Hi Ali,

My document will help you understand the basics regarding the synchronous motor
and will help you understand and solve your questions with ease:

DETERMINATION OF THE SYNCHRONOUS MACHINE EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT PARAMETERS:

(OPEN-CIRCUIT AND SHORT-CIRCUIT TESTS) The components of the synchronous reactance can
be determined by performing two tests on the synchronous machine:

the open-circuit test and

the short-circuit test.

Open-Circuit Test With the stator windings open-circuited, the synchronous machine is driven
at synchronous speed while the field current If is varied. The open-circuit voltage V1 across the
stator windings is measured. This test provides data for a plot of V1 vs. If . This plot is known as
the open-circuit characteristic (OCC) and represents the variation of the generator voltage
with respect to the field current.
Short-Circuit Test with the stator input terminals short-circuited (the stator windings connected
in parallel), the synchronous machine is driven at synchronous speed while the field current If is
varied. The current I1 in each of the three stator windings is measured and an average value is
determined. This test provides data for a plot of I1 vs. If . This plot is known as the short circuit
characteristic (SCC) and represents the variation of the armature (stator) current with respect
to the field current. The OCC will be nonlinear due to the saturation of the magnetic core at
higher levels of field current. The SCC will be linear since the magnetic core does not saturate
under short-circuit conditions.
Please find the representation of the plot below:

Question Regarding the model asks you to determine the synchronous reactance:
Determination of the Synchronous Reactance : According to the connections made in the opencircuit and short circuit tests, the value of the synchronous impedance is the ratio of the opencircuit test stator voltage to the short-circuit test stator current. This ratio should be evaluated at
a common value of field current such as If N shown in the plot above. Note that this value of field

current is the value at which the OCC passes through the rated voltage of the synchronous
machine.

The unsaturated value of the synchronous impedance is found according to:

Synchronous Reactance is:

If Ra is negligible, the unsaturated synchronous reactance is:

Now If the field current is now changed, the generated voltage will change, not along
the OCC curve, but along the modified air gap line. Thus, the synchronous impedance
at saturation is given by:

Unsaturated Impedance:

The saturated synchronous reactance is then:

If R is negligible, the unsaturated synchronous reactance is:

For a DC Motor, Problems include calculation of rotational losses and the no load
values:

The output power and torque are less than the developed values because of rotational losses,
which include friction, windage, eddy-current and hysteresis losses. Rotational power loss is
approximately proportional to motor speed. And calculation can be determined as below:

Calculation of Efficiency in no load

Let, I0 is the no load current ( it can be measured by ammeter A1 ) Ish is the shunt field current
( it can be measured by ammeter A2 )
Then, no load armature current = (I0 - Ish) Also let, V is the supply voltage. Therefore, No load
power input = VI0 watts. In Swinburne's test no load power input is only required to supply the
losses. The losses occur in the machine mainly are: Iron losses in the core Friction and windings
losses Armature copper loss. Since the no load mechanical output of the machine is zero in
Swinburne's test, the no load input power is only used to supply the losses. The value of
armature copper loss = (I0 - Ish)2 Ra Here, Ra is the armature resistance. Now, no to get the
constant losses we have to subtract the armature copper loss from the no load power input.
Then, Constant losses WC = VI0 -(I0 - Ish)2 Ra After calculating the no load constant losses now
we can determine the efficiency at any load. Let, I is the load current at which we have to
calculate the efficiency of the machine. Then, armature current (Ia) will be (I - Ish), when the
machine is motoring. And Ia = (I + Ish), when the machine is generating.
Calculation of Efficiency When the Machine is Motoring on Load
Power input = VI Armature copper loss, PCU = I2 Ra = (I - Ish)2Ra Constant losses, WC = VI0 -(I0
- Ish)2 Ra Total losses =
PCU + WC Efficiency of the motor: