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3693
1. INTRODUCTION
Propagation of electromagnetic (EM) waves in radio
frequency (RF) and microwave systems is described
mathematically by Maxwells equations with corresponding boundary conditions. Dielectric properties of
lossless and lossy materials influence EM field distribution. For a better understanding of the physical
processes associated with various RF and microwave
devices, it is necessary to know the dielectric properties
of media that interact with EM waves. For telecommunication and radar devices, variations of complex dielectric
permittivity (referring to the dielectric property) over a
wide frequency range are important. For RF and microwave applicators intended for thermal treatments of different materials at ISM (industrial, scientific, medical)
frequencies, one needs to study temperature and moisture
content dependencies of the permittivity of the treated
materials.
Many techniques have been developed for the measurement of material permittivity. Some general descriptions
of those methods are provided in the literature [14]. The
measurement results for diverse dielectric media are compiled in the literature [57].
The objective of this article is to provide a brief description of basic physical theory for the measurement of permittivity associated with three popular experimental
methods and to review the permittivities for different materials. Most of these data are taken from the literature,
but some of permittivity data were measured in Biological
Systems Engineering Department of Washington State
University. The measurements were conducted by means
of open-ended coaxial probe method with commercial
instrumentation.
s
e0 o
DT
5:563 1011 f E2 e00
Dt
The attenuation factor a depends on the dielectric properties of the material [5] and is given by
2
0s
131=2
00 2
2p 41 0 @
e
e
1 0
1A5
a
l0 2
e
2. THEORY OF PERMITTIVITY
Permittivity is a quantity used to describe dielectric properties that influence reflection of electromagnetic waves at
interfaces and the attenuation of wave energy within materials. In frequency domain, the complex relative permittivity e of a material to that of free space can be expressed
in the following form:
e e0 je00
and attenuation, and j 1. One more important parameter used in EM theory is a tangent of loss angle:
Penetration depth of microwave and RF power is defined as the depth where the power is reduced to 1/e
(e 2.718) of the power entering the surface (Fig. 1). The
penetration depth dp in meters of RF and microwave energy in a lossy material can be calculated by [5]
dp
c
v
3
u 2s
00 2
u
e
u
15
2pf t2e0 4 1 0
e
3694
Lossy material
Decay of EM power
according to Lambert's law
Po
Po*1/e
EM
radiation
dp
factor (Fig. 2). For moist dielectric materials ionic conductivity plays a major role at lower frequencies (e.g.,
o200 MHz), whereas both ionic conductivity and dipole
rotation of free water play a combined role at microwave
frequencies. MaxwellWagner polarization arises from
buildup of charges in the interface between components
in heterogeneous systems. The MaxwellWagner polarization effect peaks at about 0.1 MHz [7], but in general, its
contribution is small compared to that of ionic conductivity. For low-moisture media, bound water plays a major
role in dielectric heating in the frequency range between
20 and 30 GHz [10,11] at room temperature (201C) [12].
For a pure liquid, the Debye model [13] describes the
frequency-dependent dielectric properties in the rectangular form
e e1
es e1
es e1 ot
j
1 o2 t 2
1 o2 t2
where e1 is the infinite or high frequency relative permittivity, es is the static or zero-frequency relative permittivity, and t is the relaxation time in seconds of the
material. In general, the larger the molecules, the longer
the relaxation time. For a pure liquid, such as water, the
dielectric loss factor reaches the maximum at a critical
frequency related to the relaxation time fc 1=2pt. Water molecules are polar, and the most important constituent that contributes to the dielectric properties of moist
dielectrics. Water molecules bound to the surface of polar
materials in monolayers or multilayers have much longer
relaxation times than do free water molecules. For example, the relaxation time of bound water in different food
materials at 201C is determined to be between 0.98 and
2.00 ns, corresponding to a peak in e00 at B100 MHz,
whereas the relaxation time t of free water in those foods
at 201C is between 0.0071 and 0.00148 ns, corresponding
to a peak in e00 at around 16000 MHz [14]. Harvey and
Hoekstra [10] found that e00 of monolayer bound water in
lysozyme at 251C peaked at 300 MHz and e00 for the second
layer bound water peaked at about 10000 MHz. The two
Conductivity
Effect of increasing
temperature
Log (")
Free water
Maxwell-Wagner
effect
Figure 2. Contributions of various mechanisms of the loss factor e00 of moisture materials as a function of frequency (f) [12].
