?

NYU

IFA

LIBRARY

3 1162 04538745 4

BALABISH
BY
G.

WAINWRIGHT

A.

WITH A PREFACE BY
T.

WHITTEMOEE

WITH TWEN1

y-FIVE

PLATES

THIRTY-SEVENTH MEMOIR OF

THE EGYPT EXPLORATION SOCIETY

PUBLISHED UNDER THE DIRECTION OF THE COMMITTEE

By

GEORGE ALLEN & TNWIN,

40,

Museum

Steeet, London,

W.C.

AND SOLD AT

Thk offices of

the EGYPT EXPLORATION SOCIETY,

13,

Tavistock Square, W.C.

AND 503, Tremont Temple, Boston, Mass.. U.S.A.

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BERNAi D QUARITCH, 11, Grafton Street. New Bond Street, W.
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C. F. CLAY (Cambridge University Press), Fetter Lane, E.C.
ALSO BY

GLORGE SALBY,

65,

Great Rdssell Street, W.C.

1920

York, U.S.A.

W75040

BALABISH
BY
G.

WAINWRIGHT

A.

WITH A PREFACE BY
T.

WHITTEMORE

WITH TWENTY-FIVE PLATES

THIRTY-SEVENTH MEMOIR

OF

THE EGYPT EXPLORATION SOCIETY

PUBLISHED UNDEB THE DIBECTION OF THE COMMITTEE

LONDON

GEORGE ALLEN
RusKiN House,

40,

&

UNWIN,

Museum
1920

Ltd.

Street, W.C.

I/,

37

PRINTED BY WILLIAM CLOWES AND SONS, LIMITED,

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f>i;v/YOHKUNIVERSltY

81
#LIllllll'MMl

EGYPT EXPLOEATION SOCIETY

prest5ent
General the Rt. Hon. Sir

JOHN MAXWELL,

G.C.B., K.C.M.G.,

lDice*iP>vesi5ent5

Field

Marshal

Sir

Edmund

Allenby,

G.C.B., G.C.M.G.

The

Rt.

Robert Mono, Esq., F.R.S.E.

Prof. Edouard Naville, D.C.L.,

Hon. the Earl of Carnarvon,

LL.D.,

Litt.D., etc.

D.L.

Ibonorarg treasurers

Warren

R. D.wvson, Esq.

Chester L Campbell, Esq.

(U.S.A.)

1l3onorarg Secretaries

H. E. Hall, Esq.,

Frederick

D.Litfc.,

F.S.A.

P. Fish, Esq., A.B. (U.S.A.)

Commtttee
Capt.

The Hon.

R. Bethell.

Lady Evans.
Sir Arthur J. Evans, D.Litt., F.R.S., F.B.A.
Capt. George Fenwick-Owen.
Alan H. Gardiner, Esq., D.Litt.
F. G.

Gordon, Esq., M.A.

F. Ll. Griffith, Esq., M.A., F.S.A.

The Rev. W. MacGregor, M.A.

J.

Grafton Milne,

Francis

Oscar

S.

E. Loxton, Esq.

A. T.

LOYD, Esq.

Col. H. G. Lyons, F.R.S.

W 75

C.

W.

Percival, Esq., M.A., F.S.A.

Raphael, Esq.

Sir C. Hercules Read, LL.D., P.S.A.

The Rev. Prof.

A.

H.

Sayce,

LL.D., D.D.

D. G. Hogarth, Esq., C.M.G., D.Litt., F.B.A.

Sir p. G. Kenyon, K.C.B., D.Litt., P.B.A.

Esq., M.A.

Prof. Percy E. Newberry, M.A.

Prof. C. G. Seligman, M.D., F.R.S.

The Hon. M. G. Talbot, C.B.

Lady Tirard.
Prof. T. Whittemore (for U.S.A.)

Col.

D.Litt.,

PKEFACE.
By Professor THOMAS WHITTEMORE.

Abydos, Mr. G. A. Wainwright and I turned to a

of Antiquities,
special concession granted to the Egypt Exploration Society by the Department
olijects for a group of
in response to a request of the American branch of the Society for

At

the

1914, at

of

the season

of

close

small American museums.

Both had been previously excavated by the

Department of Antiquities, as well as frequently plundered by natives, but it was thought
perhaps, other
that they might still yield types of pottery much sought by the museums, and,

The

site

included

Sawama and

Balabish.

objects of interest.

Work was

liegun at

Dynasty

Eighteenth

interesting

Sawama with about twenty men and

was found

cemetery

to characterize the jewellers' art of the time.

ivory,

and a necklace of exquisite

of Hathor,

with the head

blue glass, ivory,

wood and

many charming and some

Tuthmosis

III,

delicate

portrait

and Amenophis

forms.

of

objects remained, beautifully

the objects were bracelets of ebony and

ivory wands, carved
in the form of flies

rehefs

in

plaster,

toilet

articles

in

lapis

lazuli,

The pottery, largely Syrian or Syriauizing, presented

tortoise-shell.

rare

burials

of

chiefly

An

boys.

Among

ornaments

silver

many

as

consisting

here,

Although few of these burials were undisturbed, many

women.

twice

The cemetery was

rich

in

of

scarabs

Amenophis

I,

III.

river,
The excavation at Balabish, fifty miles south of Sawama, on the same side of the
excavation
only
the
carried out by Mr. Wainwright and myself in the winter of 1915, was

undertaken by the Society during the war.

At
burials,

value.

Balabish

we

found

the

site

to

be mainly

of the

New Kingdom

and

later.

though plundered, yielded objects of considerable interest and of distinct

But the discovery of signal importance here was a small group of pan-graves.

The

museum

group lay adjoining one another, on desert promontories at the ends

The graves were not shallow and pan-shaped, but of the deeper
nearest the cultivation.
Typical pan-grave objects were also found in
well-shaped variety, from 1^ to 2 metres deep.

The graves of

this

oblong graves so small as often to suggest crouched burials, and

in

full

length rectangular

graves of the usual Egyptian type.

bronze axe-heads,
the contents of these graves were ceremonially broken koJd-Tpots,
of garments dyed
jars of scented ointment, finely worked leather presumably in the form
wrist-guards,
and with pierced and tooled ornamentation, shell bracelets, bow-strings, leather
There was an abundance of welland an exceptionally interesting bag woven of giraffe's hair.

Among

PREFACE.

vi

Mack

polished pottery, both plain and with metallic

rim. as well as fine, dull red ware in the

form of bowls with incised ornamentation.

Thus

it

be

will

seen

that

these

present

burials

the

belated people, who, leaving the backwaters of the South,

tradition into the

new

In the present

civilization of the

volume

two-fold,

came

little-known

life

of

this

licaring lingering pre-dynastic

Middle Kingdom.

has been found possible to publish only an account of the work

it

by Mr. Wainwright from our notes and from the card

catalogue in his possession, and has been seen through the Press by the officers of the Society.
The drawings have all been made by Mr. Wainwright and the photographs ly a native
at

Balabish.

It

is

written

entirely

Arab workman.
Since

1915 Mr.

excavations at

published

Wainwright has been

Sawama

during

the

therefore

coming

still

year.

preliminary report in the Journal of

All

America.

the

objects

from

Balal)ish,

Their present location

is

in

Egypt and

in

Russia;

the account

remains to be written, but we hope

In

the

meantime,

Eijj/ptiaii Ai'duieologj/, vol.

except

those

interested

those

reserved

i,

for

pp.

246-7.

the

Cairo

that

may

it

of the

may

consult

Museum,

arc

indicated in each case in the Appendix to this volume.

be
our

in

CONTENTS.
Preface

.....

List of Abbreviatioxs

The

V
viii

PAGE

Dating Evidence, &c

Site, Burials,

Chapter

I.

Chapter

II.

Chapter

III.

Shells, Amulets, Beads, &c.

Chapter

IV.

Objects made of Leather

24

Chapter

V.

Various Types of Objects

30

Chapter

VI.

The Pottery

35

Chapter

VII.

Chapter

Vlll.

Chapter

IX.

Appendix.

Index

Tomb Groups (Pan-graves)

17

....

Comparative Survey of the Pan-grave Civilization

Objects from the

New Kingdom

Cemetery

New Kingdom

Foreign Pottery of the

Present Location of Objects found

42
53
Gl

71

73
.

LIST OF ABBEEVIx\TIONS
USED IN QUOTING WOEKS OF REFERENCE IN THE FOOTNOTES.

The Archaeological Survey of Nuhia.

A.S.N.

period,

A.Z.
B.,

A.B.

L.A.A.A.

by Reisner, Firth and

Beporls for 1907 to 1910 and Bullet! a covcriug the same

others.

Zeitschrift fiir dgyptische Sprache.

.

Breasted, Ancient Beeords.

Annals of Archaeology and Anthropology, issued by the Institute of Archaeology, University of

Liverpool.

Lacau, Sarcophagrs

Lacau, Sarrophages nnterieurs au Nouvcl Empire (^Catalogue General du Musee du Caire).

L.,

D.

Lepsius, Denhnaler

N.,

B.H.

Newberry, Beni Hasan.

Agypten und Athiopen.

aiis

Peet, Cemeteries of Abydos.

P., C.A.
P.,

D.P.

Petrie, Biospolis Parva.

P.,

G.R.

Petrie, Gizeh

and Bifeh.

Petrie, HyJcsos

P., H.I.C.

and

Israelite Cities.

Kahim and Guroh.

P.,

I.K.G.

Petrie, Blalmn,

P.,

E.G.H.

Petrie,

P.,

L.GJf.

Petrie and others, The Labyrinth, Gerzeh and Mazghuneh.

P.,

N.B.

Petrie,

Naqada and

P.,

E.r.

Petrie,

Boyal Tombs of

S.,

Pyr.

Sethe, Bie Allaegypiischen Pyramidentexte.

S., Frfc.

Sethe, Urkunden der 18. Dynastie.

Kahim, Guroh and Hawara.

Ballas.
the Earliest Dynasties.

BALABISH
CHAPTER
THE

SITE,

BURIALS, DATING EVIDENCE,

Plates

The
The

work on behalf

Egypt Exploration

of the American Branch of the

Society was at Balabish on the eastern bank of

the Nile, just at the upper end of the triangular

eastern

between the river and the

Nile

At our

desert.

hucrs

still

the

village,

however, the

and runs within three

cliff

quarters of an hour's walk of the desert edge.

Though a long way by

only a

short

Balabish

is

actually

E.S.E. of Baliana, for between the

little

two the Nile takes

a

river,

distance

a sharp double curve,

W.S.W.

flows

and

The

for

Abu

Tisht, perhaps slightly

As may easily be imagined, it is

much cut off fi-om the rest
Baedeker's

small

is

a district very

the

world.

shown

on

map, but corresponding in position

to that called

Gababish

in

the Descrii^tion de

name does not sound Arabic

and may come down from ancient days, as without doubt does that of Samhoud just opposite.
I'Egi/pte}

Moreover,

importance here, as the large cemeteries bear

These are of the Middle Kingdom,

witness.

New Kingdom,

Pan-grave,

is

situated

in

which was important from the

cemetery

of this site

near

See Alias,

File. 10.

We

neighbourhood.

the

in

got

importance

ancient

another indication of the

in the fact that, although the village

the cemetery

is

small and unimportant

to-day, the whole district

and

by the name of Balabish.

which of

amount

all

It

its

villages

go

requires a con-

of explanation to

make

clear

all

the possible villages one wants.

The inhabitants are rather exclusive, keep to

themselves, and do not intermarry much with
They are the most stupid
the other natives.
natives we have ever met in fact, many of

them seemed

be

to

stupidity

has

neighbourhood,

for

This

Balah'sh

'aqle

ma

neighbourhood
earliest

times

men from

absolutely

weak-minded.

become proverbial
an

fish, "

are without sense."

old

saw

in

runs,

The people

the

nas

of Balabish

The story goes that some

the village sailed

down

stream, stole

some sugar from Baliana and hoped

to bring it

home

towed the

unobserved

arrival

they

therefore

behind their boat,

and on

were surprised to find no sugar.

Mean-

sacks in
1

dates.

There has also probably been a pre-dynastic

Tlie

it

and Coptic

of

not

village

There must have been a place of some

Parva.

is

farther from the former than from the latter.

Balabish

XV.

siderable
site

situated about equally distant from the railway

stations of Baliana or

I,

&c.

onwards, being not far from Abydos or Diospolis

Site.

site selected for tliis season's

piece of land enclosed

I.

the water

BALABISH.

someone at Baliana being thirsty had

while,

drunk from the Kile and found

and

it

sweet, which

them

from

as

small,

by the very means which they had hoped would

cover up their crime. 'Anyone who has had

them.

cemeteries the

dealings with them could quite believe the story

back, filling

true.

From

the southernmost of the pan-grave

New Kingdom

packed graves.

forming a sort

photograph, the

strip adjoining

it,

of cul-de-sac squeezed in between the Nile and

the desert,

is

an out-of-the-way place, and

noted for the stupidity of

told against the

tale is

population.

its

As

closely-

be seen from the top

will

New Kingdom

graves are con-

fined to the southern part of the triangular ridge

is

and hardly touch the two secondary mounds on

the northern side.

Awlad

inhabitants of

cemetery stretches

up the whole area with

Indeed, the whole of this triangular area

and the narrow

in

They were very

and there were no other cemeteries with

so the thieves were tracked

raised the alarm,

they were exactly similar

character to that here shown.

the

of

two

was on the western ends

It

mounds,

secondary

the

eastern

Yahia, at the bottom end of this district, which

beginnings of which are seen at the bottom of

makes them out

the top photograph, that the two small groups of

to be nearly as foolish as their

The story goes that

neighbours of Balabish.

admiring

they,

one of

minarets of

the

the

famous mosque of Girga, came into town one

night, put ropes round
it

away

to their

own

apparently ancient

site in

Mound

to

draw

but naturally they

to another

neighbourhood,

this

of the lunatics," just

rounds

Balabish,

opposite

village,

The name given

were unsuccessful.

Kom-el-magdnin, "

and proposed

it,

the

off

unenviable

reputation of the district.

The cemeteries of Balabish

are situated just

pan-graves were situated in an

There

is

isolated state.

no sharp division between the southern-

New Kingdom

most group of pan-graves and the

cemetery, though the graves of each class thin

out as they approach each other.
the south again there

Consideral)ly to

a curious knoll rising

is

an island out of the torrent channel

like

central photograph, PI.

This had been

I.).

(see
filled

New Kingdom graves also. Practically all

the New Kingdom graves had been worked out by
with

the

Government and native plunderers, leaving

behind the southernmost of the Balabish villages,

only the parts nearest to the cultivation, that

and

is

This

l)ed.

PI.

on a triautrular ridge in a vast torrent-

lie

is

quite clear in the central view on

The photographs

I.

taken

are

its

edge, especially in the central photograph, can

be seen

the

great

part of the low-

southern

lying torrent-bed stretching

away

to

next

the

about level with the point of the arrow,

ridge,

which makes

southern l)ank.

its

The points of

the spurs forming the base of the great triangular

ridge towards the cultivation are occupied

One

pan-grave cemetery.
photograph, and

there

are

two

similarly situated on the other

to the north.

They

shown

is

by the
the

in

smaller

ones

two points next

are not included here, as

and the

The Coptic cemetery lay a

of

the

great

bluff

in

intelligible

fit

them

in in

an

manner, and nothing was to be learnt

face

photograph

They were uninscribcd and had all been plundered.

As the natives said that figures and boats liad
come from them, wc suppose some of them to
have been of Middle Kingdom date.
Some were
very small, and from the

relics of their

occupants which had been pitched

the burials in

many would seem

down

former
the

hill

to have been of

The potsherds of Coptic date

lying about probably owe their presence there to
the late period.

we found no Coptic
chambers we visited.

inscriptions in the various

to

top

cliH*

were a number of rock-hewn tomb-chambers.

them

was not easy

the

in

the

a colony of hermits, though

it

the north

little to

of the main cemetery, and

there was a long stretch of virgin desert between

;

New Kingdom

graves nearest to them.

from the

centre of the triangular ridge, and beyond

to say, the pan-graves

As we found

a pre-dynastic pot in one of the

THE SITE AND BURIALS.

must be a cemetery
whence the
neighbourhood
of that date in the
So far we have been unable
pot was borrowed.
to find it, and think it likely to be buried beneath

we presume

pau-graves,

the Nile

mud

there

which has encroached considerably

B 209,

but they were too few to form a class.

B 232 had a wide shallow step at the southern
It was 70 cm. wide, which would bring
end.

parallel,

the total length up to 1-90 m., a length com-

It

Types of Tomb.
There was no

sisrn

superstructure, or

whatever of anv brickwork,

mound

over the pan-graves,

The great majority

of the pan-graves were either

round or oval

about

pits,

In

five feet in depth.

entirely from the shallow graves

difier

of

blue

wliere

which he excavated at Rifeh very much farther

However,
to the north, not far from Assiut.
these cemeteries clearly all belong to the
class, so

many and important

between the

same

are the similarities

civilizations of the three sites,

though

each naturally presents some details in which

varies from

them

take

the others.

Thus we are able

to

join, these

meet those

i'o/tZ-pot

coarse

few scraps of

of the

of the

those

New

long graves extended so as

New Kingdom.

In shape

only possible to recognize them by the objects

which came from them, or from the extraordinary
state of preservation of the skin,

which was a

characteristic of the pan-grave burials.

Two

of

these graves, however, had shallow lateral niches.

188 the niche was on the S.E.

B241 on

was

it

side,

and

in

the N.E. side.

Cylindrical pits of a very accurately circular

1.

section with contracted burials.

and Catalogue
2.

3.

PI.

with

contracted

2, PI.

XV, and Catalogue PL XVI.

Long

also

graves

3, 4, PI.

PI.

extended

with

burials.

In Ijoth the circular and oval graves which

were sufficiently undisturbed to afford evidence

burials.

the body was or had been contracted, lying on

the right side with the head to the north and

XV, and Catalogue PL XVII.

To which may be added

so

cut in the hard gravel of

practically

the desert, but

B214, 223, were cut down into the underlying

marl.
One of the circular graves, Bl81, expanded below, making a section like that of a
Of the oval pits- three,
wide-necked bottle.

cf.

the latest C-group

A.S.^., 1909-10, pp. 16, 138

ff.

graves

in

The contracted

we were

1.

With

burials

the

able to observe were

arranged in the following manner

Catalogue PL XVII.

These are similar to

west.

attitudes of which

The graves of whatever type were

Nubia,

facing

Deposits of objects in small irregular holes

without burials.

The Burials.

XV,

XVI.

pits

Types

4.

Type

Oval

Type

'

marble and

an

they were quite indistinguishable from those of

the later date which had no chamber, and it was

In

as a whole.

There were three types of graves

all

it

Unfortunately

long grave.

the pan-graves and

to

those

may be

The long graves were scattered among the

round and oval ones, and on the southern ridge,

them " pan-graves," but

to

that this

leather.

Kingdom

similar

of the long graves.

absolutely empty, except for a chipped

found by Prof. Petrie at Hu,^ whence he named

are

many

of

possible, therefore,

is

unfinished

the desert surface being quite hard and smooth.

they

that

parable to

on the desert.

this

232, 234, had sides which were practically

the femora at about right angles to

as in
the body, and the tibiae tightly contracted,
type 1, PL XV. This was the case in B181,

220.
2.

With

the tibiae tightly contracted, but the

femora at an obtuse angle to the body. PL XV,

This type was not found again.
no. 189.
tibiae so arranged
3. With the femora and
were more
that the angles at the hips and knees
B 2

'

BALABISH.

XV.

equal, as in type 2, Plate

B 223,

case in nos.

This was the

extended, and strangely enough was twice lying

Although it
B201, 238.
this was the work of plunderers
in

face,

its

possible that

the case of

B 201, the

burial of

B 238 was

is

in

intact,

with an unbroken coating of henna

(?)

about

Therefore

this

cm. thick over the whole.

must have been the

B231 was

No.

bear

much

so

B201, 224, 239 the

224.

In the long graves the body was or had been

on

pan-graves

paste

burial itself ha<l certainly

B201, 238, and

original position.

had

bodies

woven material

icrapped in

in

B235, where the

ground was carpeted with woven material under
which was a piece of mat. But this last had
possibly in

been so plundered that

it

quite possible the

is

covering material had been turned upside

into the position in which

lying on the back with hands

The

been covered with leather.

certainly been

In

resemljlance."

we found

body had been covered with

the

In

it.

down

181

a tliick layer of

the head was regularly at the north end of the

mat had been

laid over the whole, and probably also in B235.
From B 239 we obtained pieces of woven material

grave and the feet at the south.

covered with a mat, outside of which again were

on the

In every case in which anything

pelvis.

like order remained,

in

i.e.

184, 201, 231, 238,

The graves were oriented north

B 220,

very regularly, only

east of north.

following

intended

the

or north-west

224 turning to the

and were

well

be

which seems

to

the Nile,

of

turned

have

north,

by

judged

been

the

Orientation to the north

direction of the river.

was adopted by the

Nubia, and began

heal

the

to

latest

C-group people of

appear

to

the

in

earlier

181, 238, a

still

The

skin

in

Whether the body had originally been made

and tied up in a skin we could not

into a bundle

There were generally remains of leather

and often a great quantity.

in the graves

Scraps

B238

was wonderfully

case

this

and stained a dark

preserved

This

red.

extraordinary preservation and dark coloration

of

the

was

skin

cemetery.
preservation

found on

PI.

characteristic

that

whole

the

of

good specimen of the state of

in

which skin often was

IX,

2.

Hence

it is

be

will

Such examples were

remarkable for their weight.

period.^

In

on.

the layer of henna paste had been laid over the

mat.

course

In

material.

pieces of hide with the hair

Thus the graves were no doubt

to

decide.

woven

also

probable

some such preparation of henna, or of some

other substance, had been used to preserve the

body,

though no remains

On

elsewhere.

seeing

of

it

grave

this

found

were

men

the

of leather cord also remained, hence the leather

declared the substance to be henna, and this

was no doubt

supported by

tied

up

in a bundle.

this

was just a bundle of

(PI.

XI,

where some cord

2),

place round

it,

is

still

B235

remains in

body was

or whether the

in a leather bundle, as

But whether

leather, as in

tied

up

suggested by the bit of

cord which remained on the leather covering at

the neck of

B 224, was

likely that it

not apparent.

was customary

in a bundle, for

It

is

to tie the bodies u^^

we understand

this

was done by

the C-group people at Faras in Nubia, to

our pan-grave people are related.

done

in

the

proto-dynastic age,

'

quite

A.S.N., 1909-10,

p. 13.

It

to

whom

was

also

which the

its effect

on the

is

We submitted
specialists at Kew

skin.

samples of the paste to the

Botanic Gardens, but they report that "

it

has

been impossible either to identify henna leaves

or to prove their absence

The paste certainly

yields a yellow extract to water

and

to alcohol,

but there do not appear to be any characteristic

reactions whereby this colour
as

coming from henna.

in the fact that

may

be identified

Tiie cliief difficulty lies

any henna which

may be

present

has probably decomposed beyond either microscopical or chemical recognition."

Petrie, Tarkhan,

i,

PI. xxvi.

DATING EVIDENCE.
Mats had been used
They were of two types
That found

1.

iu

BI8I, 235, 238, 239.

The absence

BI8I, 235 was made by

in

alongside

arranging the reeds

other and
others at

each

of

them through with

piercing

some distance from each

other.

1.

which

the

B238, 239,
were again some

The type found

2.

cross-pieces

in

in

of each pair.

Probably

(Fig. 2.)

Fig. 2.

was fastened at the ends to

from splaying apart, but we found none

it

We

be

able

do

settlements hitherto discovered

The other

south of Assiut.

is

sites

at Rifeh, just

are Balabish

about opposite Abydos, Diospolis Parva a

the south, Deir

Quft (Koptos), and

Khizam^ again a

el

little

Ballas" opposite

el

little

and just north of Thebes.

original survey of the newly discovered

farther south,

pan-grave civilization Prof. Petrie assigned

to the Intermediate Period

and

New

it

between the Middle

At Balabish we found

Kingdoms.^

the

marble

kohl--pots.,

axes,

painted situla vases.

the pre-XIIth

Dynasty

red

We

B226

such

as blue

rimmed and red

did not find any of

button-seals, such as are

gold.

example

the other hand, circular

1),

though utterly broken

was among the richest we

181 was

may

There

be some significance

XIII)

1 (PI.

came from long graves, while type 2 came from

Of the six kohl-Tpots three
a circular grave.
came from long graves B201, 207, 208, while
two were found in circular graves B219, 226.

The

sixth was from the doubtful grave with a

step in
teristic

it,

232.

Similarly other features charac-

of the whole were

equally well repre-

sented in both classes of graves.

For instance,

leather with white beads stitched into

from the circular grave

B 219

and the

it

came

lonor

m-ave

Pierced leather was found in the oval

circular graves

grave Bl84.
no. 8, one

B213, 225, and

Of the curved

came from the

in the long

type

strigils (?)

circular grave

B 239,

another from the long grave B201, while the

provenance of the third was uncertain.

of this type of

Reisner, A.S.N. Bulletin, no.

P.,

D.P.,

mat

is

photographed

civilization

is

equally represented in

The best evidence we obtained

iu P., G.B., PI. x, F.

A.S.N., 1908-09,
3

VI,

both classes of graves.

fine

and published
2

but we were unable

iu the fact that both the axes of type

Thus the
'

clue,

On

(PI.

scattered,

them

of

and

style,

more Egyptianization

quite bedizened with a variety of beads, some

or Intermediate

the former

in

or three leather cords for anklets as

the second.

B231.

quantity of objects were found of Middle

and

Nothing could be poorer than the

so.

first,

plenty of evidence corroborating his conclusion.

Kingdom

had hoped to
the long

found, and the owner of circular grave

The pan-grave people are known from only

a very few sites, and these are strictly confined
The most northerly of their
to southern Egypt.

In his

We

distinguish between

to

up and

Evidence for Date.

New

two intact long burials B231, 238, producing

only a few shells and a string of beads as did

grave

farther to

C-group of Nubia.

later part of the

whether the pan-graves lasted on into the

did

showing the edges.

yet another

is

looked anxiously for some evidence as to

to

pair

keep

spond to the

which might give some

between the

other

under, crossing each

in Nubia.*

proof that the pan-graves of Egypt only corre-

signs of greater riches or

The reeds forming the warp pass over and

each

of these early things

round graves, expecting to find

distance apart but were arranged in pairs.

members

C-group graves

in the

Kingdom, but unavailingly.

(Fig. 1.)
Fig.

sometimes found

4,

p. 12.

came

Reprinted

p. 18.

p. 48.

as to date

p.

A.S.N.,

335.

1907-08,

PI.

71, a,

b, nos.

14-16, 36.

A.S.N., 1908-09, PI. 52, b, nos. 30-34.

Cf.

BALABISH.
from the black spheroid
negative, suggests

aud

this,

though

the pan-graves

ceased

licads,

that

about the beginning of the XVIIIth Dynasty.

Black spheroids were
graves aud in the

common both

New Kinodom

when we examined them

closely

But

we found

that,

found

the pau-graves, though

in

bright blue beads of type 3

little

are their forerunners.

Now we know

the pan-

in

cemeterv.

New Kingdom

though the majority of these

discs are not

perhaps the

that the pan-grave civilization

lasted as late as the

scarab

XVIth Dynasty, because

Hyksos

the

of

king

dynasty has been found

know

Sheshy of

one of

in

its

this

graves.'

beads were of black semi-transparent glass, no

Also we

single glass head teas discover aide in a pan-grave.

included Late Intermediate types of pottery, such

The pan-grave black

The absence of

of glaze.

were

splieroids

invariably

was similarly

glass

striking in the case of the penannular earrings.

Thou oh

for

some of the small ones

New Kingdom

graves, this material

"lass

from the

was not used

was used

pan-grave specimens, which

for tlie

The small one from B 220

were
(PI. VII, 2) much resembled opaque white glass
until examined closely, when its true nature was
of

shell.

This absence of glass

apparent.

strong

had

before the use of glass for beads

and

evidence
ceased

is fairly

civilization

that

ornaments had

the pan-grave

by the

above, this had taken place

New

of the

As

become common.

latter half

Kingdom, and the use

parent glass for beads

is

stated

of

trans-

contemporary with the

beginning of the XVIIIth Dynasty, for there

is

a large ball liead of this substance in the Ash-

molean Museum

(Amenhotep

I),

name

bearing the

of Zeser-ka-ra

the second king of this dynasty.

Corroborative evidence that the pan-graves did

not

last

on into the XVIIIth Dynasty

coming from a study of the

disc beads.

As shown on

life

all

forth-

p. 22, the white disc

beads of ostrich-egg shell are very

almost

is

history of the

common

in

ages of Egyptian civilization until the

XVIIIth Dynasty, when they suddenly cease,

and in their place we find great quantities of
small disc beads of red, yellow or blue glaze.

As the

egg-shell discs are very characteristic of

the pan-graves,

it

is

evident that the civiliza-

tion belongs to the pre-XVIIIth

and

it

is

improbable that

it

XVIIIth Dynasty

red,

wards became common

Hence there can be

on

tion lasted
age,-

XIV), which

(Bl.

:]

XVIIIth Dynasty.

in the

little

doubt that the

late

into

till

and certainly as

civiliza-

Intermediate

the

late as the

which immediately precedes

New Kingdom

after-

XVIth Dynasty,

the

rise

the

of

under the X\"IItli Dynasty.

AVe therefore conclude that the dying out of

the

pan-grave

with the

rise

civilization

of the

probably coincided

New Kingdom

under the

XVIIth and early XVIIIth Dynasties.

The probable coincidence of the disappearance
in southern Egypt of this rude and evidently
warlike

people with the

rise, also

in southern

Egypt, of the warlike kings of the XVIIth and

XVIIIth Dynasties,
Ahmose,

such

inevitaljly leads

as

and

Seqenenre

one to ask the question

whether these kings are not merely transformed

and Egyptianized pan-grave people.

transformation would be
the

Ababdah
of Egypt.
his

many families
to-day, who settle
of

history
of

The

father

is

Such a

entirely parallel
of

with

Beduin and

along the edge

said never to throw off

love of the desert, and returns to

it

from

time to time, but the son prefers the fiesh-pots

Egypt

of

settled

to the rigours of the desert,

becomes

and Egyptianized, acquires property, aud

>

P., G.B., pp. 20, 21.

See Petiie's conclusions, Q.B., pp. 20, 21.

We

found

tliree

axes,

bow-strings,

three bracers or

Further, the

yellow glaze

Years Exploration at Thebes,

runs on into the

blue and

Borrowed

civilization

and arrows were found at Rifeh and

the Mazoi of Lower Nubia, from which country the pangrave people also came, were drawn on for soldiery to assist
in e\-pelling the Hyksos (Gkiffith in Carnarvon, Five

Dynasty group,

age that discarded these beads.

as Buff 8, 9,

the pan-grave

that

archers' wrist-guards,

p. 37).

DATING EVIDENCE.
intents

by the

felldlun.

We

know nothing about

these

kings except that they arose in the South, pre-

sumably at Thebes,

neighbourhood of

the

in

the site of the large pan-grave cemetery of El

However,

Khizam.^

Petrie sees a facial

Prof.

and the Barabra,

they came from

resemblance between them

Ethiopia.-

that

suggests

hence

and

of

They became the saviours

Egypt

by casting out the Semitic Hyksos, and they

incidentally built up a kingdom for themselves.
would not be so dissimilar from the
course of events under Piaukhy and Tirhakah,
where we know that warlike Nubians possessed of

This, then,

up as orthodox Egyptian Pharaohs,

initiative set

Two Lands

uniting the

in the case of Piankhy,

opposing the newest Semitic invaderS; the

or

however, another Nubian

is,

might claim
This

line.

who

tril)e

to be the progenitors of the royal

people of the black- topped

the

is

they make their appearance

first place,

Egypt too late to have founded the XVIIth

Dynasty. They are not found mixed with the
pan-grave people as if intruding upon them, but

in

their

XVIIth Dynasty.
the

list

on

with

are

connections

Egyptians or

the

See nos.

3,

1,

4,

of

7,

6,

43.

p.

time

the

at

Secondly, just

that

they are

Egypt we find that the Pharaoh

Kamose knew of a kingdom in Ethopia with -which
The dynasty
he seems to have had trouble.was not then newly established, as Kamose had

entering

at least three predecessors in the Seqenenres."

we can hardly separate this fact from

the statement made under Ahmose, Kamose's
there came an enemy (?) of the
successor, that
Thirdly,

''

shows that attacks were

South,"' which

still

continuing.

Assyrians, in the case of Tirhakah.

There

In the

and purposes becomes absorbed

to all

the

of

each

Fourthly,

XVIIIth Dynasty had

against

to

the

of

early

conduct expeditions

apparently

each

Nubia,

kings

penetrating

cups with the flared rims and grey bands whom

we discover in Egypt in the XVIIth Dynasty.^

farther south, until at last Tuthmosis I reaches

These people no doubt come from Kerma in the

Dongola Province, and seem to be connected

neighbourhood of Kerma.^

with the XVIIth or early XVIIIth Dynasties

sources,

in their use of the large fly

Unfortunately we are

known under Ahmose.*

still

in the

of the

ornaments so well

dark as to the sequences and details

archaeology, which

Kerma

must form the

foundation of any true view of this race

apart

from

Kerma

present ignorance of the

indications

as

there are seem

men were

belief that those

of the

XVIIth Dynasty, but

A.S.N. Bull, no.

4,

evidence, such

rather the Ethio-

much

trouble in

New Kingdom.
p. 12,

reprinted A.S.N., 1908-9,

Peteie, History of Egypt,

See further p. 52.

ii,

3, a.b.

seems to

XVIIth Dynasty.
Further than

the graves in

this,

Egypt seem

too few and isolated to have been those of a

race of conquerors

who

established one of them-

selves on the throne.

Griffith in Carnarvon, Five Years Exploration

PI.

51

Reisneh,

Bissing, Thebanischer Grabfund,

vi, 2,

at

Thebes, p. 36.
e

B., A.B.,

ii,

15

Petrie, History,

Sethe, Uric,

'

B., A.B.,

Kamose and Ahmose

Antiquities of

ii,

Lower Nubia,

Amenhotep

ii,

pp. 5-7.

iv, 5.

are figured at Toshkeh (Weigall,

PI. Ixv, 4),

I, their

farther to the south, but

p. 4.

MacIver and Woolley, Buhen,

A.Z., 1914, Taf. iv;

of Ethiopia

aggression

belong to a later phase than the disappearance

of the pan-graves and tlie formation of the

Cataract.
p. 18.
2

the

archaeological and written

Thus, from both

the

in

to point to the

not the founders

pians whose advances gave so

the early part of the

but,

by our

induced

uncertainty

the

Tombos, just above the Third Cataract

is

not

north of the Second

successor, reached a little

known beyond

TJronarti,

while
just south of the Second Cataract (B., A.B., ii, 38),
a
built
and
inscription
an
his successor Tuthmosis I set up
Third
the
above
just
Tombos
fortress on the Island of

Cataract

(B.,

A.B.,

ii,

67, 72).

BALABISH.

CHAPTEE
TOMB GROUPS

(PAN-GRAVES),

VI and

Plates II, III, IV,

Plate

The

saucer

the

of

is

rubbed down to

pottery.

been

has

It

an inspection of the edge shows.

vessel, as

small hole has also been knocked in the bottom.

The beads

of the first sti-ing are of types 2, 17,

18, 19, in the second of types

third

mostly of type

number
list

B, and in the

There were a great

3.

Those shown in the Plate are

of shells.

mostly Nerita

1,

polita (type

sc.

For a

2).

full

of the types represented see the Catalogue of

Graves on
left are

PI.

XVI.

In the lowest row on the

two small palettes of stone with a pink

pebble rubber

in the centre is a curious stone

notched at one end, which has a few longitudinal

scratches on

it,

but no clear sisn of having been

used as a palette

next

is

a black-topped pot-

sherd which had been rubbed

down

into an oval

shape to serve as a digger or scraper

lastly, a

use.

serve any practical

and

very thin plate of copper or bronze of

undetermined

to be

(?)

personal

This last seems too thin to

u.se,

and hence would appear

ornament, though

it

is

not

of the material.

The pottery types accompanying the objects

be found on PL XIV, Ho, Buff 2, 3, 7,

will

Borrowed

2, 4, 5, 10.

that

lot, in

D5b

of type

Borrowed

4,

No.

age.

very

fine group,

Tomb group B
coming from a

5, 10,

For plan

see PI.

XV,

no.

?>.

All these objects were found in a pile against

the eastern wall of the grave.

On

little

disturbing

the sand a very strong scent of ointment, similar

saucers or covers

which might belong

gives

especially

of an

to

evidence

any

of

its

which has been rubbed down

old pot,

round the edges to accommodate

it

use as a cover to a jar of type Buff

also Ijeen

notched on the edge.

to its

new

It has

7.

For comparison

with the cover no. 10 the reader should refer to

The Lahyrinth, Gerzeli and Mazgliuneh,

No.

55.

pottery of
inside.

PI. xviii,

made of the ordinary brown

the New Kingdom and is blackened

is

There

is

nothing to notice individually

in the representatives of the

Buff ware from this

group, therefore they will be treated with the

rest of

their type.

good example of type

Buff 7 will be found photographed on

been over-fired.

full-sized

long and deep rectangular grave, which had been

utterly plundered.

and the

class,

is

PI. V,

1.

of the clay usual to the

but has turned an excep-

tionally yellow-green colour

208.

mixed

a curiously

is

secondhand origin in bein" nothing; but the base

pots of this
II, no. 2.

It

includes a true pre-dynastic pot

it

The pre-dynastic pot

pierced for suspension.

Plate

and j^roto-dynastic age, was

observed, though none of the pots contained any

present size from a larger

its

VII.

to that of the pre-

10.

New Kingdom

ordinary

brown

rough

type of

Tomb group B

II, no. 1.

II.

owing

to its

having

This colour, though unusual,

found from time to time in the

pre-dynastic civilization.

is

pottery of the

The presence of

this

pot in a pan-grave should be compared with that

of the pre-dynastic potsherds, evidently also of

type
PI.

(no.

67c probably Naqadd and Ballas,

xxxv), which were found in grave 72

218

TOMB GROUPS.
Nubian C-group.^

of the

In neither case was

and

As

scattered.

usual, the skull of the ox

there a pre-dynastic cemetery near from which

been cut away, leaving

these pots could have been accidentally transferred

much

by plunderers.

on a wall to display the

Twice again pots of pre-dynastic

type are recorded in C-group graves,^ and yet

another has been found by the Oxford Expedi-

Nubia

tion to

which

will

which

is

fine

C-group cemetery at Faras,

in the

photographed

specimen of

be found in

V,

PI.

and the only perfect

class,

its

2.

H 5,

our group, was a very

in

example which we found.

will

The bowl

be published shortly.

The other side of it

The kohf --pot is of blue

marble, a substance characteristic of the Middle

Kingdom, but not unknown

Kingdom, in which horizon
Sawamah.*

common
no.

in the

we

early

found

New
it

at

This specimen belongs to the most

pan-grave types

of the

of kohl-jiot,

13 (PI. XIII), though the workmanship of

drawn specimen

the neck differs from that of the

and approximates to that of type

Here

shells see further, p. 18.

(?)

pantherina,

Malea jjomum (probably), type 18

Strombus,

sp.

uncertain, type 19

type

tr'donis,

For the

need only be

it

mentioned that they are Cypraea

type 17

14.

20

and Charonia

which

besides

there

is

smallish shell of the Conus species with a hole in

the end of

it,

of webbing.

Beside

the

pebbles,

shown

in the plate

This latter
small

shell

perhaps a

is

are

near the piece

belt.

two small black

and on the lower row are three bone

awls or borers.

1.

Tomb group B

The

antlers.

on

goes back

from

ranean area

it

times,*

more

is

In

it.

Mediter-

the

human bones which

is

in

though

custom,

Mediterranean

with

differing essentially

are

hanging up ox-skulls

while that of colouring the bones

keeping

was

of the

side

and proto-dynastic

pre-

to

skull

The marks

the left-hand

custom of

This

skull.

are

so

treated, not animal bones, whereas even in pan-

grave

times

human bones

the

never so

are

Moreover, black does not seem to have

treated.

been used for the decoration of the Mediterranean bones, though this colour

one of those

is

regularly used on the pan-grave ox-.skulls.

strange

is

that

might be

custom, which

this

It

connected with those of the ]\Iediterraneau area

and which
Egyptian

is

quite unrelated to anything else in

civilization,

the southern part of

should

up

in

at this one
it

forms

seems to

other\\'ise

or no connection with the north, as

little

to the present

Assiut,^

found only

Besides this,

part of a civilization which

have

Ije

Egypt and only

definite period of history.

it

has not been found north of

and which did not draw

its

marine

shells

from the Mediterranean but exclusively from the

Red

Sea,

and which

ways with the

III, no.

hanging

as stags' heads are cut to-day for

discernible

just

had

but the frontal bone,

spotted black and red as usual.

On
Plate

little

is

again connected in

civilization of

Nubia

many

in the south.

the other hand, northern influence

evident

is

in the small vases of black punctured

ware of

185.

Mediterranean origin which

Hu

The only example we found of a prepared oxskull.

With it was the ram's horn. There were

the pan-graves

no other objects in the grave except

tion of the Hyksos, a race

relics

of a

male skeleton, as the whole had been plundered

of

have been found in

and Rifeh.

The pan-

graves are also contemporary with the domina-

But

Syria.

if it

no doubt hailing from

was they who introduced the

custom of colouring animals' heads, we may

well ask why the habit is not found all over
1

A.S.N., 1908-9,

A.S.N.,

p. 132, no.
3

See

Ahydos,

1908-9,

Egypt.
p.

160,

no.

14:

A.S.N.,

1909-10,

360.

also
iii,

83.

p.

Garstang, El ArahaJi,

PI. lix, 5, 6.

p.

29

Curkklly,

p. 48.

P.,

B.P.,

P.,

G.R., for a cemetery in this neighbourliood.

BALABISH.

10

Plate

Tomb group B

III, xo. 2.

No. 11

201.

one of the l)undles of yellow sinew.

is

This might well be the archer's bow-string, the

From

a lonor

No.

ffraA^e.

a curious horn

is

object of concavo-convex section, as

PL

XII, 6 (see further,

several scraps

Next

p. .31).

to

dyed

of fine leather,

are

it

red, with

No. 2

blue beads of type 3 stitched on.

little
is

shown on

is

a delicate tortoise-shell bracelet of flat section,

which see

for

bracelets

This

10.

seems to occur in

.section
.shell

XX,

PI.

tlie

flat

('-group tortoi.^e-

But here the

from Nubia.'

(?)

delicate

resemblance ceases, as these latter are penannular

whereas ours

in form,

No. 5

solid piece.

of flat section,

is

shown

is

shown

No. 6

as no. 5, P]. XII.

is

as no. 8, PI. XII.

It

is

no doubt
type.

a copper casting of the forepart of a

is

kneeling ram (see better PI. XIII,

part being merely a

liar

3),

the hinder

of square section.

of

broken

The axe,
remains of

ofl"

its

short.

was

no. 8,

Beside the sinew

probably

having been used, such

remained on the other axe-head from

PI.

VI, no.

Perhaps

1,

and on the

similar

No.

case.''^

9,

the kohl-^ot,

type 14 (PL XIll).

made

It is

has been provided with a

in pottery,

and too small

providing a new
in

the

New Kingdom

alabaster

kohl-]iot

lid

for

is

is

a variety of

and

which figures again

The

single

in

(jf

back (see also PL

the

Another came from one of the other

graves which produced an axe,

another was found in

any other objects of

can be

XII,

little

B 235,

B 226,

while yet

which did not yield

There

a martial character.

doulit that these objects are

the

archers' wrist-guards or " bracers," used to save

the skin of the

left

forearm from the chafing of

In both the pots from

the released bow-string.^

grave (PL XIV, Buff'

6) there

1,

was a strong

scent of ointment, though none of the unguent

The

was of the

surface of these pots

which

silky, rather greasy, texture

with

associated

Pot

1st dynasty.

cylinder

the
no.

Bufi' 1

pots

of

had had a

the

mud

stopper.

Plate

From

Tomb group

III, no. 3.

which everything

a circular grave in

was scattered.

Among

222.

the

collected

oltjects

filling

This custom of

bracelet,

which from the regular gradation of

it.

grave

was observed

B 34,

where an

it.

carnelian barrel beads

PL VIII

as string no. 12.

These beads come from the neck.

A.S.N., 1908-9, PI. 37c,

P.,

D.P., xxxii, 21.

a piece of leather or

is

from the

melon bead at the end shows up well

again here.

This

the

roughly modelled

had been provided with a

the string

No.
of

portion

axe.

black serpentine lid wliich was too small for

No. 10

the bow.

collars

of alabaster,

to a kohl-Tput

lid

spanning

cords

was so often

slipping over the projecting ends, as

the

B 226,

Ahmose

had been fastened by two

it

as

found no traces

hide of triangular shape with two fine leather

wooden handle, but there were no

of binding

another

actually remained.

fixed into a slot in the

still

We

beyond

a knot of leather.

is

represents

warrior's panoply.

is

signs

179, but with no other objects

wood which might have represented

It is

a secondhand object, as the bar projecting from

is

the usual masses of leather.

this

behind

Other sinew of a similar nature was

stitching.

found iu

nos. 1, 2).

a penannular object of horn

the remains of another specimen of this

No. 7

so as the sinew seems too stout for use in

a ring cut out of the

a curved horn object of concavo-convex section (a

strigil?),

more

were the

forming a

shell strips

The beads

the parts seems fairly complete.

the lowest row are of type 3,

of type 9, while the others are of types

and

12.

With them was found

from a sandal.
itself

1,6,

the aidcle-strap

the binding on

it

it

allies

to the sandals of tomb group B226, which

a reference to

type

By

in

in the middle row

PL TX

will

show

to

1.

9.

For

full cliscu.s.sion see

Chap. V.

lie

sandal-

"

TOMB GROUPS.
Plate TV,

no.

Tomb group B

1.

11

of .similar

.string

212.

a circular grave utterly plundered, with

no bones

In

left.

the filling were found

VIII as string no.

in PI.

the

no.

small saucer of qullch ware with a hole pierced

among

This figures

unfinished state.

From

beads, but

disc

shell

an

in

the types

In the same plate,

18.

a group of these unfinished beads which

2, is

have not vet even been bored.

in the bottom, an oval potsherd used as a digger

or scraper, and the small footed bowl, which

Plate IV,

There were also four pieces of

painted red.

white material, presumably

shell, of whicli

From an

two

no.

Tomb group B

2.

were found

though the bones were sexed as male.

several flint flakes, the only ones found in the

tomed

Below these again are pieces of

pan-graA'es.

There is
spongy metallic-looking haematite.
also a piece of stone which the authorities of the
South Kensington Natural History

Museum

find

on examination to be sandstone stained green

with copper.

may have served as a cheap

On the extreme right
malachite.
It

substitute for

be seen a piece of red haematite, which has

will

been much rubbed down on

as

all

sides for use

Samples of the haematite as

a pigment.

well as of the malachite were submitted to the

authorities of the

who vouch

South Kensington Museum,

To the

for the materials.

uninitiated

observer the spongy haematite looks

much

like

from a smelting furnace

the dross

or

which

contains a large percentage of metal.

still

scoriae

woman,

the

in

They were very much perished,

nothing so much as the
resemble
and to-day
Below are
cuttle-fish l)one given to canaries.

photograph.

213.

oval grave, perhaps that of a

as short plaits of hair

on the right-hand side of the

apjjear

pieces

was

filling,

The

hair

does not of necessity imply that the wearer was

a

women,

men

for in the Nile lands

are accus-

may

to l>raid their hair, and, strange as it

appear to our notions, plaited hair

King Theodore

valour.

a sign of

is

Abyssinia

of

de-

is

scribed as having " his hair arranged in large

from

back

extending

plaits

very recent years

Until

the forehead."

