RESULTS

PHARMACOGNOSTICAL STUDIES
Transverse section of leaf
The cross section of leaf shows a typical dorsiventral pattern. In cross section the leaf appears
normal. In lamina portion the upper epidermis showed single layered epidermal cells, which are
barrel shaped. The upper epidermis is followed by palisade cells. The palisade cells are elongated
and smaller in size. The palisade layer is 3 to 4 layered and it is followed by spongy parenchyma
cells. The spongy parenchyma layer is delimited by lower epidermis, which is also single
layered. In mid rib area a large central vascular bundle is present. The protoxylem points are
facing towards the upper epidermis, which in turn surrounded by phloem. The vascular bundle is
surrounded by parenchymatous cells. The parenchymatic zone consists of some stored materials.

Powder analysis of Grewia nervosa

Following microscopical structure are shows

1. Stellate trichome

2.Vessel with spiral thickening

3.Trichome with piece of epidermis

4.Unicellular trichome with epidermal cells

5.Vessel element

6.Unicellular trichome with base

7.Vessel and element

8.Broken piece of trichome

9.Broken piece of epidermis

10.Bundle of tracheid with vessels

11.Bundle of trecheids with fibre

12.Bundle of tracheids with parenchyma

13.Bundle of tracheids

14.Oil globules

15.Parenchymatous cells with stomata

16.Piece of epidermis

17.Small piece of epidermis

18.Stellate trichomes

Ash values
Table1:Ash values of powdered leaf

S.No

Ash parameters

Percentage (%w/w)

Total ash

3.3%

Acid insoluble ash

10%

Water soluble ash

30%

Table 2:Fluorescence analysis of powdered leaf

S.N
o

Organic solvents

Visible/Day light

Shorter wave
length(254nm)

Longer wave
length(365nm)

Powder+ Methanol

Light Green

Dark Green

Pink

Green

Green

Dark Brown

Dark Brown

Black

Black

Brown

Green

Black

Light Brown

Green

Black

Pale Yellow

Pale Green

Light Brown

Light Brown

Pale Green

Black

Powder+ 1%Glacial
acetic acid
Powder+ 10%Sodim
hydroxide
Powder+ Dilute
ammonia
Powder+ 1M
Sulphuric acid
Powder+ 1M
Hydrochloric acid
Powder+ 10%
ferricchloride
Powder+ Iodine

Reddish Brown

Black

Black

Acetone+ Methanol

Light Green

Green

Reddish Brown

3
4
5
6
7

Preliminary phytochemical studies

Table 3:Percentage yield of the extract of leaf of G.nervosa

S.No

Types of extracts

Percentage yield

Petroleum ether extract

82%

Ethanol extract

1.63%

Table 4:Preliminary phytochemical analysis of extracts of G.nervosa

S.No

Phytoconstituents

Petroleum ether extract

Ethanol extract

Alkaloids

Saponins

Glycoside

Carbohydrates

Tannins

Flavanoids

Steroids

Triterpenoids

Fixed oil and fats

10

Phenol

PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIVITY
Acute toxicity study
The limit test for acute toxicity showed that rats receiving MEGN at 2000 mg/kg, orally,
exhibited normal behavioural, neurological and autonomic profiles. No mortality or toxicity of
any nature was observed during 48 h and thereafter up to 14 days observation. This indicated that
approximate LD50 value of MEGN is more than 2000 mg/kg, orally and it is relatively safe and
non-toxic to rats.

Table 5:Wellnes parameter observation for test at 2000mg /kg body weight
24 hours
Observation

Control

48 hours
Extract

Control

Extract

Skin &Fur

Pupil size

Allergic reaction

Nil

Nil

Nil

Nil

Salvation

Urine out put

Swelling

Nil

Nil

Nil

Nil

Lacrimation

Nil

Nil

Nil

Nil

ANALGESIC ACTIVITY
Table 5:Analgesic activity of ethanolic extract of G.nervosa .
Hot plate latency
The extract of Grewia nervosa at the dose 100 and 200m/kg significantly increased the reaction
from 1.80.36 to 4.00.54after 60sec of its administration . However only the 200mg/kg
produced significant increase in reaction time after 90min of its administration(Table5 ).

Effect of methanolic extract of grewia nervosa leaves on hot plate test in rats
Reaction time (Min)
Group

Dose(mg/kg)

30

60

90

Control

1.10.36

1.60.13

1.70.1

Indomethacin

2.82**0.21

2.98**0.25

2.98**0.21

Grewia nervosa

100

2.9**0.36

3**0.26

2.82**0.25

Grewia nervosa

200

3.1**0.37

3.2**0.32

2.7*0.21

Each value is the mean S.E.M of 6 rats

*P is <0.05; **p <0.01 compared with control student t-test

Response for analgesic activity

Histogram showing the inhibition of various doses of grewia nervosa extracts Hot plate
latency method in rats

control
std
ext 100
ext 200
4

**

**

**

**

**

3
2
1
0

Time(mins)

**

**

**

ANTI-INFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY
Table 6:Anti-inflammatory activity of ethanolic extract of G.nervosa.
Carragenan induced paw oedema
Grewia nervosa leaves extract at 100mg/kg and 200mg/kg doses and indomethacin (10mg/kg
b.w) inhibited the maximal paw oedema response by51,59.75and75 respectively during 24 h of
the carrageenan induced rat paw acute inflammation. Oedema measurements was made using a
modified plethysmometer. The paw volume was measured 1,2,3,4,24 hour after carrageenan
injection.

Table 6:Anti inflammatory activity of grewia neervosa extracts on carrageenan induced

paw oedema in rats
S.
No

Treatme
nt

Control

Dose

0.1ml
1%w/v

Nor
mal
paw
volu
me

0th
hour

1st
Hou
r

2nd
Hour

3rd
Hou
r

4th
Hou
r

24th
Hou
r

0.59

1.52

1.55

0.03

0.03

1.54

1.69

1.81

1.92

0.02

0.01

0.01

0.04

0.05
2

indometha
cin

10mg/kg

0.46*
*

1.11*
*

1.15*
**

1.15*
**

1.19*
**

1.42
***

1.72
***

0.01

0.12

0.01

0.03

0.03

0.04

0.02

Grewia
nervosa
methonolic
extract

100mg/k
g

Grewia
nervosa
methonolic
extract

200mg/k
g

0.50*

1.15*
*

1.18*
**

1.32*

1.42*

1.57
**

1.76
**

0.02

0.03

0.06

0.08

0.08

0.05

0.03

0.47*
*

1.22*

1.31*

1.33*

1.36*
*

1.42
***

1.77
**

0.02

0.04

0.04

0.05

0.09

0.06

0.04

Histogram showing the inhibition of various doses of grewia nervosa extracts on

carrageenan induced paw oedema in rats

control
std

anti

ext 100

2.5

ext 200

2.0

values

1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0

normal

0 Hrs

1Hrs

2 Hrs

Groups

3 Hrs

4 Hrs

24 Hrs