Effect of
increasing
temperature
Bound water
0.1
100
Log (f)
20,000 MHz.
15
10
'
"
0
107
108
3
109
Frequency (Hz)
1010
e 5:62
74:59
water
1 jf =17:0 109
e 5:76
27:89
methanol
1 jf =2:709 109
e 4:44
20:84
ethanol
1 jf =0:826 109
20
Dielectric properties
3695
'
"
16
12
8
4
0
10
100
Frequency (MHz)
1000
10000
Figure 4. Dielectric constant e0 and loss factor e00 of butyl alcohol at 201C [19].
3n
kT
10
n
T
11
12
3696
90
80
70
60
'
0C 2040C
0C
40
0C
25
20C
50
40C
30
75
"
50
40
30
10
20
0 9
10
0
108
10
1010
1011
1012
1013
(a)
"d
"t
"d
"
20
"
109
1010
1011
Frequency (Hz)
Figure 6. Effect of temperature on dielectric loss factor e00 of
0.5 N aqueous sodium chloride at three temperatures [18].
50
0C
40
"
25
30
50
75
20
10
0
109
1010
1011
1012
1013
(radians/s)
(b)
Figure 5. Effect of temperature on dielectric constant e0 and
loss factor e00 of free water (o 2pf, where f is frequency in Hz)
[22].
about 12 at 1800 MHz. The loss factor of codling moth larvae increases with temperature, especially at low frequencies. This is due mainly to the increase in ionic conduction
at high temperatures [12]. Increasing dielectric loss factor
with temperature often results in a well-known phenomenon, commonly referred to as thermal runaway [7], in
which a preferentially heated subject in an EM field accelerates heating as its temperature rises.
Figure 8 shows the loss factor of a typical dry nut (walnut kernels) over the frequency range from 1 to 1800 MHz
at five temperatures. The e00 values are less than 1 at frequencies below 50 MHz. The e00 values peak in the range
between 500 and 1000 MHz. The peak value of e00 for walnut kernels decreases with increasing temperature, while
the frequency corresponding to the peak e00 shifts to a
higher value. This temperature-dependent trend is typical
of polar molecules [20]. At any selected frequency in the
tested range, the loss factor of the walnut kernel generally
decreases with increasing temperature; that is, for a given
EM field intensity, higher temperature walnuts will absorb less energy than cooler ones, resulting in improved
heating uniformity.
Ice is almost transparent to microwaves (Table 1).
When a lossy material is frozen, both dielectric constant
and loss factor are significantly reduced; the degree of reduction depends, to a large extent, on the amount of water
500
20C
30C
40C
50C
60C
Loss factor
400
300
Effect of increasing
temperature
200
100
0
Figure 7. Dielectric loss factor of codling
moth larvae (slurry) at five temperatures [19].
10
100
Frequency (MHz)
1000
3697
5
20C
30C
40C
50C
60C
Effect of
increasing
temperature
10
100
Frequency (MHz)
1000
Figure 8. Dielectric loss factor of walnut kernels as a function of frequency at five temperatures [19].
Rate of evaporation
Loss factor
Relative Dielectric
Constant e 0
Loss Factor
e00
Loss Tangent
tan d
78
3.2
12.5
0.0029
0.16
0.0009
Mc
Figure 9. Rate of evaporation and dielectric loss factor as affected by food moisture content [7].
3698
Coaxial cable
Thermometer
Sample
Figure 10. Schematic diagram of experimental setup realizing open-ended coaxial probe
method [19].
Impedance analyzer
cell, a programmable circulator, a coaxial cable, and a personal computer connected to the ANA through a special
bus. The material under study is placed in a stainless steel
pressureproof test cell. The probe is kept in close contact
with the sample during the measurements via a stainless
steel spring and piston. A thin rigid stainless steel thermocouple probe passes onto the center of the sample to
measure sample temperature. The programmable circulator pumps a temperature-controlled liquid (90% ethylene
glycol and 10% water by volume) through the water jacket
of the test cell, allowing the sample inside to be heated and
cooled.
