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Objective: Determination the mass density and specific weight and specific gravity of a fluid.
Materials Required: Distilled water, Fluid (Engine oil), Beaker and Electronic Balance
Formula used:
Mass density: The density (also known as mass density or specific mass) of a liquid may be defined as
the mass per unit volume at a standard temperature and pressure. It is usually denoted by . Its unit is
kg/m3
m
v
Specific weight ( )
: The specific weight is defined as the weight per unit volume at the standard
= g
Specific Gravity (G): Specific gravity is the ratio of the specific weight of the liquid to the specific
weight of a standard fluid. Standard fluid is pure water at 4 0c.
Specific Gravity=
Observations:
i)
ii)
iii)
iv)
v)
vi)
vii)
kg/m 3
N/ m 3
Density of fluid =
Specific weight of fluid =
Specific gravity of fluid =
Experiment 2
Objective: Investigate the pressure acting on a submerged surface and to determine the position of centre
of pressure
Equipment Required: Tank with levelling screw, Drain valve and Spirit level, Quadrant, Balance arm,
Counter weight, Weight pan and Weights.
Formula used:
i)
Complete immersion:
F=
m g l
y
(a+ d )
3
F= g b d y
d
2
Partial immersion
Force on end surface (experimental),
F=
m g l
y
(a+ d )
3
1
F= g b d y 2 ( N )
2
2y
3
Observation
Table 1 Complete immersion
a=
m, b =
m, L =
m, d = m, =
kg/m3
Theoretical force
Depths of center
m(kg)
acting on the
of pressure
wetted end
wetted end
surface(N)
surface(N)
400 gm
300 gm
m, b =
m, L =
m, d = m,
kg/m3
Theoretical force
Depths of center
m(kg)
acting on the
of pressure
wetted end
wetted end
surface(N)
surface(N)
150 gm
80 gm
3
Experiment 3
Objective: Determination of meta centric height of a floating body.
Equipment required: Open tank, floating body, counter weight, protractor, plums, Jockey weight, scale
Theory:
Meta centre maybe defined as the point of interrelation between the axis of the floating body passing
through the point B and G and a neutral line passing through the new centre of buoyancy B 1.
Meta centric height is the distance between the centre of gravity G and the meta centre M of floating
body (i.e., GM) as - 0 is known as meta centric height.
4
GM =
w.x
W . tan
Where,= Meta centric height
w = Jockey height(kg)
W= weight of chip (kg)
x = distance of Jockey weight from the centre (m)
= angle of tilt (degree)
Procedure :
i)
Measure the dimension of the open tank (b=380mm, l= 480 mm, H= 300 mm)
ii)
Fill clean tap water in the tank. Note the water level in the tank.
iii)
If the pass are hanging from the hook, remove them, bring the hooks to the center most
position.
iv)
Put the floating body to the tank, adjust the counter weights to that floating body remains in
original position.
v)
Let the floating body be stabilized in tank.
vi)
Note the water level in the tank, make sure that the floating body does not touch any side of
the tank when taking the reading.
vii)
Mount the pan in one of the hanger. Add are supplied weight (Jockey weights) to this pass,
move the hanger away from the center. The distance can be selected at random.
viii)
Note the readings in the observation table.
Observation:
S.
Jockey
Distance of Jockey
Angle of
No.
Weight
w( kg)
With out
ship
With ship
tilt
GM =
w.x
W . tan
Experiment 4
Objective: Determination of coefficient of discharge for the flow over a 90 0 V notch.
Equipment Required: Hydraulic bench, 900 V notch, Collection tank with Piezometer tube, Scale,
Water supply device and Stop watch.
Formula used:
A notch or weir is an obstruction placed across a free surface such that the flow takes place over it.
Notches are openings cut in metallic plate and stall in small channels. Installations of notch is exclusively
6
for the purpose of measuring the discharge of the stream. The discharge over a triangular or V- notch is
given by the following formula.
5
Qtheoritical=
2 g tan H 2
15
2
Where, h = height of flowing fluid over the notch, = angle of triangular notch
Qactual =
h1h2
A
t
Where,
h1 = Initial water level in the measuring tank
h2 = Final water level in the measuring tank
t = time required to increase the height of the water level in the tank
A = cross section canal area
C d=
Qactual
Qtheoritical
Time
(sec)
Water level
above the
crest (cm)
Q actual
Cm3/s
Qtheoritical
Cd
Cm3/s
Experiment 5
Objective: Determination of coefficient of discharge for the flow over a rectangular notch.
Equipment Required: Hydraulic bench, Rectangular notch, Collection tank with Piezometer tube,
Scale, Water supply device and Stop watch.
