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Modelo de

Mercado
con Inventario

Regina Diguez Pereda


Anlisis Dinmico
A.D.E.
MODELO DE MERCADO CON INVENTARIO

El modelo de mercado con inventario es una de las dos variantes


del modelo de mercado de un nico bien, la otra variante es
conocida como el modelo de la telaraa, siendo sta la primera.
Para explicar nuestro modelo introduciremos previamente el modelo
de la telaraa.
Modelo de la telaraa
Resea histrica
Este modelo es adecuado para describir el comportamiento del
intercambio de ciertos bienes cuya produccin no es ni instantnea
ni continua, sino que abarca un periodo de tiempo. Al final de cada
periodo, los productores deciden, en base al precio obtenido en el
periodo inmediatamente anterior, la cantidad a ofertar en el
presente. Esta hiptesis de comportamiento se ha revelado til
para ciertos productos agrcolas perecederos, en los que la decisin
de cultivo en cada cosecha se basa en el precio obtenido en la
cosecha precedente.
En los mercados en equilibrio, lo habitual es que los demandantes
conozcan el precio de los bienes y servicios que desean adquirir al
momento de la compra.
Tambin es lo habitual que los oferentes conozcan el precio de
mercado de los bienes y servicios que desean vender al momento de
la venta.
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Sin embargo, esta situacin no ocurre y genera un problema en la


oferta de numerosos productos agrcolas.
En el caso de los productos agrcolas, la decisin de sembrar est
desligada del precio que tendr esa cosecha en el momento de
venderla.
Se supone, para mayor simplicidad, que la decisin de sembrar
depende del precio que tuvo el producto durante el perodo de
cosecha anterior.
Se supone adems, que la oferta de productos agrcolas en el
momento de la cosecha es la esperada al momento de sembrar: no
hay sequas, heladas, etc, que alteren la oferta esperada.
Si estos dos supuestos se asumen como vlidos, la curva de oferta
de este producto agrcola ser: Xt = f (Pt-1)

Equilibrio
Equilibrio en
en el
el mercado
mercado de
de productos
productos agrcolas
agrcolas
Ptomate
Otomate
P1
P3
Pe
P2
P0

Dtomate
QQ
0 2Qe Q1

Qtomate

Ajuste Convergente

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Equilibrio
Equilibrio en
enel
elmercado
mercadode
de productos
productosagrcolas
agrcolas
Ptomate

Otomate

P3
P1
Pe
P0
P2

Dtomate
Q2 Q0 Qe

Q1 Q3

Qtomate

Ajuste Explosivo

Equilibrio con retardos:


Puede demostrarse lo siguiente:
- El movimiento perpetuo se producir cuando las inclinaciones
de las curvas de oferta y demanda son iguales (elasticidadprecio de oferta y demanda iguales).
- El movimiento explosivo o divergente se produce cuando la
curva de oferta es ms elstica que la demanda.
- El movimiento es convergente cuando la curva de oferta es
ms inelstica que la curva de demanda.
- Habr ms variaciones de precio cuando las curvas son ms
inelsticas y mayores variaciones en cantidades si las curvas
son ms horizontales (elsticas).
Este modelo ha sido aplicado con bastante xito para explicar
cambios en los precios y produccin de productos agrcolas.
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Sin embargo, las cosas no son tan simples como las explica el
modelo: los agricultores se pueden adelantar y producir ms en
los aos precedidos por aos malos y producir menos en los aos
precedidos por aos buenos.
Es evidente que si son muchos los que advierten este fenmeno,
convendr producir ms en los aos precedidos por aos buenos.
El concepto de equilibrio dinmico (con retardos) explicado por el
modelo de la telaraa, demuestra, con mayor o menos exactitud, lo
que ocurre en el mercado de gran parte de los productos agrcolas.
De hecho, los estudios empricos sobre la oferta de productos
agrcolas incluyen el concepto de precio esperado por el agricultor
para su cosecha.
El caso de la telaraa no es un anlisis esttico de mercado como
hemos analizado normalmente: responde a un anlisis dinmico
que nos permite explicar una cierta regularidad en los cambios de
precios agrcolas.

Hiptesis
La oferta en cada periodo (O t) depende, no del precio que se tiene
en el mercado durante el mismo periodo, sino del precio que se
tena en el periodo anterior Pt-1.

Condicin de equilibrio: la demanda debe absorber a la oferta en


todos y cada uno de los periodos de tiempo considerados.

Formulacin matemtica
Qdt = Qst
Qdt = a bPt
Qst = -c + dPt-1

(a, b > 0)
(c, d > 0)
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Resolucin del modelo


Sustituyendo las dos ltimas ecuaciones en la primera obtenemos
la siguiente ecuacin en diferencias de primer orden:
bPt + dPt-1 = a + c
Para resolverla es deseable normalizarla y avanzar los subndices
temporales un periodo:
Pt+1 + (d/b)Pt = (a + c)/b
Al final obtendremos:
Pt = [P0 ((a + c)/(b + d))] (-d / b)t + [(a + c)/(b + d)]

Modelo de mercado con inventario


Resea histrica
En el modelo de la telaraa se supone que el precio se establece de
manera tal que equilibra la produccin corriente para todos los
perodos. La implicacin de esta hiptesis es que se trata de una
mercanca que es perecedera, la cual no puede almacenarse, o bien
que aun siendo almacenable no hay inventario de ella. Ahora
construiremos un modelo en el que los vendedores mantienen un
inventario de las mercancas.
Hiptesis

La cantidad demandada, Qdt, y la cantidad ofrecida


corrientemente, Qst, son funciones lineales no desfasadas del
precio Pt.
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Curso 2003 - 04

El ajuste del precio se efecta no a travs del equilibrio del


mercado en cada perodo, sino a travs de la seleccin del precio
por los vendedores: al principio de cada perodo, los vendedores
fijan un precio para ese perodo tomando en consideracin la
situacin de las existencias. Si como resultado del precio del
perodo precedente se acumularon inventarios, el precio corriente
se fija a un nivel ms bajo que el anterior; pero si hubieran
disminuido las existencias, el precio actual se fijara a un nivel
ms alto que el anterior.