" the

young

soldiers

Abyssinia] were not allowed to plait

[in

hair until they

number

killed a

number

increased the

the

had

their

Then they

man."

of plaits in proportion to

of enemies

Although the

slain.''

custom has now died out among the warriors,

found among

still

is

occupied

those

in

it

the

dangerous profession of elephant-hunting.

These

men

other

arrange

often

their

hair

Abyssinians, but sometimes "

un grand nombre
autour de

like

the

les divisent

ils

en

de petites nattes qui pendent

mesurent parfois 25 ou 30

la tete, et

custom may

This

In the middle are two awls, one of bone, the

centimetres

other of copper or bronze, hafted

have been used in ancient Nubia, for the nehedhaired are named by Tuthmosis I, III, and

wooden handle now much decayed.

in

a small

There was

another similar implement, of bone and broken.

It is represented

of PI. VII, no.

among

4.

the spatulae or hair-pins

The awls

de longueur."*

is

usually translated " the

curly-haired," but Miss

Murray has shown ^ that

others.^

This

name

are probably for

boring leather, since implements similar to the

DuFTON,

copper one are being used for this purpose in

Veitch,

Vieics in Central Ahijssinia, 1868, no. 38.

Jean Duchesne-Fournet,

the

scenes

number
beads.

row

from the tomb of Eekhmire.^

of the shells found are figured, also the

Those

in the

ii,

consist of type 3, those in the middle

row

1,

while the lowest row of

Newberry, The Life of Bekhmara,

all

PI. xviii.

is

Sethe, Urk.,

613

iv,
s

are of type

p. 98.

enEtMopie, 1901-3,

it/isio

p. 29-5.
5

short strings in the upper

Journey throwjh Ahifssinia, 1867,

iv,

B., A.B.,

84

ii,

B., A.E.,

Seligmann, Some Aspects of

Journ. Boy. Anthrop.

Diet.,

71

ii,

Sethe,

657, and the correction

Instil.,

xliii,

the
p.

op. cit.

v, p. vii.

Hamitic Problem,

618, and Brugsch,

nM.
2

BALABISH.

12

it

mav

1)0

hotter translated " with

The Libyan

plaited hair."

.nected with

It is

this.

not merely twisted.^

this detail,

it

braided

may

sidelock

or

be cou-

sometimes plaited and

King Theodore's

Egyptian lock of youth

Thus the presence of

is

no

it

was

in

ware, type

The

described.

is

often shown

as plaited.^

shoi't locks of hair in this

The pierced

leather

was the similar

The presumption,

therefore,

both cases the remains of a

With it was found

woven elephants' (?)

B 2, and

the
hair.

charmino-

little

kilt.

bae; of

cup of black-topped

also a piece of a

polished ware, type Borrowed

1,

was the piece of curved horn,

bowl of red

were found, as

From

pieces
called

feathers, possibly the

crow or some such

several

wing or

])ird.

Attention

of leather.
to

We

tail

laro-e

black

feathers of a

had supposed that

they had been introduced by accident while the

soft,

was

side of the sandal

or welt

Ijinding of

leather

well.

unornamented, except

for

the

lotuses

in

the

and has been fastened by two fine straps

As
instead of the leather cords used in B201.
in that grave here again the bracer

This axe

B201

(cf.

is

quite

found with

is

PI. XIII, 1, 2).

there was perhaps a difi'erence in the

B 201, B226

on

method

of

no sign of lashing

preserves a fine lashing of hide

(See further,

practically complete.

we

is

seems to

It

handle, and

have been set in a much thicker

fastening, for while there

type from

(liff"erent in

p. 32.)

Once

have to notice the smooth pebbles, this

The pointed one

(see also

XIII, 15) might almost be a sharpener.

One

PL XIII, had been used

as a

of them, no.

18,

us he has also found feathers, though apparently

palette, though no sign of paint remained.

of a diS"erent sort, in C-group graves at Faras in

other two gave no signs of wear.

There would, therefore, seem to have

is

corner,

PL

Nubia.

The

referred to on p. 30

graves in Nubia,*

tells

The

line.

wrist-guard or bracer

time of green stone.

Mr. Griflith

l),

with cross lines

the ankle-strap shows up

again

tomb, contained male bodies.

ril)bed

marked by a tooled

but we find they also occurred in three C-group

of which, like the present

pair

and had a narrow margin

tooled in the leather,

grave was open at the time of the plundering,

all

the filling of a circular grave.

was beautifully white and

being almost of a silky texture. The upper

that of

beads, and

Tomb group B 226.

1.

the leather of which

Other objects found here were pebbles, small

should also be

no.

of the fine quality sandals, type no. 1 (PI. IX,

an axe.

no. 9

VL

Plate

on PL XII.

blue

an

being

its

extended C-group burial.

in ridges (plaits?)

pelvis, as

material in Bl84.

that

is

hair

criterion of sex.

was found near the

is

nothing to prevent

there seems

would be significant that some

runnins; from the forehead back over the head,

grave

classed as of the latter date,

is

If Lepsius is accurate in

Libyans are shown" with hair

just as

crave, no. 121.

The

Other objects

found were a pair of coj)per tweezers, splayed

been a custom among this people of burying

out at the ends (see

feathers especially with men.

ornamented with a couple of cuts on the sides.

In the second of

the Nubian graves quoted, pierced leather was

also found with the feathers as here.

a few beads of type

This grave

belongs to cemetery no. 58, of mixed C-group

and

New Kingdom

graves,

Bates, The Eastern Libyans,

Denhndlcr,

iii,

to

this

Portrait de

A.S.N., 1908-9, p. 58, no. 108, where they are stated

have been black,

p. 60, no.

121, p. 64, no.

1.

the

no. 2.

filling.

sandals, type

(cf.

and the leather

3,

PL XVI.

Tomb group B

lines tooled

227.

pair of the good quality

PL IX,

no.

I),

fine as those of the previous group.

no

and

fragments of two black-

bowls types Bl,

Plate VI,

From
I'Art Eg.

1,

recorded in the catalogue on

136a.

4)

broken kohl-^ot, perhaps of type 13 (PL XIII),

topped

p. 135.

For instance, Prisse, Hhtoire de

Ramses-Meiainoun, ifec.
^

and though

PL XIII, type

on the surface.

As

but not so

They have
in the last

TOMB GROUPS.
case

have

ankle-straps

the

leather,

l)eeii

bound with

which, apart from the shape of the wocxl, might

has

disappeared,

have represented the hafting of an axe.

oval pebble used as a palette or grinder

Pieces

though the binding

except for a small fragment on the

(See further,

the beads, consisting of types

disc beads
felspar.

left sandal.

Between the sandals are

25.)

p.

1,

12,

white

13,

and spheroids of carnelian and green

Besides these there

object, pointed at each end,

is

curved horn

and of

a concavo-

convex section, of which we found several

PI.

XII,

We

8).

be a species of

can only sugo-est that

it

(see

now not

of plaited leather-work,

(?).

flat

Init rolled

flat

together, suggesting that they had been used as

cords.

made

piece of rope

of twisted leather.^

of three strands

piece of a curved horn

implement of concavo-convex section

See also

mig-ht

instrument was

This

strigil.

13

and

PI.

XII, type

mm.

a strigil

8.

nail-shaped rod of cak-itc, 58

9

in diameter.

mm.

in length

draws towards a point

It

used in anti(|uity by the Greeks and Romans,

at one end

and

and to-day the

other end.

It can hardly be other than a lip-

Kaffirs scrape off the sweat with

a sharp-edged bone
this shape,

objects on PI. VII,

may

implement, though not of

but more like the blunt-pointed bone

Perhaps our examples

fig. 4.

be ancient representatives of the

" thin

curved skewer, of hard wood or ibex horn, thrust

through his

hair,"

which the desert Hamite,

north of Port Sudan, wears to-day

but

^
;

it

is

impossible to be certain, as no further details arc

An

given.

strigil of

iron

but probal)ly of

the

classical

XXVIth Dynasty

shape,

date,

was

found at Tell el-Yahudiyeh.^

stud, an

both

in

ornament much

it

be an ear-stud.

and

is

like the

in

the Sudan

On

times.

not impossible that

it

it

the

might

was not

grave was utterly plundered,

few fragments of bone, was found

loose in the rubbish.

lip-stud

vogue

Most unfortunately

in place, as the

it,

in

modern and ancient

other hand,

found

shaped into a head at the

is

Such an ornament as a

to Egyptian ideas,
and forms the strongest connection found by us
between the pan-graves and the south. There
is

entirely foreign

had evidently been some copper

grave

in this

at one time, for the bones of the pelvis were

Plate VII,

From

A
B

no.

Tomb group B220.

1.

stained

a circular grave with a male skeleton.

black-topped bowl of red polished ware, type

2, see also PI.

crystals,

V, no.

among which

2.

will be

several shells of type 2 which

penannular earring of
shell

number

shell.

of calcite

found one of the

we

found.

Another, also of

but much thicker, was found in grave

White

shell disc

tiny

beads type no.

1.

B 236.

There were

also a few^ of the tiny 1)lue beads type

green.

Besides

of a

mat

quantity of coarse

to the

shown

fracjuients

in Fig. 2

above

These scraps of the mat adhered both

5).

(p.

of the technique

woven material and

to pieces of leather

from which the hair had been removed.

Hence
would appear that the body had been covered

it

with a woven material, upon which had been

laid

the

mat and then

objects were a tubular

3.

a-

brown woven material, there remained

a tanned skin.
Ijead,

Other

type 25, of fine

glaze and of a light blue colour, and a few frag-

Plate VII,

From

the

no.

filling

rounded potsherd of
a scraper or digger.

2.

of

Tomb group B
a

qulleli

circular

239.

ments of black-topped pottery.

grave.

piece of leather

wrapped

on to a piece of wood of semicircular section,

>

C. Crossland, Desert and Water Gardens of the

Sea, p. 24.

p._ jj j

Plate VII,

ware used perhaps as

pj

^^j^ g^

Bed

^^^ ^ jg

From

no.

3.

Tomb group B

182.

a small irregular hole in the ground

roughly triangular in shape and without any

^

Cf. the

no. 174.

C-group coi-dage reported A.S.N. 1907-8,

,

p. .54,

BALABISH.

14

The curved horn

signs of a burial.

another of the

oliject

is

implements, highly

strigil-like

decorated with incised patterns, as will be seen

from the drawing on

PI.

XII, no.

It has

7.

been

substance, and the remainder looks fairly white

and
it

In

like beef dripping.

looks very like cold

the touch and comes

oft'

It is greasy to

on a finger rubbed on

It still retains a

the end, each about a quarter of an

opening a plundered grave in which

diameter.

was originally longer and had

It

been mended with

a copper strip, but the broken

part has again l)eeu broken

appeared.
hole,

5,

and has now

dis-

in

in

it

p. 31),

made

of a plain horn

The

bent round until the tip and butt met.

few beads were white discs of type

once been sewn into leather.

and had

In the centre of

the hole was a pot of Buff ware, type 9 (PI. XIV),

of ointment scented like that of the pre-

full

and proto-dynastic age, and wrapped up

woven
in

The pot

material.

colour and

is

is

in

exceptionally green

now very much

stained with

The presence of the beads which

the ointment.

had once been sewn into leather suggests the possibility of this deposit representing a

burial

plundered

but this seems hardly possible owing

the smallness and shallowness of the hole,

to

which completely differentiate

from any of the

Moreover, the pot was standing

graves.

the

it

presence

B 208.
B 182,

Ointment or

announced

when none

Such was the case

traces of

was found

it

182a, 201, 208, 233, 240.

The question
extreme

of

its

nature proves to be one of

no

difficulty,

disappearance

make

to

owing

doubt

more

of the

was impossible
of the

had been

it

is

noticeable, even

actually remains in the pots.

lay the horn bracelet (see also

and

quondam

by the strong odour

came from the south end of the

and near

XII, no.

PI.

It

oti"

deposited, its

it.

very strong aroma, so that on

bored with two comparatively large holes near

inch in

condition

fact, in this

gravy.

volatile

the

to

parts.

It

a satisfactory analysis

examples found, and the suggestions

first

which the analyst put forth led to much archaeo-

Hence the

logical improbability.

riddle remained

Three years ago one of the present

unsolved.

writers brought

home samples

Tarkhan, and

date from

of the

same

early

submitted them to

Dr. Goodbody, of University College, London.

He

very kindly went to great trouble over the

enquiry, l)ut

was unable

likewise

we have submitted

This year

definite results.

obtain

to

samples of the pan-grave age both to him and

to Dr. AVilliams of the British

and hope that at some

Medical Associa-

we

later date

upright in the centre of the hole and occupying

tion,

most of the room, and

be able to publish an analysis which will give

that

it

can hardly be a chance

the only other hole of a similar nature,

B 223,

also contained a large pot of the

same

ware, type 7 (PI. XIV), also full of the same

ointment.

This pot was sealed, and nothfng else

was found with

the

in

pre-

is

entirely similar to that found

emanated from a black polished jug

a false-necked amphora no. B 87.
is

colour of Itutter
If

B 66 and
When found
no.

a beautiful clean yellow of the

and of a crumbly consistency.

exposed to the hot Egyptian sun

On

may

wc

oft'er

be some

preparation of balsam or nard, the two perfumes

most

times at any rate,

favour in classical

in

Of the two, nard

Syria or Judca."

the less

is

and proto-dynastic period, as at

Naqada and Ballas and Tarkhan. In the NewKingdom cemetery at Balabish the same scent

the ointment

the suggestion that the substance

both of which are continually said to come from

it.

The ointment

In the meantime

definite conclusions.

shall

such occasions

it

it will

melt.

exudes a dark brown treacly

See

Pliny,

only

P.,

N.B.. pp.

39.

25 (54) says that balsamuiii

has been
bestowed by nature upon tlio land of Judna.
In

former times

Stkabo,

'

xii,

it

was cultivated

in

two gardens only."

763, speaks of Joriebo as being " encompassed

by a mount<iinous
the manner

what in
and the garden

district

which slopes towards

of a theatre.

of the

DiODOiius SifULUH,

Here

also

it

is

.some-

a palace

balsamum."
ii,

48, says that near the

Dead Sta

TOMB GROUPS.
as

likely,

Testament

mentioned

only

is

it

known

of post-exilic date, though well

New

Testament^ and

kuowledoe of

seems to

it

Hence

derived from Sanskrit.^

it

round the Mediterranean, for Pliny* says that

The

the next
quality

probably was

perfume

and

Gaul,

in

Balsam,

quality grows in Syria, a less fine

l)est

therefore,

in

Crete.
likely

have been

to

said

is

hollow, and

in a certain

that

ix,

6,

balsamum

says "

is

produced in the hollow about Syria."

Justin, xxxvi,

says that "

3,

only in that country (Judea)

is

shut in by continuous mountains as

which

by a wall

if

in the

gardens (camp in other editions), the space

likeness of

enclosed being about two hundred Jiigera, and called by the

name

He

of Ericus (or Hierichus, Jericho)."

the opobalsamum trees, and speaks of the

then describes

warmth

of the

sun in this valley, and remarks that the sun in that climate
is

the hottest in the

Now

s\'orld.

Gilead, but most probably

Balm of
now known as Mecca

what

is

tropical tree widely distributed over the coast territory of

isles,

April, 1894, p. 897).

and

S.

Nubia

(Pliarm. Journal,

This has caused doubt to be cast on

the classical statements that the tree grew in a country so

For the

far north as Judea, but it really contirms them.

more detailed statements show that the part of Syria or

Judea where it grew was a hollow near Jericho, evidently
the deep Jordan Valley. Justin, who gives us the most
complete account, describes the place as shut in by continuous mountains like a wall, which is a peculiarity of
His reference to the extreme heat of
this valley.
the

in

valley

also

is

of

tropical heat of the Jordan Valley

In

day.

registered

vegetation

May

importance, as
is

well

known

the
to-

a noon-day temperature of 105^ has been

hence the land bears a " strange sub-tropical

"

quite out of keeping with its latitude (Ellis-

worth Partington,
pp. 201, 229).

continually used

is

in

The

&c.^

for

perfume, sweet

spice,

balsam

of

collection

the

as

art,

was

incision

the

in

bark of the tree might not be made

with a metal

tool,

but only with one of sharp

stone, or as Pliny adds, of glass or lioue."

cannot

really

This

have been necessary, as Pliny

goes on to remark that for the less primitive

art of

pruning the trees an iron knife might

be used.

balsam, produced by the Balsamodendron opobalsamum, a

sun

Old Testament

odour,

Palestine

Thus what

is

a ml

known

its

Transformation,

to be only a tropical

seems probable that our ointment, or

It

ancients was, not as has generally been supposed

the

which l)alsam

has shown that the balsam of the

Schweinfurth

Arabia, the adjacent

days.

produced

is

for there is a valley

bosem, from

probably a very ancient

opobalsamum

early

in

it

the

TiiEOPHRASTUS, Hist. Phvit.,

used

be derived,

to

another

yet

would seem a more

The Hebrew word

balsamum is produced
grows nowhere else.

had, however,

It

in the

said to be

is

earlier ages.

probably existed undiscovered for a long time

come from

have

not used in the

is

times.

classical

in

and the Hebrew name nerd

India,"

Ulil

of Solomon, which

Song

in the

the

in

its

perfume, was obtained from Syria, for at both of

the periods in which'
influences were at

age

it

is

it

work

in

much used

so

is

Egypt.

In the earlier

sufiicient to refer to the

mace-heads, cylinder-seals,

and the importation of

pear-shaped

wavy handles

to jars,

lapis-lazuli, while at the

later time the Canaanitish

invaded the land.

Asiatic

If,

Hyksos had

however,

actually

be supposed

it

that the ointment was obtained from the southeast,

then the balsam tree

found there

is

being widely distributed over those coasts.

been

should have

it

brought

in

such

also,

That
large

quantities from the latter region seems unlikely,

as

it

is

absent from both

the

corresponding

periods in Nubia.

However, we hope that

definite

analytical

plant would have flourished only at the particular spot

in Palestine to which

it

so continuously referred

is

by

Joseph us, viii, 6, 6, moreover, says

was transplanted from the districts in

the classical writers.

definitely that it

which

it is

now widely

distributed, for he says, "

the root of that opobalsamum which our country

by

this

woman's (the Queen

John

some day take the place of specula-

tions such as these.

we possess
still

bears

of Sheba) gift."

'

Cf.

Cf. Pliny, xiii, 1 (2).

Brown, Driver and Bkiggs, Hebrew Lexicon,

iii.

results will

3.

12 (26).

Pliny, Nat. Hist.,

Brown, Driver and Briggs, Hebreic Lexicon,

xii,

p. 141,

gives the references.

6

p.

660.

Pliny, Nat. Hist.,

the Jews, xiv,

481

xii,

25 (54)

The Jewish War,

Josephus, Aniiqq. of
i,

6, 6.

BALABISH.

16

Double string of white

4.

Tomb group B181

The tomb

(sec

and opening out

body

The
right

side

was

bull

pit

of

'05 m., cut in the

a little below.

contracted,

on

lying

its

skin remained, and the body was

woven material,
mat of the pierced

covered with a thick layer of

over which

Under the head

type.
1.

was spread

lay 9, perhaps as a pillow.

Pot of hard thick pinkish ware.

Type

Buffs.

Type B

Black-topped bowl.

3.

Strings of small blue l)eads at

3.

1.

extending

wrists,

r.

ankle.

Types

1.

up

to

i-.

Type

forearm.

Types

with

gold

collar

and

not

1.

so

3.

Types

1, 2.

beads at neck.

12, 24.

few

l)lue

and white disc beads on the

fourth to seventh vertebrae

9.

r.

Double string of carnelian spheroid beads,

interspersed

8.

elbow,

Short length of three chains of alternate

6.

7.

and carnelian

1a, 12.

blue and white beads on chest.

had

Types

G.

ankle.

disc

Quantity of blue disc beads on

These

2.

Type

beads at

5.

apparently on

with the head at 340 and faced

Much

west.

1).

consisted of a cylindrical

diameter 0"95 m., and depth

gravel,

PL XV,

probably

from the sacrum.

fallen

down

from

H.

1, 2.

Thick pad of leather with black wool on

the inside under the head.

17

CHAPTER

III.

SHELLS, AMULETS, BEADS,

&c.

Plates VIl, VIII, XIII.

Shells.

Objects of Bone.
Plate

VII,

Examples of bone spatulae

and bone borers. No. B 180 and

or hair-pins (?)

number

that without a

are

made from

the

tibiae

of sheep, hence probably the others are

also.

These hair-pins are of a

the

Thus they are

Kaffirs

of South Africa

by the

to-day

used

strigils

oval section,

flat

with blunt edges and points.

not unlike

and kept

the hair.

in

That the pre-dynastic people were accustomed

to keep sundry toilet objects in

their hair

is

by the photograph B 378, P., D.P.

Only three of these spatulae were
PI. vi.
found, all of which come from circular or oval
Borers, like spatulae, were uncommon.
o-raves.

shown

They were found with other

graves B208, 212; cf Pis.
The

specially

plate

objects
II,

2,

shown

example

tine

unfortunately

was

an

would therefore be a
ours

little later in

had an eyelet-hole,

as

that the one necessitated the other,

bone awls

are

for

twenty different species were

type set is published on this

list

iii,

Abydos,

i,

Museum,

is

appended here.

went straight
possible to

cation

Types

to America, therefore

it

1.

SjMtha

2.

Nerifa

rubens inv.

(?)
sc.

polita, Linn.

melanostoma,

Lamk.

(half-

6.

Conus

7.

Cerithium columna, Scrob. (probably).

8.

Corallioj^hila sc. neritoidea,

9.

Conus

9a.
9^.

10.

sp.

Gw.

sp. inv.

do.

do.

do.

do.

(?).

Cerithium ungositm, Wood.

Vivipara unicolor, Oliv.

12. Fusiostoma mendicaria, Lamk.
ads,
13. Arcularia (?) circumcincta, A.

11.

14.

Columbella sp.

15.

Conus sp.
Strombus fasciatus. Born.
Cypraea (?) pantherina, Linn.
Malea pomum, Linn, (probably).
Strombus sp. uncertain.

17.
18.

li.

Gaestang,

sc.

grown).

object.

possible

was only

Polinices

and that

by the

submit the photograph for identi-

5.

of

II, 2.

17, 18, 19, 20,

this

boring leather pre-

3 For
the only specimens we know, see
El Mahdsna and Bet Khalldf, PL iv.

supplied

4.

PI. h'ii.

PI.

kindly

names,

of

which

experts of the South Kensington Natural History

16.
Abydos,

to

1.

paratory to receiving the stitches.

1

plate,

must be added the large examples on PL

The

represented.

IV,

None

is

Altogether

light.

to

Clanculus i^uniceus, Phil.

Sistrum tuberculatum, de Bloiuv.

had an undated

age,^ as also is the use of leather, so it

came

which

shells

of

was the profusion

3.

specimen from the Osiris Temple at Abydos."

Pointed bones are very rare in the pre-dynastic

these

of the pan-graves at Balabish

date than these.

are described as netting bones.

of the great characteristics

in

in

isolated

One

2.

only

Pointed bones, similar to those of B208, were

found in the Aahmes town at Abydos,^ and

They

Plate VIII,

4.

19.

20.

Charonia

tritonis,

Linn.

BALABISH.

18

Nos. 1,11, arc modern Nile species, and with

the exception of no. 13, the rest are not Medi-

Red Sea
some doubt

terranean but

There

is

Ocean forms.

or Indian

the true

aljout

it

appeared, and

in

1.

one

12,

Similarly

numbers by

user t, inscribed in the middle.*

large open shell,

has

small

(?)

Pasiostoma mencUcaria,

little

seen

imitated

such

Conu/^,

as

in

paste.

type

9,

is

in the Xllth Dynasty,^ and

Ashmolean Museum possesses a string of

copied in jasper
the

such shells in blue

frit,

The

also of this date.

carnelian and felspar shell beads of the Xllth

Dynasty, recorded in Riqqeh,

also

Conus

of small

copies

PL

shells

Cases of Edwards' Library).

