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Considerando la propagacion de los modos en una slab waveguide de acuerdo a al perfil de indices
dado por:
n 1 , 0 x
n(x) = n2 , t x 0
n3 , x t
(1)
< < n2
c
c
1.1
Modos TE
A func
ao Em tem a seguinte forma para cada uma das regioes.
Em
0x
Cexp(qx),
= C cosh(hx) hq sin(hx) ,
t x 0
q
C cosh(hx) h sin(hx) exp[p(x + t)], x t
(2)
, q=
, p=
c
c
c
(3)
A func
ao de onda em (2) foi escolhida de modo que Ey e contnua em ambas interfaces assim como
Ey /x em x = 0. Ao impor os requisitos de continuidade em Ey /x em x = t, tem-se:
tan(ht) =
p+q
h(1 pq/h2 )
(4)
A constante de normalizac
ao C e escolhido de modo que o campo Em (x) na equacao (2) corresponde
a um fluxo de potencia de 1 W (por unidade de largura na direccao y) ao longo do eixo z no modo.
Cm = 2hm
2 )
|m |[t + (1/qm ) + (1/pm )(h2m + qm
1/2
(5)
1.2
Modos TM
Hm =
C
cos(ht)
+
sin(ht)
e(x+t) ,
q
C hq cos(ht) + sin(ht) ,
h qx
q Ce
,
x t
t x 0
(6)
0x
h(p + q)
(h2 pq)
n22
p
n23
Onde
p
(7)
n22
q
n21
A constante de normalizac
ao C e novamente escolhida de modo que o campo representado pela
equac
ao (6) transporta 1 W de fluxo de potencia ao longo do eixo z por unidade de largura na
direcc
ao y. Assim tem-se:
r
Cm = 2
Onde
tef f =
q 2 + h2
q2
0
||tef f
t
q 2 + h2 1
p2 + h2 1
+ 2
+ 2
2
2
2
n2
q + h n1 q p + h2 n3 p
(8)
Usou-se o script wg_analytic_1D apresentado em [3], o qual se mostra no anexo 1, pra o calculo dos par
ametros dos campos e ndices de refracao efetivos no slab waveguide pra os modos TE
e TM existentes.
Problema 1
k2 1(A1 )sin(
ka2 (z)|| = (
gz
)
2 )2
(9)
Para obter a m
axima transferencia da potencia, tem que cumplirse:
sin(
Onde
gz 2
) =1z=
2
g
(10)
q
2
g = + 4(k 12 )(k 21 )
(11)
17.5
15
L (m)
12.5
10
7.5
5
2.5
0
TE-TE
TM-TM
0.25
0.5
0.75
1.5
1.25
d (m)
Figura 5: Dist
ancia entre guias (d) vs comprimento de maximo acoplamento (L).
17.5
15
L (m)
12.5
10
7.5
5
2.5
TE-TE
TM-TM
0.25
0.5
0.75
d (m)
1.25
1.5
Problema 2
2atanh( R)
L=
g
(12)
2
1 + 2
(13)
Da condic
ao anterior ( = 0) tem-se que:
g = 2|k12l |
(14)
3.1
hm |Al |n i
hm |B|n i
(15)
Resultados
Modo TE
Modo TM
g
64336
36870
1
7,6654e+06
7.5262e+06
2
6,4334e+06
6.2690e+06
k12l
3,2168e+04
18435
0,44565
0,45546
L
82,198
143,43
Para comprovar os valores obtidos se substituir nas expressoes a1 (z) e a2 (z) dadas em [4], a fig. 9
e a fig 10 mostram que se satisfazem os requerimentos para cada modo.