The sensing element of an OCP system is an open-ended cylindrical coaxial line that is excited by transverse
electromagnetic (TEM) wave. Parameters (amplitude and
phase) of incident and reflected signals are detected by the
ANA. The complex dielectric permittivity is determined
according to the reflected coefficient G G0 jG00 as follows [27]
2G00
;
1 G0 2 G002
1 G02 G002
e00 Ae f 1
1 G0 2 G002
e0 Ae f 1
13
where Ae is the empirical coefficient dependent on characteristic impedance of the probe and sample size. In order
to eliminate the influence of reflections caused by transmission-line discontinuities, a calibration procedure is utilized. The EM characteristics of the measurement system
are analyzed using three standard terminations (open,
short, and 50 O). Then any material with well-known dielectric properties such as deionized water, for example, is
tested. The actual reflection coefficient differs from reflection coefficient measured using ANA (Gm) [25]
G
Gm a11
a22 Gm a11 a12
14
where a11 is the directivity error, a12 is the frequency response error, a22 is the source match error. Taking into
account propagation constant (g) and distance from the
connector to the probe head (z) we can calculate aij in
Probe
Jacket
Water bath
15
The OCP method is very well suited for liquids or soft solid
samples. It is accurate, fast, and broadband (from 0.2 to up
to 20 GHz). The measurement requires little sample preparation. A major disadvantage of this method is that it is
not suitable for measuring materials with low dielectric
property (plastics, oils, etc.).
3.2. Transmission-Line Method
The transmission-line method (TLM) belongs to a large
group of nonresonant methods of measuring complex dielectric permittivity of different materials in a microwave
range [7,51]. Several modifications to this method exist,
including the free-space technique [29], the opencircuit network method (see previous section), and the
short-circuited network method. Usually three main types
of transmission lines are used as the measurement cell in
TLM: rectangular waveguide, coaxial line, and microstrip
line.
Consider the distribution of the TEM wave in a shortcircuited coaxial line partially filled with a lossy material
under study (Fig. 11). Analyzed sample is placed near the
short-circuited end of the transmission line. The dielectric
properties of the sample are determined using the follow-
3699
Short
circuit
end
Lossy sample
Coaxial line
g
Emax
Emin
z
l
g
ing expressions
2
l 2 2
l
2
x y
;
e
2pd
lqc
0
l 2
2xy
e00
2pd
16
17
18
19
the TEM wave could propagate from the input port to the
output port. Impedance changes and propagation characteristics (S parameters) of the TEM wave measured by
means of ANA in empty and partially loaded transmission
line lead to determination of the dielectric properties of
lossy material. Basic principles of this technique are given
in Ref. 30.
In general, a TLM measurement system is more expensive for the same range of frequency than the openended coaxial probe system, and the measurements are
more difficult and time-consuming. The method described
above gives a good accuracy for high-loss materials. But it
has rigid requirements on sample shape and sizes. In particular, the sample shape needs to precisely fit the cross
section of the transmission line. In some cases, in order to
increase accuracy, it is necessary to measure several samples of various thicknesses. Despite these drawbacks,
TLM is still widely used in microwave measuring engineering because of its simplicity. Using coaxial line as a
basic unit of measurement cell makes this method sufficiently broadband. The accuracy of this method is generally between that of the OCP method and that of the
resonance cavity method.
3.3. Resonant Cavity Method
Resonant cavity methods are also widely utilized in measuring complex dielectric permittivity of lossy materials.
The most popular resonant cavity method is the perturbation method (PM), which is based on a comparative
analysis of certain EM characteristics between empty and
a partially loaded rectangular or cylindrical resonance
cavity [31]. A schematic diagram of an experimental setup of PM is shown in Fig. 12.
