Maxima and Minima for Functions with side

conditions. Lagranges Multiplier.

Question
Find the critical points of w = xyz subject to the condition

x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 1.
Solution
We form the function
= f + g = xyz + ( x 2 + y 2 + z 2 1)
and obtain four equations

= yz + 2 x = 0
x

= xz + 2 y = 0
y

= xy + 2 z = 0
z
& x2 + y 2 + z 2 1 = 0
Multiplying the first three equations by x, y , z respectively, adding
3 xyz
and using in fourth equation we find =
.
2
Using this relation we have (0,0, 1) , (0, 1,0) , (1,0,0) , and
1
1
1
,
,

as the critical points.

3
3
3

Question
Find the critical points of the function z = x 2 + 24 xy + 8 y 2
where x 2 + y 2 = 25 . Test for maxima & minima.
Solution
F ( x, y, ) = x 2 + 24 xy + 8 y 2 + ( x 2 + y 2 25)
Fx = 2 x + 24 y + 2 x = 0 . (i)
Fy = 24 x + 16 y + 2 y = 0 (ii)

x 2 + y 2 25 = 0 ... (iii)
(i) (1 + ) x + 12 y = 0 ... (iv)
(ii) 12 x + (8 + ) y = 0 .... (v)
Multiplying equation (iv) by 12, (v) by (1 + ) and adding
12(1 + ) x + 144 y = 0
12(1 + ) x + (1 + )(8 + ) y = 0
&

144 y (1 + )(8 + ) y = 0
y = 0 or 2 + 9 136 = 0
y = 0 , = 8, 17
From (ii), y = 0 x = 0
(0,0) does not satisfy (iii) It is not a critical point.
4y
=8 x =
form (iv)
3
Put this value of x in (iii)

Remarks

2
16 y 2

+ y 2 = 25 y = 3
9
(4,3) & (4, 3) are the critical points.
3y
Similarly when = 17 , we have x =
from (iv)
4
And putting the value of x in (iii) we get y = 4
( 3, 4) are the other two critical points.
A = Fxx = 2 + 2
B = Fxy = 24

C = Fyy = 16 + 2
When = 8
A = 2 + 16 = 18 , B = 24 , C = 16 + 16 = 32
and so
B 2 AC = 576 576 = 0
F ( x, y, ) = x 2 + 24 xy + 8 y 2 + 8( x 2 + y 2 25) when = 8
F ( x, y ) = 9 x 2 + 24 xy + 16 y 2 200
At (4,3)
F = F (4 + h,3 + h) F (4,3)
= 9(4 + h) 2 + 24(4 + h)(3 + h) + 16(3 + h) 2 200
9(4) 2 + 24(4)(3) 16(3) 2 + 200
= 9(16 8h + h2 ) + 24( h2 h 12) + 16(9 + 6h + h 2 )
144 + 288 144
2
2
= 144 72h + 9h + 24h 24h 288 + 144 + 96h + 26h 2
144 + 288 144
2
= 49h 0
(4,3) is the point of minimum value.
Similarly (4, 3) gives a point of minimum value.
And when = 17 , ( 3, 4) are the point of maximum value.
Question
Find the critical points of w = x + z , where x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 1 .
Test for a maxima and minima.
Solution
Consider the function
F ( x, y, z ) = x + z + ( x 2 + y 2 + z 2 1)
Fx = 1 + 2 x , Fy = 2 y , Fz = 1 + 2 z
For critical points, we have
1 + 2 x = 0 ... (i)
2 y = 0 ... (ii)
1 + 2 z = 0 .. (iii)
and
x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 1 (iv)
1
Solving these equations we have =
2
1
1
1
gives
,0,
=
as the critical point.
2
2
2
1
1
1
gives
,0,
=
as the critical point.
2
2
2