Formula Used:
A notch or weir is an obstruction placed across a surface such that flow takes place over it. Notches are
openings cut in metallic plate and stall in small channels. Installation of notches is exclusively for the
purpose of measuring the discharge of the stream. The discharge over a rectangular weir is given by the
following formula.
3
2
Qtheroritical = 2 g bh 2
3
Where, b = base or length of notch and h = height (depth of flow water over the notch)
Qactual =
h2h1
A
t
Where, h1 = Initial water level in the tank, h2 = Final water level in the tank, t = time required to increase
the height of the water level in the tank and A = cross sectional area of tank.
Qactual
C
=
d
Coefficient of Discharge ,
Qtheoritical
Observation: Area of tank = 1600 cm2
h* = depth of water flowing over the notch, cm
Sl
.No
Tank Reading
Initial level Final
(h1) (cm)
level
(h2) (cm)
Time
(sec)
Q actual
Cm3/s
Notch Reading
h*(cm) b (cm)
Experiment 6
Objective: Verification of Bernoullis theorem for real fluid
Qtheoritical
Cm3/s
C d=
Qactual
Qtheoritical
Equipment used: Supply of water tank, Discharge measuring tank variable area duct with minimum area
at middle with connection to piezometer tubes at different sections.
Theory
For a perfect incompressible liquid flowing in a continuous stream, the total energy of a particle remains
the same, when the particle moves from one point to another.
p V2
+ + z=constant
2g
V2
P
where, z = Position head , 2 g =velocity head , =Pressurehead
Observation
Width of duct b =
cm
Initial level
(h1) (cm)
Final level
(h2) (cm)
Time
(sec)
Q=
h1h2
A
t
Piezometer No.
Distance from
inlet
Section (cm)
Area of cross
section (a)
( Qa )
Q
V =( )
a
V 1=
( Qa )
V 1=
Velocity
head
V 1 /2 g
V 22 /2 g
2
V 3 /2 g
P1 /
Pressure
head
P2 /
P3 /
Z=0
Total
head
1
2
3
10
Experiment 7
Objective: Determination of coefficient of discharge for a horizontal Venturimeter.
Equipment Required: Hydraulic bench, Horizontal Venturimeter
Formula used: Venturimeter is a device used for measuring rate of flow in a pipeline.
Its theoretical analysis is based on i) Bernoullis equation and ii) Continuity equation.
C d=
Qactual
Qtheoritical
A
( h h1
t )
Qactual =
Q theoritical=
2 gH ( a1 a2 )
a a
2
1
2
2
H=x (G2G 1 )
Here, G1 = specific gravity of water and G2 = specific gravity of mercury
H=x [ 13.61 ]
= 12.6 x cm of water
2
Where, A = area of measuring tank (1600 cm ), H= pressure head between two points of manometer,
x = Difference in the height of two limbs of manometer, a 1 = area of inlet pipe, cm2 and
a2 = area of outlet pipe, cm2
Observation:
Sl.N
o
(h1)
(cm)
Tank Reading
Time
(h2)
(sec)
(cm)
x
(cm)
H= 12.6
11
Q actual
Cm3/s
Qtheoritical
Cm3/s
C d=
Qactual
Qtheoritical
)=
Experiment 8
Objective : Determination of hydraulic coefficient Cv, Cd and Cc for an orifice.
Equipment Required: Hydraulic bench, Orifice setup etc.
Formula Used :
An orifice is an opening usually round shape. It may be used for measuring the discharge
Coefficient of Viscosity (C v ) =
where,
x
4 gh
Qactual
Coefficient of discharge (Cd) = Q
theoritical
Qtheoritical=a 2 gh
Where, A = cross section area of orifice.
A
( h h1
t )
Qactual =
Cd
Head
(H)
12
Q actual
Cm3/s
Qtheoritical
Cm3/s
Cd
C v Cc =
Cd
Cv
Experiment 9
Objective: Determination of coefficient of pitot tube.
Equipment Required: Tilting flume channel, Differential Manometer, Pitot tube
Theory: The pitot tube is an open L shaped tube useful for measuring velocity of flow in open channel
as well as in pipes. The equation for velocity is obtained using Bernoullis theorem.
p V2
+ + z=constant
2g
V2
P
where, z = Position head , 2 g =velocity head , =Pressure head
p1 V
p2
+ +z= +z
2g
V2
2g
p2
V= 2gh
Where v= Theoretical velocity of
pitot tube
13
p1
=h
Qactual
Observation:
1. Pressure head of pitot tube ( h)=
2. Depth of water flow in flume=
3. Width of flume=
4. Actual discharge rate of open flume=
Calculation; For Q Theoretical and Q actual
Result
Experiment 10
Objective: Find out the values of Reynolds number for different types of flow using dye.