According to PM theory [32,33], dielectric permittivity
and losses of a sample under study are determined as follows:
Vc Df
Vc 1
1
e0 1 A1
20
; e00 B1
Vs f 0
Vs Q 1 Q 0
where f0 and Q0 are the resonance frequency and Q factor
of the empty cavity, f1 and Q1 are the resonance frequency
3700
MG
2
(a)
Sample
RF connector
Q
f
fc
Support
Figure 12. (a) Microwave system for measuring dielectric properties of lossy materials:
microwave generator (1), attenuator (2),
wavemeter (3), cavity resonator (4), and sample (5); (b) closeup view of a sample, cavity,
and related principles for the measurement.
fc
r*
Q
Computer software
(b)
3701
Table 2. Electrical Conductivity (r) and Dielectric Properties at 27 and 915 MHz of Lossy Materials at Room-Temperature
Conditions
s 100
(S/m)
e0
e00
1.0
B0
1.0
B0
0.51.1 10 2
3.25
13.3
23.1
32.0
40.5
49.8
92.5
173
333
400
80.1
79.6
80.3
80.6
81.5
82.1
83.6
88.0
99.2
126.1
0.03
18.9
75.1
126.6
178.5
226.3
276.0
524.3
985.8
1866
78.4
78.8
78.9
79.0
78.7
78.6
78.6
78.1
77.3
75.7
3.6
4.5
6.4
8.2
9.9
11.5
13.3
21.8
37.2
67.1
1.051.33
0.861.3
18.5
43.0
79.5
64.3
87.5
138.9
80.8
248.9
74.7
56.9
77.2
9.9
8.9
13.5
42.0
610
515
31.0
87.6
125.2
185.4
458.3
69.7
59.9
14.3
22.4
B0
At 915 MHz
00
Materials
Air
Water
Distilled/deionised
Fresh (tapwater, Pullman, WA, USA)
0.05% salt (common salt, Nail)
0.10%
0.15%
0.20%
0.25%
0.50%
1.0%
2.0%
Sea
Apples:
McIntosh/Winesap
Fuji
Red Delicious (juice)
Apples (flesh)
Immature apple (juice)
Cherries:
Bing, Rainier (flesh)
Sweetheart (juice)
Vegetables pieces
Fruit pieces
Insect: codling moth (5th instars)
At 27 MHz RF
Figure 13 shows the effect of temperature on the dielectric loss factor of selected foods at 3000 MHz [37]. The
high salt content in the ham makes the dielectric properties of this product quite different from those of the remaining materials in the graph. Due to ionic polarization,
the dielectric loss factors increase with temperature above
the freezing point, which is contrary to the trend of dielectric properties of other foods in which loss mechanisms
are determined mostly by the dipole polarization of free
water. One advantage of the decreased loss factor with
increasing temperature is the so-called temperature leveling effect. When a certain portion of a food is overheated,
the loss factor of that part is reduced, which results in less
conversion of microwave energy to heat at that part of the
food and helps reduce nonuniform spatial temperature
distribution.
When thawing frozen foods at relatively high microwave
power levels, one often experiences the thermal runaway
phenomenon, in which certain areas of the food are overheated while the other areas are still frozen. This is because faster thawing of a portion of food due to uneven
heating dramatically increases the loss factor of that part of
the food due to the high loss factor of free water (Fig. 13),
which in turn increases microwave absorption, causing
more uneven heating. In practice, a low microwave power
level is often used in microwave thawing so that heat conduction can reduce nonuniform temperature distribution.
In industrial tempering (a process that brings deep-frozen
products from 301 or 101C to a few degrees below
3702
T (1C)
25
49
82
25
Cotton oil
49
0
Flour
(Mc 3.2%)
40
70
0
Skimmed milk
powder
40
70
107
10
e0
e00
e0
e00
e0
e00
e0
e00
e0
e00
e0
e00
e0
e00
e0
e00
e0
e00
e0
e00
e0
e00
2.8
0.184
3.5
0.196
4.0
0.160
2.1
0.038
2.1
0.044
2.4
0.067
108
109
2.85
0.159
2.88
0.138
2.86
0.092
2.83
0.174
2.87
0.134
2.62
0.168
2.71
0.174
2.72
0.140
2.64
0.175
2.70
0.174
2.8
0.184
2.7
0.235
3.2
0.275
1.9
0.040
1.8
0.054
2.0
0.072
amount of free water is available as the solvent. In addition, air voids in apple samples as a result of dehydration
contribute to the low values of both e0 and e00 .
