EXERCISE 1.

MITOSIS

Use whitefish blastula multi-celled

early embryo (rapidly dividing)

1. Prophase nucleolus disappears,

centrosomes begin to move to

I.

II.

Interphase
a. G1 phase preparing for
replication of DNA and
organelles
b. S phase - DNA is replicated
c. G2 phase - checks DNA for any
damage & ensures all the
proteins needed for cell division
are present
Mitosis (Karyokinesis) cell division in
which one cell (the mother) divides to
produce two new cells
(the daughters) that are genetically
identical to itself.

opposite poles
2. Metaphase All the chromosomes
align at the metaphase plate
3. Anaphase - sister chromatids separate
from each other and are pulled
towards opposite ends of the cell.
- Each is now its own chromosome.

4. Telophase - the cell is nearly done

dividing, and it starts to re-establish
its normal structures as cytokinesis.
- Two new nuclei form, one for each
set of chromosomes. Nuclear
membranes and nucleoli reappear.

III.

Cytokinesis - the division of the

cytoplasm to form two new cells,
overlaps with the final stages of
mitosis. It may start in either
anaphase or telophase
- When cytokinesis finishes, we end
up with two new cells, each with a
complete set of chromosomes
identical to those of the mother cell

EXERCISE NO. 2 GAMETOGENESIS

I.

Spermatogenesis - is the process of

sperm cell development. Rounded
immature sperm cells undergo
successive mitotic and meiotic
divisions (spermatocytogenesis)
and a metamorphic change
(spermiogenesis) to produce
spermatozoa.
a. Frog Testes
1. Leydig cells or interstitial
cells somatic cells
-

- Still diploid
5. Secondary spermatocytes result of
completion of meiosis I by primary
spermatocytes.
-

haploid
few in number, because they rapidly
enter meiosis II.

6. Spermatids result of completion of

meiosis II.
-

very small and dense, like dots & very

numerous
haploid cells with half the
chromosome number & half the DNA
content

7. Spermatozoa composed of sperm heads/

nuclei and sperm tails
B. Mouse testes
-

same parts as frog testes

the stages will be arranged in layers
from basement to inner lumen
(messier in frog)

outside seminiferous tubules

secretes testosterone
2. Sertoli cells somatic cells
-

within the seminiferous

tubules
NURSE CELLS for
spermatozoa
bind testosterone for use
by the spermatocytes

II. OOGENESIS or ovogenesis, is the

production of an ovum (egg cell). It is
developed from the primary oocyte by
maturation.
A. Frog Ovary
1. Theca externa outer covering of the
ovary
2. Theca interna

3. Spermatogonia Stem cells of

spermatogenesis with 2 fates: enter meiosis
or continue to divide mitotically
4. Primary spermatocytes cells that WILL
enter meiosis. NEVER undergo mitosis.

3. Ooplasm cytoplasm of the oocyte

4. Germinal vesicle nucleus of the oocyte
-

smaller dense body within nucleoli

5. Follicle cells small flattened cells found

along theca interna
6. Yolk platelets oocyte varies in size from
small to large, meaning there is continuous
growth of these primary oocytes (diploid)
-

as oocytes get larger, they accumulate

yolk
made in the liver and transported to
the ovary

B. Cat Ovary
1. Tunica albuginea outer covering of the
ovary
Cortex contains all the oocytes, medulla is
innervated and vasculated
2. Premordial follicle very small follicle
located in bunches near the tunica albuginea
-

contain primary oocytes-diploid, and

arrested in the diplotene stage of
prophase I.

3. Primary follicle, granulosa cells and zona

pellucida primary follicle is larger than the
primordial follicle.
-

contains single/multiple layers of

granulosa cells, & no cavity inside
has a zona pellicida covering

4. theca folliculi externa & interna fibrous

double outer coating outside the granulosa
cells.
-

inner most is theca folliculi interna

(walls of the follicle)
outer layer is the theca folliculi
externa

5. Secondary follicle distinguished by a

very large, extensive antrum or cavity
among the granulosa cells.
6. Tertiary follicle a mature or Graafian
follicle.
-

very large, extensive antrum & by a

primary oocyte that has its own
distinct layer of granulosa cells the
cumulus oophorus
has potential to ovulate, releasing an
oocyte that will complete meiosis I to
become a secondary oocyte.
all the oocytes in the cat ovary are
primary oocytes, and are all diploid

7. Atretic follicle degenerating or dying

follicles that fail to develop further or ovulate
8. Corpus luteum and albicans form of
thecal and granulosa cells after ovulation of
a tertiary follicle.
-

-Produces the hormone progesterone

for possible implantation of a zygote
if no implantation, the corpus luteum
becomes a scar-like tissue, the corpus
albicans.