US Sailing Judges Certification Test

STUDY QUESTIONS - Overview

Welcome to the 2013-2016 edition of the Study Questions for the US Sailing Judges
Certification Exam.
The test format consists of 100 questions. Half are True/False questions and then half are
questions about a series of "scenarios". Each scenario has a diagram and some
accompanying text, and several questions related to how the Racing Rules of Sailing apply
to the boats in the scenario.
In an effort to give test takers the best preparation, we laid out these Study Questions as an
accurate sample of the test itself (with an extra scenario here). We've included the same
instructions, and answer sheets as you will see when you take the actual test. The length
and level of difficulty of the Study Questions are comparable to the actual test.
Note that while we include a copy of the actual test instructions - for doing the Study
Questions - you are not limited in any way by the documents you consult, or the time you
spend. We ENCOURAGE you to run all over the rule book, and Cases and Appeals and
the Judges Manual in search of answers. Find the rules citations for each question and
write them down along with your answer (not required on the actual test). Get together
with other judges and review and debate your answers. The main goal of the Study
Questions package is to promote learning.
In these Study Questions, we have a couple scenarios/question that are likely to provoke
thought, discussion, and perhaps even debate. While we try to avoid controversial
questions on the actual test, in Study Mode we find that promoting discussion is a terrific
educational tool.
As hard as we try to avoid it, we may well have some typos, or other things that are not
clear. If you see one of these, please make sure that you bring the issue to our attention!
You can do this either by bringing your questions up at a Judges Seminar, OR you can
contact Joe Krolak, the Chair of the Judges Education and Testing Subcommittee. Joe can
be reached by email at: j.s.krolak@gmail.com.
The US Sailing Judges Committee hopes you'll have fun working through these questions.

Prepared by the US Sailing Judges Committee Copyright 2013, US Sailing Association

USSAILINGJudgesCertificationTest
InstructionsandGuidance
TestOverview

Thistestcontainstwoparts.PartAisasetofTrue/Falsequestions.PartBcontains9
scenarios.Eachscenariohasadiagram,supportingtext,andseveralquestionsaboutthe
scenarios.EachquestioninPartAandPartBisworth1point,thereare50pointsinPartA
and50pointsinPartB.InPartBstudentswillbeawardedNOpointsincaseswheresome,
butnotALL,correctanswersarecircled.Partialpointswillnotbegranted.Apassingscoreis
85pointsorhigher.

YoumayONLYusethefollowingprintedmaterialwhentakingthetest:
ThisTestBooklet
USSAILINGorISAFRuleBook(USSAILINGrulebookisrecommended)
CopyofUSSAILINGPrescriptions(maybeseparateorcontainedinUSSAILINGrulebook)
USSAILINGAppealsandISAFCaseBook
USSAILINGJudgesManual(NOTtheISAFIJmanual)

WhilesomequestionsmaymentionanISAFregulation,youdonotneedthetextoftheISAF
regulationstoansweranyquestion.

Thistestbookletcontains:
TestInstructionsandGuidance;
PartAquestions;
PartBquestions;
PartASPAREanswersheet;and
PartBSPAREanswersheet.

TestInstructions

(1)OntheFIRSTPAGEOFPARTAandPARTBQUESTIONS,writeyourNAME,andUSSAILING
MemberNumber.CheckthattheversionnumberonyourTESTQUESTIONSmatchesthenumber
thattheinstructorgaveyou.ThisfullquestionsetisyourOFFICIALanswersheet.

(2)OntheSPAREANSWERSHEETS,writeyourNAME.Usethistowriteabackupsetofanswers
fortheposttestdebrief.

(3)Youhave100minutestocompletethetest.Theinstructorwillpostperiodicupdatesonhow
muchtimeremains.

Prepared by the US SAILING Judges Committee

Copyright 2011, US Sailing Association

(4)Whenyoufinishthetest,pleasereturnyourcompletedSpareAnswerSheets(PartsA&B)
ANDTestQuestions/Answers(PartsA&B)totheinstructor.Thespareanswersheetswillbe
temporarilyreturnedtoyouforaposttestdebrief.

(5)Throughoutthetestyoumaypresumethefollowing:
Theappendices/rulesforwindsurfing,matchracing,orteamracingdoNOTapplyunlessa
questionspecificallydealswiththosedisciplines.