Salty products (e.g., macaroni and cheese) have, on
the other hand, much larger loss factors than do fresh
fruits (Table 4). In addition, the loss factor of fresh
fruits and macaroni and cheese increases sharply with
increasing temperature, especially at low frequency (e.g.,
27 MHz).
There has been increasing interest in using RF and
microwave energy as a new thermal treatment method for
"
35
30
Cooked ham
Mashed
potato
20
+
15
10 Cooked
ham
20
25
+
0
20
Temperature (C)
Cooked
+ carrot
Raw beef
Cooked beef
Distilled
water
40
60
40
'
(a)
40
'
(d)
30
30
20
20
60C
MC = 69%
(b)
10
0
25
(e)
20
20
'
15
15
'
10
22C
MC = 24%
5
0
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
"
10
60C
MC = 22%
"
(c)
"
5
0
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
(f)
'
'
22C
MC = 4%
10x106
60C
MC = 4%
"
100x106
1x109
10x106
"
100x106
Frequency (Hz)
Permittivity
Permittivity
"
22C
MC = 70%
10
0
25
3703
1x109
Frequency (Hz)
Figure 14. Dielectric properties of Red Delicious apples at three moisture contents and two temperatures [20].
(6873%), skin (6076%), lung (8083%), eye (r89%) compile the first group. Fat (510%) and bone (816%) tissues
may be included in the second group. Moisture content in
blood is higher than in other tissues (r83%).
Complex dielectric permittivity of some biological materials at room temperature and 2450 MHz taken from
Refs. 46 and 47 is represented in Table 7. Bloodflow seldom influences their dielectric properties, excluding tis-
60
(a)
12
'
40
14
(b)
60C
22C
50
"
10
8
30
6
4
2
10
0
60
50
2450 MHz
2450 MHz
0
14
(c)
(d)
'
40
12
"
20
10
8
30
20
4
2
10
915 MHz
0
0
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 0
Moisture content %
915 MHz
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Moisture content %
Figure 15. Dielectric properties of Red Delicious apples at 915 and 2450 MHz as influenced by
moisture content on a wet basis [20].
3704
20
e
e00
e0
e00
e0
e00
e0
e00
e0
e00
e0
e00
e00
e0
e0
e00
e0
e00
e0
e00
e0
e00
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
121.1
27 MHz
40 MHz
915 MHz
1800 MHz
70.9078.96
400.03755.18
72.4079.09
486.57766.47
72.8778.22
593.50763.65
72.6778.87
688.70767.08
73.0778.55
800.30757.46
74.0378.03
921.37762.49
73.8378.13
1060.27755.75
76.6778.37
1208.60767.57
80.9375.59
1382.237117.32
83.2374.91
1536.137164.25
84.3375.26
1712.807172.76
65.2778.29
273.47737.76
66.5378.52
331.40745.06
66.6377.65
403.13743.11
66.2778.20
466.53745.38
66.1377.91
541.43738.88
66.6777.51
622.73742.61
65.6777.43
716.17737.55
67.1777.34
815.70745.29
69.9074.75
932.73778.84
71.1373.60
1035.877110.15
71.0774.17
1154.577115.96
40.2373.71
21.3373.81
40.8773.18
23.4774.26
40.9072.88
27.3075.51
40.5373.07
29.7775.55
40.0373.00
32.8775.21
40.0772.70
36.2374.76
39.5372.39
39.7074.75
40.6774.88
43.2373.30
40.6774.38
48.1772.55
40.3774.48
52.3773.04
38.9374.82
57.4073.64
38.7775.41
17.4073.39
39.0775.35
17.9073.46
39.3075.10
19.0373.21
38.9075.16
19.7073.03
38.5375.08
20.9372.71
38.1774.89
22.2372.49
37.5774.92
23.6772.44
37.1774.60
25.2371.40
37.1374.52
27.5770.84
36.7774.67
29.5771.36
35.5774.84
31.8771.75
00
jje je jj
0
eLL je00LL
e0RL je00RL
0
e je00
UL
UL
e0LR je00LR
e0RR je00RR
e0UR je00UR
