Int Ten ado ope Cetin Preface The use of in situ testing has been widely gained popularity to establish general soll profile and to derive soil parameters to be used in design and geotechnical analysis. The use of CPT, SPT, DMT and PMT for ground improvement control has also been accepted by practical engineers. Nowadays the addition of sensors and testing technology has caused even positive development In the practice of geotechnical engineering. “The main advantages of the present use of in situ testing derives its favor from the fact that empirical correlation has been so much developed and may be used to accurately estimate the parameters. These publications of correlation are scattered everywhere, in the seminar and conference proceedings, in journals, and research reports. By effort of the graduate students of the Parahyangan Catholic University, they have tried to put all these together to make the most practical and handy application of the in situ testing results. ‘This publication is nothing but the first embryo of the effort. Although many other publications have not been included in this book, we believe that the present collection is advantageous as reference for every geotechnical engineer. Comprehensive examples rather than simple interpretation has been added in the final chapter to enable further thought towards a more rational application of the empirical correlations. Finally we expect that this book will be beneficial for everyone who use it and for students who want to go deeper into the geotechnical engineering practice. We apologize for incompleteness of the published correlation which has not been included in the book. In the future this effort will be continued to update with the state of the art so that this book will be more acceptable and more useful. Bandung, May 12, 2001 Paulus P. Rahardio Geotechnics Laboratory Parahyangan Catholic University Inston isitu Tsing ant al popes ation TABLE OF CONTENT PREFACE i CHAPTER 1. IN SITU TESTING DEVICE AND TEST PROCEDURE 1-1 1A, 1.2, 13 1.4, 1.5. 1.6. . Vane Shear Test (VST) a4 Bore Hole Shear Test (BST) 1-2 . Standard Penetration Test (SPT) 13 . Cone Penetration Test (CPT) 1-4 . Dilatometer Test (DMT) 1-6 ; Pressuremeter Test (PMT) 1-7 CHAPTER 2. ENGINEERING PROPERTIES OF SOILS 2a-L . Soil Classification and Weight Volume Relationship 24-1 .2. Soil Plasticity 22-1 3. Permeability 23-1 4, In Situ Stress and State Parameter 24-1 .5. Shear Strength 25-1 ==2,5:4.-Shear-Strength-of Sands— es 2.5.2. Undrained Shear Strength of Clays _ 2.5-4 2.6, Compressibility and Consolidation Characteristics 2.6-1 2.7. Stiffness and Shear Rigidity 27-4 2.7.1. Applicability of Strains in Various Construction 27-4 2.8. Expansive Soils 28-1 ‘CHAPTER 3. USE IN SITU TESTING TO IDENTIFY SOIL TYPES AND SOIL BEHAVIOUR TYPES 3-1 CHAPTER 4. IN SITU TESTING FOR PREDICTION OF DENSITY OF SOILS AND STATE PARAMETERS at CHAPTER 5. IN SITU TESTING FOR PREDICTION OF IN SITU STRESS AND ‘STRESS HISTORY 5-1 5.1. Prediction of Preconsolidation Pressure or Yield Stress 5-1 5.2. Prediction of Overconsolidation Ratio (OCR) 5-3 .3, Prediction of Horizontal Stress and Ky 5-7 CHAPTER 6, MEASUREMENT OF SHEAR STRENGTH BY IN SITU TESTINGS 6-1 6.1. Drained Shear Strength of Sand 6-41 6.1.1, Prediction of ¢” by SPT 6-1 6.1.2. Prediction of ¢” by CPT 6-4 6.1.3, Prediction of 4” by Dilatometer 6-6 6.2. Effective Friction Angles of All Soils 6-7 6.3. Undrained Shear Strength of Clays 6-8 6.3.1. Shear Strength of Clays by SPT 6-8 6.3.2. Shear Strength of Clays by CPT 6-8 6.3.3. Shear Strength of Clays by Dilatometer Test 6-11 6.3.4. Shear Strength of Chalk by CPT 6-11 Instuam : iIst Teting at al proper Coratien CHAPTER 7. IN SITU TESTING TO ESTIMATE SOIL STIFFNESS AND SHEAR RIGIDITY CHAPTER 8. IN SITU TESTING TO ESTIMATE CONSOLIDATION CHARACTERISTIC CHAPTER 9. IN SITU TESTING FOR EVALUATION OF LIQUEFACTION POTENTIAL CHAPTER 10. COMPARISON BETWEEN THE RESULTS OF IN SITU TEST CHAPTER 11. COMPREHENSIVE EXAMPLE 11,1. SPT and CPT Interpretation on Clays 11,2. SPT and CPT Interpretation of Sand Layer 11.3, CPTU Interpretation in Soft Alluvial