Unlessaquestionsaysotherwise,youmaypresumethatnothinghaschangedarelevant
racingrule.Forexample,aquestionsuchasThepreparatorysignalisloweredone
minutebeforethestartingsignalisTRUE.Althoughsailinginstructionsareallowedto
changeorreplacethestartingsystemdescribedinRule26,youmaypresumethatno
changehasbeenmade.

(6)PartA(True/False)Questions
Ifarulesayssomethinglike,forXtobecorrect,A,B,andCmusthappen,aquestion
suchasforXtobecorrect,AmusthappenwouldbetruebecauseAmustindeed
happeneventhoughitisnotallthatmusthappen.Forthesamereason,questionssuch
asforXtobetrue,onlyAmusthappenorifAhappens,thenXiscorrectwouldbe
falsebecausebothsuggestthatAaloneissufficient.

IfaTRUE/FALSEquestioncontainsmorethanonesentence:thentheinitialsentences
aredescriptive,andtheLASTstatementiseithertrueorfalse.

(7)PartB(Scenario)Questions
Carefullyreadeachscenarioandreviewtheadjacentdiagramthatdescribestheincident.Your
roleisthatofaprotestcommitteememberhearingtheincident.Considerthediagramsand
supportingtexttobetheconsensusoftheevidencepresentedtotheprotestcommittee.
Answerthequestionsabouttheincident.Circletheanswer(s)thatapply.

Whenindicatingwhichrule(s)aboatbreaks,youshouldcircleALLrulesinthelistthataboat
breaks,regardlessofwhetherornottheboatshouldbeexoneratedorpenalizedforbreakingthe
rule.Partialcreditisnotgivenforanswerswherealllistedrulesarenotidentifiedinyour
response.

Whenaskedwhichboat(s)shouldbedisqualifiedyoushouldconsiderwhetherexonerationis
appropriateorifanappropriatepenaltyhasbeentaken.

Unlessspecificallynotedinthescenario,youmaypresumethefollowing:
Boatsaretypicalmonohullsracinginafleetrace;
Windiscomingdown(fromtoptobottom)thepage;
Thewindconditionsaremoderate,seastateandcurrentarenotafactor;
Theprotestnamingalltheboatsaspartiesisvalid;and
Noboattookanalternativepenalty.
GOODLUCK!

Prepared by the US SAILING Judges Committee

Copyright 2011, US Sailing Association

US SAILING Judges Certification Test

version: 13-SQ-01

Name: _________________________________, USSA #: ____________________

Num
1

Ans

2
3
4
5
6

7
8
9
10

Question
The warning signal shall be made 10 minutes before the starting signal
unless the sailing instructions state otherwise.
When sailing by the lee or directly downwind, a boats leeward side is the
side on which her mainsail lies.
Flag First Substitute accompanied by two sound signals is a signal for
postponement.
Before the starting signal, the race committee may postpone or abandon the
race for any reason.
Appendix M is advisory only and addressed primarily to protest committee
chairmen.
If a boat starts and finishes, but the race committee knows that she did not
sail the course properly, the race committee may score her DNF without a
hearing.
US SAILING prescribes that sailing instructions shall not change rules 61.4,
Appendix R, or its prescriptions to rules 40, 67, or 76.1.
If a boat has two or more equal worst scores in a series, the score for the
race sailed latest in the series shall be excluded.
A boat may not sail below her proper course while she is less than two of
her hull lengths from a leeward boat on the same tack.
While racing, a boat does not break a rule by touching a mark's anchor line.

11

When a protest committee finds that a boat has broken a rule of Appendix
G, it shall not penalize her without giving her time to comply with the rule.

12

To change course means to change the direction in which the boat is

heading or moving.
A party to the hearing is entitled to receive in writing the protest committees
decision with the appropriate information if she asks for it in writing from the
protest committee within seven days of being informed of the decision.

13

14

The protest committee may penalize a boat that has broken rule 42 without
a hearing even if not so stated in the sailing instructions.
A boat, but not her crew, is required to comply with ISAF Regulation 20,
Advertising Code.
A boat that has finished and is no longer racing cannot be penalized for
breaking a rule of Part 2.