Many

were bored

and

suspension,

for

146, are

xli,

in

mother-of-

uncommon
name of Sen-

They

Egypt.

often bear the

As they are often

bored at the point, they were, no doubt, used as

Such a

pectorals.

was occasionally copied

shell

Shells of various species copied in gold

in gold.

formed an important part of the jewellery of the

Xllth Dynasty,'' and a large Pinna

shell

is

reported as having been deposited with Xllth

Dynasty

pottery.'

large shell

was

found

also

the

in

shaft-

grave, with " Kerma-like," flared, black-topped

and again

cups,^

an XVIIIth Dynasty grave,^

in

both at Abvdos.

Bead

(see

of the shells

flat

pearl shells of a discoid shape are not

the

the Nile species Spat/ia

in

The

Large

shells.^

in

such continual request in Egypt,

was found here

rubens, type

type

same period comes the necklace of

the

of graves in

The

earlier

statues from Koptos.'

number

also

was represented.

which was

most common was

far the

no. 2, both as regards the

which

Min

golden imitation

Of these types by
it

proto-dynastic

From

much

two are sculptured on each of the three

time, for

locality

of no. 13.

which

seuted, had been sacred objects at a

At Balabish we
snail shells in the

B 207 we

On

also

found a string of white

New Kingdom

grave

B 90.

the whole subject of the use of shells, and

found fragments of the leather thread on which

the dating of the specimens, see the great mass

they had been strung

of information published

But
were

still

remaining in

place.

besides those which had been bored, there

many which had

not been so treated.

would be supposed that these were stock

species

in

Though only

for shells for their

own

sake, as

the beautiful specimens from

is

evidenced by

B 208

(PI. II, 2).

While the big Triton has had a hole pierced

in

yet

it

Petrie.'"

an interesting fact that no Mediterranean

It is

It

hand against the time when they should be

required.
But there was evidently a fondness

by

is

represented

may

these shells of ours.

natural for geographical

reasons,

one day prove of importance ethno-

Except

logically.

the one

among

for the

two Nile

species,

and

Red Sea
phenomenon

doubtful species, they are all of

or Indian

Ocean

origin.

similar

it

the other three have not been worked, but are

in a state of nature.

that they had

It

The same might apply

to the Triton shell, which

so large that it could hardly, have been

on the person.

Was

it

hung up

as

worn

charm

about the house or elsewhere by means of

suspension

hole?

different species

'

Petrie, Koptos, Pis.

R., N.D.,

See

been treasured as valuable or

sacred objects, and not as personal ornaments.

is

would therefore seem

Large

its

for

Biqqeh, PI.

'^

DE Morgan, Fouillex a Bahchoiir, 1894,

xxii, xxiii, xxiv,

P., C.A.,

ii,

P., C.A.,

iii,

p. 22.

Petrie, Amulets, PI. xliv, 112,

'

xx,

7, 8.

a,

where others are quoted,

and dated to the intermediate period between the Xllth
and XVlllth Dynasties.

PI.

pp.

PI. xiv, 112, c, d, p. 27, no. 112,

from any of those here repre-

Petrie, Dendereh,

iv,

PI. 6, p. 139.

ii,

instance

though of a

shells,

iii,

1"

i,

4.

1894-5, PI.

Pis. xvi, xvii,

xii.

Engelbach, Riqqeh and Memphis VI,

p. 2.

p. 62.

PI. xii, 6, p. 30, no. 17.

Amulets, pp. 27, 28, Pis. xiv, xv, xliv.

SHELLS-AMtJLETS BEADS.
was observed at the pre-dynastic

Red

the

Red Sea

of

shells are

the

all

Eleven are from

origin.

come

Sea, possibly thirteen, while three

from the Nile, and only

El

of

site

Amrah,^ where the great majority of

from

two are

the

Mediterranean.

absent from

entirely

our object actually represent a weapon,

should be

twenty species

the

covered at Balabish, the more so as

dis-

was such

it

amulet in

model

axe-head

might

dynastic slate

No. 5

Cypraea

times in Egypt, as

The whole genus

once represented, and

only

is

that

questionably, in the large Cypraea pantherina

{^)

B 208.

of

and

is

is

None

the early pre-dynastic people.

and

Parva

and then

one ease,

in only

or in Gizeli

They

graph on

1,

PI.

we

153, did

very inferior make.

VIII,

PI.

XIII, nos.

183, 219

7,

(PI.

shown

are

no. IG,

In

9.

8,

and

XIII,

5,

and

in photoin

outline

two other graves,

6),

we found

single

notices the

may
They

of a poor quality glaze of a dark

greenish-blue

common

among them one

and

colour,

tly,

the Taurt figure, and a

plain conical object, for which last see PI. VIII.

The other shapes

no.

is

of thin

are curious.
section,

On

PI.

XIII there

which one can only

imagine to be an axe-head of a type used in the

number
museums, and the Ashmolean
Xllth Dynasty."

are

known

MacIver and Mace, El Amrali and

N., B.B..,

Ancient Egypt,

i,

PI. xiv, itc.

fig.

165.

in our

possesses one from

Dendereh, dated to the Vlth Dynasty.

and with

glaze,

ai-e

very

It was, therefore, a well-

no. 6 is also well-

from El Mahasna again come

for

number of cylinders with similar rows

knobs and broad shallow impressions.

of

quite a

Beads.

Should

Ahijdos, p. 49.

Garstang, Burial Customs of

to their fondness for shells the pan-grave

Next

find a set,

were no others.

also be amuletic, there

made

tempted

RifeJi,

specimens, and except for the shells, which

are all

same

The type of

are reported,

only consisted of very few and of

it

is

In this they resemble

ordinarily few amulets.

either in Diottpolis

can hardly be a

common among
from El Mahasna which are now in the

diagonal impressions,

established,

beads, the pan-grave people manufactured extra-

shape.^

this

pierced in one corner of the face.

Similar amulets of this

those

pre-

marked with diagonal impres-

established type.

For a people who made so great a use of

from

(?)

curious

crude attempt at a sacred eye, as one

Ashmolean Museum.
Amulets.

much
It

a difficult subject.

is

the

of

palettes

and was much worn

in later

arrow-head

one of

represent

sions

to the present day.

and

(?)

Abydos, which are both unfortunately undated.*

to think, for it

down

could

with the

age,^ or

the pre-dynastic

a favourite with the C-group people in Nubia,

it is

it

be compared to the model spear-head used as an

It

It is surprising that the cowrie-shell

19

people were remarkable for their love of beads.

Beads were found

form a group

in

almost every grave and

striking resemblance to

not bearing a

themselves,

to

any other group.

way perhaps they more

superficial

In

closely

resemble the pre-dynastic beads than any others.

due to the large preponderance of small

This

is

disc

and

flat

earnelian

spheroid beads, though apart from

and glazed crystal the materials

quite difterent,

as

is

are

also the stitching of beads

The black spheroid beads (types

into leather.

& 10 PI. VIII), which resemble

New Kingdom graves, differ essen-

8, 9, see strings 9

those of the
tially

from them,

for while the

are all of black faience the

are

pan-grave beads

New Kingdom

ones

mainly of black semi-transparent glass in

which the

air

bubbles are

P., D.P., PI. iv., p. 27.

Petrie, Abydos,

P., N.B., PI. xlvii, 29

i,

PI.

li,

visible.

2, 3, p.

It is

very

23.

Ayrton, Mahasna,

PI. xv, 3.

D 2

BALABISH.

20

from the

uoticeal)le that glass is entirely absent

pan-grave material, and this makes a clearly

The commonest and

most distinctive classes

defined cultural point.

same time the

the

pan-grave beads are the white discs (type

and the tiny beads of bright blue

are very irregularly

large

Examples

extent.

XI

X,

Pis.

of
1),

which

glaze,

Both these

3).

sewn into the seams of leather to

are

classes

cut (type

at

be

will

seen

in

of this use of the white and lilue

beads respectively, while on

PI.

Ill,

2 will be

beads

VIII, no.

(PI.

On

8).

and

wrists

l)oth

extending up to the elbow on the right arm

At

were a quantity of blue glaze disc beads.

the neck was a double string of small spheroid

beads of polished carnelian

with

interspersed

On

gold collars (PL VIII, no. 13).

the chest

were signs of three strings of alternate blue and

Between the fourth and seventh

white beads.

vertebrae from the sacrum were a few blue

and

white disc beads, but these had probably come

from the chest, and do not represent a string at

The wearing of a string of beads up

arm may be compared to the strange pre-

seen another means of using them, by stitching

the waist.

them, not into the seams, but on to the surface

the

of the

dynastic fashion of wearing beads on the back

leather,

in

case

this

softly

dressed

However, they are

leather of fine quality.

used in strings as in

PI. l\,

also

The habit of

1.

stitching beads into the seams of the leather

peculiar

pan-grave

the

to

admired the

eflect to

is

ankle

such an extent that they

strips

introduced a double row instead

single one (see PI. X,

and

of beads

of merely a

This seems to have

1).

should

it

l)e

instead

(PL

of strings

III, 3)

They were found

the same category.

piping between the rows, as shown in section in

Diospolis Parva

sure that the leather was not merely

Fig.

pierced with a double

3.

placed

holes

into which

On

were inserted and sewn.

this

would

process

have

the

thread

not bear very

as in PI.

PL

IV,

X,

1,

edges quite

we were
worn.

The

forearm.
is

PL

seen in

whence

it is

of a convenient size for

on leather threads

cannot have used these strips to make pairs of

fibrous material as in

bands crossing on the breast, as

able to obser^e

The

large

how

carnelian

The

They

varying fineness.

hud small blue beads on

list

P.,

L.G.M.,

P.,

D.P.,

double string of white disc and carnelian spheroid

Bate.s,

and on the

left

there

appears the

may have

done.^

are bored at each

thread, which, passing

them edge

p.

p. 22.
IG.

The Eaxtern

end
in

to edge.

of types of the beads has been

"

ankle,

it

strips are small pieces of mother-of-pearl of

was a

right

B 96,

Unless they should be found in considerably

opposite directions, keeps

This collection

larger quantities than this, the pan-grave people

it

B210. In
B231 a string of black spheroids was worn
round the neck (PI. VIII, no. 9).
The burial
1

evident there

a bracelet or anklet.

neck, as were the blue disc beads in

is

was much more comjDlete than that from

to receive a double

the

it

pieces missing.

and when threaded

the

graduated in length as

strips are

III, 3,

many

cannot be

were worn on

of which

three

bracelets,

At

they were found made into

"

barrel beads (PI. VIII, no. 12) were round the

richest in Ijeads,

as,

in graves

in small quantities.

Libyans of the Vth Dynasty

beads were

shell

was perished.

as

1.

In several cases
the

either

some

side

and through these

much handling
or on

the beads

The leather would

passed.

The beads were strung

closely

the under

raised

similar to those of a piping,

edges

row of

The

of beads.

although not precisely beads, yet they come into

B96, 222, each time

but we were unable to make

B 238

in

bound round the

should be referred to here

been effected by the insertion of a piece of

fig. 3,

mentioned that

three leather cords were found

they

people,

In connection with the wearing

of the hand.^

Lihi/auH, p. 132.

drawn

BEADS.
in connection with the collection of

up
on

applied to

" spheroid

The term

PI. VIII.
all

examples

blue glaze.

has been

PL

beads with rounded sides but

flat

M3^

as in

Fi

since in either case the

or thin as in

fig. 4,

fig. 5,

and

"

is

pig.

true

the

to

5.

Large crystal glazed blue.

6.

Small blue glaze.

7.

Small

blue

l)ut

much

fur-

in

short

cylinders

made

The term "collar"

shape.

of wide

They

diameter.

They

of very thin metal.

refers to

are

Small black glaze.

glaze.

PL

Strings 9,10;

III, 3.

String 17.

ends of the spheroid beads with which they are

10.

Small blue

metal to type lA

11.

Small red carnelian

which has been hollowed to serve the

12.

Small carnelian.

13.

Green

felspar.

Poor

dark

used,

and thus correspond

in shell,

same purpose.

(in

much

Similar, but

these cases amethyst), were found in

two tombs of the Xllth Dynasty at Wady

Halfa.^
Each type is described and is numbered
for easy reference,

numbers of the

and

to

strings

each

in PI.

is

Type

14.

Strings, 4, 6, 8,

PL VI,

greenish

Strings 12, 16

2.

cf.

blue

glaze.

also Pis. Ill, 2,

no. 10, XIII, no. 11.

which

in

String 17.

Melon beads.

added the

VIII

frit.

13.

larger, gold

used with hard stone spheroid

collar beads, also

beads

in

to last,

String 10.

9.

also

6, 7.

Strin" 14.

Large black

cf.

1.

approximating to

flatter,

8.

over the

fit

Strings

No.

glaze, similar

disc beads.

rowed spheroid beads, resembling a hot-house

melon

3.

5.

Type

vertically

to

refers

very irregularly

glaze,

String

-(}-

thinnest to the disc bead.

the

term " melon

The

Tiny black

Spheroid beads.

form

The thick ones thus approximate

PI. II, 1, third string,

III, 3, third string.

cut.

that of a section of a sphere.

ball bead,

4.

whether they are thick

ends,

"

21

15.

Black

glaze.

PL

XIII,

no.

11

examples of that type will be found.

(B236).

Disc heads.
Cylindrical beads.

Type

1.

White
of

made almost

discs,

eo-or

ostrich

nos.

5,

Type

Strings

shell.

specimens are numbered

White

discs,

2,

brilliant

irregularly cut.

discs.

String 5

19.

Large bad dark greenish blue

20.

glaze.

and

Ijlue

glaze,

Small bad dark greenish blue glaze.

Barrel beads.

String 15.

very

21.

Large carnelian.

22.

Small poor dark greenish blue glaze.

No. 16

but of the dark greenish

MacIver and Woolley,

Bulien, Frontispiece to Text,

PI. 87.

glaze.

II, 1.

Strings, 4, 12.

String 16.
23. Small green felspar.

Collar heads.
'

II, 1.

String 16.

Type

similar,

is

II, 1.

PI. II, 1.

Coarse blue glaze

Tiny

PL
PL

Large black

PL

7, 8.

in the centre.
3.

II, 1.

18.

Fish vertebrae used to supplement

the white discs.

2.

Strings

PL

glaze.

spu'alling round.

18 in

hollowed out to take

the spheroid beads.

iB.

Large blue

17. Large blue glaze, with black line

the plate.
lA.

16.

Unfinished

17.

11,

6,

certainly

Type

24.

Gold.

Striuo- 13.

BALABISH.

22

Drop

Type

25.
2G.

was

technique

heads.

Large

B239.

fiue light blue glaze.

Small poor dark greenish

l)lue glaze.

Unfortunatelv

most
this

very

evidence, as

extensively

not absolutelv decisive

is

beads are known

occa.sional

dating to the Xllth and XVIIIth Dynasties."

String 16.

Blue glaze was very common,

Tlie

made

white

would appear

beads

disc

of ostrich egg shell.

to

some of which were submitted

of the

Museum

Kensington

South

who

certainly ostrich egg shell."

of

2, 18),

experts

of Natural

they are

that

report

the

to

l)e

number

large

unfinished ones were found (PI. VIII, nos.

History,

employed.'

'"almost

evident from

It is

almost

in fact

the graves produced at least a few lilue beads

all

The colour of

tiny irregular type 3.

of the

these was a bright blue of brilliant quality.

bright

blue

were also some of the

glaze

and the large coarse

spheroids,

Of

which latter the glaze

In

quality to suit the bead.

type

discs,

was of

itself

all

2, in

a coarse

these classes

pieces of

the glaze and colour were very difl'erent from

shell

were chipped to approximately the right

those of the amulets and larger beads of string

size,

then bored with a blunt point, and finally

no.

the unfinished specimens that small

the rough edges were polished down.

For

this

IG

Mil.

Plate

in

The

glaze

these

of

amulets and beads was of poor quality and of a

process they might have been tightly threaded

deep greenish blue,

like that usually associated

on a string which would thus give a

with

XXIInd Dynasty.

sufficient

With

surface of edges on which to work.

these

ol)ject3 of the

were occasionally found small

fish vertebrae of

ties

These being- of

a whitish colour

However,

suital)le size.

served the purpose very well, and were no doul)t

which were

easier to procure than the shell discs,

only produced after a laborious

and boring.

It

is

very noticea1)le that these

white disc beads cease abruptly on the

XVlIlth Dynasty, but begin

the

down

rul:)bing

rise

come

to

found

are

vogue

although

of that age, yet

It

it.

Hierakonpolis

Beni Hasan and an unnamed

in the Intermediate Period

Middle Kingdoms,

in the

many
that

of the forms in which

XIII.

is

taken by the

'

P.,

N.B., pp. 44,

Ahydos,
Pis. vi,

03, vii, 84.

colour

was

of glazing

represented

spheroid bead, type

5.

It

here

crystal
in

Museum.
a

tlie

Itlue

large

probably

rare

art

was the only example

which came to

constitutes

another

light.

link

pre- to proto-dynastic age, at which

26,

with

This
the

time this

Tlio

4.5

PI.

is

edition, p. 130),

and

is

is

found here,

14,

drop beads,
G

5,

in

on
the

largest

but

this

ii,

171, 172,

nos.

p.

39

Pktrie,

174; see also

piece of proto-dynastic age from

Sudan Room

in the

piece
to
is

tin-

of

is

the

at the

Ashmolcan

XVII Ilh Dynasty

Cairo Musriim,

fifth En!,'lish

opaque quartz, not

crystal,

glazed white.

See the bead cases of these dates in the Ashniolcun

Museum, and Edwards

*

HieralconpoUg,

viii,

sphinx (MaspehO, Guide

of this

p.

Faras in Nubia

they begin to come into fashion again.

art

be

XVII Ith Dynasty,

After the novelty of these has worn

ancient

it

was especially prevalent

It

ii,

Tlie

should

type 22, and the strange amulets nos.

PI.

in the

connected with

melon beads, type

to say,

is

and

it

specially

is

it

site

Perhaps

Hu.^

at

brightly coloured discs of red, yellow and

blue glaze.
oft'

Middle Kingdom, and

they drop out, their place

wlieii

new

between the Old and

In the

the pan-graves.

in

Kingdom,

from

beads

on Xllth Dynasty beads both from

El ]\Iahasna

the pre-

in

i.e.

distinctive

no means confined to

liy

of

remarked that

periods,

it

is

in

on Vllth Dynasty (?) beads from

XXlInd Dynasty.

earlier

is

219.

much

was

glaze

this

found on pre-dynastic

is

pan-graves

dynastic, apparently not in the Old

graves Bl83,

in

XXIInd Dynasty and

in the

again during the XlXth, and are found in the

throughout the

again

in

They had been very common

was

It

not a chance occurrence here, as these peculiari-

These can

all

Ashmolean Museum.

Collection.

be studied

in the

bead cases of the

BEADS.
from El

material

Dynasty

Hence, with

date.

Vlth

of

IMaliasna

Xlth

to

regard

to

this

quality of glaze, and to the melon beads them-

and so many other

selves,

civilization,

is

it

not

has a

coming into greatest prominence

long history,

some

realised that it

any given period, but that

peculiar to

in

must be

it

Egyptian

details of

one

period,

which

to

often

is

it

cylinder bead, type 17, was found, of good

winding round

blue glaze, with a black line

a

from end to end.

spiral

Dynasty type, and

This

it

in

a Xllth

is

perhaps a decadent imita-

is

tion in glaze of the old gold beads of the pre-

dynastic age^ and of the IVth to

Vth

Dynasties.^

These again are probably related to such beads

which are

as those of the proto-dynastic age,

made

of gold wire coiled spirally.^

no. 3,

PL VIII,

(PI. Ill,

differentiates

the pan-graves and those of the

between

New Kingdom,

where similarly shaped beads are often made

of black

more or

glass,

B222

group

in

(PL

III,

and

less transparent,

In

tomb

black

glaze

substance.

its

these

3),

spheroid beads were found with similar beads

This combination was found again

of blue glaze.
in the

New Kingdom

Blue

frit

group

was used

in

B
B

108.

153

for

PL VIII, no. 17.

known as early as

Dynasty
shells,

is

for spheroid beads

both

which

of

can

bead-making, but as the two m(wt important

B201,

graves

181,

the

of which

latter

unplundered, both produced a considerable quantity of this material, it is quite possible

types,

that

beads had once existed in the other

carnelian

The
spheroid and
also.

carnelian beads are

two

of

barrel, types nos. 12, 21,

and

vary considerably in quality, from the beautiful

little

spheroids, which are highly polished

well

worthy of

gold

their

(PL

collars

and

YllI,

string no. 13), to the large rough ones figured

as string no. 4 in the

same

The

plate.

barrel

beads, string no. 12, had been quite good, l)ut

now very much

they are

chipped.

This condi-

so

appearance of

many

of the details of this civilization.

Green

felspar (PL VI, 2,

type

occur

to

also

and almost always

occurs rarely,

bead,

and

In PI. VI,

13.

with

grave

felspar

2,

228)

as a spheroid

shaped

similarly

B
is

seen

beads

of

carnelian.

On

the whole the hard stones so

may

by the Xllth Dynasty

noticeable

by

much

be

said

their absence, particularly

and hsematite.

There

is

aflected

be

to

amethyst

a corresponding lack of

Dynasty large

sized

ball

beads, whether in hard stone or glaze, which

The use

might

the Xllth

seen

was

spheroid

and model Conus

be

and

13,

middle string) does not seem to

the favourite Xllth

beads, type 10, see

of this material

3,

12,

4,

have been in great request as a material for

been

uos. 3, 9, 10), and, as has

showing bubbles

III, no.

tion bears out the second-hand

Black glaze was also much in fashion

remarked above, strikingly

(PL Mil, strings

Carnelian

PL

graves

(wrongly) said to be peculiar.

23

in

the

Ashmolean Museum.

have

been

appeal to a savage

thought
race,

would

it

specially

such as these pan-

grave people appear to have been.

Gold was only found

no. 13).

in

grave

181 (PL VIII,

The beads were in the form of little

some of the carnelian spheroid

collars separating

L.G.M.,

P.,

Gaestang, El Mahdsna and Bet Khalldf,

P.,

B.T.,

ii,

PI. V.

PI.

Boyal de Negadah,

i,

3,

fig.

and

744.

p.

IS

PI. xxxvii.

de Morgan, Tombeau

beads.

the

Their similarity to the gold collars

Xllth Dynasty jewellery of

has already been referred

to.

Wady

of

Haifa

BALABISH.

24

CHAPTER

IV.

OBJECTS MADE OF LEATHER.

Plates IX, X, XI.
of the drawings of sandals with a strap passing

Sandals.

round behind the

Plate IX,

Sandals, or remains of them,

1.

were found in graves

218, 222, 226, 227, 234,

All have one characteristic which distin-

24.3.

guishes

strap

is

dom examples which we

were

all

square

or

rounded

The

New Kingdom

at the

New Kingdom.

170, PI. XVIII,

sandal from

leather of the pan-grave sandals

by

nails or

great

The

not reinforced

is

by any other means.

In types

3,

from a single hole

in the sole

was treated

after

evidence there
light of our

is is

this

is

not

springing

and passing back

How

to a pair of loops at the ankle.

clear,

the strap

and what

not easy to interpret in the

knowledge of Egyptian sandals.

In

the toe-strap itself continues through the

eyelet-hole in the ankle-strap, and, one supposes,

must
itself

have been tied on

therefore finally cither

over the instep, or have passed back to

hole in the toe whence

arrangements wonUl
in the models,'

Ijc

it

sprang.

tlie

Both these

contrary to those shown

and to those of actual specimens

found in the Xlth Dynasty temple of Deir

el

Bahri" and at Kerma,^ and also to those of most

1

any loop at the

selves double

(fig. 7).

apparently

carried

instep,

Fig.

