Calibration Constant

CARBOHYDRATES

PROTEINS

Test

Tests
For

Positive
Result

Test

Molisch

Carbo
(general)

Purple
solution

Ninhydrin

Benedicts

Reducing
sugars

Greenish
yellow,
yellowish
brown,
brownish
and
brickish
red

Barfoeds

Monosacc
Red
harides
precipitate
(Copper
from
cuprous
oxide)

Xanthoproteic

LIPIDS

Tests Positive
For
Result
Amino
acids
and
protein

Purple
ring

Amino
acids
with
benzene

Yellow ->
orange

Test

Tests
For

Positive
Result

Grease spot

triglyce
rides

Orange
staining from
Sudan dye

Colorimetric glycerol
test for
Glycerol

Emerald
green (from
Oxidation
RXN and
condensation
of product)

Experiment

Diffusion of selected plant pigments

Osmosis: Cell changes in plasmolysis

Factors affecting integrity of a cell

Method

Results

2g of astuete seeds with 10 mL water , Diffusion is directly proportionate

and with 10 mL oil 2 test tubes
to temperature and gap of
heated, 2 test tubes at room temp
concentration between solventsolute
Inversely proportionate to size of
diffusing particles
Carotenoid pigment in seeds =
yellow to dark orange color
Cells were wet mounted, then water
was replaced with 5% salt solution

Cells plasmolyze when there is greater

concentration of solute outside of cell

Red beets in test tubes

The higher the temperature, the
Temperature effect
faster the rate of dispersion
3 test tubes with different
temperature conditions: fridge, Chloroform had most intense
hot bath and room temp
color, followed by acetone, then
Organic Solvent effect
water
10 mL in test tubes: distilled
water,50% chloroform and
50% acetone

Experiment
Imbibition

Method
Wood + rubber + corn seed in:
Beaker of Water
Beaker of Kerosene

Results
Corn imbibes water
Rubber imbibes alcohol or
ethyl
Wood imbibes any liquid

Determination of Solute
Slides of Bangka-bangkaan then Concentration of sucrose
Concentration of Cells (Osmotic immersed in 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8 and solution is directly proportionate
potential) by Plasmolytic Method 1.0 M Sucrose, plasmolyzed cells to number of plasmolyzed cells
counted

Estimation of Water Potential

Storage Tissue by Volume
Change Method

Potato in beakers of 0.2, 0.4, 0.6,

0.8, 1.0 M sucrose

To estimate the WPST, find the

concentration of sucrose that will
cause no change in the volume of
the solution

Experiment

Light as a Factor in
Photosynthesis

Method
Plectranthus plant covered with
carbon paper; tested for starch

Light as a Requirement for

Photosynthesis

Light as a Factor in
Photosynthesis
Light intensity and the Rate of
Photosynthesis

Results
The leaf turned bluish black,
except for the part that was
covered
No light = no photosynthesis

Hydrilla in test tubes at different

distances from a light source

Oxygen in the form of bubbles

were the indicator of
photosynthesis
The more intense the light, the
faster the rate of
photosynthesis

Experiment

Method

Blowing experiment
Test tube A = phenol red +
Carbon Dioxide as a requirement
CO2
for Photosynthesis
Test Tube B = phenol red +
hydrilla + bright light + CO2
Test Tube C = phenol red +
hydrilla + bright light

Separation of Chloroplast
Pigments by Paper
Chromatography

Results
Hydrilla sprigs release oxygen
after absorbing carbon dioxide

Squeezed pigment in beaker from This was done by lab tech.

green leaves + acetone

Pigment Extraction

Separation of Chloroplast
Pigments by Paper
Chromatography
Paper Chromatography

Chromatogram

See next slide

Experiment
Oxygen Consumption by
Germinating Seeds

Energy Liberation

Gas Evolved in Aerobic

Respiration

Method

Results

Flask A = bag of germinating

corn seeds + water
Flask B = bag of germinating
corn seeds + pyrogallol
Left to stand for a week

Flask As seeds germinated more,

because the Pyrogallol in Flask
B absorbs Oxygen (taking O2
away from the seeds)

Dewar flask A = germinating

monggo seeds
Dewar flask B = boiled
monggo seeds
Left to stand for a week
Flask A (KOH) Flask 1
(BaOH2)
Flask B (germinating monggo
seeds) Flask 2 (BaOH2)
Left to stand for a week

Flask B formed white precipitate

(BaCO3) which indicates that gas
evolved by germinating seeds is
Carbon Dioxide

Experiment

Effect of Substrate on
Fermentation

Some Enzymes Involved with

Oxidation Reactions
Oxidases and Peroxidases

Some Enzymes Involved with

Oxidation Reactions
Catalase

Method

Results

Fermentation tubes filled with 50

mL of solutions
A= Glucose
B=Glucose + yeast
C=Sucrose
D=Sucrose + yeast
E= Yeast

It was seen that tubes B and D

had the most amount of change.

Potatoes in petri dishes

A = no solution
B = ascorbic acid
C = potatoes boiled
D = Guaiacol (test tube)
E = potatoes boiled +
Guaiacol

A = oxidized with exposure to

air
B = Vit. C is an antioxidant
C = since boiled, enzymes
denatured; not oxidized
D and E = not oxidized;
guaiacol controls oxidation

Test Tube A and B = hydrogen

peroxide

The enzyme activity or decompos

ing ability of the catalase was the
greatest at room temperature co
mpared to when it was exposed t
o a hot or cold temperature, wher
e it is more likely to denature.