Remarks

3
A = Fxx = 2 ,

B = Fxy = 0 ,

C = Fyy = 2

1
A = 2 , B = 0, C = 2
2
so B 2 AC = 0 2 < 0 and A > 0
1
1

,0,
is a point of relative minimum value.
2
2

1
ii) =
A = 2 , B = 0, C = 2
2
so B 2 AC = 0 2 < 0 and A < 0
1
1

,0,
is a point of relative maximum value.
2
2
i) =

Question
Find the critical points of w = xyz where x 2 + y 2 = 1 &
x z = 0 . Test for the maxima and minima.
Solution
Consider F = xyz + 1 ( x 2 + y 2 1) + 2 ( x z )
For critical points
Fx = yz + 21 x + 2 = 0 . (i)
Fy = xz + 21 y = 0 ... (ii)
Fz = xy 2 = 0 .. (iii)

x 2 + y 2 = 1 ... (iv)
x z = 0 .. (v)
xz
From (iii) 2 = xy and from (ii) 1 =
2y
Putting in (i), we get
x2 z
yz
+ xy = 0
y
y 2 z x 2 z + xy 2 = 0
x = z form (iv) y 2 x x3 + xy 2 = 0
2 xy 2 x 3 = 0
But from (iv), y 2 = 1 x 2 2 x(1 x 2 ) x3 = 0
&

2
3
2 1
2 2 1
2
,
,
The critical points are ,
, ,
,
3
3
3
3
3
3

( 0,1,0 ) and (0, 1,0) .

A = Fxx = 21 , B = Fxy = z , C = Fyy = 21

3x3 2 x = 0 x(3x 2 2) = 0 x = 0,

B 2 AC = z 2 412
z 2 x2 z 2 ( y 2 x 2 )
=
y2
y2
2 12
2 1
2
2
3(3 3)
At ,
,
<0
, we have B AC =
1
3
3
3
3

From (ii) 12 =
i)

x2z 2
4 y2

B 2 AC = z 2

Remarks

4
And

A = Fxx = 21 =

xz 2 3
=
<0
1
y
3

2 1
2
,
Function is maximum at ,
.
3
3
3

Similarly we can show that w is maximum at (0, 1,0) and

2 1
2
minimum at ,
,
& (0,1,0).
3
3
3

Question
Find the point to the curves x 2 xy + y 2 z 2 = 1, x 2 + y 2 = 1
nearest to the origin (0,0,0,) .
Solution
Let ( x, y , z ) be a point on the curve. Then its distance from the
origin is given by

x2 + y 2 + z 2

We are to minimize f = d 2 = x 2 + y 2 + z 2
subject to the conditions x 2 xy + y 2 z 2 = 1 , x 2 + y 2 = 1
Consider
F = x 2 + y 2 + z 2 + 1 ( x 2 xy + y 2 z 2 1) + 2 ( x 2 + y 2 1)
Fx = 2 x + (2 x y )1 + 22 x
Fy = 2 y + (2 y x)1 + 22 y

Fz = 2 z + 1 (2 z )
For critical points, we have
2 x (1 + 1 + 2 ) 1 y = 0 (i)
2 y (1 + 1 + 2 ) 1 x = 0 .(ii)
2 z (1 1 ) = 0 ..... (iii)

x 2 xy + y 2 z 2 1 = 0 . (iv)
x 2 + y 2 1 = 0 .... (v)
From (iii), we have z = 0 & 1 = 1 .
z = 0 in (iv) gives x 2 xy + y 2 1 = 0 xy = x 2 + y 2 1
But x 2 + y 2 1 = 0 xy = 0
x = 0 or y = 0 or both are zero.
We can not take x = 0 , y = 0 at a same time because it gives
(0,0,0) which is origin itself.
z = 0, x = 0 in (v) y 2 = 1 y = 1
(0, 1,0) are the critical points
& z = 0, y = 0 in (v) x 2 = 1 x = 1
( 1,0,0 ) are the other critical points.

f = d 2 = 1 at these four points

These are the required points at which function is nearest to origin.

Remarks

5
Question
Find the shortest distance from the origin to the curve
x 2 + 8 xy + 7 y 2 = 225
Solution
We are to find the minimum value of f = d 2 = x 2 + y 2
subject to the condition x 2 + 8 xy + 7 y 2 = 225 .
Consider
F = x 2 + y 2 + ( x 2 + 8xy + 7 y 2 225)
Fx = 2 x + (2 x + 8 y )
Fy = 2 y + (8 x + 14 y )
For critical points
x + ( x + 4 y ) = 0 .. (i)
y + (4 x + 7 y ) = 0 ... (ii)

x 2 + 8 xy + 7 y 2 225 = 0 .. (iii)
x
4
(i) (1 + ) x + 4 y = 0
=
y
1+
x
1 + 7
(ii) 4 x + (1 + 7 ) y = 0
=
y
4
x
4
1 + 7
16 2 = (1 + )(1 + 7 )