15
16

17
18
19

The facts that a protest committee finds are not subject to appeal.
Forestays shall be attached approximately on a boats centerline.
When a scoring system provides for excluding one or more race scores from
a boats series score, a disqualification for breaking rule 2 (Fair Sailing) shall
not be excluded.
p. 1 of 3

Copyright, US SAILING

US SAILING Judges Certification Test

version: 13-SQ-01

Name: _________________________________, USSA #: ____________________

Num
20

Ans

21
22
23
24
25
26

27
28
29
30
31

32
33
34

35

36
37

p. 2 of 3

Question
A boat may be entitled to redress when a race committee corrects a boats
posted score after posting an erroneous score.
If the notice of race conflicts with the sailing instructions, the instructions in
the notice of race take precedence.
The zone is the area around either a mark or an obstruction within a
distance of three hull lengths of the boat nearer to it.
The parties to a hearing, or a representative of each, have the right to be
present throughout the hearing of the evidence.
The responsibility for a boats decision to participate in a race or to continue
racing is hers alone.
The notice of race shall include the times of registration and warning signals
for the practice race (if one is scheduled) and the first race.
A boat is sailing towards a beach. Without being asked, an uninvolved
spectator on the beach yells to the boat to look out for shoal water. Hearing
this, the boat tacks and narrowly averts running aground. By heeding the
warning, the boat has broken a rule.
When a visual signal for a race is displayed over a class flag, the signal
applies only to that class.
In windsurfing competition, a board may touch a mark without a penalty.
A protest committee may call a hearing under rule 69 after receiving a report
of an incident only if that report submitted in writing
All parties to a hearing shall be allowed reasonable time to prepare for the
hearing.
Boat A and B are both racing boats. Boat A encounters a vessel that is not
racing. Boat B sees the encounter and believes that boat A broke a right-ofway rule of the IRPCAS during the encounter. Boat B may protest boat A
for the incident.
An event without an international jury that is a qualifier for another event can
deny the right of appeal without US SAILING approval.
A boat may leave on either side a rounding mark that does not begin,
bound, or end the leg she is on.
The organizing authority, race committee and protest committee shall be
governed in the conduct and judging of races by the rules in The Racing
Rules of Sailing.
When a race committee boat flies flag S accompanied by two sound signals
at a gate mark, the finishing line is between the nearest gate mark and the
staff displaying flag S.
A parent of a competitor at an event is not an interested party for any protest
except when his child is a protestor or protestee.
A party to a hearing who believes a member of the protest committee is an
interested party shall object as soon as possible.
Copyright, US SAILING

US SAILING Judges Certification Test

version: 13-SQ-01

Name: _________________________________, USSA #: ____________________

Num
38

Ans

39
40

Question
When, from the facts found by the protest committee, the appeals
committee decides that a boat that was a party to a hearing broke a rule, it
shall penalize her, whether or not that boat or that rule was mentioned in the
protest committees decision.
Sailing instructions may change rule 42 by referring specifically to it and
stating the change.
The term 'overlap' does not apply to boats that are on opposite tacks on a
run unless rule 18 applies.

41

When three boats racing are beating on the same tack and not overlapped,
the boats clear ahead are a continuing obstruction to the boats clear astern.

42

After breaking a Part 2 rule, a boat decides to take a Two Turns Penalty.
While taking the penalty, she touches a mark. She need not take an
additional penalty to be exonerated for touching the mark.
Changes to sailing instructions, when made ashore, must be in writing and
posted on the official notice board before the time stated in the sailing
instructions.
The phrase "head to wind" in rule 13 refers to the boat's bow and centerline,
not the position of her sails.
At the beginning of a protest hearing, the protest committee shall take
evidence it considers necessary to decide whether all requirements for the
protest have been met.
Rule 14 does not apply between a boat that is racing and a boat no longer
racing.
When a boat is penalized for the first time under Appendix P she shall take
a Two-Turns Penalty.
Repeated tacks or gybes in relation to changes in the wind or to tactical
considerations are prohibited under rule 42.
A protest committee calls a hearing under rule 69 and properly notifies the
competitor. The competitor does not attend the hearing and does not
provide a good reason for being unable to attend. The protest committee
may still conduct a hearing and impose a penalty if appropriate.

