Assignment No.

1
Module Code: EE 4004
Module Title: Electrical Machines II
Name of the Lecturer: Prof. J.P Karunadasa
Date of Submission: / /2016

CSI Driven 3 Phase IM Drives

Name: H.P.H.G Edirisooriya

Student ID No.IESL/ENG/2012-024
Advanced Diploma Level Stage 2

Introduction
Current source inverter (CSI) fed motor drives are increasingly used for medium-voltage highpower applications where fast dynamic response is not needed because of the following advantages

Simple converter topology

Inherent four quadrant operation

Reliability

The present day CSI drives employ self-commutating devices such as gate turn-off thyristors
(GTOs) instead of SCRs as in the past. Pulse width modulation (PWM) techniques can be used to
get improved output currents and voltages. Even though a relatively high switching frequency
PWM will result in near sinusoidal output voltages and currents, at higher power levels the CSI is
switched at low frequency (200 Hz), to reduce switching losses.

In addition to this the CSI is a very rugged supply capable of recovery from short circuits or
commutation faults. It offers inherent over current protection when current feedback is used. It is
a simple circuit when current feedback is used. It is a simple circuit which does not require fast
turn off thyristors. The CSI is capable of full regeneration with 12 SCRs and 6 diodes. While it
produces a square wave current supply, the motor voltage and hence flux is quasi sinusoidal.
These numerous advantages have results in increasing use of the CSI for motor drives.

Simplified Current Source Inverter Drive

Current, Voltage and Torque Waveforms

 Six-Step CSI with Self-Commutated Devices

Self-controlled symmetric blocking devices, e.g. GTOs can be turned on and off by gate current
pulses. This allows the 6-step waveform to be directly controlled.
In this circuit, the capacitors are freed from their commutating requirement and are simply placed
across the terminals of the induction motor. These capacitors are much smaller and serve two roles:
1) Primarily, to allow commutation from the outgoing GTO to the incoming GTO.
2) Secondarily, to load filter higher harmonics.

 Double-Sided CSI Converter

The CSI converter can easily be used to send power back into the rectifier when the machine acts
as a generator. In this case the load-side converter acts as a rectifier and the line-side converter
acts as an inverter.

 d,q Model for CSI Inverter

The duality of VSI and CSI systems implies that the switching function models for CSI systems
should be the duals of those for the VSI systems.
The exact dual of a VSI feeding a Y connected load is a CSI feeding a connected load. However,
since we generally want to consider Y connected loads, the model for the CSI inverter will not be
the exact dual of the VSI inverter.
The six switching modes for the CSI inverter are shown in follow.

Control Methodologies used in CSI fed IM Drives

Field oriented control is one of the most used control methods of modern AC drives systems. The
basic idea behind this control method is to transform the three phase quantities in the AC machine
in an orthogonal d-q system aligned to one of the fluxes in the machine. Two methods of field
oriented control for induction machines are used namely: indirect and direct vector control.
The indirect vector control can operate in four-quadrants and it is widely used in both motor drives
and generator applications. Typically the orthogonal synchronous reference frame is aligned on
the rotor flux. However, this control is highly dependent on machine parameters. The direct vector
control oriented along the stator flux does not need information about the rotor speed and is less
sensitive to the machine parameters. However, it presents low performances for low speeds near
to standstill. A general control
Structure for field oriented control in synchronous reference frame for induction machines is
shown in Figure.

General structure of a field oriented control in synchronous reference frame for an

induction machine

The electromagnetic torque is controlled in q-axis while the d-axis controls the flux of the machine.
The actual flux and torque as well as the flux angle are determined based on the machine equations
using the currents. In rotor field-oriented control of
CSI fed induction machines, the current control is the inner loop of the system. It receives the fluxproducing and the torque producing reference values from the outer
Loops.
The direct torque control (DTC) is one of the actively researched control schemes of induction
machines that provide a very quick and precise torque response without the complex fieldorientation block and the inner current regulation loop. The scheme presented in was implemented
for high power applications using an induction motor having open-end winding configuration.

General structure of the direct torque control for AC machines.

It controls directly the magnitude of the stator flux and the electromagnetic torque of the machine
by using hysteresis comparators as shown in Figure. The outputs of the hysteresis comparators as
well as the flux angle are used directly to determine the switching states of the converter.

Field of current source inverter (CSI) fed induction motor (IM) drives. This focused on the
continuing researches on the different control methodologies of the CSI drives. It is concluded that
the direct torque control methodology provides a better dynamic torque response whereas the
vector (field oriented) control methodology provides better steady-state behavior of the drive
systems.