Equipment Required: Reynolds apparatus, measuring cylinder or jar and Stop watch
Theory:
Fluid flow may be classified as
i)
Laminar flow
In the laminar flow, the individual fluid particles flow paths are parallel i.e., they retain
the same relative positions at successive cross section. Flow of this nature is associated
with low velocities, small boundaries and high viscosity.
ii)
Turbulent Flow
In the turbulent flow, the individual particles have secondary irregular motions super
imposed on the principal or average direction of motion and through mixing of the fluid
takes place.
Flow of this motion is associated with high velocities, large boundaries and low
viscosity.
Sir Reynolds (1883) performed a series of test using a dye injection technique to
observe the nature of flow as the velocity in the pipe was increased.
At low velocities, the dye line remained a slender thread extending the fuel;
length of the pipe. The fluid appeared to move in layers or laminar and hence the pipe of
flow is termed as laminar. At a certain velocity, Reynolds observed instabilities in the
dye line. This velocity is called Critical Velocity.
As the velocity was increased, these instabilities increase in intensity. Any further
increase in velocity increases the diffusion. This type of flow was termed Turbulent.
Critical Velocity: - when the flow changes from laminar to turbulent.
Reynolds Number
14
Re =
vd
u
vd vd
u
= ,=
u
=kinematic viscosity
Where,
Re < 2000=Laminar
2000<Re <4000=Transition
4000< R e =Turbulent
Procedure:
i)
ii)
iii)
iv)
v)
vi)
vii)
viii)
ix)
x)
xi)
xii)
Observation:
15
Diameter of tube(d) =
m
m2
Volume of fluid(v)
collected in jar(m )
m2/s
Typevd
of
Velocity (v) =
Re =
flow u
(sec)
volume (m3 )
areaof tube time
1
2
3
Result :
Experiment 11
Objective: Determination of coefficient of friction of pipe.
Equipment Required: Hydraulic bench, Differential manometer, Set of pipes.
Theory and Formula Used:
It has been observed experimentally that in long stream and a uniform diameter pipe head loss (H f) due to
friction between two section of the pipe is directly proportional to the velocity head and distance between
two section and inversely proportional to the pipe diameter. i.e.,
Hf
V2
2g
L
1/D
2
So,
Hf
V L
2g D
16
Hf f
V L
2g D
f=
H f 2 g D
2
V L
Also,
H f =x [ G HgGwater ]
H f =x [ 13.61 ] = 12.6
Where,
x=
Observation:
Sl.N
o
Diameter of pipe =
cm
cm
Q=
(h2h1)/t)A
V=
Q/(/4 d2 )
( cm3/s)
x=
Monomeri
c
difference
(cm)
Hf
(cm)
Experiment 12
Objective: Determination of coefficient K in pipes due to (a) sudden enlargement (b) sudden contraction,
and (c) small bend
Equipment Required: A pipe of known diameter, 900 bend attach to the pipe and pipe of bigger
diameter attached to one pipe, a gate wall of 12 cm diameter, Inlet and cut valves fitted to the pipe and
Large measuring tank
Formula used:
a) Sudden expansion
17
K exp (V 1V 2 )2
H=
2g
where, V1 = velocity of small pipe having diameter 1.91cm
V2 = velocity of large pipe having diameter 2.5 cm
b) Sudden Contraction
V 21
H=K con
2g
where, V1 = velocity of small pipe having diameter 1.91cm
V2= velocity of large pipe having diameter 2.5 cm
H = head difference in manometer
= x [ G HgG water ]
c) Small bend
H=K s
V 21
2g
H=x (G HgGwater )
x = Difference in the height of two limbs of manometer
Observation:
Table 1 : For Sudden Enlargement
Sl.N
o
(h1)
(cm
)
(h2)
(cm
)
Time
(sec)
Q=
Q
Q x H=
h2h1
V 2=
A V 1=
t
(d 1)2
(d 2)2 12.6
4
4
x
18
K exp=
H 2 g
(V 1V 2)2
(h1)
(cm
)
(h2)
(cm
)
Tim
e
(sec)
Q=
h2h1
A
t
V 1=
2
(d )
4 1
x H=
12.6
K exp=
H 2 g
(V 1)2
(h1)
(cm
)
(h2)
(cm
)
Time
(sec)
Q=
Cm3/s
( h ht ) A
2
V 1=
x
Q
2
( d ) cm
4 1
H= 12.6
x cm
K exp=
Cm/s
Result: Coefficient K due to Sudden enlargement = Sudden contraction and Sudden bend=
19
H 2 g
(V 1)2