El ajuste de precio hecho perodo a perodo es inversamente


proporcional al cambio observado en los inventarios (existencias).
El mercado no est en situacin de equilibrio.

Formulacin matemtica
Qdt = Qst
Qdt = a - bPt
Qst = -c + dPt
Pt+1 = Pt - (Qst Qdt)

(a, b > 0)
(c, d > 0)
( > 0)

Qdt: Cantidad demandada


Qst: Cantidad ofrecida
: coeficiente de ajuste del precio inducido por el stock.
(Qst Qdt): Proceso de ajuste del precio en trminos de inventario.

Resolucin y anlisis del modelo


Pt+1 [1 - (b + d)]Pt = (a + c)
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1er Mtodo

RSolve P t +1 -

1 - s d +b

FullSimplify
a +c - 1 P t

1-

s a +c , P t , t

s t

a +c - b +d C 1
b +d

a +c - 1 - b +d s t a +c - b +d C 1
b +d

Collect
a +c
b +d

b +d

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b +d

s t -

a - c +b C 1
b +d

+d C

, 1 - b +d s

2 Mtodo
Solucin general de la homognea. Ecuacin caracterstica.

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0, r

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Solucin particular
P t_ = A
A

P t +1 A- A 1 -

1 - s d +b

b +d

P t

SolveAlways P t +1 a A b- c + A d ,
c +a
A=
b +d
a +c
b +d

1 - s d +b

P t

== s a +c , t

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a +c
+C 1 - b s - d s
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Problema de los valores iniciales


1) b = d

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1 - s b +d

P 0 po , P t , t

P t

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a + c - a + c - 2 d po
2d

1- 2 d s

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RSolve

P t +1 -

1 - s b +d

P 0 po , P t , t
P t po + a + c t s

s a +c ,

P t

FullSimplify

3) b d
RSolve

P t +1 -

1 - s b +d

P 0 po , P t , t
P t po + a + c t s

P t

s a +c ,

FullSimplify

Variantes del modelo


Qdt = a - bPt
Qst = -c + dP*t

(a, b > 0)
(c, d > 0)

P*t = Pt-1
Pt+1 Pt(1-b) + dPt-1 = (a+c)
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Resolucin

RSolve P t +1 - P t

1 - s b + s d P t - 1 s a +c , P t , t

FullSimplify
P t
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1,

4 b +d

1- b s

1
2
-

1 +b s

4 + 2- t

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1 +b s

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2 + 2- t

1- b s

4ds
-

4ds

1+ b s

2ds

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1 +b s

4ds

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1 +b s

1
2

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1 +b s

+ -

1+ b s

4ds

+ -

1 +b s

4ds

1 +b s

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4ds

+ -

1+b s

1 +b s

1+ b s

1 +b s

2+t

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1 +b s

1 +b s

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+ -

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+ -

1 +b s

1 +b s

+ -

1- bs

4ds

1- bs +

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+ -

+ -

1 +b s

4ds

4ds

+ -

4ds

+2 d s +

1- bs

1- b s

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1- b s

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1 +b s

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- Goodwin
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Curso 2003 - 04

P*t = Pt-1 + k(Pt-1 Pt-2)


kR
Pt+1 Pt(1-b) + dPt-1(1+k) - dkPt-2 = (a+c)

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Resolucin

RSolve P t +1 - P t

1- s b + s dP t- 1

1+ k - s d k P t - 2

s a +c , P t , t

P t

If

a s +c s
-

C 1

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d k s #12 + d k s #13 &,

b + d +d

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2
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2
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-

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2
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3
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2 d k s Root
2
2
3
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2
b + d + d Root - 1 + #1 - b s #1 - d s #1 - d k s #12 + d k s #13 &, 3

dk

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b + d Root

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-

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2
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d k Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 + #12 - b s #12 + d s #12 + d k s #12 d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 1 ^2 d k Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 + #12 - b s #12 + d s #12 +

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2
2
- b Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 + #1 - b s #1 + d s #1 + d k s #1 d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 3 d Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 + #12 - b s #12 + d s #12 + d k s #12 d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 3 ^2 d k Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 + #12 - b s #12 + d s #12 +

14
Regina Diguez Pereda

Curso 2003 - 04

D
@
D
L
L

H
HL@ D
H@
D
H@
D
@
D
@
D
@
D
L
H@
D
L
HH @
D
@
D
@
D
L
L
L
L
H@ @ D
H
H
H
L
L
L
D
H@
D
@
D
@
D
@
D
L
L

H
HL@

d k s #12 - d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 3 ^2 +


d k Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 + #12 - b s #12 + d s #12 +
d k s #12 - d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 3 ^3

b + d Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 + #12 - b s #12 + d s #12 + d k s #12 d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 3


1 - Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 + #12 - b s #12 + d s #12 + d k s #12 d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 3 +
2
2
2
2
s b Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 + #1 - b s #1 + d s #1 + d k s #1 d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 3 +
d Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 + #12 - b s #12 + d s #12 + d k s #12 d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 3 ^2 +
d k Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 + #12 - b s #12 + d s #12 + d k s #12 d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 3 ^2 d k Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 + #12 - b s #12 + d s #12 + d k s #12 d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 3 ^3 +
2
2
2
2
- 1 + Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 + #1 - b s #1 + d s #1 + d k s #1 d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 3
2
2
2
- 1 + s b + 2 d Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 + #1 - b s #1 + d s #1 +
d k s #12 - d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 3 +
2 d k Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 + #12 - b s #12 + d s #12 +
d k s #12 - d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 3 3 d k Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 + #12 - b s #12 + d s #12 +
d k s #12 - d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 3 ^2
If - 1 + t 0, Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 + #12 - b s #12 + d s #12 + d k s #12 d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 4 ^ - - 3 + 2 + t
,0
2
2
2
2
- b Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 + #1 - b s #1 + d s #1 + d k s #1 d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 4 d Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 + #12 - b s #12 + d s #12 + d k s #12 d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 4 ^2 d k Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 + #12 - b s #12 + d s #12 + d k s #12 d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 4 ^2 +
d k Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 + #12 - b s #12 + d s #12 + d k s #12 d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 4 ^3

b + d Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 + #12 - b s #12 + d s #12 +