7.

do not
but are them-

The

fastening, therefore,

out

by a

single

strap

which include the majority of the sandals,

they were fastened by a toe-strap,

B 234

minor variations from the general

exhibit

other

besides

later type, the toe-straps

is

and

Here,

the

from Hiera-

palette

slate

konpolis.*
Fig. G.

serves very well to illustrate both points.

behind Narmer on

carried

and

in the

to

the general rule are the sandals

Kina;-

toes,

separate from that round the foot, and

The only true exceptions we have found

Moreover, they

found.

never pointed, as so often

New

do the

several, as

toe-

latter runs (fig. 6).^

for they invariably consist of a single thickness

and not

these the

all

ends in a loop on the instep through which the

them from those of the New Kingdom,

of leather,

In

foot.

Petrie, Deshasheh, PI. xxxiv,

6.

See

Boston Museum of Fine Arts Bulletin,

PI.

study of a number of examples shows that unless

more evidence be foi'thconiini; such apparent exceptions as

nos. 411, 414, 418 of Lacau, Sarcophages, PL 1, must be
regarded as less detailed drawings of such sandals as are

shown

in

Schafer, Priestergriiber des

xi. c, fig.

fig.

7.3,

139,

passing through loops in the ankle-straps, such a system

would not be applicable in our case, for the holes in oui'

have never been open, as thoy are not looped

ankle-.straps

but are eyelet-holes pierced in the .strap itself. Thus they

are only suited for the purpose of threading a loose end,
and not for being fastened over an endless strap. These
figures might, however, represent sandals in

which the two

ends of the encircling strap meet before passing into the

If so, they would represent that which we
hole at the toe.
suggest to have been the method employed for our pair.
However, the doubling of the part of the strap over the
is

never suggested at

those of N., B.H.,

vol. xii, fig. 20.

Ni'-user-re,

where the toe-strap is shown quite plainly

to be separate from the sti-ap which encircles the foot.
It
must be added that even if nos. 411, 414, 418 represented
that which they seem to do, i.e. a single strap slit and

PL

instep

X.

iv,

PL

Qdibell, A.Z., 36,

all,

xxvii,

even in large drawings like

1.

Pis. xii, xiii.

SANDALS.
starting from the toe of the sandal and running

round

foot back again to the toe/

tlie

Further

25

we conclude

that the sandals of this early age

were fastened in a manner different from the

evidence can be adduced that this was the ancient

sandals

method, bv the fact that detailed drawing's of

employed by the pan-grave people.

the sign of
at

"handle" or

the

Gunn

loose

notes

the

that

Kingdom

it

is

to

double

have originally

to

and

sandal-strap,
difficult

it

Battiscombe

end.

has shown this sign

represented

show

or ankh)

life -f- {^ nil

the Middle

representations of the sandals and the

times, but

later

He

tally in detail.

explains the difference on

grave people and those of the

evidence

the

Narmer's

of

The other sandals were probably

by a strap which passed round

proof

sandal was

that

than joining the sole below the

by B2.34,

may

proto-dynastic

Hence

be supposed that this was the

employed

we get

in the case of

means

In other words,

234.

this

was by
in pre-

joined the sole

contact,

as

piece across the instep

is

uo doubt some

sort of guard to prevent the strap chafing.

Cf. especially the

instep.

The Life of Bekhmara,

^

p.

In

later times

made broad over the

unusual sandal in Newberry,

the straps themselves were

often

PI. xvii,

Dictionary of Beligion and Etkics, " Life and Death,"

The

cross-pieces of the

-t-

still ofler

a difficulty, for they

cannot represent a bow-tie on the instep, as no such thing

ever found.
From a study of originals, models, and

is

drawings,

it

is

evident that what looks like the end of a

bow-tie on the instep of

is really

figs. 7, S,

9 in Gardiner's article,

the toe-strap and its loop to which the rest of the

straps join.

The

cross-pieces of the -p should then be the

though placed a little far forward in the

In fig. 2 of that article they are actually
general scheme.
ankle-straps,

shown

and bound with a strip of

leather, as were ours (cf. Pis. Ill, 3, VI, 1 and 2).
Or we
might by the analogy of Narmer's sandals explain them as
some sort of a pad to relieve the instep. The line dividing
the two straps at the toe is quite clear in Quibell's drawas

slit

ior the eyelet-hole

ing {A.Z., 36,

PL

(HieraJconpolis,

i,

xiii),

and

PI. xxix).

the similarity between the

-p

in the

original

with

does,

it

the

!(>,

in 7,

After passing
is

secured

coming

ground,

in

must

have worn through, besides being very

soon

uncomfortable in walking, as

under the
little

it

formed a lump

However, sandals were

toes.

worn, and no doubt, like those of

often

even

carried,

occasions, just as the

modern

on

fellah/

ceremonial
ii

very often
In

carry their not over-strong red shoes to-day.

B 222,

nos.

doubt

226, 227,* the ankle-straps had been

the

strip of

by B 227

binding

(PI.

VI,

and no

leather,

had been the case with

this

suggested

21.
'

3.

which,

knot,

large

bound round with a

3rd register.

in

by means of the ankle-strap

beneath by a

Narmer,
The broad

of twenty-six cases

through the hole at the toe the strap

very

'

Out

times.

and joined the sole directly in

just

for,

most common method employed

observed the strap passed round the foot

the foot, and returning to the toe again.

it

far the

ankles,

this

details of

passing round behind

toe,

foot rather

tlie

sandals

by one continuous strap

fastened

springing from the

the

also secured

New Kingdom

hieroglyph, or ancient sandal-strap,

corroborative

proto-

to

and

Thus from the

probably correct.^

is

pre-

sign,

the ground of the antiquity of the

from the

This forms

dynastic age.

besides being suggested

that

to

.similar

yet another connecting link lietween the pan-

Gardiner"

make

of

all,

has disappeared from

as

is

though

2), for here,

the

more

perfect ankle-straps, yet a scrap remains on the

Nos. B226, 234

one that has nearly perished.

had been tooled on the upper

face with lines

edging the outline, and with others running

across the sandal.

No.

B 226 was of exceptionally

fine quality leather of a silky texture,

noticeably

In

the

much whiter

coffin

in colour

sandals are white,

and they

pair of white sandals."^

than the others.

the majority

paintings

and was
of

the

are often called " a

Horus' sandals are said

photograph

VI,

Its presence greatly increases

See Plates III,

and the ancient sandal-straps.

"

L.VCAU, Sarcoplinrjeg,

3,

i,

2.

juisslui.

BALABISH.

26

to

wliitc

1)L'

Pyramid

the

ill

In one of

Texts.'

man

the coloured pictures of outfits for the dead

two pairs of sandals are shown, one of which

and

black

Perhaps

other white.'

the

is

these

represent an every-day and a better pair.

Type
types

IX

no. 2 of PI.

and

3..

and quality of
shaped to

very different from

is

leather.

square toed,

It is

for toe-straps instead of one, has

but

not

is

the right or left foot, has two holes

fit

no ankle-straps,

pierced with two holes towards the heel.

is

would, therefore, seem to have been fastened

It

by two

straps running from the toe to the heel,

and perhaps crossing on the

we do

know

not

Egypt, though
rather

exactly such a type

it

model

Though

this

is

of

elsewhere in

be connected with
represented

sandals

different

wooden

may

Again,

may

it

it

of the pre-dynastic period, S.D. 32.*

closely allied to the elaborate

Aamu

in the

form

unusual

the

of

sandal,
belt

form adopted

on

been

unable to

had

and

prepared

having

only fragments

With

had been

have

specimens analysed.

hairless leather)

thick and stout

was of two

true

The

(i.e.,

one

qualities, the

and the other thin and

chamois leather.

been

In some

The

was not removed.

of

soft, like

surface of the thicker

and

stouter c|uality was, as a rule, c|uite smooth and

good, as

evidenced by the skirt on PL IX,

is

and by the pieces on

no. 2,

On some

X.

PI.

of

the thick pieces which retained the hair a purple

was

stain

noticed."

Besides being used in

was made into

leather

for the anklets in

B201

the bracer

the

cords, as

piece the

thick

was also the

thin,

238, and for the fastenina; of

(PL XII,

The

1).

soft thin

leather was cut into fine strands and used for

sewing.

was often dyed

It

skins retaining the hair were

pieces,

nos.

The stouter

red.

much used

in large

and sometimes covered the body,

177, 179, where

it

was found

in position,

used

also

as in

for

this

This coarser quality, whether skin or

leather,

was undyed, but retained

this

colour.

It

hide as a rule, so far as one could judge from

style of dress

date.

is

appearance

we

though

tanned,

get

cases the hair

leather

every

which

X,

PI.

The

the circular or oval ones.

though true leather was

B218, was found the bundle

? figured

much

was

It

very great quantities, and

in

purpose.

Vih Dynasty

of

is

show.

will

rather less prominent in the long graves than in

Xllth Dynasty,^ and to

remain,* and which from the

probably

has only

be derived from

This pre-dynastic specimen, however,

by Absha's

date.

as the strange form dating to

some such type

more

the

not quite the same, for while

toe.^

the beginning

the

in

Kingdom

JMiddle

having the two holes near the heel

one at the

However,

instep.

found

often

well

both in shape, manner of fastening,

XVli

ratalogue on Pis. XVI,

of cords

is

natural

seems to have been made from cow-

the hair and

1.

its

its

colom*.

In

179, which had

the greatest range of varieties, the skins with the

came from a red,

red cow respectively.
hair

Types of Leather.

We now

a black, and a white-and-

Besides these skins with

the coarser hair there were others with a finer

of

come to the leather-work, examples

which in some form or other were produced

l)y

the majority of the graves, as a glance at the

or else red and brown.

slightly curly hair, mottled either black

and white

Only one skin was found

which could be attributed to a sheep, and that

1

Sethe,

ScHAPEK, Priestergraber

Pi/r.,

1215,

came from B

a.
(leg

Ne-wser-re,

P., D.P.,

N., B.IL,

"

Petrik, Medum, PI. xxviii,

59.

with black curly wool was rolled up under the

head,

Ibid., fig. 159, p. 100.

*

tig. 8^3, p.

181, where a thick pad of leather

making

a pillow.

Pi. X, 19.
i,

PI. xxxi.

(>.

Of.

the

C-groiip

no. 24, no. 222.

leather;

A.S.N.

1907-OS,

p.

jys,

LEATHER-WORK.
The

small

very

only

pieces

Though

few inches square

make

together to

stitched

though they used goat-skins

leather of chamois type, mostly in

finer

piece,

large

under the latter at the time of

unfortunately,
though,
CD

was

it

on the

frao-ments too small for us

were any

the connection

came away quite

yet be

.should

fringed leather of the early pre-dynastic age in

As

closer.

from the

freely

whether

see

to

of the Xllth

a rule it

.skins,

and

where we found a large

it

At

edge had disappeared.

he the remains of a bag, but

finer leather to

more

Still

worn

scallops

a breech-clout

made

of

It

does not

appear that the pre-dynastic and Old

Kingdom

skin with the hair

there.

was also used as

it

The Nubians of the XVIIIth and

XlXth Dynasties wear

only here and

This soft leather was sometimes ornamented

Nubia, w-here

clothing.'

it

straps.

pre-

graves of

it

would have been too large to have been contherefore it is quite possible it was a
venient
lining to the .skin, stitched to

at

and proto-dynastic woman round

Leather was also very
the top of her garment.'
common in the pre-dyna.stic and Old Kingdom

by the

we took the

first

or

more deeply-cut

similar are the

The other

least."

of thongs

description

one edge at

to the skin, at

Dynasty Libyan woman's robe

Beni Ha.san corresponds best with Herodotus'

had been sewn

piece, it

Probably, however, the scalloped edge

Nubia."

had certainly not been closely attached to them

However, in B 179,
over its whole surface.
on

Athene, they

compared with the leather covered with fringes

figured in PL X, 1, and again, to the sewn and

too brittle and

all

aegis of

'

'

in

burial,

purpose.

for this

these fringes evidently formed the edge

of the garment, as they are likened to the snakes

was

found in close contact with and following the

It had certainly
creases of the stouter skins.'
lain

27

leather

still

on

it.''

was dyed, though the art of dyeing was

notably in graves Bl77,

known in the early pre-dynastic age, as witnessed

There exist
by a mat which was dyed red.'"

179, 180. 201. 213, 226, 243, though only in

pieces of leather of pre-dynastic or proto-dynastic

with
of

beads of type

little lilue

was dyed

it

red,

one instance,

with the hair

still

this fine

3.^

great deal

on.

cloaks with designs, worn by the pre- and proto-

One cannot but compare

dynastic female

red-dyed leather with the material of

worn by the Libyans

the long costumes

(?)

similar

In the fifth century B.c. the Libyan

a

w^earing

still

fringed

The joining of separate

effected in three ways

leather from which the hair

'

8ee PI. XI,

C.

PL XI,

1, Jiiul
1,

PI. xlv.

i,

red-dyed

over,

177, 213.

iv,

189.

was

button-hole stitch passing over and

at the joins.'^

laying one edge upon the other, when

''

A.S.N., 1907-08, p. 124, no. 24.

Capart, Primitive Art

"

wearing the pan-grave red leather garments, we may well

ask whether these are not pictures of pan-grave people.

such

of

pieces of leather

in Eyyjjt,

tig.

130, p. 1G8.

A.S.N., 1907-08, pp. 115 onwards.

Tiiese figures are generally taken

ijursiuft, 4/*-"""""c.,

on account of the feathers, no doubt, but

from the usual representatives of
diflferent
very
they are
Appearing
as they do in the Xllth Dynasty,
people.
these
just before the pan-grave people are known in Egypt, and

Herodotus,

and making a ridge

By

2.

to be Libvans

"

By

1.

especially the top rigbt-liaud corner.

2.

i? H.,

be

had been removed,^

found again in nos.

See PI. Ill,

,

leather.

women were

costume of

may

statuettes,'"

painted leather.

of

Beni Hasan,* and painted a dull red colour,

which evidently represents

The long

age with patterns painted on them.''

183, was red dye used on a skin

'''''"'".

. P'^te

^^

'"

Petrie, Hierahonjwlis,

'''

See PI. XI,

^^ j^.^

^^.^

-^y^^

i,

,-,

jji-

p. 121, no. 81.

J^^S.N.,

^ ^^

between pp. 321, 325.

u,

i,

m,
,

PI. ix.

1.

E 2

BALABISH.

28

passing

thread
Fig.

through closely placed

holes,

loose

hanging

the

worn

in the

seam

the

appearance

has

By

;3.

Fig. 8.

edges

costumes

causing

the

overlap

to

two

a rule the stitchery

judged from the example

l)e

hand corner of

XI,

PI.

B 219

have

to

contained

therefore probably that of a

B231 was

of this

thus reminded of the skirts of long

is

hang

fringes

in the top right-

consisted of very finely cut strands of leather,

seem

since grave

the

wear

girls

Nubia

in

and the Sudan at present, though to-day the

The thread used

1.

pan-graves

leather fringes whirh

neat the resulting join appeared on the outside

can

One

sex.

very good, and how

is

The fringed leather

as this.

the

of

sometimes

are

are a derivative of

female, while the skeleton in

and fastening each down by a row of

coarse simple stitches at each edge.'

As

New Kingdom,

belonged to women,
a /:()// /-pot, and was

consider-

which

threads,

some such costume

been

having

of

riveted.

ably,

be that the linen garments covered with

leather

unpicked

Until

8.

may

Ijy a

the two are tightly stitched together

Unfortunately no

on a backing of leather.

set
:

from the waist and are not

direct

how

evidence was forthcoming as to

the pau-

and, as no needles were found, the leather was

grave fringed leather was used, whether as a

presumably pierced by means of the bone and

skirt or a cloak.

B225,

Nos.

copper awls frequent in the graves."

two

from

2.39,

graves.

circular

Scraps of plaited or woven leather, presumably

Plate IX,

2.

210, from a circular grave.

of

sisting

the

in position,

wound

three

cord

similar arrangement

the waist.

B 219,

where a cord was twisted

belt

con-

round

times

was found

six times

round

represented by a few fragments of leather tucked

under the
Plate X,

belt.

Various examples of leather-work.

1.

No. B219, from a circular

beads (type
case

in

B2:U,

seam between
two rows

beads

tlie

This

apart.

so

as

to

B177, 182a,
239.

235,

Plates VII,

216,

214,

183,

piece of

Other examples
2,

IX,

XI,

2,

219, 223,

224,

be found on

will

It is a plain twist,

2.

and should be compared with the narrower quality

from B218 figured alongside, and with the
fine quality

very

found occasionally, as
it

was used

B235

in

for the three

and B201, where two such

fine cords

of

The

fastened the wrist-guard or bracer.

piece

under discussion also shows one of the knots

keep the

garment was further

used.

For another,

bundle of

see the lop of tlie

cords alongside.

ornamented on the surface with a

fringe, as also

of

piece

on

the

right-liaml

side

nf

leather

also

belonged

(jrigiually

was broken up and scattered

it

plundered grave.

The

to

cords

bound

It

no

doul)t formed a belt,

'

PL XI,

See Plates

Plate X,
leather.

2.

IV,

I,

VII,

not

B 213,

184, from a long grave.

See

4.

PI.

It

leather-work

of

th(>

stout leather as the skirt,

1.

il, 2,

is

unlike belts sometimes used to-day.

in the

Pierced
See

various

in

and

it,

from an oval grave.

'

bundle

stitched in

fringes are

and thickly cover the surface of the

together

(he
places.

photograph

No. B218, from a circular grave.

Hence, no doubt, the other

was that of B231.

though

is

the ordinary stout leather cordage as found in

(PL XT, 2),B 238, where

strip

this

in Plate VII, 2.

from a circular grave.

white

leather has been inserted in the centre of the

fringed

shown

B 214

anklets,

long grave.

up longitudinally

since rolled

sewn into the seams, as was the

1)

no.

has

grave,

No.

B239 had been manufactured

in

the waist, supporting the costume, which was

in

and

flat

clearly

leather skirt found

No.

used as cords.

Various Ob.jects of Leather.

leather, PI.

X,

1.

PI.

TV,

same
IX,

2,

j).

(juality
2,

11.

of

and the

184 was actually found on

LEATHEPv-WOEK.
the

B213, which was haJly

was found near the pelvis. They

while

thigh,

wrecked,

it

iu

are thus the remains of leather kilts, and were

Scraps of similar leather came

worn by men.
from B225, a
came from

The fashion

Nubia.'

may have

kilts

of

given

of

C-group in

the

of wearing pierced leather

rise to

the protective kilts

leather so often worn over the ordinary

slit

linen

graves

by peasants

kilt

in

the

New

Kingdom.^

The ornamentation of our specimens by means of

small slits is very carefully and accurately done.

B213,

In

preserved

best

the

specimen,

it

consists, in the middle piece, of a margin of ten

continuous rows of
space

lilled

slits

.succeeded

by a similar

with eight intermittent rows of

slits

of three with an occasional fourth.

in groups

In the right-hand piece, also from B213, there

are thirteen continuous rows

mittent.

about

Plate XI,

comes from

At

of soft

(?)

the top are two specimens of skins

on, to which other pieces of

still

more

still

showing the

Down

the left-hand

pieces of soft hairless leather

stitchery.

Plate XI,
still

lining

B235.

2.

rolled

great bundle of

up and complete.

The beads

which were sewn into the seams are quite

They were nearly

in the photograph.

blue-glaze

beads,

type

clear

all

the

3,

but

were also a few white shell disc beads,

but

same,
ones

in

Bl84.

are

type

1.

than

the

was

tied

piece.

end.

the

details,

is

shells of

wider

middle

different

in

Here on one

while

The leather cords wherewith the bundle

rows are

intermittent

side a

wide

occupied by at least seventeen continuous

comparatively narrow space

is

up are

On

See also

A.S.^\, 1908-09,

Newberky, The Life of BeMmara, PI. xiii, lowest

Note the kilts worn by the men on the top

p.

60, no. 12, ic.

p. 12.

register.

PL

xxi,

which have every appearance

to

handlincr

type 2

fell

be seen at

the left-hand

bundle a few more

the

out of

it.

AVith

was

it

found the stamped hide bracer (wrist-guard) of

PL XII,

3.

Bundles of leather were also found

In

212, 234.

register of

Specimens of the prepared

leather have been stitched.

leather,

The whole group

shown with the

with the hair

side are

quality chamois

179, and has been treated earlier

skins are also

leather.

fine

stitchery.

chapter.

this

in

pairs.

shows the

and the

leather

design, in which the slits

there

exhibited in

rows,

were grouped in

produced a few

In this latter piece the spaces allotted

design, though

is

B 225

brilliant

corresponding

space

similar

of a

but with widely

little

the

similar

scraps

.slits,

inter-

continuous and

the

to

and eight

not with groups of

separated single ones.

Pierced leather

circular grave.

male

filled

29

leather

in

181,

181 the small bundle or pad of

was found under the head, no doubt

B212, 234, the bundles were

being little more than pads.

pillow.^

small,

In

as a

quite

of being

from the previous examples, and of being simply

For larger
copies of both of these, see Prisse, Hiatoire dc VArt
different

leather pierced ornamentally as were our kilts.

egyjAien,

ii,

Pis.

-58,

59.

'

Cf.

A.S.N.,

A.S.N., 1909-10,

1907-08,
p.

p.

110, no. 68

164, nos. 81,

:

8.5,

p. 139, no. 4.51,

pillows are stuffed with chopped i^traw.

86, &c.

where the

BALABISH.

30

CHAPTEB

V.

VARIOUS TYPES OF OBJECTS.

Plates

Xll,

Plate

See also
can be

2,

1,

and

.3

(B201, 226, 235).

and

PI. III. 2, uo. 12,

XII and XIII.

PI.

YI,

There

1.

doubt that these objects are the

little

archers' wrist-guards, or

the skin of the

left

bracers, used

to save

forearm from the chafiug of

example of the date of Amenhotep

two bracers occur among a great

arms

Rameses

in a fresco.

wearing one on the

As regards

For, in the first place,

the released bow-string.

Later we find a definite

sents such a ouard."

left or

II

bows pro-

that the scheme has a generic

minently among their patterns, and

should

the two examples, for a lotus

B201

noted that the groups of bows on

l)e

are not

nine in number, and so are merely ornamental

and do not represent the

found

The only

However,

this

they were not

place,

in pairs, l)ut singly, as

of bracers.

other

the second

In

Egypt.

traditional enemies of

one would expect

possible exception

would seem

now very
the others
point as

it

and

is

made

it

was

of thin leather,

pliable, instead of the thick hide of

further,

it

has a small hole in the

the purpose of tying on to some-

if for

Against this cover theory must be set

thing.

the difference in patterns on the cover

and the

Bracers not unlike these are occasion-

covered.

ally represented

we know

is

The

on the monuments.

earliest

a curiously shaped yellow object,

by

the field

is

strange

ours

when cuvved

name

is

given,

to

\'f\

fit

the

ai'm.'

/"^^a

hifhw

It is

probable that the single bracelet

which the archer wears on the wrist of his bow-

hand

ill

arm.""

will

lie

noticed

resemblance
fills

from the

off"

in.

each of the
rest of

Unfor-

a series of straight lines.

tunately the upper central pattern of uo. 3

wavy

of

lines,

which

The long

bows.

is

Underneath comes a decoration

(pite invisible.

bow

followed by a

is

tail is filled

up by

or

line patterns.

The decorations have been pressed into the

surface by means of a fairly blunt tool, which
makes a good liroad line. The marks sometimes
ended

ends of the lines of the

in a spot, as in the

lotus in the left-hand corner of no.

is

outlined

by two

was done

as

bow

figures

lines

fashion,

proper

The area

1.

running round the edge,

of the sandals.

in the case

conspicuously

The representations

the

in

The

decoration.

are in the usual

Egyptian

showing a recurved weapon, a shape

to the composite bow, which type,

a ^liddlc

Kingdom tomb

L.\CAU, Siircojihitges,

i,

at

PI. xli, fig. 22.'

Meir repre-

I.

17'J.