=
=
y
1+
4
16 2 = 1 + + 7 + 7 2 9 2 8 1 = 0
1
( 1)(9 + 1) = 0
= 1,
9
x
=1
= 2 x = 2 y
y
Putting this value of x in equation (iii) we have
(2 y )2 + 8(2 y ) y + 7 y 2 = 225
4 y 2 16 y 2 + 7 y 2 = 225 5 y 2 = 225
which gives imaginary values of y.
4 ( 19 ) 4 9 1
1
x
=

=
= =
y = 2x
8
9
y
1 19
2
9
Putting in (iii), we have
x 2 + 8 x(2 x) + 7(2 x) 2 = 225
x 2 + 16 x 2 + 28x 2 = 225
45 x 2 = 225 x 2 = 5 x = 5
x= 5
&

y=2 5

x = 5 y = 2 5

The critical points are

d (2

) (

5,2 5 & 5, 2 5 .
5, 2 5 )

Shortest distance = d = 5

= 25

Remarks

6
Question
Find a point ( x, y , z ) on the sphere x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 1 which is
farthest from the point (1, 2,3) .
Solution
We are to maximize
f ( x, y, z ) = ( x 1)2 + ( y 2)2 + ( z 3)2
subject to the condition x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 1
Let
F = ( x 1)2 + ( y 2)2 + ( z 3)2 + ( x 2 + y 2 + z 2 1)
For critical points
Fx = 2( x 1) + 2 x = 0
Fy = 2( y 2) + 2 y = 0
Fz = 2( z 3) + 2 z = 0 and x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 1
x 1 + x = 0 .. (i)
y 2 + y = 0 (ii)
z 3 + z = 0 .... (iii)
x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 1 .. (iv)
1
2
3
x=
, y=
, z=
1+
1+
1+
Putting in (iv)
2
2
2
1 2 3

+
+
=1
1
+

1
+

1
+

2
14 = (1 + )

+ 1 = 14 = 1 14
1
2
3
, y=
, z=
x=
14
14
14
1 2 3
Clearly
,
,
is the point which is farthest from (1, 2,3) .
14 14 14
Question
Find the extreme values of z = 6 4 x 3 y , provided x & y
satisfy x 2 + y 2 = 1 .
Solution
Define
F = 6 4 x 3 y + ( x 2 + y 2 1)
For critical points, we have
Fx = 4 + 2 x = 0 . (i)
Fy = 3 + 2 y = 0 . (ii)

x 2 + y 2 = 1 ... (iii)
2
3
From (i) and (ii) we have x = , y =

2
5
Putting these values in (iii) we get =
2
5
2 4
3
3
=
x= =
& y=
=
5
2
2 52 5
2 5
and

Remarks

7
=

5
2

x=

2
4
=
52
5

& y=

3
3
=
2 ( 52 )
5

4 3
4 3
, & , are the critical points.
5 5
5 5
A = Fxx = 2 , B = Fxy = 0 , C = Fyy = 2
2

5
B AC = 0 4 = 4 = 25 < 0
2
F is maximum or minimum at the critical points.
4 3
Now at , , we have A = 5 > 0
5 5
4 3
And at , , we have A = 5 < 0
5 5
4 3
4 3
The function is min. at , and max. at , .
5 5
5 5
2

Question
Find the critical point of

f ( x, y ) = x 2 + 2 y 2 + 2 xy + 2 x + 3 y .
Where x 2 y = 1 . Test for maxima and minima.
Solution
Define
F = x 2 + 2 y 2 + 2 xy + 2 x + 3 y + ( x 2 y 1)
For critical points, we have
Fx = 2 x + 2 y + 2 + 2 x = 0 .... (i)
Fy = 4 y + 2 x + 3 = 0 (ii)
x 2 y 1 = 0 . (iii)
x y 1
From (i) =
x
From (ii) = 2 x + 4 y + 3
x y 1

