeonedoesnotlikethewaya
programhasbeenconfiguredin/etc/?A"normal"usercannotsimplygointo/etcandchangethe
configurationfilestheyareownedfromthefilesystem'spointofviewbyroot!Thisiswhymostuser
programsdefinetwoconfigurationfiles:thefirstoneata"system"level,locatedin/etc/andtheother
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one,"private"totheuser,thatcanbefoundinhisorherhomedirectory.
Forexample,inmysystemIhaveinstalledtheveryusefulwgetutility.In/etc/thereisan/etc/wgetrcfile.
Inmyhomedirectory,thereisafilenamed.wgetrc,whichdescribesmycustomisedconfiguration(which
willbeloadedonlywhenI,theuserrunthewgetcommand).Otherusersmayalsohavethe.wgetrcfilein
theirhomedirectory(/home/other)thisfilewillberead,ofcourse,onlywhentheuserrunsthewget
command.Inotherwords,the/etc/wgetrcfileprovides"default"valuesforwget,whilethe
/home/xxx/.wgetrcfileliststhe"customisations"foracertainuser.Itisimportanttounderstandthatthisis
the"generalrule,"andisnotnecessarilytrueforallcases.Aprogramlikepine,forinstance,doesnot
haveanyfilesin/etc/,butonlythecustomconfigurationintheusers'homedirectory,inafilenamed
.pinerc.Otherprogramsmayonlyhaveadefaultconfigurationfilein/etc/,andmaynotletusers
"customize"them(it'sthecasewithonlyafewoftheconfig.filesinthe/etcdir.).
Commonlyusedrcand.(dot)files
Filename

Description

~/.bash_login

Lookat"manbash".Treatedbybashlike~/.bash_profileifthatdoesn'texist.

~/.bash_logout

Lookat"manbash".Sourcedbybashloginshellsatexit.

~/.bash_profile

Sourcedbybashloginshellsafter/etc/profile.

~/.bash_history Thelistofcommandsexecutedpreviously.
~/.bashrc

Lookat"manbash".Sourcedbybashnonlogininteractiveshells(nootherfiles
are).NoninteractiveshellssourcenothingunlessBASH_ENVorENVareset.

~/.emacs

Readbyemacsatstartup.

~/.forward

Ifthiscontainsanemailaddress,thenallmailtoownerof~willbeforwardedto
thatemailaddress.

~/.fvwmrc
~/.fvwm2rc

Configfilesforfvwmandfvwm2(thebasicXWindowmanager).

~/.hushlogin

Lookat"manlogin".Causesa"quiet"login(nomailnotice,lastlogininfo,orMOD).

~/.mail.rc

Userinitfileformailprogram.

~/.ncftp/

Directoryforncftpprogramcontainsbookmarks,log,macros,preferences,trace.
Seemanncftp.Thepurposeofncftpistoprovideapowerfulandflexibleinterface
totheInternetstandardFileTransferProtocol.Itisintendedtoreplacethestockftp
programthatcomeswiththesystem.

~/.profile

Lookat"manbash".Treatedbybashlike~/.bash_profileifthatand~/.bash_login
don'texist,andusedbyotherBournheritageshellstoo.

~/.pinerc

Pineconfiguration

~/.muttrc

Muttconfiguration

~/.exrc

Configurationofvicanbecontrolledbythisfile.
Example:setaismruler
Writingtheabovelineinthisfilemakesvisettheautoindentation,matching
bracketsanddisplayinglinenumberandrowscolumnsoptions.

~/.vimrc

Default"Vim"configurationfile.Sameas.exrc.

~/.gtkrc

GNOMEToolkit.

~/.kderc

KDEconfiguration.

~/.netrc

Defaultloginnamesandpasswordsforftp.

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~/.rhosts

UnderstandingLinuxconfigurationfiles

Usedbythertools:rsh,rlogin,etc.Veryweaksecuritysincehostimpersonationis
easy.
1. Mustbeownedbyuser(ownerof~/)orsuperuser.
2. Listshostsfromwhichusersmayaccessthisaccount.
3. Ignoredifitisasymboliclink.

~/.rpmrc

See"manrpm".Readbyrpmif/etc/rpmrcisnotpresent.

~/.signature

Messagetextthatwillbeappendedautomaticallytothemailsentfromthis
account.

~/.twmrc

Configfilefortwm(TheWindowManager).

~/.xinitrc

ReadbyXatstartup(notbyxinitscript).Mostlystartssomeprogs.
Example:exec/usr/sbin/startkde
Iftheabovelineispresentinthisfile,thentheKDEWindowManagerisstartedin
whenthestartxcommandisissuedfromthisaccount.

~/.xmodmaprc

Thisfileispassedtothexmodmapprogram,andcouldbenamedanything
(~/.Xmodmapand~/.keymap.km,forexample).

~/.xserverrc

RunbyxinitastheXserverifitcanfindXtoexecute.

~/News/Sent
MessageIDs

Defaultmailhistoryfileforgnus.

~/.Xauthority

Readandwrittenbyxdmprogramtohandleauthorization.SeetheX,xdm,and
xauthmanpages.

~/.Xdefaults,
~/.Xdefaults
hostname

ReadbyXapplicationsduringstartuponhostname.Ifthehostnamefilecan'tbe
found,.Xdefaultsislookedfor.

~/.Xmodmap

Pointsto.xmodmaprcRedHathad(has).xinitrcusingthisname.

~/.Xresources

UsuallythenameforthefilepassedtoxrdbtoloadtheXresourcesdatabase,to
avoidtheneedforapplicationstoreadalong.Xdefaultsfile.(~/.Xreshasbeen
usedbysome.)

~/mbox

User'soldmail.

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