e0LU je00LU
0
00
eRU jeRU
0
00
e je
UU
21
UU
where L, R, and U are the longitudinal, radial and tangential axes of anisotropy, respectively. Rotation of electric
field vector E on a 1801 angle does not change the di-
0
e0R je00R
0
0
e0U je00U
0
22
23
3705
Table 5. Dielectric Properties (Mean7STD) of Fruits and Nuts at Five Temperatures and Four Frequencies
Dielectric Constant
Material
Apple
(GDa)
Apple
(RDa)
Almond
Cherry
Grape
Fruit
Orange
Walnut
Temperature
(1C)
20
30
40
50
60
20
30
40
50
60
20
30
40
50
60
20
30
40
50
60
20
30
40
50
60
20
30
40
50
60
20
30
40
50
60
Loss Factor
Frequency (MHz)
Frequency (MHz)
27
40
915
1800
27
40
915
1800
72.570.6
71.370.8
69.770.8
68.170.8
66.570.8
74.670.6
72.770.8
70.670.8
68.770.9
66.871.0
5.970.1
5.771.7
5.871.6
5.871.6
6.071.5
91.270.1
91.470.9
91.072.0
89.673.6
89.875.5
89.075.1
90.376.8
91.979.2
93.8711.3
96.5714.0
84.070.1
82.270.3
80.270.7
78.070.5
75.870.9
4.970.0
5.070.1
5.170.1
5.270.1
5.370.0
72.670.7
71.370.8
69.670.8
67.970.8
66.470.9
74.770.5
72.870.7
70.870.8
68.770.8
66.870.8
5.970.1
5.971.8
6.17 1.9
6.271.8
6.371.8
85.070.4
84.070.8
82.471.6
79.972.7
78.573.8
82.771.8
81.972.7
81.474.0
80.975.2
80.876.6
81.070.1
78.570.3
75.770.6
72.770.4
69.970.6
4.870.0
4.970.1
5.170.1
5.170.0
5.270.0
74.370.8
72.370.7
70.070.8
67.871.0
65.671.0
77.070.0
74.570.2
71.570.1
68.970.2
67.170.5
1.770.9
3.272.3
3.372.0
3.470.5
3.171.4
73.770.1
72.070.3
69.670.7
66.771.6
64.171.8
72.772.5
70.872.3
68.572.1
66.172.1
63.772.0
72.971.9
70.671.8
68.072.1
66.1 0.6
63.270.7
2.271.6
2.170.3
3.070.1
3.470.0
3.870.0
67.470.9
66.070.9
64.170.9
62.171.0
60.171.0
70.470.5
68.370.4
66.170.5
64.070.5
62.070.8
5.870.2
3.472.3
3.672.1
4.271.6
3.972.3
70.970.1
69.770.3
67.870.6
65.271.5
62.871.6
72.171.2
70.271.1
68.271.1
66.070.9
63.770.8
72.570.1
70.770.3
68.670.4
65.670.2
62.770.3
2.170.7
2.770.2
3.270.0
3.570.0
3.770.0
120.472.1
143.972.0
171.872.6
202.273.3
234.174.3
92.070.9
109.170.6
130.771.1
153.871.6
178.672.3
1.27 0.2
0.670.2
0.670.1
0.670.3
0.770.1
293.074.3
363.1711.2
44.01726.6
501.9737.2
565.4754.0
202.479.3
242.678.9
291.479.0
345.377.8
401.175.8
223.370.6
267.971.8
318.075.3
367.775.0
418.476.5
0.670.0
0.570.1
0.470.0
0.370.1
0.470.1
80.571.5
96.471.4
115.371.7
135.872.2
157.472.7
61.170.8
72.870.6
87.570.8
103.171.3
119.971.6
1.570.2
1.170.6
1.070.5
1.170.6
1.170.4
198.572.9
245.777.6
297.5718.0
338.9725.1
381.8736.6
137.877.0
165.276.9
198.477.3
235.276.9
273.375.8
151.670.3
181.671.1
215.373.4
248.673.4
282.874.3
0.770.1
0.670.1
0.670.1
0.570.1
0.570.0
8.570.8
8.571.1
8.270.9
8.370.6
8.770.3
10.071.4
9.471.8
10.072.5
9.872.8
8.971.9
5.770.5
6.471.8
6.071.3
5.770.1
6.471.3
16.470.0
17.270.5
18.371.0
19.371.4
20.471.9
12.170.0
12.570.2
13.370.4
14.270.3
15.570.3
16.572.8
17.872.7
18.773.0
17.571.2
18.471.2
2.970.1
2.670.1
2.370.1
2.070.0
1.870.0
9.970.1
8.770.0
7.670.0
6.970.1
6.770.1
10.870.2
9.470.7
8.3 0.7
7.470.8
6.770.7
2.970.8
3.470.9
3.570.7
3.470.2
3.071.2
16.070.2
15.170.6
14.670.9
14.271.1
14.171.4
12.670.1
11.570.2
10.970.2
10.770.2
10.770.2
14.870.5
13.970.5
13.170.5
12.370.2
12.270.2
1.870.2
1.670.2
1.370.2
1.170.1
1.070.1
a
GD, Golden Delicious; RD, Red Delicious
Source: Ref. 41.