Soils REFERENCES ra 9-1 10-1 1a-1 14-1 11-6 4-11 InstvaenCHAPTER 1 | AND TEST PROCEDURE | Sveagent tng Device an Tot Pcl (CHAPTER 2 IN SITU TESTING DEVICE AND TEST PROCEDURE 1.1. VANE SHEAR TEST (V! Device = + Four-bladed rectangular vane (Normally H/D = 2) + Rotating rod # Torque measuring device Test Procedure : Test carried out in a borehole or directly pushing the vane into the ground. It is important that the vane is pushed ahead of disturbance caused by vane housing or drilling operations. The vane rod is then rotated at a rate of 6°%min., while the torque is read at interval of 30 s. After maximum torque is achieved, the vane is rotated at higher ate to obtain the remoided strength of the'soi Measured Parameters fy © Peak torque (peat) => tat ES + Residual torque (setts) = es Factors Affecting Results : . Disturbance due to vane insertion . Blade thickness |. Rate of rotation . Time lapse between insertion of the vane and the beginning of the test . Strength anisotropy . Type of soils Possible friction of the rod and surrounding soils . Failure planes around the vanes @ Non AUN Corrections for Interpretation: Skempton recommended multiplying the vane diameter by 1.05 for interpretation of strength and Bjerrum has used plasticity index to incorporate field strength to vane shear strength (see chapter 6). Fig. 1.1.2. Details of VST (Ortigao & Collet, 1988) (aSite200 WW1.2. BOREHOLE TEs Device: ‘Shear head Pressure source Pulling Yoke Cabling Control/measuring unit Test Procedure: Shear head is lowered in a borehole to perform the test. At the required position the two shear plates are expanded until seated in a borehole walls at preselected pressure. Some time is allowed for consolidation to occur. When consolidation is complete the shear head is either pulled upward, or pushed downwards at a steady rate of 2 mm/ min. The required forces for shearing are measured, and the shearing stress '——-plotted-against-the-nort oil the shear plates may , the sl head lowered to its original position, rotated 90° and the test repeated. The shear head is then returned to the original position, another seating pressure selected and the test repeated. Factors affecting results : «Drainage condition + Disturbance and size of drilling hole 100 kro /- Shale shear ‘zone (3 ests) shear Stress, ps! Fig. 1.2.2. Typical Results ‘nsitease- 1-2iahg te ton ‘Sheer f sot \fe eee Fig. 13.1, Equipment For The Standard. Penetration Test Fig. 1.3.2. Sections through American __SPT_slip- rope hammers (a) pin weight hammer (b) safety hammer (c) donut hammer (Riggs, 1986) (hye stig ec ant ot Pre 1.3. STANDARD PENETRATION TEST (SPT) Device ‘+ Split spoon sampler + Hammer (63.5 ka) * Rods Test Procedure : Test carried out in a borehole by lowering the split spoon sampler and driving it using repeated blows by the hammer freely dropped at falling height of 762 mm at the top of the borehole. Blow count is recorded 3 times, each 150 mm penetration and the N value is the sum of the blow count of the last 300 mm penetration as blows/300 mm. Measured Parameters: N blows/30 cm Corrections for blow count: =the -blow-count-may-be-corrected-by-energy-ratios=——— (n) and overburden pressure (Cu) Nag6o) = Cx N Factors Affecting Results : 1. Variations in the test apparatus 2, Disturbance and size of drilling hole 3. Type and consistency or density of soils 4. Confining pressure or overburden pressure 5. Energy 6, Drainage condition 7. Disturbance and size of drilling hole ‘Types of Hammers : 1, Automatic Trip Hammers 2. Slip-Rope-Hammers (pin weight hammer, safety and donut hammer) ‘nSteaon 13Gage. nit Keng Devic at Tt Proce S load cell Woter seal Soil seal \ £ +S load cell toad cell 1.4. CONE PENI ION. Device : Cone Friction sleeve Pore pressure transducer (for piezocone) Other sensors (if any) Rods Control/ measuring device Types of Cone : * Mechanical cone * Electric cone Test Procedure : Test is carried out by mechanically or hydraulically pushing a cone into the ground at a constant speed (2 cm/s) whilst measuring the tip and shear force. For piezocone, pore pressure is netration and a ied at any