15
Regina Diguez Pereda

Curso 2003 - 04

H@
H@
@
@
@
H@
HH @
@
@
H
@
D@
D@
D@
D
@
D

D
D
D
D
D
DL
D
L
D
D
DLLLLL

d k s #12 - d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 4


1 - Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 + #12 - b s #12 + d s #12 +
d k s #12 - d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 4 +
2
2
2
2
s b Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 + #1 - b s #1 + d s #1 + d k s #1 d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 4 +
d Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 + #12 - b s #12 + d s #12 + d k s #12 d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 4 ^2 +
d k Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 + #12 - b s #12 + d s #12 + d k s #12 d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 4 ^2 d k Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 + #12 - b s #12 + d s #12 + d k s #12 d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 4 ^3 +
2
2
2
2
- 1 + Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 + #1 - b s #1 + d s #1 + d k s #1 d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 4
2
2
2
- 1 + s b + 2 d Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 + #1 - b s #1 + d s #1 +
d k s #12 - d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 4 +
2 d k Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 + #12 - b s #12 + d s #12 +
d k s #12 - d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 4 3 d k Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 + #12 - b s #12 + d s #12 +
d k s #12 - d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 4 ^2
C 1 - 2 C 2 + b s C 2 +C 3 - b

C
3

16
Regina Diguez Pereda

Curso 2003 - 04

@
D
@
D
L
II@
@
H
H
H
L
L
L
D
I @
@
IH
L
@
I @
@
@
I@
@
H
H
H
L
L
L
D
I @
@
H
H
L
@
H @

d s C 3 +d k s C 3
- If t 0, Root

D
D
D
M
M

D
D
D
D
M
M
D
D
D
M
M

1 + #1 - b s #1 - d s #12 - d k s #12 + d k s #13 &, 1 ^

2 + 2+ t
,0
b + d + d Root - 1 + #1 - b s #1 - d s #12 - d k s #12 + d k s #13 &, 1
-

d k Root

1 + #1 - b s #1 - d s #12 - d k s #12 + d k s #13 &, 1

b + d Root

1 + #1 - b s #1 - d s #12 - d k s #12 + d k s #13 &, 1

1 +b s

2 d s Root - 1 + #1 - b s #1 - d s #12 - d k s #12 + d k s #13 &, 1 + 2 d


k s Root - 1 + #1 - b s #1 - d s #12 - d k s #12 + d k s #13 &, 1 - 3 d
2
k s Root - 1 + #1 - b s #1 - d s #12 - d k s #12 + d k s #13 &, 1
-

If t 0, Root

1 + #1 - b s #1 - d s #12 - d k s #12 + d k s #13 &, 2 ^

2 + 2+ t
,0
b + d + d Root - 1 + #1 - b s #1 - d s #12 - d k s #12 + d k s #13 &, 2
-

d k Root

1 + #1 - b s #1 - d s #1

2
- 1 + #1 - b s #1 - d s #1 -

b + d Root
- 1 + b s + 2 d s Root

d k s #1

+ d k s #1 &, 2
2
d k s #1 + d k s #13 &, 2

1 + #1 -

17
Regina Diguez Pereda

Curso 2003 - 04

@
@
I@
@
H
H
H
L
L
L
D
I @
@
IHL@@
@
@
H@ @
H@
@
@
@
H
HL@
H@
H@
@
@
@
H@

D
D
M
M
D
D
D
M
M

D
ID
D
D
M
M
D
H
HHLLLD
D
D
D
DLL
D
D
D
D
D
DL

b s #1 - d s #12 - d k s #12 + d k s #13 &, 2 +


2 d k s Root - 1 + #1 - b s #1 - d s #12 - d k s #12 + d k s #13 &, 2
3 d k s Root - 1 + #1 - b s #1 - d s #12 - d k s #12 + d k s #13 &, 2
If t 0, Root

1 + #1 - b s #1 - d s #1

d k s #1

+d k s

#1 &, 3 ^

2 + 2+ t
,0
b + d + d Root - 1 + #1 - b s #1 - d s #12 - d k s #12 + d k s #13 &, 3
-

d k Root

1 + #1 - b s #1 - d s #12 - d k s #12 + d k s #13 &, 3

b + d Root

1 + #1 - b s #1 - d s #12 - d k s #12 + d k s #13 &, 3


2

1+

b s + 2 d s Root - 1 + #1 - b s #1 - d s #1 - d k s #1 + d k s #1 &, 3
2 d k s Root - 1 + #1 - b s #1 - d s #12 - d k s #12 + d k s #13 &, 3 2
3 d k s Root - 1 + #1 - b s #1 - d s #12 - d k s #12 + d k s #13 &, 3
2

If t 0, Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 + #1 - b s #1 + d s #1 + d k s #1 d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 1 ^ - - 2 + 2 + t


,0
2
2
2
2
- b Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 + #1 - b s #1 + d s #1 + d k s #1 d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 1 d Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 + #12 - b s #12 + d s #12 + d k s #12 d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 1 ^2 d k Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 + #12 - b s #12 + d s #12 + d k s #12 d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 1 ^2 +
d k Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 + #12 - b s #12 + d s #12 + d k s #12 d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 1 ^3

b + d Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 + #12 - b s #12 + d s #12 + d k s #12 d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 1


1 - Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 + #12 - b s #12 + d s #12 + d k s #12 d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 1 +
2
2
2
2
s b Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 + #1 - b s #1 + d s #1 + d k s #1 d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 1 +
d Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 + #12 - b s #12 + d s #12 + d k s #12 d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 1 ^2 +
d k Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 + #12 - b s #12 + d s #12 + d k s #12 d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 1 ^2 d k Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 + #12 - b s #12 + d s #12 + d k s #12 d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 1 ^3 +
2
2
2
- 1 + Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 + #1 - b s #1 + d s #1 +

