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ABSTRACT Too big to fail (TBTF) is a doctrine stipulating that big firms (particularly financial
institutions) cannot be allowed to fail because of the potential adverse impact the failure may have on the rest
of the sector and the economy at large. When they are in trouble, financial institutions utilise the language of
fear to demand the privilege of TBTF at a significant cost to taxpayers. From the perspective of costs and
benefits, the TBTF doctrine must go the way of the dinosaurs.
Journal of Banking Regulation (2010) 11, 319333. doi:10.1057/jbr.2010.15
Keywords: too big to fail; bank bailouts; financial regulation; global financial crisis
INTRODUCTION
Too big to fail (TBTF) is a doctrine postulating
that the government cannot allow big firms to
fail for the very reason that they are big (or so it
is claimed). With respect to financial institutions, this doctrine is justified on the basis of
the adverse consequences of the failure of one
institution for the whole financial system (and
perhaps the economy at large). The objective of
this article is to revisit and review the TBTF
debate, now that the global financial crisis has
brought it back to life. It is argued that the
TBTF doctrine is a product of the political
power of financial institutions, as well as the
unbalanced relation between the financial
sector and the rest of the society. Since the
TBTF doctrine is an American invention, the
article deals with the issues under consideration
predominantly from an American perspective.
r 2010 Macmillan Publishers Ltd. 1745-6452 Journal of Banking Regulation Vol. 11, 4, 319333
www.palgrave-journals.com/jbr/
Moosa
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ALLOWING MISMANAGED
FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS
TO FAIL
Finally, if they have to fail, let it be. In every
case of government bailout, a typical argument
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CONCLUSION
To curtail the influence of financiers and the
disproportionate size of the financial sector,
TBTF must go. To stop the diversion of scarce
resources from productive to parasitic activities,
TBTF must go. To curtail rent-seeking unproductive activities, TBTF must go. To
minimise the incidence of moral hazard, TBTF
must go. To reduce the financial burden on
future generations imposed by the malpractices
of a small subset of the current generation,
TBTF must go. To stop the reverse-Robin
Hood transfer of wealth from the hard working
majority to the minority of financial elites,
TBTF must go. To stop rewarding recklessness,
TBTF must go. And to impose market
discipline on financial institutions, TBTF
must go.
Financial institutions, it seems, are too
important to be left to financiers, and this
is why regulation should be intensified and
deregulation reversed. Governments regulate
aspects of our lives all the time. Law enforcement is regulation, and so are traffic lights.
Contrary to what we have been led to believe,
regulation is not a dirty word, particularly
when it is used to the disadvantage of
financiers. Anything should be done to get
rid of the TBTF doctrine and free people of
the politics of fear practiced by financial
institutions and the tyranny of financial markets. TBTF is a myth that must go.
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