Test Tube A = boiled

Test Tube B = room temp

Characteristic

Mitosis

Meiosis

Number of chromosomes in
parent cell

Diploid

Diploid

Type of parent cell

Body (Somatic)

Reproductive

Number of divisions of
nucleus

Number of daughter cells

reproduced

Diploid

Haploid

Function

Growth, cell repair,

some kinds of
reproduction

Forms sperm
and egg cell

Prophase:
Chromosomes
condense

(Prometaphase:
Chromosomes
attach)

Metaphase:
Chromosomes
align

Anaphase:
Chromosomes
separate

Telophase:
Chromosomes
relax

Region of
maturation
Region of
elongation
Region of
apical meristem
Root cap
Longitudinal section of Allium cepa (onion) root tip

Tissue System

Tissues

Cell Types

Ground

Parenchyma
Collenchyma
Sclerenchyma

Parenchyma
Collenchyma
Sclerenchyma

Vascular

Xylem

Tracheids; vessels elements;

parenchyma cells; fibers

Phloem

Seive tubes; parenchyma cells

Epidermis

Parenchyma cells; trichomes

Periderm

Cork cells; cork cambium

Dermal

Stele

Cross section of Commelina

(In laboratory)

Stele

Cross section of Zea Mays

(In laboratory)

Stele

Cross section of Ranunculus

(In laboratory)

Characteristics

Monocot

Dicot

1. Epidermis

Present

Present

2. Endodermis

Present

Present

3. Cortex

Present

Present

3. Stele

surround

cross

4. Pith

Present

Absent

Characteristic

Root Hair

Lateral Root

Origin

Epidermis

Pericycle

Function

Support; increases
surface area

Absorption; support;
anchorage; expansion of
growth

Lateral root

Origin of lateral (In laboratory)

Specimens

Specific Modification

Function

Sweet Potato

Contractile

Digging

Onion

Contractile

Digging

Carrot

Storage

Storage

Radish

Storage

Storage

Beet Root

Contractile

Digging

(In laboratory)

Plants used in laboratory:

Coleus
Nerium/Hibiscus
Bamboo

Coleus
(In laboratory)

Elodea
(In laboratory)

Aristolochia
(In laboratory)

Ranunculus
(In laboratory)

Hibiscus
(In laboratory)

Helianthus
(In laboratory)

Glandular

Branching

Scale

Corm
Cladophyll

(In laboratory)

Bulb

Tendrils

Tuber

Thorns

Aristolochia stem

Helianthus
stem

Tilia stem

Tilia root

Helianthus root

Nerium oleander

Sambucus

Plant 1

Type

Pinnate

Phyllotaxy

Opposite

Margin

Serrate

Apex

Acute

Base

Wedge

Venation

Reticulate

Plant 2

Type

Pinnate

Phyllotaxy

Whorled

Margin

Entire

Apex

Bristle

Base

Wedge

Venation

Pinnate

Plant 3

Type

Simple

Phyllotaxy

Margin

Entire

Apex

Bristle

Base

Square

Venation

Palmate

Type

Pinnately

Phyllotaxy

Alternate

Margin

Entire

Apex

Rounded truncate

Base

Wedge

Venation

Reticulate

Plant 4

Plant 5

Type

Pinnate

Phyllotaxy

Spiral

Margin

Entire

Apex

Acute

Base

Square

Venation

Pinnate

Type

Simple

Phyllotaxy

Margin

Entire

Apex

Ocuminate

Base

Heart-shaped

Venation

Pinnate

Plant 6

Plant 7

Type

Simple

Phyllotaxy

Margin

Entire

Apex

Bristle

Base

Wedge

Venation

Parallel

Plant 8

Type

palmate

Phyllotaxy

Spiral

Margin

Entire

Apex

Bristle

Base

Wedge

Venation

Parallel

(In laboratory)

Pitcher Plant
CARNIVOROUS

Pechay
PHYLLODE

Bougainvillea
BRACT

Digman (Hydrilla)
UNCUTINIZED

Experiment
Use of an improvised potometer

Method

Results

4 factors were being compared Undetermined due to error

Mayana and Muntigia stems
used

Rise of Transpiration Stream

Mayana and Muntigia stems

were cut longitudinally
Eosin was used to trace the
rout of water conduction by
xylem vessels (red color)

Xylem conducts water and

dissolved nutrients for any
plant
Woody stems were completely
stained red
Herbaceous stems stained red
on the sides of the stem

Use of Cobalt Chloride

4 plants selected: 2 under

shade, 2 under sun
Cobalt Chloride paper was
used to measure transpiration
(blue to pink color)

Leaves under sun transpirated

faster
Underside was pinker,
stomates on the bottom of leaf
More stomates on the
underside of leaf

 Calyx sepals
Corolla petals

Anther + filament =
stamen (male part)

Stigma + style + ovary =

pistil (female part)

Ovary

Fruit

Ovary wall

Pericarp

Locule

Locule/Placenta

Ovule

Seed