18
Regina Diguez Pereda

Curso 2003 - 04

19
Regina Diguez Pereda

Curso 2003 - 04

D
L
HH @
D
@
D
@
D
L
L
L
L
H@ @ D
H
H
H
L
L
L
D
H@
D
@
D
@
D
@
D
L
L

H
HL@ D
H@
D
H@
D
@
D
@
D
@
D
L
H@
D
L
HH @
D
@
D
@

d k s #12 - d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 1


2
2
2
- 1 + s b + 2 d Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 + #1 - b s #1 + d s #1 +
d k s #12 - d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 1 +
2 d k Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 + #12 - b s #12 + d s #12 +
d k s #12 - d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 1 3 d k Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 + #12 - b s #12 + d s #12 +
d k s #12 - d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 1 ^2
If t 0, Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 + #12 - b s #12 + d s #12 + d k s #12 d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 2 ^ - - 2 + 2 + t
,0
2
2
2
2
- b Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 + #1 - b s #1 + d s #1 + d k s #1 d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 2 d Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 + #12 - b s #12 + d s #12 + d k s #12 d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 2 ^2 d k Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 + #12 - b s #12 + d s #12 + d k s #12 d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 2 ^2 +
d k Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 + #12 - b s #12 + d s #12 + d k s #12 d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 2 ^3

b + d Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 + #12 - b s #12 + d s #12 + d k s #12 d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 2


1 - Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 + #12 - b s #12 + d s #12 + d k s #12 d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 2 +
2
2
2
2
s b Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 + #1 - b s #1 + d s #1 + d k s #1 d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 2 +
d Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 + #12 - b s #12 + d s #12 + d k s #12 d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 2 ^2 +
d k Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 + #12 - b s #12 + d s #12 + d k s #12 d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 2 ^2 d k Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 + #12 - b s #12 + d s #12 + d k s #12 d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 2 ^3 +
2
2
2
2
- 1 + Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 + #1 - b s #1 + d s #1 + d k s #1 d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 2
2
2
2
- 1 + s b + 2 d Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 + #1 - b s #1 + d s #1 +
d k s #12 - d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 2 +
2 d k Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 + #12 - b s #12 + d s #12 +
d k s #12 - d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 2 3 d k Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 + #12 - b s #12 +

20
Regina Diguez Pereda

Curso 2003 - 04

H@ @
H@
@
@
@
H
HL@
H@
H@
@
@
@
H@

DLLLL
D
H
HHLLLD
D
D
D
DLL
D
D
D
D
D
DL

d s #12 + d k s #12 - d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 2 ^2


2
2
2
If t 0, Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 + #1 - b s #1 + d s #1 + d k s #12 d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 3 ^ - - 2 + 2 + t
,0
2
2
2
2
- b Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 + #1 - b s #1 + d s #1 + d k s #1 d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 3 d Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 + #12 - b s #12 + d s #12 + d k s #12 d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 3 ^2 d k Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 + #12 - b s #12 + d s #12 + d k s #12 d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 3 ^2 +
d k Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 + #12 - b s #12 + d s #12 + d k s #12 d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 3 ^3

b + d Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 + #12 - b s #12 + d s #12 + d k s #12 d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 3


1 - Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 + #12 - b s #12 + d s #12 + d k s #12 d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 3 +
2
2
2
2
s b Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 + #1 - b s #1 + d s #1 + d k s #1 d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 3 +
d Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 + #12 - b s #12 + d s #12 + d k s #12 d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 3 ^2 +
d k Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 + #12 - b s #12 + d s #12 + d k s #12 d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 3 ^2 d k Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 + #12 - b s #12 + d s #12 + d k s #12 d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 3 ^3 +
2
2
2
- 1 + Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 + #1 - b s #1 + d s #1 +

21
Regina Diguez Pereda

Curso 2003 - 04

D
L
HH @
D
@
D
@
D
L
L
L
L
H@ @ D
H
H
H
L
L
L
D
H@
D
@
D
@

d k s #12 - d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 3


2
2
2
- 1 + s b + 2 d Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 + #1 - b s #1 + d s #1 +
d k s #12 - d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 3 +
2 d k Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 + #12 - b s #12 + d s #12 +
d k s #12 - d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 3 3 d k Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 + #12 - b s #12 + d s #12 +
d k s #12 - d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 3 ^2
If t 0, Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 + #12 - b s #12 + d s #12 + d k s #12 d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 4 ^ - - 2 + 2 + t
,0
2
2
2
2
- b Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 + #1 - b s #1 + d s #1 + d k s #1 d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 4 d Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 + #12 - b s #12 + d s #12 + d k s #12 d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 4 ^2 d k Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 + #12 - b s #12 + d s #12 +

22
Regina Diguez Pereda

Curso 2003 - 04

@
D
L
L

H
HL@
D
H@
D
H@
D
@
D
@
D
@
D
L
H@
D
L
HH @
D
@
D
@
D
L
L
L
L
L
H
@
D@
D@
D
LH
H@ D
@
H
H
H
L
L
L
D
H @
D

d k s #12 - d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 4 ^2 +


d k Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 + #12 - b s #12 + d s #12 +
d k s #12 - d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 4 ^3

b + d Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 + #12 - b s #12 + d s #12 +


d k s #12 - d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 4
1 - Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 + #12 - b s #12 + d s #12 + d k s #12 d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 4 +
2
2
2
s b Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 + #1 - b s #1 + d s #1 +
d k s #12 - d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 4 +
d Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 + #12 - b s #12 + d s #12 + d k s
#12 - d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 4 ^2 +
d k Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 + #12 - b s #12 + d s #12 + d k s
#12 - d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 4 ^2 d k Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 + #12 - b s #12 + d s #12 + d k s
#12 - d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 4 ^3 +
2
2
2
- 1 + Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 + #1 - b s #1 + d s #1 +
d k s #12 - d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 4
2
2
2
- 1 + s b + 2 d Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 + #1 - b s #1 + d s #1 +
d k s #12 - d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 4 +
2 d k Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 + #12 - b s #12 + d s #12 +
d k s #12 - d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 4 3 d k Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 + #12 - b s #12 + d s #12 +
d k s #12 - d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 4 ^2
C 2 - 2 C 3 +b s C 3
- If 1 + t 0, Root - 1 + #1 - b s #1 2
d s #1 - d k s #12 + d k s #13 &, 1 ^ - - 1 + 2 + t
,0
2
2
b + d + d Root - 1 + #1 - b s #1 - d s #1 - d k s #1 + d k s #13 &, 1
dk