= 2x + 4 y + 3
x
x y 1 = 2 x 2 + 4 xy + 3x
2 x 2 + 4 x + 4 xy + y + 1 = 0
But from (iii) x 2 = 1 + y
2(1 + y ) + 4 x + 4 xy + y + 1 = 0
4 x + 4 xy + 3 y + 3 = 0
4 x(1 + y ) + 3( y + 1) = 0
( y + 1)(4 x + 3) = 0
3
Either y = 1 or x =
4
2
If y = 1 , we get x = 0 from (iii)
(0, 1) is a critical point and = 1 in this case.
3
9
7
If x = , we get
1 = y i.e. y =
4
16
16
1
3 7
, is the other critical point and = in this. case.
4
4 16
and

Remarks

8
Now

A = Fxx = 2 + 2 ,

B = Fxy = 2 ,

C = Fyy = 4

B 2 AC = 4 4(2 + 2 ) = 4 8
= 1 B 2 AC = 4 > 0 f is neither maximum nor
minimum at (0,1) .
1
1
=
B 2 AC = 4 8 = 4 + 2 = 2 < 0
4
4
1
1
and A = 2 + 2 = 2 + 2 = 2 > 0
2
4
3 7
, is the point of minimum value.
4 16
Question
Find the critical points of z = x 2 + y 2 when x 3 + y 3 = 6 xy ,
Also test for maxima and minima.
Solution
Define F = x 2 + y 2 + ( x3 + y 3 6 xy )
For critical points we have
Fx = 2 x + 3 x 2 6 y = 0 ... (i)
Fy = 2 y + 3 y 2 6 x = 0 .. (ii)

x 3 + y 3 6 xy = 0 (iii)
2 x
from (i) = 2
3x 6 y
2 y
from (ii) = 2
3 y 6x
2 x
2 y

= 2
2
3x 6 y 3 y 6 x
x (3 y 2 6 x ) = y (3x 2 6 y )
x ( y 2 2 x) = y ( x2 2 y)
xy 2 2 x 2 = x 2 y 2 y 2
x 2 y xy 2 + 2 x 2 2 y 2 = 0
xy( x y) + 2( x y )( x + y) = 0
( x y )(2 x + 2 y + xy ) = 0
Either x y = 0 or 2 x + 2 y + xy = 0
If x y = 0 then (iii) becomes x 3 + x 3 6 x 2 = 0
2 x 3 6 x 2 = 0 x 2 ( x 3) = 0
x = 0, 3
x = 0, y = 0 & x = 3, y = 3
(0,0) & (3,3) are the critical points.
2x
2x
At (0,0), = 2
= 2
x y=0 x= y
3x 6 y 3x 6 x
2
2
1
=
=
=
3 x 6 3(0) 6 3
2
And at (3,3) , =
3
and

Remarks

9
A = Fxx = 2 + 6 x
B = Fxy = 6
C = Fyy = 2 + 6 y

Remarks

At (0,0), we have A = 2 , B = 2 , C = 2
And B 2 AC = 0
Consider z = z (h, h) z (0,0) = h 2 + h 2 = 2h 2 0
(0,0) is the point of minimum value.
2
At (3,3) , we have A = 2 + 6 (3) = 10
3
2
B = 6 = 4
3
2
C = 2 + 6 (3) = 10
3
2
and B AC = 16 100 < 0 and A = 10 < 0
(3,3) is a point of maximum value.
Question
Find the points in the plane 2 x + 3 y z = 5 nearest to the origin.
Solution
We are to minimize f = d 2 = x 2 + y 2 + z 2
subject to 2 x + 3 y z 5 = 0 .

F = x 2 + y 2 + z 2 + ( 2 x + 3 y z 5)
Fx = 2 x + 2 = 0 .... (i)
Fy = 2 y + 3 = 0 ... (ii)
Fz = 2 z = 0 ..(iii)
and
2 x + 3 y z 5 = 0 ..... (iv)
3

, z=
from (i), (ii) & (iii) resp.
x = , y =
2
2
9
(iv) becomes 2
5= 0
2 2
4 + 9 + = 10
10
5
= =
14
7
5
15
5
x= , y= , z=
7
14
14
5 15 5
, , is the critical point.
7 14 14
A = Fxx = 2 , B = Fxy = 0 , C = Fyy = 2
Define

A=2>0
5 15 5
F is relative minimum at , , so this is the required
7 14 14
point.
B 2 AC = 0 4 < 0

and

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