Bragg em TE
1
0.8
|a1|2
|a2|2
1.01
Bragg em TE
0.7
1
0.6
0.9
0.5
0.8
0.4
0.7
0.3
0.6
0.2
0.5
0.1
0.4
0
0.3 0
|a1|
2
|a2|
Potncia
Potncia
1.02
|a1|2
|a2|2
0.9
10
30
20
40
50
60
70
80
100
90
(m)
(a)
0.2
1.02
0.99
1.01
0.98
1
0.97
0.99
0.96
0.98
0.95
0.97
|a1|2
|a2|2
0.1
(m)
(b)
0.96
0.95
2
Figura 9:0 0 (a)
Potencia dos modos |a1 |2 e |a100
2 | vs z e em (b) se mostra que o modo de ordem
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
90 Bragg em TM-0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
superior 1e o 98 % do modo (a)
fundamental para
a
(m)
(b)
(m) famlia de modos TE.
|a1|2
|a2|2
0.9
Potncia
Potncia
0.8
Bragg em TM
0.7
1
0.6
0.9
0.5
0.8
0.4
0.7
0.3
0.6
0.2
0.5
0.1
0.4
0
0.3 0
1
|a1|2
|a2|2
|a1|2
|a2|2
1.02
0.98
1
0.96
0.98
0.94
20
40
60
80
0.2
100 120
140
20
4
x 10
40
60
80
160
(m)
(a)
0.1
0
0
|a1|2
|a2|2
1.02
100 120
140
TE
(a)
0.96
0.92
-2
-1
0.94
0.92
160
(m)
(m)
(b)
-2
-1
(m)
TM
(b)
100
TH 0
TH 1
TE 0
2 TE 1 2
|a1 | e |a2 |
2 (a) Pot
Figura 10:
encia dos modos
vs50z e em (b) se mostra que o modo de ordem
4
TE
superior exo1098
% do modo fundamental
para a famlia de modos TM. TM
31
100
0
TE 0
TE 1
20
TH 0
TH 1
50
-50
1
-1
0
-100
0
-2
-3
-1
-8
-6
-4
-2
-2
-3
-8
(a)
-6
-4
-2
(a)
(m)
-50
-150
-8
-100
-150
-8
(m)
-6
-4
-2
-6
-4
-2
(b)
(m)
(b)
(m)
Refer
encias
[1] Katsunari Okamoto, Fundamentals of Optical Waveguides, 2006.
[2] A. Yariv, P. Yeh-Photonics - Optical Electronics in Modern Communications, Oxford 2007.
[3] Chrostowski, Lukas and Hochberg, Michael, Silicon Photonics Design From Devices to Systems,
Cambridge University Press 2015.
[4] Lucas Heitzmann G., Notas de aula Guiamento de Ondas, Unicamp 2016.
ANEXO 1
function [nTE,nTM,TEparam,TMparam]=wg_1D_analytic (lambda, t, n1, n2, n3)
k0 = 2*pi/lambda;
b0 = linspace( max([n1 n3])*k0, n2*k0, 1000);
b0 = b0(1:end-1);
te0=TE_eq(b0,k0,n1,n2,n3,t);
tm0=TM_eq(b0,k0,n1,n2,n3,t);
%TE
intervals=ge(te0,0)-lt(te0,0);
izeros=find(lt(diff(intervals),0));
X0=[b0(izeros); b0(izeros+1)];
[nzeros,scrap]=size(X0);
for i=1:nzeros
nTE(i)=fzero(@(x) TE_eq(x,k0,n1,n2,n3,t),X0(i,:))/k0;
[TEparam(i,1),TEparam(i,2),TEparam(i,3),TEparam(i,4)]= ...
TE_eq(nTE(i)*k0,k0,n1,n2,n3,t);
end
nTE=nTE(end:-1:1);
TEparam=TEparam(end:-1:1,:);
%TM
intervals=ge(tm0,0)-lt(tm0,0);
izeros=find(lt(diff(intervals),0));
X0=[b0(izeros); b0(izeros+1)];
[nzeros,scrap]=size(X0);
for i=1:nzeros
nTM(i)=fzero(@(x) TM_eq(x,k0,n1,n2,n3,t),X0(i,:))/k0;
[TMparam(i,1),TMparam(i,2),TMparam(i,3),TMparam(i,4)]= ...
