total = N + 1 + x includes N moles of inert steam

where P is in bar.
Equation (B.3.5) can be used to generate data for equilibrium conversion, x, versus P, T, and N.
The kinetic equations are adapted from Snyder and Subramaniam [3]. Subscripts on r refer to
reactions in Equations (B.3.1)(B.3.3), and the positive activation energy can arise from
nonelementary kinetics; it is thought that perhaps these kinetics are an elementary approximation to
nonelementary kinetics.

where p is in bar, T is in K, R = 1.987 cal/mol K, and ri is in mol/m3-reactor s.

You should assume that the catalyst has a bulk density of 1282 kg/m3, an effective diameter of 25 mm,
and a void fraction = 0.4.
B.3.3 Simulation (CHEMCAD) Hints
Results for the simulation given here were obtained using SRK as the K-value and enthalpy options in
the thermodynamics package.
B.3.4 References
1. Shiou-Shan Chen, Styrene, Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, online
version (New York: John Wiley and Sons, 2006).
2. Styrene, Encyclopedia of Chemical Processing and Design, Vol. 55, ed. J. J. McKetta, (New
York: Marcel Dekker, 1984), 197217.
3. Snyder, J. D., and B. Subramaniam, A Novel Reverse Flow Strategy for Ethylbenzene
Dehydrogenation in a Packed-Bed Reactor, Chem. Engr. Sci. 49 (1994): 55855601.

B.4. Drying Oil Production, Unit 500

Drying oils are used as additives to paints and varnishes to aid in the drying process when these
products are applied to surfaces. The facility manufactures drying oil (DO) from acetylated castor oil
(ACO). Both of these compounds are mixtures. However, for simulation purposes, acetylated castor
oil is modeled as palmitic (hexadecanoic) acid (C15H31COOH) and drying oil is modeled as 1tetradecene (C14H28). In an undesired side reaction, a gum can be formed, which is modeled as 1octacosene (C28H56).
B.4.1 Process Description

The process flow diagram is shown in Figure B.4.1. ACO is fed from a holding tank where it is
mixed with recycled ACO. The ACO is heated to reaction temperature in H-501. The reaction does
not require a catalyst, since it is initiated at high temperatures. The reactor, R-501, is simply a vessel
with inert packing to promote radial mixing. The reaction is quenched in E-501. Any gum that has
been formed is removed by filtration. There are two holding vessels, V-502 A/B. One of them is used
to hold reaction products, while the other one feeds the filter (not shown). This allows a continuous
flow of material into Stream 7. In T-501 the ACO is separated and recycled, and in T-502, the DO is
purified from the acetic acid. The contents of Streams 11 and 12 are cooled (exchangers not shown)
and sent to storage.
Stream summary tables, utility summary tables, and major equipment specifications are shown in
Tables B.4.1B.4.3.
B.4.2 Reaction Kinetics
The reactions and reaction kinetics are adapted from Smith [1] and are as follows:

where

and

The units of reaction rate, ri, are kmol/m3s, and the activation energy is in cal/mol (which is
equivalent to kcal/kmol).

Figure B.4.1. Unit 500: Drying Oil Process Flow Diagram

B.4.3 Simulation (CHEMCAD) Hints
If you want to simulate this process and 1-octacosene is not a compound in your simulators database,
you can add gum as a compound to the simulator databank using the following physical properties:
Molecular weight = 392
Boiling point = 431.6C
For the group contribution method add the following groups:
1 CH3 group
25 >CH2 groups
1 = CH2 group
1 = CH group
Table B.4.1. Stream Table for Unit 500

Table B.4.2. Utility Summary Table for Unit 500

Table B.4.3. Major Equipment Summary for Unit 500

B.4.4 Reference
1. Smith, J. M., Chemical Engineering Kinetics, 3rd ed. (New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1981),
224228.

B.5. Production Of Maleic Anhydride From Benzene, Unit 600

Currently, the preferred route to maleic anhydride in the United States is via isobutene in fluidizedbed reactors. However, an alternative route via benzene may be carried out using a shell-and-tube
reactor, with catalyst in the tubes and a cooling medium being circulated through the shell [1, 2].
B.5.1 Process Description
A process flow diagram for the reactor section of the maleic anhydride process is shown in Figure
B.5.1. Benzene is vaporized in E-601, mixed with compressed air, and then heated in a fired heater,
H-601, prior to being sent to a packed-bed catalytic reactor, R-601, where the following reactions
take place: