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AGA Operations Conference Corrosion Committee Meeting April 27, 2005 Chicago, IL
AGA Operations Conference Corrosion Committee Meeting April 27, 2005 Chicago, IL
AGA Operations Conference Corrosion Committee Meeting April 27, 2005 Chicago, IL
AGA Operations Conference Corrosion Committee Meeting April 27, 2005 Chicago, IL
AGA Operations Conference Corrosion Committee Meeting April 27, 2005 Chicago, IL
AGA Operations Conference Corrosion Committee Meeting April 27, 2005 Chicago, IL
Corrosion in Soils
> Metal corrosion in undisturbed soils is generally very low
regardless of the soil composition, e.g. metal piles driven
into the soil.
> Corrosion of metal (steel) in disturbed soils (e.g., buried
pipelines that are backfilled) is strongly affected by soil
conditions as noted earlier.
> Soil changes its chemical and physical nature continuously
over time and seasonally.
> Factors contributing to the changes include precipitation,
plant growth and decay, roads, power lines, farming factors,
road salting, etc.
AGA Operations Conference Corrosion Committee Meeting April 27, 2005 Chicago, IL
Chloride level
Moisture content
Oxygen content/Redox potential
Soil permeability/texture
pH/Acidity
Temperature
Soil resistivity
Drainage characteristics
Sulfate and Sulfite ion concentrations
Microbiological activity
Stray currents
Spillage of corrosive substance/pollution
AGA Operations Conference Corrosion Committee Meeting April 27, 2005 Chicago, IL
Soil Classification/Texture
> There are numerous ways to classify soils.
> Broad classifications by material are:
Mineral Soils (<15% organic matter)
Organic Soils
> Muck: 15-50% organic Matter
> Peat: >50% organic Matter
AGA Operations Conference Corrosion Committee Meeting April 27, 2005 Chicago, IL
Soil Classification/Texture
> Clay has the finest particle size which reduces movement of air
(oxygen) and water, i.e. low aeration when wet. This may lead to
very low general corrosion, but increase local (pitting) corrosion by
setting up differential aeration cells.
> However the high plasticity (stickiness) of clay during shrink-swell
of the soil can pull off susceptible coatings.
> Clay also is susceptible to cracking during wet-dry cycling which
can help transport air and moisture down to the pipe surface.
> Sand promotes aeration and moisture distribution. Soluble salts
and gases (air/oxygen) can are more easily transported to the
metal surface. This may lead to greater general corrosion but also
produce less pitting.
AGA Operations Conference Corrosion Committee Meeting April 27, 2005 Chicago, IL
Soil Classification/Drainage
> Drainage can be affected by the soil texture, lay of the
land/inclination, seasonal precipitation, and the water table
height and variation.
> The affect of drainage on general corrosion and maximum
pitting rates has been studied for buried steel and is presented
below:
Drainage Class
(relative level)
Very Poor
Poor
Fair
Good
General Crsn
(mil/yr)
2.3
1.5
2.5
0.86
AGA Operations Conference Corrosion Committee Meeting April 27, 2005 Chicago, IL
Soil pH
>
>
Corrosivity
Severe
Moderate
Neutral (low)
None (low)
Acid/Alkaline
Acidic Soil
Slightly Acidic
Neutral
Alkaline Soil
[Romanoff, M., Underground Corrosion, NIST 1957]
>
>
Soil pH
>
pH
< 4.0
4.1-6.0
6.1-7.0
7.1-8.1
8.1-10.0
> 10.0
% Occurrence
0.1
5
10
27
55
3
[Kroon, D.H., Integrity Assurance Program for Underground Storage Tank Systems, NACE Conf. Paper CP-13, California, 1987]
AGA Operations Conference Corrosion Committee Meeting April 27, 2005 Chicago, IL
AGA Operations Conference Corrosion Committee Meeting April 27, 2005 Chicago, IL
Soil Res.
