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ADB. 2011. Report and Recommendation of the President to the Board of Directors: Proposed Loan and Administration of Grant
Republic of Kiribati: South Tarawa Sanitation Improvement Sector Project.
2
ADB gender review mission comprised of the Team Leader, Jude Kohlhase (Infrastructure Specialist, ADB), Alexandra Conroy
(Young Professional), and Imrana Jalal, Senior Social Development Specialist (Gender and Development), Social Development and
Climate Change Department.
sickness, traveling to a health facility or accompanying family members to health facilities, the
additional care of sick members (sometimes whilst they were themselves sick), boiling water for
drinking, and carrying clean water for drinking if the water supply was polluted, as well as
collecting extra water for pour flush toilets. Women
working in paid employment also tended to leave
their sick children with women who were doing
unpaid work at home. This further additional
responsibility
increased
their
burdens
and
psychological stress, particularly if the children
became sicker under their responsibility or, worse,
died whilst under their care.
The project had reduced this overall burden of care
and time poverty, with the sample study of the
Temakin community showing month by month data
and the reduction in diarrhea by more than 50% from
Komera Kateari and Kaokatekai Tanginako 20132016. There is anecdotal evidence of a
Mothers Group members interviewed at Temakin
reduction in time poverty of 12 hours per day when
Clinic
there was no illness. Women related that the project
had reduced the burden of labor for women in collecting water to flush toilets as a result of
reduced diarrhea.
Gender features in the project
The gender action plan in the project included designs to improve sanitation and hygiene
practices among South Tarawas population through an extensive community engagement plan
with a hygiene awareness campaign, as well as to improve the infrastructure and efficiency of
the water and sanitation agencies. Some of the designs were to train community mobilizers to
deliver the gender and hygiene awareness campaign, with 50% targets for women; to use
existing health or church sub-committees, focus groups sessions, or other feedback
mechanisms to assist in monitoring effectiveness of community engagement and awareness
programs with 50% targets for females; to provide technical and gender training of staff at water
and sanitation agencies; and to collect of sex-disaggregated data.
Improved health for women
Anecdotal evidence suggests that open defecation, practiced by 57% of HH in the project area
at the commencement of the project, has reduced. Several women expressed satisfaction with
sanitation services saying that it was significantly improved the quality of their lives.
Box 2: Tiraes Toilet and the Flow-On Effects
Tirae has a new functioning toilet which is shared between five to six families, showing how HH may
benefit from village improvements in sanitation without having private connections. She chooses with
whom to share her toilet. It is a big problem to keep her toilet clean, but she is slowly training the users,
who are family and her community members. The other families sometimes help keep the toilet clean
(including assisting financially with toilet cleaning products, paper, etc.), but even if they do not help, Tirae
says she is happy to keep the toilet clean because she understands the flow-on effect of proper functioning
toilets, especially for women and girls. If she allows them to use her toilet they wont have to go to the
beach and put themselves at risk. Other women who need to go at night are forced to use the ground
outside their homes, posing hygiene and security risks. The gender sensitization training also encourages
men to help keep the community toilet blocks clean.
Many women were able to teach their teenage daughters about proper menstrual hygiene and
safe sanitary disposal as a result of the community engagement campaign. i-Kiribati women
said that awareness of the issues facing women and girls, such as menstrual hygiene
requirements, are still not widely discussed and addressed in Kiribati, and it is still largely
taboo. School aged girls often spend up to a week each month at home during their menstrual
period as the toilet blocks are generally dirty. The sanitation program includes a focus on clean
school toilets and sanitationwater, sanitation, and
hygiene (WASH) in schools which is a joint effort
between the STSISP Community Mobilizers (CM)
team and the education department.
The aim was to provide gender-sensitive training and
awareness on sanitation, menstrual hygiene, and
CLTS benefits. They taught children through action
songs, skits, stories and drama, and using Tippy Tap
methods. We teach the women to teach their
daughters not to put sanitary pads down the toilet.
We try to get them to use the green bag for their
pads. However, there is a further problem when the
green bags are not collected.
Atanimarewe is an electrical
technician
Improved self-esteem