Tomhs of Mdr,

Blackman,

'

Lupsius, Denkmdler,

BncJc

iii,

64

Champollion, MonumrnU,
Budgk, Thr
Storici, Ixxxi
"

(swal)u).

barred

is

shown

just the shape of a side-view of such a

bracer as

no. 2.

to be a cover for the

rather than an actual guard, as

found coverino-

which

is

top corners, which

often

is

it

(he two decorated specimens include

it

collection of

extended

the decoration,

where

11,^

IM. vi.

i,

a.

xiii

I{osi;i,lini, Mdiiiimi'iili

Eniipliaii

Sinlmi,

ii,

jiliiti;

accoinpanyiii'i; p. 'Mi, though the liracer is hickiiig, as aro

many other minor details in the copies of this scene in

= R., M.S., Ixxiv. Cf. also C, M., xi = 11., M.S.,

ITf. d =
xvii = R., M.S., Ixxxiii L., J).,
Ixxiii = U., M.S., Ixiv.

C, M.,

Ixxi

Ixxix;

C, M.,

C, M.,

iii,

VAKIOUS TYPES OF OBJECTS.

howoA'cr. docs

appear

not

XVIIIth Dynasty.

It

the

until

strange fact

is

Egyptian

regular

tlic

Egypt

iu

that

from pre-dynastii;

l)o\v.

days onwards, was a simple one of plain wood,

though

usually had the double curve of the

it

composite bows/

many museums,
Case

53.

I,

Specimens can be seen

for instance in the

iu

Ashmolean,

Bows

a single but often unsymmetrical curve.*

all

of about the .same size also, the leuirth

of the oval ones ranging from 64 to 83

mm.,

while the diameter of the round one was 70 mm.

They were not confined to any particular sort of
pottery, and are evidently made of pan-grave

BllO

ware, as in

a sherd of B-ware had been

used.

used to-day iu Somali-

It is still

Another but rarer type was known with

land.^

were

31

Plate XII,

See also

5.

Type

14.

p.

bracelet found three times,

i.e.

the irregular shallow hole

of horn

in the deposit in

182. in

the

lono-

with a single symmetrical curve are carried in the

grave B201, and in the circular grave B202, in

Xllth Dynasty.^

In the large representation on

which nothing

our

as

wrist-guard,

in

curve

the

others,

is

slightly exaggerated.

The

central

panel of no.

strange device like scales.

common

the

sent

feather

space

we have

and a diaper

case,

can hardly repre-

It

pattern, as

always turned the other way.

tail

with

filled

is

this

is

In the triangular

a water pattern in the one

The two rows

in the other.

of blocked-out triangles edging out a space are

well

known

XVIIIth Dynasty. The bracers were fastened

over the arm by a pair of fine leather cords in
the

the case of nos.

B201, 235, and

still

visible in PI. VI,

Plate XII,

Type

4.

a pair of fine

B 226,

leather straps in the case of

being

the remains

I.

See also Pis.

II, 1

IV,

VII,

2.

of rounded potsherd, from round graves

BllO, 212, 229, and long grave B

edges were smoothed

ofi"

all

The

208.

or

There

diggers.

is

curious uni-

formity about the shape, three of the four being

oval, while the fourth was more circular.

They

shape of the section.

the section
it

Erjypt,

fig.

IGO,

159.

p.

is flat,

fig.

Museum
^

As

for instance

Lacau,

very

is

than,

the

broad, cut out of tortoise-shell, and c^uite

Plate XII,

6.

B 201.

long grave

strange horn

See PI.

Ill, 2.

and has a concavo-convex

similar to

them,

no.s.

it

is

tunately

it

damaged

cannot say whether

Perhaps

or not.
its

it

section.

it is

it

Unfor-

we

at the end, so that

had been

may

be a

A horn

7.

set in a handle

strigil in spite of

object from the deposit

in the shallow- irregular hole

and

Though

p. 14.

concavo-convex section
is

In this

lack of the usual curve.

Plate XII,

3,

very thin

and not curved.

straight
is

from

object
It is

of this Plate, but, unlike

7,

dissimilar

that

in

in being

See PI. VII,

curved and of a

resembles no.

it
it

is

We

with two large holes.

have

182.

much

8,

yet

laro-er

it

and

ornamented, and has been pierced

is

been

larger

can only imagine

it

and more elaborate

specimen of the general type no.

8,

and suggest

the strigil or body-scraper as the only parallel

which occurs to
Sarcojjhntjcs,

and a number

BE.,

i,

PI. xlvii,

i,

PI. xli, nos.

etc-.

us.

230

of varieties of the

Plate XII,

ment found

recurved bows are .shown.

N.,

It

cruder

at Oxford.

to 2.34, where both shapes

>

circular.

much

B 202

while in

flat,

201

thin.

to

Paulitscuke, Ethioijiuphk Nordost-A/ricas, PI. xix,

Gl.
specimen is exhibited in the Pitt-Rivers

the

to

and

from,

Bl82 and

bracelet figuring on this Plate as no. 10, which

heavier,
Garstang, Burial CuHtouis nf Ancient

These bracelets

In

comparatively

is

approximates

difierent

round, and the

sherds would thus appear to have been used as

scrapers

in the

the ornamental leather work of

in

was found.

else

formed simply of a horn bent round until

the butt meets the tip, and so vary considerably
are

grave

8.

in

239,

Type of curved horn implethe long grave B201, the round

and

in

the

pan-grave

group

BALABISH.

B227.

Sec also Pis.

For shape

pp. 10, 13.

VI.

Ill, 2.

VII.

2,

2,

what

and

derive

C-group date,' though the section of these, so far

most accurately with

is

and no explanation of

We

their use

them

body-scrapers, and

or

(p.

to the curved

l;3)

section from

It

grave B21o.

See also

specimens seem always to be at right-angles, as

bag of

and the pierced leather

IV,

(PI.

cannot well have been a bracelet, unless

too

Though

slight.

its

curve

in

it

it

retained part of

2).

having

has

Plate XII, 10.

Plate

XIII,

from

long

grave

B 226.

pp. 10,

201.

curvature

was perhaps fixed by means of

resembles

sometimes

1,

See

and

siderably

Types

2.

It

examples of type

Pk

III, 2,

were found

both

long graves,

in

very much lighter than type

is

and

1,

that

Type

while type 2 came from a circular grave.

2,

as will

be

seen by a comparison of their respective sideviews.

became

Both these types afterwards

usual in the

New Kingdom

but while no. 2

is

known in the Xllth Dynasty,^ no. 1 is not.

Type 1 would seem to be of Intermediate Period
and XVIIIth Dynasty date,^ and does not appear
to run back into the Xllth Dynasty.* Hence its
appearance

'

in

history would seem to be some-

A.S.N., 1908-09, PI. 37

PI. xxxii, 3

E.G.U.,

D.P.,

P.,

D.P., PI. xxxii, notably no. 22

P.,

PI. xvii,

stated to be early

XVIIIth Dynasty on

Thebanischcr Grahfund, PI.

*

Cf. P., D.P., pp. nl,

1,

.52.

P.,
j).

for while no.

thin-waisted, no.

always

starting

2,

Again, the wings of

always remain rudimentary and do not

elegant.

less

tend to free themselves from the natural curve

whereas the wings of no. 2 arc

of the sides,

always well accentuated, Ijccoming later very

much

This, however, gives a solid

exaggerated.

base for the attachment of a heavy axe to the

Moreover, while the sides of type

handle.

arc

strongly incurved, those of type 2 are at the

utmost only slightly

portionately

and tend

edge

of

much wider than

same

the

at

cutting

the

straight;

so,

time

less

rounded.

Part

i,

PI.

iii,

fig.

pro-

is

that of no.
All

Cf. Bissing, Thchanisrlur Grdli/uiicl, PI.

")3,

become

to

no.

1,

and

these

nos. 8, 9

xii,

2.

!}.

G.B., P!.

the axe of Ahmoso.

differs con-

no.

Archaeoloijia,
(i,

no.

also, as in the

Type

axe.**

was

Lashing,

type.'^

and

"
5

from

collars, as

It

solid,

"'

c, 9.

P.,

this

is.*^

heavy axe, tends to become heavier, more

as a

circular

VI,

Ahmose

remains light and

axes

copper

of

to be observed

is

10.

p.

B201, 230, and

with

however, was used for this type

case of the

See also

12.

done

bracelet from

graves

handle, showed no signs of

its

lashed on as type 2 often

Ijeen

Tortoise-shell
PI. Ill, 2,

from B201, which

The specimen

ours.

in

no. 8, yet in section it is c[uite different.

long grave

The bases of

straight.

axis of the blade," whereas those of the earlier

net

the

sprung out of shape, for at present

is

This

rounded

piece of horn of

the oval

elephant's hair

not

is

Parca.

Diosjiull-'

XVIIIth Dynasty are

Hamite of to-day

was found with

It

12.

p.

the base

the latter are also often set at an angle to the

9.

xxxii in

Pi.

seems to be an early feature, as those of the

hair.

Plate XII,

B 230

specimen from

two specimens from

have compared

skewer of hard wood

or ibex-horn that the desert

wears in his

22 of

nos. 21,

perfectly straight, but slightly concave, as in the

have oftered the suggestion that they were

strigils

it.*

the

In

forthcoming.

is

would

[Mace

dagger of King Suazenre, of the XlVth Dynasty.

exactly alike,

all

wliich

llic

Diospolis Piirta, one of which belongs to the

quite different from that of our

Our specimens were

objects.

of

from

2,

Our specimen from B 230 compares

with the penannular objects of tortoise-shell of

as can be seen,

tvpe

of

that

Xllth Dynasty form

should be compared

this

than

later

Sec

I'l.

VI,

QuiHELi., Bamcaseani, Pi.

ii,

7.

xii,

Bissing,

"

xxxii,

P., P.P..

I'l.

Bls.slNi;,

'riirbanischer

Aichaeoluijid, 53, Pi.

iii,

-'1.

(irahfiui'l,

no. 2, <kc.

PI.

c'f.

Pi.

xi

VAEIOUS TYPES OF OBJECTS.

features of no. 2 are seen in its early forms in

be

long gap in

present there seems to

At

the Xllth Dynasty.

exception of our specimens

again

the

till

with

for

history,

its

not occur

does

it

the

New Kingdom, when

later

it

becomes common.^
XITI,

Plate

Plate XIII,

B 226

and

VI,

PI.

No.

3.

See also PI. Ill,

grftve.

from a

and

1,

and

2,

B 205

No.

4.

201/7, from a long

The

B 205

was

from

pair of tweezers

226 was ornamented with two

from

See also

orave.

cuts, while that

Plate XIII, 5-9.

See

19 and PI. VIII,

p.

1,

Type

Plate XIII, 10.

PI. VII, 1,

and

of white shell earring.

melon bead.

201/10, from long graves;

grave group.

See

PI.

XVIIIth Dynasty.-

VIII,

No.s.

153,

236, from a pannos.

1,

16

12,

cf

III, 2, no. 10.

See also

14.

12, 13,

the Middle
the

early

Both of these kohl-^ot^

belong to the one type here figured as 13, and

neither of

them comes from a

The others

are of alabaster,

soft-coloured rather

fine

was

B 208, 232

B 201 and

supplied

retained

in clay

two of

to

That

207.

.supplied

and

its
ofi".

them,

to

201

whereas a

fired,

down

potsherd had been rubbed

flat

being of the

translucent alabaster.

were chipped and had no covers.

Covers had been

nos.

B 219

grave.

No. 226 had the top broken

original cover.

Nos.

circular

only one which

the

also

to

fit

B 207.
was

to kolil-^ots,

not entirely limited to the pan-grave people, for

Dynasty group

Pis. II, 2,

154, where a little alabaster

kohl-^ot had been provided with a cover of a

Type

beautiful brilliant blue glaze.

unusual.

Plate XIII,

not

an instance was found in the typically XVIIIth

p. 13.

Plate XIII, 11.

was

The supplying of odd covers

no. 16, for nos. 7, 8, 9.

See

Kingdom,

had been moulded

plain.

common in
unknown in

a substance which, while

It

10.

from a long grave,

circular

p. 12.

p.

33

may

It

pot of Senusert

great

curious

no. 12

is

be compared in shape to the

11.^

Attention

and pp. 9, 10, 12. Nos. B 201 207,

208 came from long graves B 232 came from a

seems to be the result of cutting in too deeply

unique oval(?) grave with a step, which

above the shoulder.

VI,

III, 2,

1,

is

should be drawn to the neck of type 14, which

strong hollowing of the

perhaps only an unfinished long grave; B219,

under side of the rim very often accompanies

226 came from circular graves.

this deeply

It is noticeable

that out of the six kohl-Tpots discovered half came

B 232

from long graves, and possibly

included

in

this

category,

as

it

in

the

more numerous

Two came from

included

weapons, axes and bracers, and were

by men

is

especially at festivals,

Mohammedan
from graves

The blackening of the

27,

28

customary

still

Two

B 208/10, 232

Dendereh, PI.

xxiv,
1.

as a

of the koJd--pots

were of blue marble,

p.

28

16,

17;

P.,
ii,

7,

K.G.H.,
p.

13

the one

MacTver, 1 Amrali

and

is

a by-product of the other, accidentally

It is quite unlike

of the other types of necks,

Kingdom cemetery it seemed

among any of the types

and

in

to occur

of

the

any

New

haphazard

^o/^i-pots.

It

certainly did not belong to any special shape,

and a study of a large

may show
detail

into

collection of kohl-T^ots

not to be a mere variable

this feature

types, but to be a fundamental

of the

criterion

on which a division of

kohl-T^ot types

two groups can be based.

STAXG, El Arahah, p.

found a specimen. Cf. Garwhere

three cases are quoted
29,

CuRRELLY, Ahydos,

PI. lix, 5, 6.

Pi. xvii,

Petrie,

be connection between the two, and that

produced in the working.

xxii, 12,

Qdibell, Bamesseum, PI.

Ahydos, PI. xlv, d

Egypt,

in

and has been adopted

ordinance.

L.G.M., PL

P.,

graves.

circular

graves nos. B201, 226, which

therefore those of men.

eyelids

more

was

Only two were

rectangular than oval in shape.

found

should be

may

cut neck, and suggests that there

At Sawamah

P.,

K.G.H.,

last

iii,

year

wre

PI. xiv, 16.

BALARISH.

34

See also

Plate XIII, 15, 20.

and pp.

Pis. II, 2,

YI,

1,

Specimens of small smooth stones

9, 12.

or pebbles, of which quite a number, of varying

sizes,

were found, some,

black jiebbles in

were

B 213,

like the

agate and four

being quite small.

None

They came from graves B 208, 213,

large.

223, 226.

VI,

I,

VII,

2,

If),

17, 18, 19.

and pp.

8. 12. 13.

See also Pis.

them.

In

this Plate),

themselves.
natural

of the C-group ivory pendant.^

one

of

black

on

of sandstone

granite,

while

From

flat

their
this

notched pebble no. 19;

was

there

and had a few

flat

piece

rubber was a rounded pink pebble.

grave also came the

was quite

Several palettes

These two palettes consisted of

There are thus

left

At

palette also.

B 226 was

Judged by

it.

in

one of the

least

was proljably the oval

found

of

tives

and

p.

in

212

their

The
were

class

this,

palette,

though

it

showed no

flat

flint

the

found.

in

flat

stones in

this Plate), as

pebble

of

239.

flakes

which were

only

representa-

(Sec

11.)

the flat

225 was probably a

a palette (no. 18

(See PI. VII, 2.)

stains of green

which had a few longitudinal scratches, and so

might have been a

palette

consisting of a broken piece of yellow sandstone.

still

with one rubber nearly as large as

pebbles

B 243

In

grave.

paint

110 there were two (nos. 16, 17 in

of

two, and perhaps three, small palettes from this

II, 1,

were found with paint or signs of rubbing on

The decoration

use.

notches at the end should be compared with that

It

Plate XIII,

of such

signs

clear

A.S.N., 1907-08, PI. 66, b, 32.

PI.

IV,

1,

3o

CHAPTEE

VI.

THE POTTERY.
V

Plates

pottery forms a very distinctive

The pau-grave
and

class,

so

far

Egypt

as

quite apart from anything

pan-grave

and XIV.

is

has produced

sites

Each of the

the other from Saqqara,' of Xllth Dynasty date,

In
l)ut with a slightly more conspicuous rim.

few

Nubia, however, we have close parallels from

concerned

else.

it

least

at

is

examples of the stock types, except that at

we did not

Balaliish

little

comparatively

Rifeh

at

black

the

of the Bull" ware seems to have been used.

grave pottery

Pis.

B, and

is

and

Pis. xxxix, xl,

It will

corpora of pan-

similarity of the

The general
our

and

ware,

punctured

any of

find

Pis.

We

Parva,

xxv,xxvi.

did not find any of

for the reason to

The types

p. 43.

are

be explained

drawn on

all

and examples are photographed on

show the quality, surface, and so on.
1.

Red

Polished

242, 182a.

This

is

Ware,
a

cf.

fine

XIV,

PI.

PI.

V, to

nos.

rare fabric, of which

we

It is a

quality pottery, with a brilliant red-

polished surface.

hard as stone,

The walls are very thin,

and show a black core on

as

shapes.

proto-dynastic

or

dynastic

very

similar vessel, but with the addition of a slight

Xllth Dynasty bowl, comes

like that of the

This bowl belongs

in Gozo.'

to class 2 of the Maltese pottery,

which includes

sometimes exhibiting the

a red-and-black ware,

one colour inside and the other outside.

Black-Topped Ware,

2.

clay as the

ware, and was equally thin,

respect

two

class

H
3.

where the walls

In this

classes are quite different.

nearer to class H, for

is

straight-sided deep cup

B and
type B

2,

However, the shapes

were materially thicker.

of the

PL V, nos.
the most common
cf.

was made of exactly the

It

class of pottery.

same

This was by far

220, 181, 68.

except in the case of type

PL V,

found only the three specimens figured.

very

It

from Santa Verna,

Diospolis

with

the beautiful black-topped cups with flared rims

on

and that of the early dynastic * period.

does not match any of the Egyptian pre-

dyuastic

XIV

bowls.

and a grey band,

the black-topped ware of the early pre-

rim

and Gizeh and Rifeh,

all

among

apparent on a comparison of

be observed that the native-made classes P,

H are

mediate, and therefore contemporary, date, and

The

was

as

classes,

was found

both the

moulding

the

collar of types

in

the

B 4,

5, 6

of

was not

The black colour

fracture with a little sand in the clay, but ne^er

found outside the

The photographs
of nos. B242, 182a, on PL V, 1, show the
The shape of P 3 is
quality of the material.

was almost invariably very accurately confined

any chopped straw

rare and

is

(tiliii).

not easy to match.

Among Egyptian

we can compare it in shape with two

vases alone, one from Abydos/ of Late Inter-

pottery

QuiBELL, Excavations

'

A.S.N., 1907-08,

A.S.N.,

PL
^

P., C.A.,

ii,

PI. xxxi.

44, a, no.

PL

class.

at

Saqqara, 1906-07,

60,

1907-08, PL

a,

13.

61.

a,

22;

PI.

xxxix,

A.S.N.,

1.

1908-09

1.

R. N. Bradley, Malta and

the

Mediterranean Bace,

smaller of the
fia. 31 (opposite p. 142), the

two here
F 2

figured.

BALABISH.

36

and never descended

the rim,

to

When

surface of the pot.

indicated

not otherwise

is

it

the specimen from

Though

181 was exceptionally

can be seen

fine,

plum-red.

rich

some of the others was

the polish on

was not so even as on

brilliant, it

and the

The polishing of

black.

is

being a handsome

colour

more

in in the

In the pan -grave pottery the

pots.

interior of the pcjts

the

came

reminiscence of these

is

of a lirilliant metallic lustre,

is

This

this.

a comparison of the photographs

])y

on

PL

It

should be observed that the apparent grey

The colour

V.

BI8I

on

ring

integral

part

Type
all,

as a rule

was a

photograph

the

in

of

but

the pot,

an incrustation of

at

jjood red.

as

over.

all

Its clay

had some sand

but, like the others, did not contain

such a vessel
here,

in

for

alone.

it

preference to

in

chopped

As we only once found fragments

we have tentatively included

straw.

Hatched

made

B 208/3 was the

classes.

traces of

every

and

quantity

of this pot

will be seen

practically

is

was somewhat

colour than that of the others.

in

only one which showed

its

The clay

negligible.

browner

as the

chopped straw, and, as

from the photograph,

240,

nos.

stone-hard

thin

is

same clay

of the

\\

PI.

cf.

This

208/3, 177.

pottery,

any

Ware, II-

In

the bowl had been painted red, but

ciise

only once was there any attempt at polishing.

This was on the bowl here representing type

and the polish was of the

4,

In this

slightest.

uniform dull red painted surface our hatched

pottery

ware of similar

incised

be

marked contrast

in

is

(quality,

whether

polished,

to the late C-group

l)lack,

which seems to
brown,

or

red.^

Pottery with incised decorations, without a white

salt.

was of a thick coarse manufacture

it

and black
it,

not an

is

onlv due to

is

probably does not belong to this class

H3.

180,

XVIIIth Dynasty,
black

in

suspect that the taste for painting a

it

Something similar occurs

should be observed.

3.

line

bhick rim on red pottery, which

pan -grave

the

(oineides with the

l)y

We

rim.

wavy

far over

making a separate

age,'^

and

in

those

to

it

essentially

class

with

pottery

Though the decorations

of

are

Kingdom

the Middle

ornamenting

incisions

our

arose.

they

pots,''

are

arrangement, for they

in

different

a taste for

are sometimes similar

on

exhil)itcd

pre-dynastic

the

occurs occasionally in

filling,

Those

usually on the interior of dishes.

that are on the outside of vases are generally

The deep

straight-sided bowls are

the pan-graves,

and are found

common

in

other burials

in

wavy

or

lines

" scrabble "

More-

patterns.'

and the vases themselves

over, both the clay

of the Intermediate Period,' but in this last case

are completely different

the ware

Thus the hatched pan-grave

pottery forms a class to itself, and it is found

is

entirely different,

being of a soft

The moulding

at the rim seems

ochre material.

to be peculiar to the

not very
C-group."
that

pan-grave pottery, and

common even

tliat

Tlie collar of nos.

or

proto-dynastic

just to last into the Old

The

rare

resembles

curved sides

expanding towards

P., C.A.,

For references, see

For

ii,

seems

It

Kingdom, when
G,

P]. xxix, C6:?,

].{..

pre-

late

times.

shape of no.

is

it

dies

with the

uii-

the

00,

r.i.

regularly wherever pan-graves are unearthed.

Nubian

of the

4, 5, 6

on pottery of the early ages,

dynastic

out.-'

in

from those of the pan-

grave pottery.

A.S.N.

1909-10,

Jhill.,

p.

19.

no.

6,

pp.

The other

3,

r>,

classes

class xi

of

A.S.N.,

cf.

C-group incised

ware are not comparable to our bowls, as in class xii the

clay is quite different, being soft, and in class iv not only
IS the clay of another quality, but the vessels themselves

and ornaments

bottom

diflbr coniplctcly.

N.B., PI. XXXV, 74, 70.

!>

P.,

<;

Cf. P.,

'For

K.G.E.,

instance.

PI. xiii, nos. lOG, 108,

P.,

K.G.U.,

Pi.

and our

xiii,

39

ff.

p. 47.

PI. xiii D,

170, 181, XXV, 11, 12, but <m this plate

reference.s, see p. 47.

ran bowl

II.

2.

G.B.,
cf.

the

THE POTTERY.
The

liatcliing

was produced by a blunt point or

group of points on the surface after

but before

The

firing.

seem

incisions

B 240

(see PI.

have

to

markings on

been made singly, though the pit

the moulding of

had dried,

it

V) seem

too regular to have been produced in any

but by the use of a comb.

vary somewhat

markings

in

marks included, those on

be

to

way

The rows of
the number

pit

of

240 ranging from

seven to nine, while those on the bowl figuring

from

as type 4 range

The favourite

five to six.

serve

4,

same

and the

5),

idea

straight lines and amplified in type

Buff Ware.

4.

3.

V, no. 212.

Cf. PI.