TM_eq(nTM(i)*k0,k0,n1,n2,n3,t);
end
if gt(nzeros,0)
nTM=nTM(end:-1:1);
TMparam=TMparam(end:-1:1,:);
else
nTM=[];
end
function [te0,h0,q0,p0]=TE_eq(b0,k0,n1,n2,n3,t)
h0 = sqrt( (n2*k0)^2 - b0.^2 );
q0 = sqrt( b0.^2 - (n1*k0)^2 );
p0 = sqrt( b0.^2 - (n3*k0)^2 );
% the objective is to find zeroes of te0 and tm0
te0 = tan( h0*t ) - (p0+q0)./h0./(1-p0.*q0./h0.^2);
function [tm0,h0,q0,p0]=TM_eq(b0,k0,n1,n2,n3,t)
h0 = sqrt( (n2*k0)^2 - b0.^2 );
q0 = sqrt( b0.^2 - (n1*k0)^2 );
p0 = sqrt( b0.^2 - (n3*k0)^2 );
pbar0 = (n2/n3)^2*p0;
qbar0 = (n2/n1)^2*q0;
tm0 = tan( h0*t ) - h0.*(pbar0+qbar0)./(h0.^2-pbar0.*qbar0);
ANEXO 2
function [x, TE_E, TM_H, k12L, beta_TE, beta_TM]=...
wg_1D_mode_profile_bragg (lambda, t, h, n1, n2, n3, pts, M)
[nTE,nTM,TEparam,TMparam]= wg_1D_analytic(lambda,t,n1,n2,n3);
x1=linspace( -M*t, -t, pts);
x2=linspace( -t, -t+h, pts); x2 = x2(2:end);
x3=linspace( -t+h, 0, pts); x3 = x3(2:end);
x4=linspace( 0, M*t, pts); x4 = x4(2:end);
x=[x1 x2 x3 x4];
l1=length(x1); l2=length(x2); l3=length(x3); l4=length(x4);
mu0=4*pi*1e-7; epsilon0=8.85e-12;
eta=sqrt(mu0/epsilon0); c=3e8; omega=2*pi*c/(lambda);
TE_E=zeros(2,length(x));
beta_TE=0;
for i=1:length(nTE)
h=TEparam(i,2);q=TEparam(i,3); p=TEparam(i,4);
beta = 2*pi*nTE(i)/lambda;
beta_TE(i)=beta;
C=2*h*sqrt ( 2*pi*c/lambda*mu0/(abs(beta)*(t+(1/q)+(1/p))*(h^2+q^2)));
TE_E(i,:)=C*[(cos(h*t)+q/h*sin(h*t)).*exp(p*(x1+t)),...
(cos(h*(x2))-q/h*sin(h*(x2))),(cos(h*(x3))-q/h*sin(h*(x3))),...
exp(-q*(x4))];
end
I=TE_E(1,l1+l2+1:l1+l2+l3)*(TE_E(2,l1+l2+1:l1+l2+l3))*(x3(2)-x3(1));
k12L(1,1)=omega*epsilon0*(n2^2-n1^2)*I/(4*pi);
beta_TM=0;
for i=1:length(nTM)
h=TMparam(i,2); q=TMparam(i,3);
p=TMparam(i,4); qb=n2^2/n1^2*q;pb= n2^2/n3^2*p;
beta = 2*pi*nTM(i)/lambda;
beta_TM(i)=beta;
temp=(qb^2+h^2)/qb^2 * (t/n2^2 + (q^2+h^2)/((qb^2+h^2)*n1^2*q)+...
( p^2+h^2)/((pb^2+h^2)*n3^2*p));
C=2*sqrt ( 2*pi*c/lambda*epsilon0 / (beta * temp )); %normalize to 1W
TM_H(i,:)=-C*[(h/qb*cos(h*t)+sin(h*t)).*exp(p*(x1+t)),...
(h/qb*cos(h*(x2))-sin(h*(x2))),...
(h/qb*cos(h*(x3))-sin(h*(x3))),...
h/qb*exp(-q*(x4)) ];
dxTM_H(i,:)=-C*[(p*(h/qb*cos(h*t)+sin(h*t))).*exp(p*(x1)),...
(-h*h/qb*sin(h*(x2))-(h)*cos(h*(x2))),...
(-h*h/qb*sin(h*(x3))-(h)*cos(h*(x3))),...
-q*h/qb*exp(-q*(x4)) ];
end
I1=TM_H(1,l1+l2+1:l1+l2+l3)*TM_H(2,l1+l2+1:l1+l2+l3)*(x3(2)-x3(1));
I2=dxTM_H(1,l1+l2+1:l1+l2+l3)*dxTM_H(2,l1+l2+1:l1+l2+l3)*(x3(2)-x3(1));
k12L(1,2)=(n2^2-n1^2)/(4*pi*omega*epsilon0*n2^4)*(I1*nTM(1)*...
