Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
Abstract
As a consequence of increased working environmental requirements, substantial
effort has been focused on noise reduction. Still, however, noise is considered one of
the most important disadvantages afflicted with fluid power systems. In fact, in many
applications of today, the fluid power system represents the main bottleneck
regarding to noise. This is by no means a result from lack of interest or expertise in
the area, but rather a consequence illustrating the problematic nature of this task.
With the extremely high power compactness of fluid power systems, noise reduction
is crucial, though highly relevant.
There are many components in fluid power systems that contribute to the arise of
noise. Some components are active noise generators, for example a pump or a valve
introducing disturbances into the system. Other components such as hydraulic pipes
and mechanical structures are passive noise generators, i.e. they interact with the
disturbances and create noise. Even though passive components are unable to create
noise on their own, they can very well be the dominating noise source in a system.
Since noise is a highly system dependant property, the importance of reflecting noise,
not only in the component design, but from a complete system perspective must be
emphasised. To achieve an effective over-all noise reduction, a thorough
understanding of noise generating mechanisms, involving many different domains
such as hydraulics, mechanics and acoustics is required.
This paper gives an overview of the arise of noise in fluid power systems and points
out different ways to modify the noise pattern, both regarding to amplitude and
frequency content.
3975
INTRODUCTION
For several decades, noise and vibrations has been an important field of study, not
least in the area of fluid power. Several effective design features have been developed
for reduction of pressure oscillations, which is considered as one of the main noise
sources. Still, however, hydraulic systems are relatively high compared to its
surrounding machinery. This is a consequence essentially related to the extremely
high power compactness of fluid power components and circuits. To success in
reduction of noise in hydraulic circuits, the complete noise generating chain from its
origin as fluid oscillations and excitation forces, via structural vibrations into audible
noise, must be considered.
Effective reduction of fluid borne noise at specific operational conditions can be
achieved by relatively simple measures. However, in order to fully utilise the
advantages of the hydraulic system, high power transmission ratios are often required,
implying that the system is exposed to widely varying operational conditions. It has
shown to be difficult to tune existing noise reducing design features for reduction of
fluid borne noise for a great variety of operational conditions [1]. Obviously, the task
is further complicated by the fact that also the interaction between the fluid
oscillations and structure vibrations must be minimised for all operational conditions.
SOUND
According to [2], the arise of noise can be described in three steps: exciter resonance answer - noise emission, illustrated by figure 1. The hammer represents the
noise source, which by interaction with the plate gives rise to a resonance answer. In
turn, the vibrations of the plate cause pressure fluctuations in the surrounding air,
which are interpreted as sound. Following this argument, there are active components
which creates disturbances causing noise and there are passive ones, only generating
noise by reacting on the introduced disturbances. Both active and passive components
are just as capable of generating noise as the other. Consequently, noise reduction can
be achieved in three steps:
Reduction of excitation energy
Careful system design to prevent the arise of resonance answer
Suppression of the emitted noise by insulation
The resonance answer is a frequency dependant quantity. Accordingly, the frequency
content of the excitation energy is at least as important as the amplitude. Low
excitation energy at frequencies coinciding with system resonance frequencies may
be more harmful than high excitation energy at other frequencies. In a hydraulic
system, the pump and motor clearly represent the main origins for excitation energy.
However, analogous to the arguments outlined above, the pump/motor excitation
energy is thus not directly decisive for the resulting noise level. First as it is
implemented in a certain application, the complete noise picture is revealed.
3976
3977
3978
a. Pre-compression
c. Pre-compression filter
volume
3979
emission was performed in [9]. For a pump with even number of pistons, the average
number of cylinders linked up to discharge kidney is an integer, which is not the case
for a pump with odd number of pistons. Accordingly, the resulting piston force for
the even number of piston pump is theoretically constant, while for a pump with odd
number of pistons, the resulting piston force will vary between two distinct values 2z
times per revolution. Obviously, a pump with even number of pistons gives the more
appealing force dynamics.
Pettersson show in [6] that pump casting vibrations are not generated by the piston
forces alone. Also the internal bending moments, obtained as the product between the
piston forces and their distance from the pivot axes to the piston force centre of
action, are essential for the pump's casting vibrations. By modifications of the valve
plate, cylinders pressures build up as well as piston forces centre of actions are
affected, and accordingly also piston forces and bending moments, both regarding to
total pulsation amplitude and frequency content.
In order to reduce excitations of high frequent noise, it may also be desirable to
delimit the rate of cylinder pressure increase. Normally, a pre-compression gives a
smooth cylinder pressure built-up, resulting also in a smoother internal force balance
than achieved with for instance a PCFV.
Reduction Of Resonance Answer
Reduction Of System Pressure Ripple. One of the most common measures to
reduce system pressure ripple is pulsation dampers, which very effectively absorbs
system pressure ripple. Early work on the dynamic properties of pulsation dampers is
carried out by Larsson in [10]. The most common designs of pulsation dampers are:
branches, either a T-pipe or Helmholz-resonators
accumulators
expansion chamber attenuators
The branches give normally effective damping for a very narrow frequency band
while the accumulators, normally working at significantly lower frequencies than the
branches, have rather high damping characteristics and works for a wider range of
frequencies. The expansion chamber attenuators combine the advantages from the
first two mentioned, giving high damping over a relatively broad frequency spectrum.
A novel design of broad banded variable pulsation dampers utilising multiple
damping volumes are studied in [11].
An obvious measure for reducing the pressure oscillations in a hydraulic circuit is to
adjust pipe lengths to assure low attenuation at system resonance frequencies.
Another reactive device is the Quincke tube, see [12], dividing the flow into two
separate paths of different lengths. As these paths merges, destructive interference
occurs if the waves travelling along the two paths are 180 out of phase.