43

44
45

46
47
48
49

50

If a boat penalized for a third time under Appendix P in a series she shall
withdraw from all races in the series

p. 3 of 3

Copyright, US SAILING

Q#
sq.1

Diagram

Description/Questions

PossibleAnswers

Threeboatsareonarun.GreenhasovertakenYellowandBluefromclear
asternandsailsbetweenthemforseveralboatlengths.Thethreeboats
continueonslightlyconvergingcoursesuntil(Position3)Greensboomhits
Blue.Shortlylater(Position4)GreenalsotouchesYellow.Thereisnot
damagetoanyoftheboats.
1. Atposition3,whohasrightof
way,BlueorGreen?

Blue|Green

2. Atposition3,whohasrightof
way,GreenorYellow?

Green|Yellow

3. Atposition3,whohasrightof
way,BlueorYellow?

Blue|Yellow

4. Whatrule(s)doesBluebreak?

None|10|11|12|16.1| 17|
19.2

5. Whatrule(s)doesYellowbreak?

None|10|11|12|16.1| 17|
19.2

6. Whatrule(s)doesGreenbreak?

None|10|11|12|16.1| 17|
19.2

7. Whobreaksrule14?

None|Yellow|Green|Blue

8. Whoshouldbedisqualified?
ChooseALLthatapply.

None|Yellow|Green|Blue


sq.2

Fourboatsapproachastartinglineinalargefleet(Position1).The
startingsignalismadeatPosition2.TheScoringPenaltyisineffect.

Yellowsteersacoursetoavoidcrossingthelineearly(Position2).Blue
bearsawaytoavoidcollisionwithYellow,andGreenbearsawaytoavoid
Blue(Position2).BlueimmediatelyhailsprotesttoYellow.Immediately
uponhearingBlueshail,YellowfliesayellowflagandtakestheScoring
Penalty.Noboatsdopenaltyturns.Allboatsstartandfinishtherace.

Intheprotesthearing,YellowsayssheknewthatifshekeptclearofBlue
shewouldbeOCS,butthoughtthattakingtheScoringPenaltywouldbe
betterthanrestartinginsuchalargefleet.
9. Atposition2,whatboathas
rightofwayonallothers?

Yellow|Blue|Green|Grey

10. Whatrule(s)doesGreybreak?

None|2|11|16.1|18.2|19.2|
20.1|

11. Whatrule(s)doesGreenbreak?

None|2|11|16.1|18.2|19.2|
20.1|

12. Whatrule(s)doesBluebreak?

None|2|11|16.1|18.2|19.2|
20.1|

13. Whatrule(s)doesYellowbreak?

None|2|11|16.1|18.2|19.2|
20.1|

14. Whoshouldbedisqualified?
ChooseALLthatapply.

None|Yellow|Blue|Green|
Grey


sq.3

YellowandBlueareapproachingtheportendofthestartinglinetostart
onacollisioncourse(startsignalismadebetweenpositions2and3).A
strongcurrentissettingthemtowardtheline.WhenYellowistwohull
lengthsfromthemark,shehailsBluetokeepclear.Bluemakesno
response,andYellowbearsawaytoavoidcollision.Immediatelyafterthe
startingsignal,Bluehitsandrunsoverthemark(inright/redposition).As
Yellowreturnstoclosehauledasshown,themarkjumpsoutfromunder
BlueshullandbouncesagainstYellowsstarboardside(inleft/grey
position).Bothboatscontinueupthecourseandfinishwithouteither
boattakinganypenaltyturns.

InthehearingYellowarguesthattheonlyreasonshehitthemarkand
thenpassedonthewrongsideofitwasbecauseBluedraggedthemark.
ThereforeYellowshouldbeexoneratedcompletely.
15. Atposition2,whatrule(s)does
Bluebreak?