(omega/c)*nTM(2)*(omega/c)+I2);
10
ANEXO 3
function [x, TE_E, g]=...
wg_1D_mode_acoplamiento_TE (lambda, t1 , t2 , d, n1 , n2 , n3 , pts , M)
x1=linspace( -M*t1, -t1/2, pts);
x2=linspace( -t1/2, t1/2, pts); x2 = x2(2:end);
x3=linspace( t1/2, d-t2/2, pts); x3 = x3(2:end);
x4=linspace( d-t2/2, d+t2/2, pts); x4 = x4(2:end);
x5=linspace( d+t2/2, M*t2, pts); x5 = x5(2:end);
%%%
l1=length(x1); l2=length(x2); l3=length(x3); l4=length(x4); l5=length(x5);
%%%
x=[x1 x2 x3 x4 x5];
n1=n3
n1x=[n1*ones(pts,1); n2*ones(pts-1,1); n3*ones(pts-1,1);...
n3*ones(pts-1,1);n3*ones(pts-1,1)];
n2x=[n1*ones(pts,1); n1*ones(pts-1,1); n1*ones(pts-1,1);...
n2*ones(pts-1,1);n3*ones(pts-1,1)];
mu0=4*pi*1e-7; epsilon0=8.85e-12; eta=sqrt(mu0/epsilon0);
c=3e8; omega=2*pi*c/(lambda); % constants
t=[t1 t2];
d=[0 d];
for i=1:2
[nTE,nTM,TEparam,TMparam]= wg_1D_analytic(lambda,t(i),n1,n2,n3);
h=TEparam(1,2);q=TEparam(1,3); p=TEparam(1,4);
beta = 2*pi*nTE/lambda;
% normalize to 1W
C=2*h*sqrt ( 2*pi*c/lambda*mu0 / (beta * (t(i)+1/q+1/p)*(h^2+q^2) ) );
% n1, n2, n3 regions
if i==1
%Expresion para el campo de -t a 0
TE_E(i,:)=C*[exp(q*(x1+t(i)/2)),...
(cos(h*(x2+t(i)/2))+q/h*sin(h*(x2+t(i)/2))),..
(cos(h*t(i))+q/h*sin(h*t(i))).*exp(-p*(x3-t(i)/2)),...
(cos(h*t(i))+q/h*sin(h*t(i))).*exp(-p*(x4-t(i)/2)),...
(cos(h*t(i))+q/h*sin(h*t(i))).*exp(-p*(x5-t(i)/2))];
else
%expresion para el campo desplazado
TE_E(i,:)=C*[exp(q*(x1-d(i)+t(i)/2)),...
exp(q*(x2-d(i)+t(i)/2)),...
exp(q*(x3-d(i)+t(i)/2)),...
(cos(h*(x4-d(i)+t(i)/2))+q/h*sin(h*(x4-d(i)+t(i)/2))),...
(cos(h*t(i))+q/h*sin(h*t(i))).*exp(-p*(x5-d(i)-t(i)/2))];
end
v(i)=nTE;
end
%%% Calculando los k %%%
coef=omega*epsilon0*(n2^2-n1^2)/4
k12=coef*(TE_E(1,l1+1:l1+l2)*TE_E(2,l1+1:l1+l2))*(x2(2)-x2(1));
k21=coef*(TE_E(1,l1+l2+l3+1:l1+l2+l3+l4)*TE_E(2,l1+l2+l3+1:l1+l2+l3+l4))...
*(x4(2)-x4(1));
k22=coef*(TE_E(2,l1+1:l1+l2)*TE_E(2,l1+1:l1+l2))*(x2(2)-x2(1));
k11=coef*(TE_E(1,l1+l2+l3+1:l1+l2+l3+l4)*TE_E(1,l1+l2+l3+1:l1+l2+l3+l4))...
