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EESA09
Lecture 7
Outline
Part 1 Thermal Winds
Land/sea breeze
Monsoon
Valley Breeze
Foehn/Chinook
Katabatic wind
Thermal breezes
Land/sea breeze
Monsoons
Valley breeze
Katabatic wind
Chinook
Land/sea breeze
Thermally induced circulation
Sea breeze
(Land 27C, Water 18C)
Land Breeze
50
40
40
30
43
24
21
20
12
10
6
1
8
1
Month
Thermal breezes
Land/sea breeze
Monsoons
Valley breeze
Katabatic wind
Chinook
Monsoon
Arabic word, mausim, meaning season
Indian Monsoon
Monsoon
Rain lasts for weeks at a time
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2XIEKA3rbVI&feature=related
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R67iIYene_w&feature=fvwrel
Thermal breezes
Land/sea breeze
Monsoons
Valley breeze
Katabatic wind
Chinook
Valley Breeze
Smaller scale wind
Also driven by diurnal variations
in heating
During the day land warms
faster than the air and upslope
winds are induced
At night the opposite occurs and
downslope winds are induced
Important feature for hikers
Thermal breezes
Land/sea breeze
Monsoons
Valley breeze
Katabatic wind
Chinook
Katabatic Wind
Another mountain wind
Air passing over a glacier
Thermal breezes
Land/sea breeze
Monsoons
Valley breeze
Katabatic wind
Chinook
Chinook
Wind on the lee side of
Chinook
Aspre (France)
Foehn (Switzerland)
Sky sweeper (Spain)
Phenomena released as
Creepers in North America
in 1985 features a Foehn wind
- linked to mood swings/madness
headache occurrence
Epidemiological study statistical linkage between two
factors not necessarily causal
Explanations
Psychological trigger many believe that migraines are
Outline
Part 1 Thermal Winds
Part 2 Urban Heat Island
What is it?
What causes it?
Torontos heat island
Higher
Lower
Higher
Lower
Lower
Lower
Higher
Higher
Higher
compared to surrounding
areas
Most noticeable at night and
in the winter months
More intense when winds are
weak or non-existent
Up to 10C warmer in city
core
Mitigated by green space,
water
Several sources
Reduced evaporation
Reduced albedo (reflectivity)
Heat storage
Heat generation
Evaporative Cooling
Radiant energy from the sun is used at the surface
Surface heating
Evaporation
Ground storage
Dry Surface
Surface heating
Ground storage
Evaporation
Suppression of Evaporation
Buildings, pavement prevent evaporation
Lack of vegetation which would bring water up
Albedo Changes
Albedo is a surfaces ability to
reflect energy
Albedo ranges from 0 to 1
0 represents no reflected energy,
all absorbed by the surface
1 represents all the energy is
reflected, none absorbed by the
surface
Albedo
Snow has a high albedo
approaching 1
In urban areas there is less
snow
Snow that does fall is removed
Urban areas thus have lower
albedo and thus more energy is
absorbed
Heat Storage
Tall buildings create a complex geometry canyon effect
Radiant energy trapped by buildings
Wind is blocked, preventing convective cooling
Outline
Part 1 Thermal Winds
Part 2 Urban Heat Island
What is it?
What causes it?
Torontos heat island
(1967)
First thorough examination of
Torontos micro-climate
Discovered a well defined heat
island focused on the downtown
Modified by wind and topography
UHI shaped by cool air intrusion
from Lake Ontario flooding up
the Humber, Don and Rouge
Valleys
Toronto, Ontario
Pearson
Toronto
Lake Ontario
Vineland
Tmin
Tmax
Lake Breeze
that it has.
More
Recent
1977-1987
Diurnal Temperature
Why has the heat island
increased?