23
Regina Diguez Pereda

Curso 2003 - 04

@
IHL@@
@
@
I@
@
H
H
H
L
L
L
D
I @
@
IHL@@
@
@
I@
@
H
H
H
L
L
L
D
I @
@

Root

D
M
M
D
ID
D
D
M
M
D
D
D
M
M

D
ID
D
D
M
M
D
D
D
M
M

1 + #1 - b s #1 - d s #12 - d k s #12 + d k s #13 &, 1

b + d Root

1 + #1 - b s #1 - d s #12 - d k s #12 + d k s #13 &, 1


2

1+

b s + 2 d s Root - 1 + #1 - b s #1 - d s #1 - d k s #1 + d k s #1 &, 1
2 d k s Root - 1 + #1 - b s #1 - d s #12 - d k s #12 + d k s #13 &, 1 2
3 d k s Root - 1 + #1 - b s #1 - d s #12 - d k s #12 + d k s #13 &, 1

If 1 + t 0, Root

1 + #1 - b s #1 - d s #1

d k s #1

+d k s

d k Root

#1 &, 2 ^

2
- 1 + #1 - b s #1 - d s #1 -

d k s #1

+ d k s #1 &, 2
b + d Root
d k s #12 + d k s #13 &, 2 - 1 +
b s + 2 d s Root - 1 + #1 - b s #1 - d s #12 - d k s #12 + d k s #13 &, 2 +
2 d k s Root - 1 + #1 - b s #1 - d s #12 - d k s #12 + d k s #13 &, 2 2
3 d k s Root - 1 + #1 - b s #1 - d s #12 - d k s #12 + d k s #13 &, 2
2
2
3
If 1 + t 0, Root - 1 + #1 - b s #1 - d s #1 - d k s #1 + d k s #1 &, 3 ^
-

1 + #1 - b s #1 - d s #1

1 + 2+ t
,0
b + d + d Root - 1 + #1 - b s #1 - d s #12 - d k s #12 + d k s #13 &, 2
-

1 + 2+t
,0
b + d + d Root - 1 + #1 - b s #1 - d s #12 - d k s #12 + d k s #13 &, 3
-

d k Root

1 + #1 - b s #1 - d s #1

d k s #1

+d k s

#1 &, 3

24
Regina Diguez Pereda

Curso 2003 - 04

IHL@
D
I
@
D
@
D
@
D
M
M
H@ @ D
H
H
H
L
L
L
D
H@
D
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D
@
D
@
D
L
L

H
HL@ D
H@
D
H@
D
@
D
@
D
@
D
L
H@
b + d Root

1 + #1 - b s #1 - d s #12 - d k s #12 + d k s #13 &, 3


2

1 +b s

2 d s Root - 1 + #1 - b s #1 - d s #1 - d k s #1 + d k s #1 &, 3 +
2 d k s Root - 1 + #1 - b s #1 - d s #12 - d k s #12 + d k s #13 &, 3 2
3 d k s Root - 1 + #1 - b s #1 - d s #12 - d k s #12 + d k s #13 &, 3

If 1 + t 0, Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 + #12 - b s #12 + d s #12 + d k s #12 d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 1 ^ - - 1 + 2 + t


,0
2
2
2
2
- b Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 + #1 - b s #1 + d s #1 + d k s #1 d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 1 d Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 + #12 - b s #12 + d s #12 + d k s #12 d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 1 ^2 d k Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 + #12 - b s #12 + d s #12 + d k s #12 d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 1 ^2 +
d k Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 + #12 - b s #12 + d s #12 + d k s #12 d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 1 ^3
b + d Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 + #12 - b s #12 + d s #12 + d k s #12 d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 1
1 - Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 + #12 - b s #12 + d s #12 + d k s #12 d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 1 +
2
2
2
2
s b Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 + #1 - b s #1 + d s #1 + d k s #1 d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 1 +
d Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 + #12 - b s #12 + d s #12 + d k s #12 d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 1 ^2 +
d k Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 + #12 - b s #12 + d s #12 + d k s #12 d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 1 ^2 d k Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 + #12 - b s #12 + d s #12 + d k s #12 d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 1 ^3 +
2
2
2
- 1 + Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 + #1 - b s #1 + d s #1 +

25
Regina Diguez Pereda

Curso 2003 - 04

D
L
HH @
D
@
D
@
D
L
L
L
L
H@ @ D
H
H
H
L
L
L
D
H@
D
@
D
@
D
@
D
L
L

H
HL@ D
H@
D
H@
D
@ D
@
D
@
D
L
H@
D
L
HH @
D
@
D
@

d k s #12 - d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 1


2
2
2
- 1 + s b + 2 d Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 + #1 - b s #1 + d s #1 +
d k s #12 - d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 1 +
2 d k Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 + #12 - b s #12 + d s #12 +
d k s #12 - d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 1 3 d k Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 + #12 - b s #12 + d s #12 +
d k s #12 - d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 1 ^2
2
2
2
2
If 1 + t 0, Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 + #1 - b s #1 + d s #1 + d k s #1 d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 2 ^ - - 1 + 2 + t
,0
2
2
2
2
- b Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 + #1 - b s #1 + d s #1 + d k s #1 d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 2 d Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 + #12 - b s #12 + d s #12 + d k s #12 d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 2 ^2 d k Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 + #12 - b s #12 + d s #12 + d k s #12 d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 2 ^2 +
d k Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 + #12 - b s #12 + d s #12 + d k s #12 d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 2 ^3

b + d Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 + #12 - b s #12 + d s #12 + d k s #12 d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 2