2,

out in

carried

is

very

unmistakable class of pottery, very well made

of a thick, hard, close, fine clay, and well turned.

somewhat from

The colour varied

pinkish

yellow to almost a pink, but the yellowish tinge

preponderated.
especially if

The

it

beautifully

was

It

liable

go

to

green,

had contained scented ointment.

smooth

which one

silky surface

connects with the best quality cylinder jars of

the 1st Dynasty
especially

pots,

was observed on some of the

on

B 201/3,

nos.

which contained ointment.

this effect is partly

itself,

pots from

Probably therefore

produced by the oily nature

of the ointment, and

clay

not merely due to the

is

especially as

was found on the two

it

B201, which were

diflFerent

others in being red-polished.

and

entirely without

or

from the

The clay

is

close

chopped straw, but contains

a good deal of sand, and

of the

and 233,

4,

is

pottery

much

XVIIIth Dynasty

what

which

The form

used for some

'

The

C.^

massive rims of these thick, strong pre-dynastic

classes occur in the

'

types 4,

N.B.,F\. xxxi,
7, 8, 9.

The clay

8.

is

evidently

is

also specially

the rare shapes of handled

of

generally

is

This class of pottery was

neither

generally

painted nor polished, though the pots representing types

is

Egyptian

of

some of

in

had been red-polished.

1, 2,

clay,

its

and

pots,

its

in

the

group

here

in the general type of

peculiar to the pan-graves

for

it

is

to the

remarkable

can only be

that though in detail these pots

from the Old

and the

seems to be

exhibited

matched here and there

shape

actual

others, but the comliination of this clay

of shapes

It

in the period stretching

New Kingdom,

yet in two

of the pan-grave sites the greater part of this

now been

series has

found.

match our types 1, 2,

48, G9, 58, 62, 47, and 63

to

appearance of

many

It

is

possible closely

4, 7, 8, 9

at Hu,''

in nos. 74,

and from the

of the pieces in the photo-

graphs and a study of those examples now in

the Ashmolean

Hu

pottery

quality

Museum,

is

of the

The

ours.

as

it

would seem that the

same hard,

close,

uniformity

thick

which

is

discoverable between the shapes and clays of the

two

of this

finds

found

in

pan-grave pottery seems

as a distinct class to

itself,

to

and to

from the other Egyptian pottery

This highly homothe pan-graves.

o-eneous group forms a great contrast with the

variety of shapes and

clays

noticeable in the

heterogeneous collection of Egyptian pots grouped

pan-grave pottery again, ^ and

P., N.B., PI. xxxii, 71 a, 80.

P.,

In the

thinner in proportion.

**

is

Syrian style.

though here the body

amphorae,^

it

class

type

allied to our

separate

calls

it

specially used for a class

it is

of such decorated pots'*

classes of pre-dynastic pottery,

Reisner

clay not unlike

usually thought of as a

is

it

It is a variety of the

already

of pottery often decorated with painted lines in

establish

yellower.

resemblance

the

found again in the Middle Kingdom.

thus not unlike that

is

and some of the proto-dynastic ware, but the

colour

heighten

to

noticeable in the clay.

pattern at Balabish consists of opposing to each

other sets of arcs of concentric circles (types

37

14/.3:3:

N.D.,

xxxiv, 47, 51;

ii,

p. 90.

and our

Petrie, Ahydos,

iii,

PI. Ix, 127.

Such as Petrie, Ahydos,

PI. xvii, 19.

i^

P.,

D.P., Pis. xxxix,

xl.

iii,

PI. Ix,

129;

P.,

L.G.M.,

BALABISH.

38

below

the Plate.

in

it

homogeneity of

this class

In view of the o-eueral

the proto-dynastic age Asiatic influence

and the resemblances of

more

clay and rims to those

its

and proto-dynastic pottery,

pre-

some extraneous

new
It

some

of

seems as

it

if

work giving
industrv which had languished.

influence were at

to an old

life

of

classes

hardly likely that the arrival of the pan-

is

grave people themselves should have given this

homeland of Nubia

fresh impetus, as in their

ware

this

moreover

known

only

is

this kind of pottery is in use in

before the pan-grave period, as

the Xllth Dynasty.

may

which

force

There

Egypt was

Asia.

dates back to

it

accountable

This

revival of the did art.

Egypt

the influence of

is

in close connection with Asia

first

introduced with the

This

is

emery ,^

and

of ware,

any other

P., B.P., PI.

iv, p. 27.

middle pre-dynastic age

is

obsidian,* &c.

In

large piece of lapis-lazuli of

recorded in P., N.S.,

Another, S.D. 56-64, El Amrali and Ahydos,

XVITIth Dynasty
and

general,

in

lapis-lazuli

also

p.

28.

In the

p. 21.

was obtained from N. Syria

from Assyria

(B., A.M.,

ii,

446

WiNCKLEK, Tell el Ainarna Letters, no. 15), Singara, in

N. Mesopotamia (B., A.E., ii, 484), Mitanni and Babylon
(Amarna Letters, nos. 7, 9, 10, 17, 19, 21). A special
quality

is

described as lapis-lazuli of Babylon (B., A.B.,

This

484).

446,

ultimate place

main source

ii,

its

was Persia, which is still the

supply, and also is the least distant from
origin

of

of

agrees with the supposition that

all

Egypt.
^

a material

as

silver
p. 24.

D.P., PI.

from Gebel
age

is

is

to

probably of the middle pre-dynastic

was found in the -same cemetery as painted

class D (dk Morgan, Becherchcg sur hs Oritjines

de VEcjypte,

P.,

Tarif

piece

also, for it

pottery of

''

el

iv, p. 27.

p. 35).

N.B., PI.

bull's

type.

the

PI. Ixi, 4,

The emery blocks

presumably

ii,

not

is

In

the

uncommon

lapis-lazuli"

n,sed

is

Dynasty type of copper

adze

found again

is

pottery

Syrian

of a

in

and foreign

Cyprus,'''

character

(?)

is

found

in

Of this ago again is i-eported

double vases are of this age.
an emery (?) rubbing pebble from Nubia {A.S.N., 1907-08,
p. 132, no. 43), and a piece of pre-dynastic date is recorded

On his seventeenth
El Amrah and Ahi/das, p. 49.
campaign to Kadesh, Tvniip, and Naharain, i.e. the Aleppo
in

534;

ii,

Sethe,

Urh.,\\, 731,

Hi),

1.

Tuthmosis III. obtained [II

account of

resemblance to the Gi-eek

its

mean emery.

to

limr],

(Jo

supposed, on

and to the

a-ixvpL<;

sample of emery comes from

Tyre in Phoenicia? Zeitschr. fur Kri/slallobut to-day it comes mainly from Naxos

this

riraphie, xi, 637),

and Asia Minor {Zeitschr. fiir Kr., xlii, p. 635, Smirgel),

apparently from the neighbourhood of Smyrna and Ephesus.
It is not clear whether all the places quotetl are intended
to be near Smyrna, as the first two, Baltizik (Baltchik ?)
and Aziziyeh, are well-known towns in East-Central Asia

An

Minor.

inquiry from Prof. Schweinfurth proves that

the emery, stated (Bohciiardt,

p.

142) to have been found

but

blocks,

contained

is

Hence our

15 per cent.

rahdnil;m<il des Ne-userre',

(j

Aswan,

hini at

liy

the sand to

in

is

not in

extent of

tlie

could not have originated

lilocks

from that place.

P.,

D.P.,

See further,
^

P.,

R.T.,

I'Eijjipte,

vases in

ii,

PI. iv,

p. 39,
ii,

p. 27,

note

PI. xlviii, 87,

p. 180,

figs.

the Cairo

and again

., L.G.3T.,

p. 24.

-.

106

on Mokgan, Origines de

625-627, and there are two more

Museum from

the same find

similar

to 625.
"

large piece of lapis-lazuli

i,

is

PI. xviii, 3, p. 7, or

known
with

in the statuette,

its

head, Garstanci,

This piece was found with the

which

known.

for

of this date also.

Hierakonpolis,

'

The lapis-lazuli
Annales du
beads of the third bracelet from the tomb of Zer an^ well

middle pre-dynastic period, see

Ixiv, 99, p. 48.

head amulet,

vases,

for

of Babylonia, a rare 1st

HieralcoiipoUs,

For emery of

Egyptian pottery.

again, art shows striking resemblances to that

'

A larger

hand in the
bowl of a spoon, S.D. 60-70, recorded in El Amrah,
For the sources, see- p. 39, note 2. A silver dagger

P.,

more exactly similar than

in fact

is

class of

proto-dynastic age obsidian

Hebrew,
Tyrus (is
'

silky

classes of pottery.

evidenced by the use of such materials as

lapis-lazuli,^ silver,"

of the

its

drab surface, closely resembles that of our class

district (B., A.B.,

wavy-handled and decorated

the time

is

cylinder jars, the clay of which, with

once

is

the

for

during the middle pre-dynastic period, when the

use of this clay was

this

however, another

is,

be

well

and

import,

an

as

and

noticeable,

is

a middle pre-dynastic

polishing

lieads,

p.

44, are

The emery double

PI. Ixiv, 20, p. 50, is

vase,

probably also of the

middle pre-dynastic period, as the majority of the dateable

Service, viii, PI.

'

P.,

R.T.,

ii.,

Petrie, Ancient

Tarhhan,

i.

figs.

2, 3.

Frontis., p. 18.
Etji/pt,

Pis. v, 26, vi, 7

and RiCHTER, Catnloguc of

501, p. 53.

ii,

1915, pp. 12, 13,

fig.

Tarlchan,

the

ii,

Ciiprns

PI.

iii,

cf.

Myres

Mnseiim, PI.

iii,

THE rOTTERY.
Egypt/ Similarly in tlic Xllth Dynasty, wlien
Drab ware is found again, Asiatic products once
more ajjpear in the obsidian " and silver so very
-

39

much

in favour at that time

and

pieces,

head

to a

wave

this

and used

Hyksos supremacy, which was

in the

contemporarv with the pan-grave

1

B.T.,

P.,

ii,

plates the pottery

Abydos,

liv;

PI.
is

was before the discoveries

this

PI.

i,

In these

viii.

provisionally described as Aegean, but

Pis. xvi, xix, 24, p. 17,

Tarkhan,

Crete.

in

i,

For the original publication, de Morgan, Fouilles a

Dahchoiir, 1894, 1894-5, should be consulted, but the
information required here is conveniently grouped in
the

tn

Museum (Quibell's

Cairo

lation), 1908, p. 426, A, various silver plaques;

silver mirrors

mummy

from three

silver settings to eyes

three eye-settiugs in silver

cases

p.
;

trans-

427,

b,

428,

e,

p.

p. 429, b, several

and 12 cm. in diameter and of thick

Besides these
metal) p. 431, f, a large diadem of silver.
there are some very massive plates about 10 cm. long and
silver mirrors

various other large and massive oljjects not

named

named on

vases of obsidian are

of the Guide-

ii,

Obsidian scarabs are said to be very characteristic

of the Xllltli

Dynasty (Hall,

in the Brit. Mu-s.,

silver

428,

p.

i,

Cat. of EgyjJtian Scarabs,

etc.,

Both the obsidian and the

p. xxvi).

might be supposed to have come from the Aegean, as

archaeologists cliieHy think

JMelos

of

obsidian as

and other Gi'eek islands where

]Manufactured silver also

is

known

Crete (Mosso, Palaces of Crete,

Amorgos (Dummler,

is

coming from
well known.

at an early date from

271,

p.

Allien. Mittlt.,

it

132),

fig.

1886, Beil.

i,

of

ready to hand.

should be

art

this

we

the Asiatic

find

probably no chance that

It is

New Kingdom,

the

in

civilization.

which was admittedly

strongly influenced by Syria, this clay was in

general

use

pottery

for

of

Syrianizing

character;^ or that a local clav of similar class

and appearance was used commonly

for

the

to

the

pottery of Northern Syria.*

made

been

already

Reference has

resemblance of the silky surface of some of the

in the

Another group of siher jewellery of this age,

including hawks and a bracelet, is figured in El Amrah and
Ahi/dos, PI. xlv, and p. 88.
A large number of silver
vessels were dedicated to different gods by one of the
Five
Senuserts (Daressy, Ann. du Service, iv, p. 102).
Guide-book.

book.

revival

due to external influence,

(11

the

if

.30.

Maspero's Guide

Hence

in larije

of Asiatic influence comes

from
1,

3,

it

(Jer.

x.

Keftiu (Cilicia and

Ezek. xxvii. 12).

its

neighbourhood) exported silver ingots and blocks to Egypt

(Rekhmii-e fresco, see L.A.A.A.,

Shalmaneser II

vi, p. 54).

names a mountain in Tabal, the Antitaurus and Amanus

district, which contained silver (E. Schrader, Keilinschr.
The Hittites brought silver to Egypt
Bihl, i, 143).
(B., A.B., ii, 485; Sethe, JJrli., iv, p. 701, 1. 12); the
metal presents of the Hittite king Shubbiluliuma consist entirely

letter

Rameses II
146,

1.

of

(Knudtzon, Die el-Amarna Tafeln,

silver

and

41),

the

seal

of

the

Hittite

also of silver (B., A.B.,

is

iii,

treaty

391

Tuthmosis III obtained large weights of

36).

with

L., Z).,iii,

silver

from N. Syria on his fifth and seventh campaigns, and a

silver statue from the Lebanon district, besides " silver in
many rings" (B., A.B., ii, 436, 459, 471 Sethe, JJrl;., iv,
;

p. 20),

while in classical times silver was mined at Siphnos

iii, .57), on the borders of Macedonia (Hdt., v, 17),

and there were the famous mines at Laureion, near Athens
(Smith, Diet. Greek and Boman Geograj^hy, Laurium).
But

(Edt.,

in

view of the above-mentioned

earlier

occurrences in

Egypt of these imports in clearly Asiatic connections,

and in view of the strong connection that there is with
Syria in the Xllth Dynasty (cf. the Sinuhe story,
Senusert Ill's campaign in Retenu, El Arabah, p. 33),
it seems quite unnecessary to go to the Aegean for the
origin of these materials.
For obsidian is largely used
for neolithic implements in Russian Armenia (Chantre,
Becherches Anthropol. dans
3, 5, 6, 7),

Susa

and

and
in

it

was

the

Morgan, Becherches

le

Caucase,

i,

fig. 2,

PI.

i,

figs. 1,

also used in prehistoric stations at

neighbourhood
su^n

les

of

Mesopotamia

(de

Origines de VEgypte, p. 175).

abundance at the eastern end of Asia Minor and its

neighbourhood makes unnecessary any idea of importation
from so distant a place as the Aegean. Further, in ancient
days silver was very definitely a product of Eastern Asia
Its

Minor and

its

neighbourhood.

Tarshish (Tarsus) exported

p.

666,

list

1.

p.

686,

1.

p. 692,

1.

while the following

1),

ornamented

of occurrences of silver objects or of objects

with silver

shows how general was

country in the fifteenth cent.

use throughout this

its

B.C. (B.,

A.B.,

ii,

431, 434,

435, 447, 462, 467, 482, 490, 491, 501, 509, 518, 533, 537).

Hence

it is

not surprising that silver was called " northern,"

op>;S^^
A o o o

(Sethe, Urh.,

iv,

634,

p.

nos.

8,

9).

The

\\

Assyrian kings obtained great quantities of silver from the

Amanus and N. Mesopotamian

Keil. Bibl.,

i,

districts

67, 73, 75, 163, &c.).

It

is

(E.

Schrader,

unnecessary to

add the classical references also, but suffice it to say that

silver mines are .reported from E. Asia Minor to-day.
This in conjunction

above-named
leaves

little

with the other Asiatic connections

lapis-lazuli,

obsidian and silver also

2

See below,

Some

WooLLEY

of

emery,

art, similarity of adzes

doubt but that Egypt's

p. 67,

note

these N.

earlier

supply of

came from Asia.

-.

Syrian vessels are published by

in L.A.A.A., vi, Pis. xxii, xxiii.

BALABISH.

40

ointment jars of the

Bufi'

ware to that of some

Out

of the proto-dynastic cylinder jars.

six times that traces of

182, 182a, 201,

233, 240 to vessels of this ware.

B208,

case,

In the other

of ointment

scent

.strong

meated the whole

of the

per-

of objects, which had

pile

contained several pots of this

any

did not attach itself to

However,

class.

single object

more

of

this

of clay

class

destined to contain ointment

for

Types

yet another link

is

and proto-dynastic age.

to

almost

the

to

which has

vases

the brim

different in our specimens, in that

is

turned out and

is

receive a cover, as

is

is

Type 7 occurs

much more
ware

the

pan-grave

outside

We

no satisfactory connections

of

No.

1.

find

It is red-polished.

outside of the pan-graves.

No. 2

is

not

unlike

is

the pan-grave example X, 48.^

like

Tyjye 8

still

more

It is red-

polished.

No. 3

not one of those which are found in

such vases as Dendereli,

Dyns.);

Qnrneh,

PI.

PI. xvii,

xviii,

P., Z>.r.,Pl. xxxvi, 152

468

44 (Vll-XIth

Temples at Thehes,

3,

275 (Tuthmosis III)

1

El Kah,
P.,

(;./.'.,

and

PI. xvii, 126,

(juitc likely

No.

5.

We

is

of the

9.

a class well

101

D.P.,

in as early as the

the

pan-graves

for their fine

smooth

This shape

14.

p.

is

of

New Kingdom. For

examples may l)e cj^uoted as

known

in the

Pethie and others, Meyilum and Memphis III,

;

the

XVIth Dynasty,

no.
^

have not found anything really

PI. liv, 42.

PI. xxvii,

Petkie, Ehnasya, PI. xxxix, top row.

P.,

D.P., Pis. xiv, 67

xix, 59, a,

Petkie, Dendereli, PI. xvii,

'

the pot 83,

still

M.\cIvER and IFace, El Amrah and Ahydos,

P.,

See further,

comparison such

of

from a pan-grave.

PI. .x.xxix.

is

The same kind of clay

those XVIIIth Dynasty pots,

and they are remarkable

Eakl of Caknakvon,

h.

59 (Vll-XIth Dynasties)

E.q>loralions al Thebes, PI. xlvii,

(Intermediate Period).
P.,

C.A.,\\, PI. xxxiii,

nl."), p.

69.

Attention must

be called in passing to the isolated sjiecimen, Abydan, ii,

It has no
PI. xliv, 97, dated to the Ilnd-Vth Dynasties.

doubt got out

1

which

Six

Dynasty shape

but more

PL xxvi, which

(Tuthmosis IV).

No. 4 resembles the Xllth

class

(Xlth Dyn.)

(Xll-XVIIIth Dyns.)

PI. vii,

the Diospolis

XVIIIth Dynasty, though

and which comes

used fur

also

'

G.R., PL xxvii,

P.,

earlier types

It is often decorated with lines in the so-

fall.

Tyj>e

to

known

called " Syrian " style.'

surface.

might be compared

is

found only one

resembles a

the

in

We

Intermediate Period*^ in which

perhaps has more resemblance to the Egyptian

It

among

material.

It

it.

rare,

the pan -grave pottery of Diospolis Parva, and

shapes than the others.

from the

twice

The type

from many of the

figured twice

is

known

well

is

is

figured

the lowness of the shoulders.

liy

Parva pan-grave

always

contemporary vase

of the Intermediate Period,^ but

is

p. 14.

example of

period.

It

It is distinguished

not easy to match some of the

exactly

specimens

any other of the Buff

from the end of the Old KinQ;dom onwards.'*

See further,

is

is not unknown in the

Our vase was red-polished.

Parva pan-graves.

of this class

it

in the pre-

five times here, that is to say

shapes.

pre-dynastic

onwards,

inside in order to

sometimes done

often than

of Egyptian civilization from the

representatives

Hanoed
O

it

This

dynastic pottery.*

earlier ages

all

the Diospolis

in

Parva pan-graves.
It is
not unlike many
XVIItli or XVIIIth Dynasty shapes.^ However,

the

in

narrow neck

its

base.

not represented

is

Diuspolis

While these belong

6.

of pear-shaped

general class

No.

pottery

between the pan-grave people and those of the

later pre-

and rather pointed

XVIIIth Dynasty.

than to another.

The use

corresponding to this pot, with

ointment were discovered

they attached themselves in

it

'

of its horizon.

See the previous reference

PI. !x,

127, and

often.

alsu Pktuik,

Ahydos,

iii,

THE POTTERY.

El Arahah, PL

xx,

E268

or P., G.R.,

PL

xxvii,

Borrowed Pottery.

This consists of quite

a heterogeneous collection of shapes

Type

was 1)urnished red

The

manner.

down

and

An

3.

lines of burnishing did

not run

way

as

to

divide

the

circle

into

four

is

known

shape

and

the
clay.

New Kingdom these

in the Intermediate Period."

Both examples of type 3 were of the ordinary

ware and had red-

porous brown

unpainted

painted rims.
Tijpe 4

Types

an ordinary pre-dynastic pot of type

D 5b.^

The clay has

colour,

and the decoration of wavy

put

in

of

ordinary brown

of

is

clay

and

is

blackened inside.

segments.

Type 2

tubular pot

ordinary

Although very typical of the

shapes are

clays.

in a poor streaky

to the centre of the bowl, but across in

such a

been

Type

XVIIIth Dynasty both

G 189.
5.

41

on with

mentioned on

p.

9,

fired to

the

an unusually green

red

usual

isolated

lines

paint.

have several times been found

in the graves of

the related C-group people of Nubia.

There was

evidently a taste for the products of this age.

P.,

N.B., PI. xxxiii,

As

.5,

b.

6,

are

rubbed

saucers

down

smaller.

Type

has

pre-dynastic pots

5,

type as the
P.,

red -polished.

is

much

K.G.U., PL
Type 9

larger

xiii,

It

is

of the

same

XVIIth Dynasty bowl,

40.

is

a small pot of hard close

is

of red clay, painted red.

brown

ware.

Type 10

P.,

G.R., Pis. XXV, xxvi; P., C.A.,

ii,

PI. x.xix, c, 63.

BALABISH.

42

CHAPTER

YII.

COMPARATIVE SURVEY OF THE PAN-GRAVE CIVILIZATION.

From

the material fouud iu the three published

pan-grave cemeteries, those of Hu, Rifeh and

Balabish,

it

is

evident

exhibited by them

civilization

Naturally, there are

one.

is

the

that

differences between the three, as for instance the

Hu

presence of large black incised bowls at

the

absence

of

bowls from

such

Rifeh

and

Rifeh,

and

and

differences, such

between separate

their absence

Yet these

so on.

Perhaps more

beetles

few

is

into relief the

has already

given

description

srrave civilization itself,

supplemented by our

We

Hu

minor

These

however, only tend to throw

homogeneity of the whole.

which

is

to

of the

Petrie

pan-

some extent

finds.

did not find any of the beautiful flared

cups of thin red polished ware with

Ijlack tops

and a grey band separating the black from the

red.^
first

Not unnaturally, at the time of their

discovery iu Egypt they were included

among

the objects from the newly discovered

pan-graves.

This was

the

more

natural,

these more serious differences must be added the

form of the graves, which at Hu were

shallow pans, whereas at Rifeh and Balabish they were
The shallowness of the Hu
pits about 1 50 m. deep.
graves may perhaps be due to denudation.
diiFerence in the

See P., D.P., PI. xxxviii,

MacIvek and Woolley, Buhen,

top right-hand corner, or

PI. 52.

is

the

now found

that,

pan-graves

hatched

these

of

sufficient

and very

rare

hitherto

patterns

xxxviii.

PI.

themselves with

repeat

Diospolis

Parva,

quantity

of

unmistakable

now been

topped pottery has

the

first

to

it.

Hu

the grave at

place,

tliis

black-

published

enable some opinion to be formed about

In

little

which

contained these cups did not form part of the

pan-grave Cemetery X, but was situated a long

way from
it

it

iu

another cemetery, E.*

hardly surprising that

is

exhibit pan-grave
xxxviii, which

PI.
Pis.

xxxix,

the

divergence

xl.

in

features.
illustrates

hatched bowls already

found

in this

known
knife.*

comparison of
grave, with

this

D.P.,

P.,

between

Therefore

contents do not

its

emphasize

will

them.