None|2|10|16.1|17|28|31

16. Atposition3,whatadditional
rule(s)doesBluebreak?

None|2|10|16.1|17|28|31

17. Whatrule(s)doesYellowbreak?

None|2|10|16.1|17|28|31

18. Whoshouldbedisqualified?

Both|Neither|Blue|Yellow


sq.4

BlueandYellowareonadownwindleg.Blueisfasterandovertaking
YellowandisonacoursetosailpastYellowtoleeward(Position1).At
position2,Yellowbearsaway,convergesonBlue(Position2).Yellowthen
returnstoheroriginalcourseforawhile.Atposition4,Yellowbearsaway
significantly,stayingjustaheadofBlue.Bluebearsawayimmediately,but
sheisunabletoavoidYellowandBlue'sspinnakerhitsYellowsbackstay
(Position5).Thereisnodamagetoeitherboat.
19. Whohasrightofwayatposition
1?

Yellow|Blue

20. Whohasrightofwayatposition
2?

Yellow|Blue

21. Whohasrightofwayatposition
4?

Yellow|Blue

22. Atposition2,whatrule(s)does
Yellowbreak?

None|11|12|15|16.1|16.2|
17

23. Atposition5,whatrule(s)does
Yellowbreak?

None|11|12|15|16.1|16.2|
17

24. Atposition5,whatrule(s)does
Bluebreak?

None|11|12|15|16.1|16.2|
17

25. Whobreaksrule14?

Both|Neither|Blue|Yellow

26. Whoshouldbedisqualified?

Both|Neither|Blue|Yellow


sq.5

Fiveboatsondownwindcoursesapproachaleewardmark.Fourboatsare
overlapped,withYellownearestthemark(Position1).Afifthboat,White,
isbehindtheotherfour,butsailingfaster(Position1).Theysailtowards
themark(Positions2and3).Whilethereismuchyellingbetweenthe
boats,thereisnocontact.
27. IsWhiteentitledtomarkroom
fromOrange?

Yes|No

28. IsWhiteentitledtomarkroom
fromBlue?

Yes|No

29. IsWhiteentitledtomarkroom
fromGreen?

Yes|No

30. Atposition2,whoisrightof
way?BlueorGreen?

Blue|Green

31. Atposition3,whoisrightof
way?BlueorGreen?

Blue|Green

32. IsGreenentitledtomarkroom
fromBlue?

Yes|No


sq.6

sq.7

Yellow,Blue,andGreenareapproachingthelinetostart.Yellowisnearly
stationaryasBlueandGreenapproachfrombehind.WhenBluegetsto
thezonearoundYellow,sheisclearaheadofGreen.Shortlythereafter,
GreengetsanoverlaptowindwardofBlue.Blueholdsacoursetopass
veryclosetoleewardofYellow.GreenisforcedtoluffaboveYellowto
avoidcontact.GreenprotestsBlue.NooneprotestsYellow.
33. Atposition1,whohasrightof
wayGreenorBlue?

Green|Blue

34. Atposition2,whohasrightof
wayGreenorBlue?

Green|Blue

35. Atposition3,whatrule(s)does
Greenbreak?

None|11|12|15|16.1|19.2|
20.1

36. Atposition3,whatrule(s)does
Bluebreak?

None|11|12|15|16.1|19.2|
20.1

37. Whoshouldbedisqualified?

Both|Neither|Green|Blue

BlueandYellowapproachthelinetostartonadownwindcourse.The
boatsareconvergingonacollisioncourse(Position1).Justafterthe
startingsignal,bothboatsaltercoursetoavoidcontact(Position2).
Bluesboomgrazesthecommitteeboat.Bothboatsstarttherace.Thereis
nocontactbetweenthetwoboats.
38. Atposition2,whohasrightof
way?

Blue|Yellow

39. Atpositions2and3,whatrule(s) None|10|11|16.1|17|18.2|

doesBluebreak?
31
40. Atpositions2and3,whatrule(s) None|10|11|16.1|17|18.2|
doesYellowbreak?
31
41. Whoshouldbedisqualified?

Both|Neither|Blue|Yellow


sq.8

sq.9

Inthisscenario,threesetsofboatsareindifferentpositionsinarace.
Considerwhichboatsineachsetareoverlappedwithoneother.
42. Areboats6and7overlapped?

Yes|No

43. Areboats3and5overlapped?

Yes|No

44. Areboats3and4overlapped?

Yes|No

45. Areboats1and8overlapped?

Yes|No

46. Areboats2and8overlapped?

Yes|No

BlueandYellowareonabeattowindward(Position1).Thewind
strengthisstrong.BluealterscoursetoavoidYellow(Position2).Blue
hailsprotesttoYellow.