*(x4(2)-x4(1));
11
*
I5=
(TE_E(1,l1+l2+l3+l4+1:l1+l2+l3+l4+l5)*TE_E(2,l1+l2+l3+l4+1:l1+l2+l3+l4+l5))...
c12=r*(I1+I2+I3+I4+I5);
c21=c12;
%%% Coeficientes de acoplamiento modificados
k_11=(k11-c12*k21)/(1-c21*c12);
k_12=(k12-c12*k22)/(1-c21*c12);
k_21=(k21-c21*k11)/(1-c21*c12);
k_22=(k22-c21*k12)/(1-c21*c12);
g=(((omega*(v(2)-v(1))/c)+k_22-k_11)^2+4*k_21*k_12)^0.5;
12
ANEXO 4
function [x, TM_H, g]=...
wg_1D_mode_acoplamiento_TM(lambda, t1 , t2 , d, n1 , n2 , n3 , pts , M)
x1=linspace( -M*t1, -t1, pts);
x2=linspace( -t1, 0, pts); x2 = x2(2:end);
x3=linspace( 0, d-t2, pts); x3 = x3(2:end);
x4=linspace( d-t2, d, pts); x4 = x4(2:end);
x5=linspace( d, M*t2, pts); x5 = x5(2:end);
l1=length(x1); l2=length(x2); l3=length(x3); l4=length(x4); l5=length(x5);
x=[x1 x2 x3 x4 x5];
n3=n1;
mu0=4*pi*1e-7; epsilon0=8.85e-12; eta=sqrt(mu0/epsilon0);
c=3e8; omega=2*pi*c/(lambda); % constants
t=[t1 , t2];
d=[0 , d];
TM_H=zeros(2,length(x));
dxTM_H=zeros(2,length(x));
for i=1:2
[nTE,nTM,TEparam,TMparam]= wg_1D_analytic(lambda,t(i),n1,n2,n3);
h=TMparam(1,2); q=TMparam(1,3);
p=TMparam(1,4); qb=n2^2/n1^2*q; pb=n2^2/n3^2*p;
beta = 2*pi*nTM/lambda;
temp=(qb^2+h^2)/qb^2 * (t(i)/n2^2 + (q^2+h^2)/((qb^2+h^2)*n1^2*q)...
+ ( p^2+h^2)/((pb^2+h^2)*n3^2*p));
C=2*sqrt ( c*epsilon0 / (nTM * temp )); % normalize to 1W
% n1, n2, n3 regions
if i==1
TM_H(i,:)=(-C)*[(h/qb*cos(h*t(i))+sin(h*t(i))).*exp(p*(x1+t(i)))...
h/qb*cos(h*(x2))-sin(h*(x2))...
h/qb*exp(-q*(x3))...
h/qb*exp(-q*(x4))...
h/qb*exp(-q*(x5))];
dxTM_H(i,:)=(-C)*[p*(h/qb*cos(h*t(i))+sin(h*t(i))).*exp(p*(x1+t(i))),
(-h*h/qb*sin(h*(x2))-h*cos(h*(x2))), ...
-q*h/qb*exp(-q*(x3)),...
-q*h/qb*exp(-q*(x4)),...
-q*h/qb*exp(-q*(x5))];
else
TM_H(i,:)=(-C)*[(h/qb*cos(h*t(i))+sin(h*t(i))).*exp(p*(x1-d(i)+t(i)))...
(h/qb*cos(h*t(i))+sin(h*t(i))).*exp(p*(x2-d(i)+t(i)))...
(h/qb*cos(h*t(i))+sin(h*t(i))).*exp(p*(x3-d(i)+t(i)))...
h/qb*cos(h*(x4-d(i)))-sin(h*(x4-d(i)))...
h/qb*exp(-q*(x5-d(i)))];
dxTM_H(i,:)=(-C)*[p*(h/qb*cos(h*t(i))+sin(h*t(i))).*exp(p*(x1-d(i)+t(i)))...
p*(h/qb*cos(h*t(i))+sin(h*t(i))).*exp(p*(x2-d(i)+t(i)))...
p*(h/qb*cos(h*t(i))+sin(h*t(i))).*exp(p*(x3-d(i)+t(i)))...
-h*h/qb*sin(h*(x4-d(i)))-h*cos(h*(x4-d(i)))...
-q*h/qb*exp(-q*(x5-d(i)))];
end
v(i)=beta;
end
13
14