required depth by stopping the penetration and measuring the decay of pore water pressure with time. It is recommended that the dissipation be continued to at least 50% degree of dissipation. Measured Parameters + + Tip resistance, ge (kg/emn*) « Friction resistance, f, (kg/cm*) + Pore pressure, u (for piezocone) Factors Affecting Results ‘Type and consistency or density of soils Confining pressure or overburden pressure Verticality Rate of penetration Calibration of sensors Wear of the cone ‘Temperature changes A rigid pore pressure measuring system and a fully saturated system (for piezocone) + Rate of dissipation of pore pressures (for piezocone) + Location of the (for piezocone) + Variations in the test apparatus rer and axial load on the cone lnSiuzon M4apternS TingDevie ant Tot Proce a Correction for Interpretation : 3 major area of cone design that influence interpretation are : 1. Unequal area effects 2. Piezometer location, size and saturation 3. Accuracy of measurement Additional sensors : In recent year, the CPT or CPTU is supplemented by additional sensors, such-as geophone arrays (seismic cone), lateral stress _—_sensing, pressuremeter module behind cone-penetrometer, electrical resistivity or conductivity for estimating in situ porosity or density and has also been used as an indicator of soil contamination, heat flow measurement, radioisotope measurement, acoustic noise, and other geo-environmental devices. ‘nsiv200 1slye. nt Tig Decade Proce 1.5. DILATOMETER TEST (DMT) Device : + Blade with a stainless-steel membrane mounted on one side of the blade * Rods + Control/measuring unit Pressure source Test Procedure : Test is carried out by pushing or hammering a dilatometer blade into the soil at between 10mm/s and 30 mm/s, whilst measuring penetration resistance and then using gas pressure to expand the membrane approximately 1.1 mm into the soil, Various pressures are measured during the inflation- deflation cycle. Measured Parameters : Pe -on_the_membrane mm) + Py = corrected membrane pressure at 1.10 mm expansion + Pp = corrected pressure at which the membrane just returns to its support after expansion + Ko = horizontal stress index (a normalized lateral stress) + Ip = material index (a normalized modulus which varies with soil type) * Up = pore pressure index (a measure of the pore pressure set up by membrane expansion) * Ep = dilatometer modulus {an estimate of elastic Young's modulus) Factors Affecting Results : 1, Disturbance due to blade insertion 2. Blade thickness 3. Type of soils 4, Membrane stiffness Corrections for Pressures : Calibration of the unrestrained membrane should take place at ground surface before and after each DMT sounding. Two values of pressure are measured : + The gauge pressure necessary to suck the membrane back against it support * The gauge pressure necessary to move it outward to the 1.10 mm position ‘nse 1-6ape. Sita Tete an Tat rc ud ct arte aac ca oar ton) ‘Guard cet (air fit) 1.6, PRESSUREMETER TEST (PMT) Device * Probe * Control/ measuring unit * Tubing/ cabling Test Procedure : Test carried out in a borehole or directly pushing the probe into the ground and loading it horizontally until it reaches the limit pressure or capacity of the device. Normally the pressure increments are between 5 — 14 kPa. The aim of a pressuremeter test is to obtain information of the relationship between radial applied pressure and the resulting deformation. Measured Parameters : Em Onn © ore e pressurenietermodalas: = atchcln undrained shear strength -situ horizontal stress in the ground Types of Pressuremeter : * Borehole pressuremeter «. Self-boring pressuremeter * Displacement —pressuremeter —_{Push-in pressuremeter and cone-pressuremeter) Factors Affecting Results : + Type of soils * The rate of expansion to assure drained or undrained test condition + Membrane stiffnes and system compliance * Disturbance and size of drilling hole Corrections for Pressures : 1. The resistance of the probe itseif to expansion 2. The expansion of the tubes connecting the probe with the pressure-volumeter 3. Hydrostatic effects nse wr