Intheprotesthearing,Yellowtestifiesthat,whilesheknewitwouldbe
close,shebelievedshewouldcrossBluesafely.BlueadmitsthatYellow
mighthavecrossedifBluedidnotchangecourse.However,giventhe
windconditionsshedidn'tfeelshecouldtakethechanceofhitting
Yellowandthereforeshealteredcourse.
47. Whatrule(s)doesYellow
break?

None|2|10|15|16.1|16.2|
19.2

48. Whatrule(s)doesBluebreak?

None|2|10|15|16.1|16.2|
19.2

49. Whoshouldbedisqualified?

Both|Neither|Blue|Yellow


sq.10
Bonus

Yellowandblueareonabeattowindward.YellowtriestocrossBlue
(Position1).BluebearsawayandhailsProtest.Yellowpromptlybears
away,gybes,andtacks(Positions2&3).Otherboats(inblack)are
approachingalthoughnonehavechangedcoursesinceYellowsincident
withBlue.Afterherfirstturn,Yellowsailsinastraightlineforseveralboat
lengths(Positions4&5)togetclearoftheseboatsandthendoesasecond
gybeandtack.
50. Whatrule(s)doesYellowbreak?

None|2|10|16.1|16.2|17|
19.2

51. Whatrule(s)doesBluebreak?

None|2|10|16.1|16.2|17|
19.2

52. Whoshouldbedisqualified?

Both|Neither|Blue|Yellow

USSAILINGJudgesCertificationTest,PartASPAREAnswerSheet

Name________________________________

1.

TF

26. TF

2.

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27. TF

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9.

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35. TF

11. TF

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37. TF

13. TF

38. TF

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41. TF

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25. TF

50. TF

Prepared by the US SAILING Judges Committee

Copyright 2011, US Sailing Association

USSAILINGJudgesCertificationTest,

SPAREAnswerSheet

Name________________________________

Scen/Q#

q1

PossibleAnswers

Blue|Green

Green|Yellow

Blue|Yellow

None|10|11|12|16.1|17|19.2

None|10|11|12|16.1|17|19.2

None|10|11|12|16.1|17|19.2

None|Yellow|Green|Blue

None|Yellow|Green|Blue

q2

Yellow|Blue|Green|Grey

10

None|2|11|16.1|18.2|19.2|20.1

11

None|2|11|16.1|18.2|19.2|20.1

12

None|2|11|16.1|18.2|19.2|20.1

13

None|2|11|16.1|18.2|19.2|20.1

14

None|Yellow|Blue|Green|Grey

q3

q4

15

None|2|10|16.1|17|28|31

16

None|2|10|16.1|17|28|31

17

None|2|10|16.1|17|28|31

18

Both|Neither|Blue|Yellow

19

Yellow|Blue

20

Yellow|Blue

21

Yellow|Blue

22

None|11|12|15|16.1|16.2|17

23

None|11|12|15|16.1|16.2|17

24

None|11|12|15|16.1|16.2|17

25

Both|Neither|Blue|Yellow

26

Both|Neither|Blue|Yellow

Prepared by the US SAILING Judges Committee Copyright 2011, US Sailing Association

q5

27

Yes|No

28

Yes|No

29

Yes|No

30

Blue|Green

31

Blue|Green

32

Yes|No

q6

33

Green|Blue

34

Green|Blue

35

None|11|12|15|16.1|19.2|20.1

36

None|11|12|15|16.1|19.2|20.1

37

Both|Neither|Green|Blue

q7

38

Blue|Yellow

39

None|10|11|16.1|17|18.2|31

40

None|10|11|16.1|17|18.2|31

41

Both|Neither|Blue|Yellow

q8

42

Yes|No

43

Yes|No

44

Yes|No

45

Yes|No

46

Yes|No

q9

47

None|2|10|15|16.1|16.2|19.2

48

None|2|10|15|16.1|16.2|19.2

49

Both|Neither|Blue|Yellow

q10

50

None|2|10|16.1|16.2|17|19.2

51

None|2|10|16.1|16.2|17|19.2

52

Both|Neither|Blue|Yellow

Prepared by the US SAILING Judges Committee Copyright 2011, US Sailing Association