1 - Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 + #12 - b s #12 + d s #12 + d k s #12 d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 2 +
2
2
2
2
s b Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 + #1 - b s #1 + d s #1 + d k s #1 d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 2 +
d Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 + #12 - b s #12 + d s #12 +
d k s #12 - d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 2 ^2 +
d k Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 + #12 - b s #12 + d s #12 +
d k s #12 - d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 2 ^2 d k Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 + #12 - b s #12 + d s #12 + d k s #12 d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 2 ^3 +
2
2
2
2
- 1 + Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 + #1 - b s #1 + d s #1 + d k s #1 d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 2
2
2
2
- 1 + s b + 2 d Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 + #1 - b s #1 + d s #1 +
d k s #12 - d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 2 +
2 d k Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 + #12 - b s #12 + d s #12 + d k s #12 d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 2 - 3 d k
Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 + #12 - b s #12 + d s #12 + d k s #12 - d s #13 -

26
Regina Diguez Pereda

Curso 2003 - 04

27
Regina Diguez Pereda

Curso 2003 - 04

D
L
L
L
L
H@ @ D
H
H
H
L
L
L
D
H@
D
@
D
@
D
@
D
L
L

H
HL@ D
H@
D
H@
D
@
D
@
D
@
D
L
H@
D
L
HH @
D
@
D
@
D
L
L
L
L
H@ @ D
H
H
H
L
L
L
D
H@
D
@
D
@
D
@
D
L
L

H
HL@ D

2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 2 ^2


If 1 + t 0, Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 + #12 - b s #12 + d s #12 + d k s #12 d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 3 ^ - - 1 + 2 + t
,0
2
2
2
2
- b Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 + #1 - b s #1 + d s #1 + d k s #1 d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 3 d Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 + #12 - b s #12 + d s #12 + d k s #12 d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 3 ^2 d k Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 + #12 - b s #12 + d s #12 + d k s #12 d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 3 ^2 +
d k Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 + #12 - b s #12 + d s #12 + d k s #12 d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 3 ^3
b + d Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 + #12 - b s #12 + d s #12 + d k s #12 d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 3
1 - Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 + #12 - b s #12 + d s #12 + d k s #12 d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 3 +
2
2
2
2
s b Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 + #1 - b s #1 + d s #1 + d k s #1 d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 3 +
d Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 + #12 - b s #12 + d s #12 + d k s #12 d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 3 ^2 +
d k Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 + #12 - b s #12 + d s #12 + d k s #12 d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 3 ^2 d k Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 + #12 - b s #12 + d s #12 + d k s #12 d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 3 ^3 +
2
2
2
2
- 1 + Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 + #1 - b s #1 + d s #1 + d k s #1 d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 3
2
2
2
- 1 + s b + 2 d Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 + #1 - b s #1 + d s #1 +
d k s #12 - d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 3 +
2 d k Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 + #12 - b s #12 + d s #12 +
d k s #12 - d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 3 3 d k Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 + #12 - b s #12 + d s #12 +
d k s #12 - d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 3 ^2
If 1 + t 0, Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 + #12 - b s #12 + d s #12 + d k s #12 d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 4 ^ - - 1 + 2 + t
,0
2
2
2
2
- b Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 + #1 - b s #1 + d s #1 + d k s #1 d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 4 d Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 + #12 - b s #12 + d s #12 + d k s #12 d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 4 ^2 d k Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 + #12 - b s #12 + d s #12 + d k s #12 d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 4 ^2 +
2 2003 - 04
Regina Diguez
Pereda
d k Root
1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 + #12 - bCurso
s #1 +
d s #12 + d k s #12 d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 4 ^3
b + d Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 + #12 - b s #12 + d s #12 + d k s #12 d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 4

28

D
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D
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D
L
H@
D
L
HH @
D
@
D@
D
L
L
L
L
L
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D
I
I
A
HLE
@
D
I @
@
D
D
M
M

IH
L
@
D
I
@
D
@
D
@
D
M
M
IA@
HLE
D
I @
@
D
D
M
M

H
H
L
@
D
H@
D
@
D
@@
D
M
M
ID
HA
LE
I @
@
D
D
M
M

H
HL@

Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 + #12 - b s #12 + d s #12 +


d k s #12 - d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 4 ^2 +
d k Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 + #12 - b s #12 + d s #12 + d k s #12 d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 4 ^2 d k Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 + #12 - b s #12 + d s #12 + d k s #12 d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 4 ^3 +
2
2
2
2
- 1 + Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 + #1 - b s #1 + d s #1 + d k s #1 d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 4
2
2
- 1 + s b + 2 d Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 + #1 - b s #1 + d s
#12 + d k s #12 - d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 4 +
2 d k Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 + #12 - b s #12 + d s #12 + d k
2
3
3
4
s #1 - d s #1 - 2 d k s #1 + d k s #1 &, 4 - 3 d k Root 1 2 #1 + b s #1 + #12 - b s #12 + d s #12 + d k s #12 - d s #13 - 2
d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 4 ^2
+C 3
- If 2 + t 0,
Root

- 2+t

1 + #1 - b s #1 - d s #12 - d k s #12 + d k s #13 &, 1

b + d + d Root

1 + #1 - b s #1 - d s #1

d k s #1

+d k s

#1 &, 1

d k Root

1 + #1 - b s #1 - d s #12 - d k s #12 + d k s #13 &, 1

b + d Root

1 + #1 - b s #1 - d s #12 - d k s #12 + d k s #13 &, 1

1 +b s

+2 d s

,0

Root

1 + #1 - b s #1 - d s #12 - d k s #12 + d k s #13 &, 1 + 2 d k s


Root - 1 + #1 - b s #1 - d s #12 - d k s #12 + d k s #13 &, 1 - 3 d k
2
2
2
3
s Root - 1 + #1 - b s #1 - d s #1 - d k s #1 + d k s #1 &, 1
-