(ohm-cm)
> 12,000
5,000-12,000
1,000-5,000
<1,000
General Crsn
(mil/yr)
1.4
1.3
2.3
2.48
AGA Operations Conference Corrosion Committee Meeting April 27, 2005 Chicago, IL
% Occurrence
16.1
37.1
20.7
16.5
9.6
[Kroon, D.H., Integrity Assurance Program for Underground Storage Tank Systems, NACE Conf. Paper CP-13, California, 1987]
AGA Operations Conference Corrosion Committee Meeting April 27, 2005 Chicago, IL
Soil Conductivity
> Soil Conductivity is another measure of the electrical resistance
of the soil. It is measured in a solution of water.
> A high conductivity suggests a high corrosion rate (efficient
electrolyte).
> It is measured in Siemens/centimeter (S/cm), sometimes S is
referred to as mho since 1S = 1(Ohm)-1, and sometimes the
/cm is dropped.
AGA Operations Conference Corrosion Committee Meeting April 27, 2005 Chicago, IL
Soil Conductivity
> Another study looked at 7590 underground sites and found:
Conductivity (millimho/cm)
< 0.020
0.020-0.049
0.050-0.099
0.100-0.999
> 0.999
% Occurrence
0.1
2.6
10.7
21.2
6.9
[Kroon, D.H., Integrity Assurance Program for Underground Storage Tank Systems, NACE Conf. Paper CP-13, California, 1987]
AGA Operations Conference Corrosion Committee Meeting April 27, 2005 Chicago, IL
AGA Operations Conference Corrosion Committee Meeting April 27, 2005 Chicago, IL
AGA Operations Conference Corrosion Committee Meeting April 27, 2005 Chicago, IL
Corrosivity
Severe
Considerable
Corrosive
Threshold
[modified ACI-318 Building Code]
AGA Operations Conference Corrosion Committee Meeting April 27, 2005 Chicago, IL
% Occurrence
43.4
19.9
16.3
7.8
12.6
[Kroon, D.H., Integrity Assurance Program for Underground Storage Tank Systems, NACE Conf. Paper CP-13, California, 1987]
AGA Operations Conference Corrosion Committee Meeting April 27, 2005 Chicago, IL
Soil Corrosivity
Severe
Considerable
Detectible
Negligible
[modified ACI-318 Building Code]
Combines with Fe
and forms FeS
AGA Operations Conference Corrosion Committee Meeting April 27, 2005 Chicago, IL
% Occurrence
66.2
23.9
8.0
1.9
[Kroon, D.H., Integrity Assurance Program for Underground Storage Tank Systems, NACE Conf. Paper CP-13, California, 1987]
AGA Operations Conference Corrosion Committee Meeting April 27, 2005 Chicago, IL
% Occurrence
15.2
48.3
27.0
7.6
1.2
0.7
[Kroon, D.H., Integrity Assurance Program for Underground Storage Tank Systems, NACE Conf. Paper CP-13, California, 1987]
AGA Operations Conference Corrosion Committee Meeting April 27, 2005 Chicago, IL
AGA Operations Conference Corrosion Committee Meeting April 27, 2005 Chicago, IL
Aeration
Soil Corrosivity
Negative
0 to 100 mV
not aerated
none to weak
Extremely severe
Severe
100 to 200 mV
weakly aerated
Moderate
200 to 400 mV
aerated
Slight
> 400 mV
AGA Operations Conference Corrosion Committee Meeting April 27, 2005 Chicago, IL
Low
>6.5
>20,000
<0.2
<100
<150
Not Detectable
<20%
>200
Moderate
5.5-6.5
5,000-10,000
0.2-0.4
100-1,500
150-1,500
1-5
>20%
100-200
Severe
<5.5
<3,000
>0.4
>1,500
>1,500
>5
>20%
<100
The affects of Soil Classification, Texture, and Drainage are difficult to quantify.
AGA Operations Conference Corrosion Committee Meeting April 27, 2005 Chicago, IL
Summary
> It may be possible to combine:
The data in this presentation and the thumb rules stated; with
The direct observations and analysis of the soil conditions and
observed corrosion for a pipeline segment; and
Prehistory from the Pre-Assessment
QUESTIONS ???
AGA Operations Conference Corrosion Committee Meeting April 27, 2005 Chicago, IL