25
Similar functions for cured and vulcanized nitrile butadiene rubber (NBR) at 2450 MHz have been measured
[54] (see Fig. 17). Experimental data of the complex dielectric permittivity of some rubbers at various frequencies have also been given [5].
3706
Table 6. Dielectric Properties (Mean7STD) of Four Insect Larvae at Five Temperatures and Four Frequencies
Dielectric Constant
Material
Temperature
(1C)
Codling
moth
Indianmeal
moth
Mexican
fruitfly
Navel
orange
worm
20
30
40
50
60
20
30
40
50
60
20
30
40
50
60
20
30
40
50
60
Loss Factor
Frequency (MHz)
Frequency (MHz)
27
40
915
1800
27
40
915
1800
71.570.9
71.570.1
73.870.1
79.371.1
84.572.5
81.371.9
85.872.7
94.471.5
103.770.8
113.073.3
90.3713.6
105.1721.5
117.4728.2
128.7733.6
141.2737.5
80.270.3
83.671.5
87.772.1
92.871.6
99.470.0
64.970.9
63.970.2
64.570.1
68.571.6
71.572.9
69.170.9
72.071.4
77.370.9
83.770.5
90.472.2
71.270.3
87.2712.1
95.4716.6
102.9720.0
111.5722.8
68.670.4
70.471.0
72.771.6
75.971.2
80.170.0
47.970.2
45.970.9
44.670.6
45.671.5
45.072.4
39.970.4
39.270.0
37.670.8
37.271.3
37.871.6
48.573.4
47.373.5
46.472.9
45.772.3
44.572.0
44.571.3
43.670.4
42.870.1
42.370.4
42.270.1
44.570.1
42.970.9
41.670.4
42.771.5
41.972.2
37.570.5
36.970.1
35.570.9
35.371.4
35.671.7
47.070.7
45.570.4
44.770.8
44.171.4
43.071.6
42.271.4
41.570.7
40.770.1
40.270.1
40.070.0
238.17 0.1
277.87 8.5
332.4716.3
422.57 5.9
511.3726.6
210.97 4.8
244.17 3.7
268.7725.1
314.0742.8
397.4757.8
343.9715.1
384.7715.2
446.1719.0
521.8732.1
582.2728.1
307.87 4.9
359.7710.5
419.4717.3
480.3724.5
562.77 3.3
163.37 0.4
190.27 5.4
227.5710.5
288.67 4.4
349.1718.3
149.07 3.7
172.47 3.0
190.9716.9
223.1728.1
280.7737.9
230.97 5.9
272.2718.2
316.5722.4
370.7733.0
414.5731.7
212.67 3.1
248.07 7.5
288.8712.0
330.8716.5
386.77 2.2
11.770.1
12.570.4
13.970.5
16.570.3
19.171.0
13.471.4
14.371.4
15.272.1
16.972.4
19.972.8
17.572.0
21.373.9
24.275.1
26.875.7
29.475.9
16.170.1
17.570.6
19.270.9
21.271.0
24.070.1
12.070.2
11.770.3
11.970.3
13.270.3
14.270.7
10.670.6
10.670.8
10.671.2
11.471.5
12.871.7
13.371.7
13.971.9
14.572.2
15.472.5
16.572.7
12.770.0
12.970.4
13.470.6
14.170.6
15.570.0
26
Table 7. Dielectric Permittivity (e0 ) and Loss Factor (e0 ) of Biotissues at 2450 MHz and Room Temperature
Tissue
0
00
e je
Eye
Brain
Fat
Muscle
Kidneys
Skin
Blood
30 j8
32 j15.5
5 j0.99
46 j13.5
44.5 j14.9
43 j14
65 j19.5
'
3707
"
1.4
1.2
30 %
5
0.8
4
20 %
0.6
3
0.4
2
'
"
1
0
20
3.5
30
40
0.2
10 %
MC = 0%
50
60
Temperature C
70
0
90
80
'
"
"
1.5
1.2
3.3
'
3.1
0.9
2.9
0.6
'
"
2.7
2.5
40
50
60
70
80
90
100 110
Temperature C
120
130
140
0.3
150
'
0
160
"