Time series from
downtown Toronto
station 1840 - 2000
Links to topography,
urbanization
1860
1900
1940
1980
2020
TMAX
TMIN
DIFF
Rural Comparison
Diurnal Temperature Range
13
12
11
10
TORONTO
VINELAND
6
1940
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
DELHI
PEARSON
Urban sprawling
Limits to UHI
Urban sprawl limits cooling
1860
1900
1940
1980
2020
TMAX
TMIN
DIFF
Summary
Intensifying UHI in Toronto
Outline
Part 1 Thermal Winds
Analysis
Trends in temperature for seven stations in the GTA
To isolate the urban heat island effect, changes in annual
Mean temperature
4.00
2.00
1.00
20
00
19
98
19
96
19
94
19
92
19
90
19
88
19
86
19
84
19
82
19
80
19
78
19
76
19
74
-1.00
19
72
0.00
19
70
3.00
-2.00
Years
-3.00
Torndow n
Pearson
ToronIsland
Richmondhill
Woodbridge
Albionhill
Oshaw a
Maximum Temparature
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
-1
18 7
8
18 8
8
18 9
8
19 0
8
19 1
8
19 2
8
19 3
8
19 4
8
19 5
8
19 6
8
19 7
8
-2
Years
-3
Minimum Temperature
10
8
6
4
2
0
-2
18 7
8
18 8
8
-4
6
4
2
0
-2
-4
18 7
8
18 8
8
18 9
8
19 0
8
19 1
8
19 2
8
19 3
8
19 4
8
19 5
8
19 6
8
19 7
8
Years
Toronto
19 0
8
19 1
8
19 2
8
Years
Mean Temperature
18 9
8
Beatrice
19 3
8
19 4
8
19 5
8
19 6
8
19 7
8
To
r
n
on
Is
la
To
nd
ro
nP
ea
rs
R
on
ic
hm
on
d
H
ill
W
oo
db
rid
ge
O
sh
aw
a
M
illg
ro
ve
A
lb
K
io
in
n
g
H
S
ill
m
ok
e
Tr
ee
on
do
w
To
r
Temperature C
Annual Mean
11
10
9
1970-2000
1989-2000
Conclusions
Magnitude of the trends in temperature are higher in
Part III
Research
Chinooks and day to day temperature variability
Gough (2008)
W.A. Gough
4
2
Feb. 1980
Beatrice
0
1
-2
-4
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28
Mean: -5.46C
S.D.: 4.1C
5C swings: 3
-6
Series1
-8
-10
-12
-14
-16
-18
previous day
DTD
Ti 1
N 1
Linear
Random
Oscillatory
0
1
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Theoretical cases
Create a fictional month of 30 days
10 days have 2 oC
10 days have 3 oC
10 days have 4 oC
Conclusions
Linear climate (strong memory), R < 1
Random climate (little to no memory), R ~ 1
Oscillatory climate (reactionary swings), R > 1
What about real data?
Toronto Variability
1971 2000 data, R is
Ratio
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
1
10
11
12
Month
Tmin
Tmax
Ratio Calgary
0.8
0.7
0.6
Ratio
so in winter
Tmin in this case is more
random especially in the
summer months
0.9
0.5
Tmin
0.4
Tmax
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
1
Month
10
11
12
Toronto/Calgary comparison
R values are not very
5 C Swings Tmin
12
10
Number of Swings
intuitive to grasp
Another measure of
variability: counting number
of times that the
temperature swings exceed
5C
Autumn differences due to
presence of Lake Ontario
mitigates cold extremes
0
1
Month
Toronto
Calgary
10
11
12
Toronto/Calgary Comparison
5C swings
Tmax
Calgary has a dryer
14
12
10
Counts
climate available
energy heats the surface
rather than evaporate
water
5 C Swings Tmax
Toronto
Calgary
6
4
2
0
1
Month
10
11
12
Toronto/Calgary Comparison
10 C Swings Tmin
3.5
10C Swings
Very few large swings in the
2.5
Counts
Toronto
Calgary
1.5
1
0.5
0
1
10
11
12
Month
10 C Swings Tmax
4.5
4
3.5
Month
3
2.5
Toronto
Calgary
1.5
1
0.5
0
1
Counts
10
11
12
extremes
Chinooks
Can produce rapid changes
in temperature on the
leeside of the Rockies
Chinooks
Calgary chinooks provide
Chinook days
Mainly in winter months
Several definitions used
Conclusions
Climate of Toronto and Calgary cannot be characterized as
Next week
Measuring WIND