If 2 + t 0,
Root

- 2+t

1 + #1 - b s #1 - d s #12 - d k s #12 + d k s #13 &, 2

b + d + d Root
d k Root

1 + #1 - b s #1 - d s #1
2

1 + #1 - b s #1 - d s #1

2
- 1 + #1 - b s #1 - d s #1 -

d k s #1

+d k s

#1 &, 2

d k s #1

,0

+ d k s #1 &, 2
2
d k s #1 + d k s #13 &, 2

b + d Root
- 1 + b s +2 d s
Root - 1 + #1 - b s #1 - d s #12 - d k s #12 + d k s #13 &, 2 + 2 d k s
Root - 1 + #1 - b s #1 - d s #12 - d k s #12 + d k s #13 &, 2 - 3 d k s
2
Root - 1 + #1 - b s #1 - d s #12 - d k s #12 + d k s #13 &, 2
- If 2 + t 0,
Root

1 + #1 - b s #1 - d s #12 - d k s #12 + d k s #13 &, 3

b + d + d Root
d k Root

b + d Root

1 + #1 - b s #1 - d s #1

d k s #1

+d k s

- 2+t

,0

#1 &, 3

1 + #1 - b s #1 - d s #12 - d k s #12 + d k s #13 &, 3

1 + #1 - b s #1 - d s #12 -

29
Regina Diguez Pereda

Curso 2003 - 04

D
I @@
D
D
@
D
M
M
H@ @ D
H
H
L
L
D
H@
D
@
D
@
D
@
D
L
L

H
HL@ D
H@
D
H@
D
@
D
@
D
@
D
L
H@
D
L
HH @
D
@
D@

d k s #12 + d k s #13 &, 3


- 1 + b s + 2 d s Root
2 d k s Root
3 d k s Root

1 + #1 - b s #1 - d s #12 - d k s #12 + d k s #13 &, 3


2

1 + #1 - b s #1 - d s #1 - d k s #1 + d k s #1 &, 3
2
2
3
- 1 + #1 - b s #1 - d s #1 - d k s #1 + d k s #1 &, 3
-

If 2 + t 0, Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 + #1 - b s #1 + d s #1 + d k s #1
d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 1 ^ - 2 + t , 0
2
2
2
2
- b Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 + #1 - b s #1 + d s #1 + d k s #1 d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 1 d Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 + #12 - b s #12 + d s #12 + d k s #12 d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 1 ^2 d k Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 + #12 - b s #12 + d s #12 + d k s #12 d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 1 ^2 +
d k Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 + #12 - b s #12 + d s #12 + d k s #12 d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 1 ^3

b + d Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 + #12 - b s #12 + d s #12 + d k s #12 d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 1


1 - Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 + #12 - b s #12 + d s #12 + d k s #12 d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 1 +
2
2
2
2
s b Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 + #1 - b s #1 + d s #1 + d k s #1 d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 1 +
d Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 + #12 - b s #12 + d s #12 + d k s #12 d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 1 ^2 +
d k Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 + #12 - b s #12 + d s #12 + d k s #12 d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 1 ^2 d k Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 + #12 - b s #12 + d s #12 + d k s #12 d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 1 ^3 +
2
2
2
2
- 1 + Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 + #1 - b s #1 + d s #1 + d k s #1 d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 1
2
2
2
- 1 + s b + 2 d Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 + #1 - b s #1 + d s #1 +
d k s #12 - d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 1 +
2 d k Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 + #12 - b s #12 + d s #12 + d k s #12 d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 1 - 3 d k Root
1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 + #12 - b s #12 + d s #12 + d k s #12 - d s #13 -

30
Regina Diguez Pereda

Curso 2003 - 04

D
L
L
L
L
H@ @ D
H
H
L
L
D
H@
D
@

2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 1 ^2


If 2 + t 0, Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 + #12 - b s #12 + d s #12 + d k s #12 d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 2 ^ - 2 + t , 0
2
2
2
2
- b Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 + #1 - b s #1 + d s #1 + d k s #1 d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 2 d Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 + #12 - b s #12 + d s #12 +

31
Regina Diguez Pereda

Curso 2003 - 04

D
@
D
@
D
L
L

H
HL@ D
H@
D
H@
D
@
D
@
D
@
D
L
H@
D
L
HH @
D
@
D
@
D
L
L
L
L
H@ @
D
H
H
L
L
D
H@
D
@
D
@
D
@
D
L
L

H
HL@ D
H@

d k s #12 - d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 2 ^2 d k Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 + #12 - b s #12 + d s #12 +


d k s #12 - d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 2 ^2 +
d k Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 + #12 - b s #12 + d s #12 + d k s #12 d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 2 ^3

b + d Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 + #12 - b s #12 + d s #12 + d k s #12 d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 2


1 - Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 + #12 - b s #12 + d s #12 + d k s #12 d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 2 +
2
2
2
2
s b Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 + #1 - b s #1 + d s #1 + d k s #1 d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 2 +
d Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 + #12 - b s #12 + d s #12 + d k s #12 d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 2 ^2 +
d k Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 + #12 - b s #12 + d s #12 + d k s #12 d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 2 ^2 d k Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 + #12 - b s #12 + d s #12 + d k s #12 d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 2 ^3 +
2
2
2
2
- 1 + Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 + #1 - b s #1 + d s #1 + d k s #1 d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 2
2
2
2
- 1 + s b + 2 d Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 + #1 - b s #1 + d s #1 +
d k s #12 - d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 2 +
2 d k Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 + #12 - b s #12 + d s #12 +
d k s #12 - d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 2 3 d k Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 + #12 - b s #12 + d s #12 +
d k s #12 - d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 2 ^2
If 2 + t 0, Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 + #12 - b s #12 + d s #12 +
d k s #12 - d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 3 ^ - 2 + t , 0
2
2
2
2
- b Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 + #1 - b s #1 + d s #1 + d k s #1 d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 3 d Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 + #12 - b s #12 + d s #12 + d k s #12 d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 3 ^2 d k Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 + #12 - b s #12 + d s #12 + d k s #12 d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 3 ^2 +
d k Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 + #12 - b s #12 + d s #12 + d k s #12 d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 3 ^3

b + d Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 + #12 - b s #12 + d s #12 + d k s #12 d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 3