"
3.8
0.25
0.2
0.15
3.6
'
3.4
0.1
3.2
0.05
3
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
Temperature C
120
130
140
0
150
Table 8. Dielectric Permittivity (e0 ) and Loss Factor (e0 ) of Plastics [5,7] at 2450 MHz
Material
0
00
e je
China
Ultem
Polyetilene
Polystirol
Teflon
Glass
5.7 j0.05
3.5 j0.0013
2.2 j0.004
2.5 j0.00 l
2.05 j0.002
7.6 0.156
3708
', "
7
6
5
4
'
3
2
"
1
Figure 19. Dielectric permittivity e0 and
loss factor e00 of zeolite ceramics: experiment
(solid lines) and approximation (black circles)
[59].
0
300
325
350
375
400
425
Temperature C
450
475
500
Table 9. Dielectric Permittivity (e0 ) and Loss Factor (e0 ) of Ceramic Materials
T 5001C
f (MHz)
915
2450
T 10001C
T 12001C
e0
e00
e0
e00
e0
e00
9.13
9.13
0.022
0.087
10.47
10.86
0.66
0.53
13.32
12.66
3.83
2.01
Table 10. Dielectric Permittivity (e0 ) and Loss Factor (e0 ) of Some Soils
MC 4%
Soil
0
00
Sand e je
Clay e 0 je00
MC 12%
MC 20%
1 GHZ
3 GHZ
1 GHZ
3 GHZ
1 GHZ
3 GHZ
3.33 j0.13
3.05 j0.78
3.05 j0.26
2.88 j0.73
11.6 j0.78
12.5 j4.30
10.8 j1.04
11.4 j2.35
20.3 j1.17
22.2 j8.87
19.4 j1.96
19.2 j4.43
Table 11. Dielectric Permittivity (e0 ) and Loss Factor (e0 ) of Selected Minerals [66] at 2450 MHz
T 251C
Mineral
Chalcocite
Chalcopyrite
T 1001C
T 3001C
e0
e00
e0
e00
e0
e00
e0
e00
16.72
11.01
1.64
8.02
17.14
11.41
1.76
10.20
15.46
11.20
1.52
12.5
11.82
9.01
1.12
1.41
be approximated by expressions:
T 2001C
e 0:250933T
0:499713
;
27
5. CONCLUSION
Wide applications of dielectric materials require the
knowledge of their dielectric properties. We have represented data about dielectric permittivity for some of these
materials in RF and microwave ranges. Many of the experimental results given in Section 4 have been implemented in mathematical models of RF and microwave
technological applicators developed at Washington State
University.
Three main factorsfrequency, temperature and moisture contentwhich significantly influence the value
of e0 je00 are analyzed in details. In many cases, the nonlinear characteristic of temperature dependences of
dielectric permittivity dictates that the physical processes in RF and microwave systems are highly coupled
EM and heat conduction problem. A major challenge in
RF and microwave heating research and development
is to design RF applicators and microwave cavities that
provide uniform E-field patterns in treated materials.
With precise measurements of dielectric and thermal
properties for different materials, great success of new designs in industrial implementations will be expected in the
future.
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3711