The devices described above are also called passive, either dissipative or re-active,
devices since they do not actively affect the system pressure ripple. Consequently,
one of the main problems with such devices is that they are normally tuned for
specific operational conditions. In recent years, however, different active pressure
ripple cancellation techniques have been studied. By for instance introducing an
3980
CONCLUSIONS
The hydraulic pump and motor are the main creators of noise excitation energy. This
paper outlines several design features for reduction of flow ripple and internal force
balance, regarding to pulsation amplitude as well as frequency content. However,
flow ripple and internal force balance are normally conflicting objectives that are
scarcely rated mutually. Experimental and theoretical evaluations of plausible
external system designs may however provide the pump designer with information
about which objective to emphasise.
Noise is a highly system dependant property. Small changes in the system design may
have considerable effects on the over-all noise pattern. A fact that further complicates
the reduction of noise is its sensitivity to variations in operational conditions. It is
difficult, or impossible, to obtain a system that minimises noise through the whole
range of operational conditions. Consequently, well-poised judgements concerning
operational conditions during which a low noise level is more important must be
carried out, with higher noise levels at other conditions as acceptable trade-off effects.
3981
REFERENCES
[1] A Johansson and J-O Palmberg. Quieter hydraulic systems design considerations. In 5th JFPS
International Symposium on Fluid Power, vol 3, pp 800-804, Nara, Japan, November 2002.
[2] H Bodn, U Carlsson, R Glav, H P Wallin and M bom. Ljud och vibrationer. Nordstedts Tryckeri
AB, Stockholm. ISBN 91-7170-434-5. The Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden, 2nd
ed., June 1999.
[3] S Skaistis. Noise control of hydraulic machinery. Marcel Dekker Inc., New York, USA, 1988.
[4] K A Edge. Designing quieter hydraulic systems some recent developments and contributions. In
4th JHPS International Symposium, Tokyo, Japan, November 1999.
[5] J-O Palmberg. Modelling of flow ripple from fluid power piston pumps. In 2nd Bath International
Power Workshop, University of Bath, UK, September 1989.
[6] M Pettersson. Design of fluid power piston pumps, with special reference to noise reduction. PhD
thesis, dissertations No. 394 .Division of Fluid and Mechanical Engineering Systems, Linkping
University, Linkping, Sweden, September 1995.
[7] M Pettersson, K Weddfelt and J-O Palmberg. Methods of reducing flow ripple from fluid power
piston pumps a theoretical approach. In SAE International Off-Highway & Powerplant Congress,
Milwaukee, USA, September 1991.
[8] M Pettersson, K Weddfelt and J-O Palmberg. Methods of reducing flow ripple from fluid power
piston pumps an experimental approach. In SAE International Off-Highway & Powerplant Congress,
Milwaukee, USA, September 1991.
[9] K Yamauchi and T Yamamoto. Noises generated by hydraulic pumps and their control method. In
Mitsubishi Technical Review, 13(35):19-26, 1976.
[10] P Larsson. On fluid power attenuators analyses, measurements and performance optimization.
Licentiate thesis no. 101, Division of Fluid and Mechanical Engineering Systems, Linkping
University, Linkping, Sweden, 1987.
[11] E Kojima and T Ichiyanagi. Development research of new types of multiple volume resonators. In
Power Transmission and Motion Control (Eds C R Burrows and K A Edge), pp 193-206, University of
Bath, UK, September 1998. Professional Engineering Publishing.
[12] C Cheng and C Mardi. Half wave-length tuning cables for passive noise control in automotive
power steering systems. In DE-Vol. 75, ASME New York USA, Active Control of Vibrations and
Noise, pp 355-361, Chicago, Il, USA, November 1994..
[13] S Kumar, M L Kumar, M L Dogherty and W G Spadafora. Active reduction of pressure ripple in
power steering systems. In SAE International Congress and Exposition: Steering and Suspension
Technology Symposium, no 1999-01-0398, Detroit, Michigan, March 1999.
[14] E Kojima and M Shinada. Development of an active attenuator for pressure pulsation in liquid
piping systems (a real time-measuring method of progressive wave in a pipe). JSME International
Journal, Series 2: Fluids Engineering, Heat Transfer, Power, Combustion, Thermophysical Properties,
4(4):466-473, November 1991.
[15] D K Longmore and A Schlesinger. Relative importance of the various vibration transmitting
mechanisms in hoses in typical hydraulic systems. Proc. of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers
Part I: Journal of systems and control engineering, pp 105-111, 1991.
[16] B Mller. FEM schwingungsberechnung zur geruschanalyse und optimerung von
hydropumpen. O+P, lhydraulik und Pneumatik, Vol. 1: 37-42, November 2000.
[17] A Bihhadi and K A Edge. Minimisation of noise and vibration in a hydraulic circuit using genetic
algorithms. In Goodwin B C and Stevenson D C, editors, Inter-noise-98 proceedings sound and
silence: setting the balance, the 1998 International Congress on Noise Control Engineering, pp 119122. Chrischurch, New Zealand, November 1998. Christchurch Caxton Press 1998.
[18] A H M Kwong and K A Edge. Minimisation of noise transmission through optimizing hydraulic
pipe mounting locations. In ISMA21 Noise and vibration Engineering Conference, pp 549-558,
Katholieke Universiteit, Leuven, Belgium, September 1996.
[19] A Bihhadi and K A Edge. The vibrational coupling between hydraulic circuit pipework and the
supporting structure a method for prediction. In, J-O Palmberg, editor, The 7th Scandinavian
International Conference on Fluid Power, SICFP01, Vol. 2:pp 209-223, Linkping, Sweden, MayJune 2001.
3982