1 - Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 + #12 - b s #12 + d s #12 + d

Regina Diguez Pereda

Curso 2003 - 04

32

H@
@
@
@
H@
HH @
@
@
H@ @
H@
@
@
@
H
HL@
H@
H@
@

D
D
D
D
DL
D
L
D
D
DLLLL
D
H
HLLD
D
D
D
DLL
D
D
D
D @

k s #12 - d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 3 +


2
2
2
s b Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 + #1 - b s #1 + d s #1 +
d k s #12 - d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 3 +
d Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 + #12 - b s #12 + d s #12 + d k s #12 d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 3 ^2 +
d k Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 + #12 - b s #12 + d s #12 + d k s #12 d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 3 ^2 d k Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 + #12 - b s #12 + d s #12 + d k s #12 d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 3 ^3 +
2
2
2
2
- 1 + Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 + #1 - b s #1 + d s #1 + d k s #1 d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 3
2
2
2
- 1 + s b + 2 d Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 + #1 - b s #1 + d s #1 +
d k s #12 - d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 3 +
2 d k Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 + #12 - b s #12 + d s #12 +
d k s #12 - d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 3 3 d k Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 + #12 - b s #12 + d s #12 + d k
2
3
3
4
s #1 - d s #1 - 2 d k s #1 + d k s #1 &, 3 ^2
2
2
2
If 2 + t 0, Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 + #1 - b s #1 + d s #1 +
d k s #12 - d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 4 ^ - 2 + t , 0
2
2
2
2
- b Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 + #1 - b s #1 + d s #1 + d k s #1 d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 4 d Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 + #12 - b s #12 + d s #12 + d k s #12 d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 4 ^2 d k Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 + #12 - b s #12 + d s #12 + d k s #12 d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 4 ^2 +
d k Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 + #12 - b s #12 + d s #12 + d k s #12 d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 4 ^3

b + d Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 + #12 - b s #12 + d s #12 + d k s #12 d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 4


1 - Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 + #12 - b s #12 + d s #12 + d k s #12 d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 4 +
2
2
2
2
s b Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 + #1 - b s #1 + d s #1 + d k s #1 d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 4 +
d Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 + #12 - b s #12 + d s #12 + d k s #12 - d s #13 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 4 ^2 + d k Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 +
#12 - b s #12 + d s #12 + d k s #12 - d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14

33
Regina Diguez Pereda

Curso 2003 - 04

D @
D
L
H@
D
L
HH @
D
@
D
@
DLLLLL<
<

&, 4 ^2 - d k Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 + #12 - b s #12 + d s #12 +


d k s #12 - d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 4 ^3 +
2
2
2
2
- 1 + Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 + #1 - b s #1 + d s #1 + d k s #1 d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 4
2
2
2
- 1 + s b + 2 d Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 + #1 - b s #1 + d s #1 +
d k s #12 - d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 4 +
2 d k Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 + #12 - b s #12 + d s #12 +
d k s #12 - d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 4 3 d k Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 + #12 - b s #12 + d s #12 +
d k s #12 - d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 4 ^2

- Si supusiramos que en nuestro modelo se da el equilibrio nos


quedara.
Equilibrio
Qdt = a bPt
Qst = -c + dPt
Qdt = Qst
(b+d)Pt = -(c+a)

@
H
L
@
D
H
L
@
D
D

::@
D>
>

Resolucin
RSolve b +d P t - c +a , P t , t

P t

FullSimplify

a +c
b +d

- Cobweb

34
Regina Diguez Pereda

Curso 2003 - 04

Hace referencia a los productos agrcolas que se siembran o plantan


un ao antes de su salida al mercado, la oferta actual depende del
precio del ao anterior.
Qdt = c + bPt
Qst = g + h Pt-1
c + bPt = g + h Pt-1
bPt - h Pt-1 = (-c + g)

Resolucin

RSolve b P t

hP t 1

g , P t , t

FullSimplify
P t

If

1 t

t 1,

b1

t c g b h1 t C

1
b h

h1 t c g h C

,0

CONVERGENCIA
El modelo de Mercado con Inventario se trata de una E.D.F. de
primer orden con coeficientes constantes, por tanto, para analizar
la convergencia de ste procederemos de la siguiente forma:
Sabemos que:
Yt+1 aYt = Qt (t 0, a 0)
Sabemos que la solucin general es:
Yt, GC = Yt,GH + Yt,PC = Cat + Yt,PC
La E.D.F. es estable lim

(t )

Yt,GH = 0, C |a|<1.

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Regina Diguez Pereda

Curso 2003 - 04

Si hay estabilidad el valor de equilibrio es Y t,PC, esto es, la solucin


particular de la completa.

@
@
DHHL
L@
DHL@
DD

D
L>
::@
D HHLLHHL@
>
D
LHHLL
AHHLLHHL@
HHLLH @
D@
D
L
@
D@
D
@
D
HL

RSolve P t +1 -

1 - s d +b

P t

s a +c , P t , t

FullSimplify
P t

Collect
a +c
b +d

a +c - 1 -

b +d

s t

a +c - b +d C 1
b +d

a +c - 1 - b +d s t a +c - b +d C 1
b +d

1-

b +d

s t -

a - c +b C 1
b +d

+d C

, 1 - b +d s

Sabemos que la solucin general es:


GC t = GH t +P t
a +c
+C 1 - b s - d s
b +d

por tanto, y como hemos dicho anteriormente sabemos que se


cumple que |c(1 - b - d)t|<1 es estable, todas las soluciones
convergen a la solucin particular de la ecuacin completa.

36
Regina Diguez Pereda

Curso 2003 - 04

BIBLIOGRAFA
Matemticas para economistas. Edward T. Dowling. Ed. Mc Graw
Hill.
Anlisis discreto en Economa y Empresa. Ed.AC. Concepcin
Gonzlez y Javier A. Barrios.
Mtodos Fundamentales de Economa Matemtica.
Alpha Chiang. Ed. Mc Graw Hill.

37
Regina Diguez Pereda

Curso 2003 - 04

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