Besides

the

mentioned, there were

grave a pair of ivory objects

to be protectors for rams' horns,

now

and a

Such things are not found in the true

pan-graves, but are found again at

Kerma

in

as

from the neighbouring pan-graves were found

To

it

in

while the patterns of the hatched ware from the

A.S.N. Bullelin, no.

P.,

bowls of hatched ware not dissimilar from those

However,

C-group.^

as

light of further discoveries

serious,

from both Rifeh and Balabish.^

Reisner

Dr.

variation, nothing has yet been found quite like

the absence of burials of dogs and

differences,

topped cups and bowls were also classed by

and

each of which produced

sites,

Nubia these black-

true

would be bound to occur

as

comparatively few graves.

however,

from

are only

iu

and

Balabish, the presence of axes and wrist-guards

(bracers) at Balabish

AVhen found

with them.

D.P.,

p.

45 and

7, p. 3.

PI.

i.

There was also found a curious little nail-shaped

object of white material (with the knife and horn-protectors
5

on

PI.

suggest

xxxviii),

which

may have been

in the light

a lip-stud.

of our

cultural connection between this grave

graves,

we have

specimen we

Thus, to get actual

E2

and the pan-

to turn to this very rare object.

Hitherto

no such object has been reported from the other graves

which furnish the pottery, nor is any named in the
summary account of the work at Kerma.

COMPARATIVE SURVEY.

43

Nubia, just above the Third Cataract, whence

with inlay (from a

come

vase

immense quantity of cups and bowls

also an

of this very unmistakable ware, though whether

was

pottery

this

we

objects

unable

are

horn-protectors

duces large

with

are

unknown,

same

pots

these

plates,

at

be

will

it

2.

grave,
3.

Kerma

Hu, not
"

rare

noticed

further

Parva

of

pan-grave ware and classed as C-group,

They

2.

plates

are not found in

which

They

civilization.

pan-grave

pure

6.

diff'erent

also

by

7.

Wady

and the presumption,

therefore,

is

Now

not pan-grave.

tion

are

that,

though they have

many

inquiry

In

New Kingdom

the

Alaqi, in

in

p.

3.

A.S.N.

graves

C-group, and

from the

spo-

graves.

7, p. 3.)

Cemetery 113, where the

{A.S.N. Bull, no.

that

these delicate cups and their associated civiliza-

described

is

7,

group of graves containing these pots

was separate from the C-group graves.

been shown to belong to a very definite class of

objects,

has

record

{A.S.N. Bull, no.

{A.S.N. Bull, no.

They have already

their shapes.

where the pots are

7,

C-group, but no

radically in

graves by their exceptionally fine polish, by the

and

(Petrie,

p. 8.)

1907-1908, pp. 52-56.)

Kubban, in Cemetery 110.

in the pan-

ring of grey dividing the black from the red,

in a coffin

Dynasty.

Cemetery

The cemetery

also differentiate themselves

from the black-topped pottery found

deep

in

coffins

of

p. 51.)

XVIIth

the

YS

Cemetery

burials in

"

they came.

any of the other

the

illustrate

pan-grave Cemetery X, but

D.P.,

(P.,

p. 45.)

been published to show from which grave

occur at Abadiyeh only in this unique grave,

(P.,

11, with

xiii,

D.P., PL xxxviii,

Intermediate

classed as

beautiful bell-shaped black-topped cups, so often

called

in the

Shellal, in

these

that

62, PI.

Qurneh, Pis. xxii, xxviii,

5.

&c.

figure,

Qurneh, with an extended burial

Wady

Diospolis

the

to

4.

blue glaze

plate.)

(P.,

Egyptian

pits.

found

types

yet another place

of

E 2.

the

in

pro-

all

Gl,

same

?),

Abadiyeh, as already related, in an isolated

we

as

far

Again,

rather

Returning

Haifa.

so

ornaments and daggers,

fly

the

precisely

Reisner's

shawabti

pp.

ii,

8 of

fig.

should be pointed out

more remarkable.

the

say from

C.A.,

these

This makes the double connection

are aware.
all

it

with

Abadiyeh and Kerma, these

apart from

that,

to

Further,

brief reports.

found

actually

and

coffin

8.

shows

7, p. 10.)

AVady Haifa, with a contracted body showing the C-group type of burial with head

times occurred in

to the east,

and

shell-strip bracelets of

other horizons, they have only once been found

the pan-grave and C-group civilizations,

with distinctive pan-grave objects, namely, at

and a dagger and

Wady

New Kingdom

Haifa, where the grave containing

also produced
strips

for

some of the true pan-grave

bracelets."

dagger and

flies,

similar to those

also

It

Abydos,

P.,

9.

Kerma

in a

shaft

D.P., Pis. xxsix, xl

MacIver and Woolley,

to those

of

the

Pis.

in

li.

Hi, pp. 174, 175.)

Nubia,

in

great

quantities.

(Reisner, Boston Mus. Fine Arts Bull.,

from Kerma.
flared rims

xii, fig. 14.

A.Z., 1914, Taf 16,

fig.

10,

p. 37, no. 15.)

tomb with chambers,

These cemeteries at Kerma are of the greatest
interest, as they are quite un-Egyptian, and also

P.,

G.B., Pis. xxv, xxvi, or

unlike

in this volume.
-

Buhen,

produced the

and a grey band have been found at

similar

ornaments of the

Kerma burials. {MacIver and Woolley,

shell

which are not pan-grave, but

The thin black-topped cups with

1.

them

fly

Bulien, p. 175.

Survey.

the

ordinary

C-group of

the

Nubian

Here these flared black-topped cups,

G 2

BALABISH.

44

and

same pottery, were

of the

vessels

otlier

oval grave, also to the

burial in a circular or

found in such great quantities as to suggest that

employment

the other sporadic finds are finally referable to

for grinding paint, of red-polished vases with or

Though

this civilization.

at present

at least significant that so

without black tops, and of incised ware, though

the

two ages

the

pottery of

in shape, clay

many

people showed an appreciation for pre-dynastic

of the

and manufacture.

pottery, as

topped jjottery are once more found on

Nubian C-group people

found a dagger and

Buhen {A.Z., 1914,

flies

to

[A.Z., 1914, Taf.

iv, vi,

PL

grave

similar

to those of

and also knives

Taf. iv),

and objects seen

from

the

For here, at Kerma, once more are

site.

be rams' horn

Abadiyeh

at

those

(P.,

D.P.,

The knives from the two places

xxxviii).

not similar in type, but show that both

are

peoples used such implements.

All

these

are

things that are not found in pan-graves.

Thus

this

people

cups

with the flared rims and grey band would seem

be neither

to

seem

did

not find

cemetery.

it

is

not surprising that

these cups

in

few points which

their connection with

on

Egypt they would

to have been a little later than the pan-

grave people, hence

we

In

our pan-grave

may

Egypt have been

bear

Resemblances

Egypt

pottery, which died out in

pre-dynastic

age

the

in

in the later

common

till

the later period

Hu^;

reported from

in

in

now proceed with

pan-graves.

civilization,

the analysis

Apart from

pan-grave civilization
so far as

Egypt

affinities to
is

is

is

Middle Pre-dynastic Age.

The

2.

which

burial of beetles,^

is

of the

and

classes,

which belong to the

The Late Pre- and Proto-dynastic Age.

3.

something quite distinct

it

shows

the only one which can be said to be really

it,

and even here the connections

are mainly confined to the later phase

C-group period.

The pan-grave

of the

civilization has

a certain resemblance to that of the pre-dynastic

peoples, primarily

due to

its

In

the burial of large quantities of scented ointJiallus

ware

(W

and

pan -graves)

In the use of prepared animal-

it.

we can

various others, the C-group of Nubia

connected with

the

middle pre-dynastic age."

and pottery, the

While

In

a middle pre-dynastic

custom, and in a fondness for re-using pottery

of that of the

concerned.

an

of

this period in Nubia.*

use of contracted

XJV, and

See PI.

See the references on

'

P., D.P., p. 48.

l)ori-owed objects, such

as the X'oW-pots, tweezers, axes

use

unusual shape of pottery P3, which occurs at

to contain
this

of

the burial of

the

classes in the early times. Buff" in the

Having eliminated

made

use

little

manufactured amulets, which did not become

ment,^ and in the use of

p. 7.

grouped

are found to this age in the use of black-topped

on

set out

which the pan-grave

affinities

The Eai'ly Pre-dynastic Age.

1.

pan-grave people nor yet

the

ordinary C-group people.

also exhibited this taste.-

under the diflerent a^es and countries.

dogs,

the black-topped

of

The various

The

re-used.'

civilization exhibits are set out below,

protectors

12), similar to

These later

we found a specimen

objects already found elsewhere with this l)lack-

same

entirely

diff'ers

same graves,

objects were actually found in the

is

are not

whether the pots and the

in a position to say

it

we

and malachite, of palettes

of galena

D.

S.

.36

(P.,

N.B.,
it

is

41.

The

dynastic custom, for

same volume

p.

it is

p. 2G,

p. 9.

burial of dogs

was an early

pre-

reported from a grave datal)le to

no.

L'86),

reported with

and on

p.

13 of the

pottery (polished red

pottery with white cross-lines), which died out in early

pre-dynastic times.
*

A.S.N., 1907-08, PI. GO a, no.

'-

As

I."..

reported in P., J>.P., p. 48.

For the pre-dynastic

beetles, see p. 33 of the same volume.

For references, see

'

P., N.B., p. 11

p. 9.

Petrik, Tarkhau,

i,

p. 9,

Ac.

COMPARATIVE SURVEY.

The veneration

skulls/

may

of these

be

well

connected with that of another horned head of

this period,

i.e.,

the stag's head

At the

These

bowls

these

latest

Old

the

into

last

Kinsfdom.

The

sculptured on

the proto-dynastic Min-statue of Koptos."

45

peculiar pot

dynastic shape."

3 resembles a

It does

Nubian early

not actually seem to

same proto-dynastic statues exhibit yet another

be an Egyptian shape of this period, though

resemblance to the pan-graves in the large

would not be out of place among Egyptian

shells,

which are usually very rare in Egypt, but which

here

emblems on

sacred

cowries as ornaments resemble the early dynas-

Nubia,* and tho.se of Egypt in their use

ties of

They

imitation shells.^

of gold

and

The pan-graves,

three statues.^

all

the

fondness for small shells other than

their

in

among

conspicuously

figure

pottery.

resemble

also

liater

The Xllfh Dynasty.

4.

Xllth Dynasty.

in the

be found occasionally

Another

beads

They are

these

of

The fondness

of the hatched or bandaged

The shape corresponding

pattern."

Dynasty

may

The use

for shells."

and Mace, El Amrah and Ahydos,

naturally such shells

Several

pre- to proto-dynastic features are found again

P 3."

though

Xllth Dynasty

in the

in the Later Intermediate Period.'^

the pre-dynastic people in this respect (MacIver

p. 49),

found

it is

it

resemblance

to the

Xllth

the

to

bowl

to be found in the use of gold collar-

is

(p. 23).

at other periods.

The use of glazed

crystal

Passing to the different peoples and countries

probably another

is

whom

link with the pre- to proto-dynastic age, which

to

was the most

affinities,

flourishing period of the art.

The sandals of the pan-grave people have been

Narmer

seen to resemble those of the

more than any

palette

others.'^
fig.

pan-graves on the

is

used in the

not general

is

This

pottery.
in

Egypt,

but occurs mostly on proto-dynastic

Fig. 9.

of

notice

objects* and Middle Kingdom coffins.*

The bowl of type B 5 resembles in shape

pottery of the late pre- or proto-dynastic age.'"

Ancient Nuhia.

P.,

D.P., p. 48; P., B.T.,

ii,

4,

survived

where an ox

ii,

PL

skull is set

late, associated

iu

vii,

writing with

Sebek at Crocodilopolis in the

Fayum

representation see P., L.G.M., xxix), and

XlXth Dynasty

Tarlhan,

on a shrine.

the shrine of

(for
it

i,

This

a sculptured

appears in the

at Abydos, Caulfield,

The Temple of
the Kings at Abydos, PL vii.
For much information on
the whole subject of bucrania in Egypt see LEFiBURE,

Le Bucrdne,

Sphinx, x, pp. 67

fl".

Peteie, Koptos,

PL

iii,

1.

'

Peteie, Koptos,

PL

iii,

1, 2, 3.

A.S.N., 1907-08, volume of plates, p. 18,

R., N.B.,

PL

i.

Pis. 6, 7, p.

139

of.

in

Turah, PI. xlix,

b.

e.

also Petrie, Tarkhan,

.vxxv, 1619, xxxvi, 1819, xlii, 763, 797,

Friedhof

PL 66

To

times.

"

'

all

through

For references, see

See

C-group

in

extent such shells were

limited

p. 22.

p. 25.

Cf. seals,

QuiBELL, Hierahonpolis,
i,

PL

liii,

i,

PL

xv, 6

pottery,

14, 17, IS.

Lacau, Sarcophayi's, i, Pis. xvi, xxiv cf. P., G.B.,

In the XVIIIth Dynasty, it occurs on the
itc.
strange little wooden box otherwise decorated in Syrian (?)
^

PL

xxiv,

style; F., K.G.H., xviii, 31.

1"

PL

xli,

xlviii,

37 e

Cf. P., N.B.,

Tarkhan,

i,

PL

78 a; Abydos,
;

El Kab, PL

ii, PL Ixix, 21.

" A.S.N., 1907-08, PL 61a, 22;
PL 44 a, 1.

PL

32

x, 33, p. 19, xii, .52

i,

xxviii,

HierakonpoUs,

A.S.N.

1908-09,

QoiBELL, xcaw(//ons a/ (Sajjara, 1906-07, PL xxxix,

ii,

PL

xxxi, X 64.

'

For

references, see p. 17.

i-*

For

reference, see note

ii,

1438; Junker,

made

Ancient Nubia, where the

seems largely to have died out

it

'-

it

the Earfy Dynastic and B-group periods,'" though

P., C.A.,

use

laro[e

custom seems to have been common

Petrie, Abydos,
1

In the

bored for suspension the pan-grave

.shells

PL

shows

civilization

civilization resembles

variety of the pattern

pattern

1.

pan-grave

the

we

'^

'

above.

above.

'^

See note

1*=

A.S.N., 1907-08, volume of plates, p. 18, 66

e.

..

BALABISH.

46

used

also

Egyptian

the

in

proto-dynastic

Another connection
weaving of hair

be found in

to

is

elephant's

or

(giraffe's

which we found a specimen at Balabish

little

bag, PI. lY,

Kerma
2.

the
of

?),

in

the

which art was practised at

2,

in Kubia.-

and

of

In

Connections are to

Moya

ware

The use of small jugs

of black

should

to

be

referred

here,

though no doubt these were importations.

the

pan-graves

tions,

use

Nile,'

and

civiliza-

but mostly with the South and with the

pre- to proto-dynastic age.

and

probably to be seen in

is

p.

We now

come

to a di.scus.sion of the resem-

blances and differences observable between the

11).

It resembles the

modern

of clothins; of fine

leather

Sudan.

the

punctured

3.

to be connected with various ages

the braiding of the men's hair (see

in

bowl P

Senaar Province.^

the

in

Another resemblance

Modem

of the

of hatched

been found near Roseires on the Blue

also at Gebel

haljit

of decorating Ijones with paint, and in the shape

use

the

lip-stud

resemble this country, for these ornaments have

Sudan

Mediterranean Area.

Thus, then, this intrusive civilization seems

Sudan.

Ancient

pottery

3.

5.

be seen here in the use of bucrania," in the

period.^

pan-grave civilization and that to which

clearly allied,

C-group.

the

it

is

While there are

thongs, and modern Abyssinia in the probable

striking resemblances between the two, such as

braiding of the men's hair, and also the Negroids

the burial of animals' heads and horns, the use

of South Kordofan.*

a further resem-

of shell-strip bracelets, pierced leather work, &c.,

the

yet even here in such important details as the

of this

orientation of the body, burial of ashes, types

blance in
natives

the

use

elephant's

hair, for

bracelets

The probable

to-day.

man's hair

of

is

Sudan make

of the

material

There

plaiting

the pan-grave people

])y

of

resembles

profound.

It is clear

differences are

from the evidence of the

great C-group cemetery no. 101^' that the latest

the usage of Abyssinia.^

4.

and decoration of the pottery, the

Ancient Libyans.

It

resembles these people

phase of the C-group civilization

is

in the

main

red-dyed leather garments" and

the same as that of the pan-graves of Egypt.

The dressing of
and plaits hy the Libyans

This last therefore differs to the same extent

resembles the probable plaiting of a man's hair

possible the differences between

in the use of

of

fringed leather costumes."

the hair in ridges

(?)

from

So

tlie earlier

far as is

phases of the C-group culture.

in the pan-graves/

and the decoration of the

the pan-graves and

cross-bands of the

Libyans seems to imply a

specified

connection with the shell-strip bracelets of the

1

tlie earlier

and discussed

C-group are here

Graves.

pan-grave people."

The pan-graves have no

The earlier C-group has
For references, see note
37, no.

'"

on

p. 45.

A.Z., 1914,

p.

Wkllcome,

Bi'pnrt Brit. Ass., 1912, p. 617.

Kindly

9.

communicated

by

Dr.

2.

Seligmaun.

I'or

Orientation.

The pan-graves

Abyssinia, seep. 11.

face to

For

"

N., B.ll.,

references, see p.

Libyans, as

is

i,

Herodotus,

'

For

iv,

orient with head

xlv,

N.

W.

if

these

figures

actually

are

The

earlier

face

to

C-group with head to E. and

N. {A.S.N., 1909-10,

189.

references, see p. 1

For references, see

to

1 1

usually supposed.

'

PI.

a cairn or super-

structure (^..S..V., 1909-10, pp. 13, 14).

'

superstructure.

p. 20.

'

P.,

'1

A.S.N., 1909-10, pp. 138-140.

D.P., p. 20.

p.

13,

COMPARATIVE SURVEY.
though

change started

this

pan-grave times,
3.

in

pre-

{//)

47

Forms.

p. 15, no. 3).

While

convex

Ashes.

1909-10, pp. 18,

are

shaped

bowls

(as

B 7, H4,

the

common

sides

XIV)

PI.

The pan-graves never deposit ashes.

The earlier C-group deposits ashes (u4.S'.A^.

gourd

the

with

H5

on

shape in

common

the C-group, they are not very

in the pan-graves.

19).

The straight-sided bowls, on the other

4.

The pottery of the pan-graves shows many

differences from that of the C-group.

[a)

very

even

rare

graves,

Our pan-grave pottery of each of the

P, B and H classes was singularly
from

chopped straw, and

remarkable for

its

of the walls

beinsf

very

we understand

is

peculiar to the later C-group, since

Classes

admixture of

common

come

which

to Class XI,

The

considerable

pottery

and the shapes of which* correspond

described

brown

" thin

as

and

red

polished

pottery,

and

it

is

found are of tha

It is

in the pan-graves."

which
(PI.

is

common

XIV, B4,

in the pan-

5, 6), is rare in

no doubt

It

made

the

in

pan-

or

latest

grave phase.

it

black,

Hence

ware.""

C-group

is

another introduction to the C-group

is

belong to the later C-group period,^

with our pan-grave bowls, we find

in

the unclassified C-group.-'^

stated to

is

collar,

graves"

But when we

"

tibn."

rare

3)

age and similar to our own."

late classes/ are described as " of fairly

"a

B 3, H 2,

bowls on which

aright, this thinness

thick ware," showing

on types

the latest or pan-grave phase, as the

which are not named as

I, II,

late

commonest*

the

seems only to have been introduced in

thickness, but varying from 2 to 4

If

unclassified

(as

The moulding

was

mm. in
mm.

are

pan-grave types.

thinness, the majority

about

the

in

may come from

one of

are

Hi, which

2,

1,

C-group,^ and so

Qualiti/.

free

hand, such as

it

' A.S.N., 1907-08, figs. 37, no. 3, 99, no. 8.

There are
none in the plates or in A.S.N. 1908-09, and only the
three of A.S.N., 1909-10, PI. 32, b, 1, 2, 3, which are now
,

appears

that

the

thinness

of

the

pottery differentiates the later C-group

(i.e.

the

pan-grave

age)

from

the

earlier.^

known

to belong to the pan-grave or very latest division of

the C-group civilization.

A.S.N., 1909-10,

Bull., no. 6, A.S.N., p. 3,

iii.

P.,

D.P., PI.

(2 specimens)
'

A.S.N. Bull., no.

"thick black-topped

Cf. Reisaer's description of

6, p. 3.

bowls,"

which

continue from

B-group into the C-group, A.S.N., 1907-08,

chopped straw; A.S.N., 1908-09,

I.e.,

A.S.N. Bull., no.

'

the

p. 333, 3.

no.

cf.

A.S.N., 1909-10, p. 19, Class

Softness and thickness

is

A.S.N.,

16, 36,
Pis.

78,

36, 29, 67,

1,

7,

xxv, 27-40, xxvi, 74-80,

1909-10, pp. 18,

19, type xi, PI.

32,

b3;

6, p. 3.

Besides our drawings here referred

our PI.

XIV, h

PI. xxxix,
1,

47,

49,

53,

48, PI. xl,

54,

56;

36 twice

xxvi,

P.,

82, 84,

to, see P.,

D.P.,

G.B., PI. xxv, 46,

101,

86,

102,

114,

116, 117.
xi.
11

See also

12

A.S.N., 1907-08,

said to be a characteristic of

another of the wares, the black incised, of the C-gi-oup

of the pre - pan-grave age.
A.S.N., 1909-10,

p, 15, no. 4.

17,

G.B.,

p. 19, no. 1.

3,3.

pottery

A.S.N. Bull., no.

iii.

A.S.N., 1909-10, PI. 32, b, 1-3

xl,

P.,

type xi

96, 97.

'"

6, p. 3,

p. 19,

P., G.B.,

xxv, 48, xxvi, 98.

fig.

37, nos. 4,

11

fig.

There are none in the plates nor yet in those

Bejiorts for 1908-09 and 1909-10.

118, no. 3.

of the

A.S.N.

BALABISH.

48

Decoration.

(c)

and the hatched spaces arc

surface,

part of the bowl

ceptions,

D.P.,

P.,

xL,

V\.

the

in

pan-grave classes the decorated area

and

;^)G,

plain

Ijy

hand,

other

the

('n

areas,

(with only two ex-

'

one from another

divided

The pau-graves decorate only the upper

is

never broken up by plain spaces, and

probably the similarly decoi'ated vase,

with a single exception

C-group decorates the whole surface"

a portion of the pot

only.

{A.S.N. Bull.,

Classes

parison of the pan-grave pottery plates

A.S.N., 1907-08, PI. 61 b;

with the C-group plates'' will bring

H3,

type

II, III, cf.

A.S.N.

46 d;

PI.

no.

G,

1908-09,

A.S.N.,

The

XIV).

PI.

4,

p.

39

PI.

earlier

PL

f,

1909-10,

Pis.

40,

out the difference.

29,

common C-group

is

By

design

confined to

com-

most

far the
is

what might

be called a strap pattern, consisting as

31, 31).

The arrangement

on the pan-grave pottery

from

different

it

of the hatched patterns

on

that

the

this

has yet been found in the pan-graves.

great

In the diamond pattern

Though

majority of the C-group pots.

Nothing approaching

ornament.

totally

is

does of narrow bands of this hatched

the pan-grave

here again the late C-group in Classes

approaches the C-group most nearly,

XI, XII, varies from the early classes

yet even here the difference

and

resembles

study of the

great,

spaces,

great collection of pot-

published

sherds

pan-graves.

the

WeigalP

by

convince the reader of the

rare

will

is

the

to

very
plain

The

but also to the grouping.^

C-group variation of turning the

diamond sideways"

complete

between the Nubian hatched

difference

owing

largely

is

entirely lacking

in the pan-grave pottery.

In this use

when applied

ware and that of the pan-graves.

The

of plain spaces, especially

C-group Classes

and

to a thick soft black polished ware, the

earlier

many

III,*

II,

C-group

specimens in the plates of the

reports

decorated

are

over

all

is

reminiscent

of

the

pre-

dynastic pottery,^" but this similarity

the

does not extend to the pan-graves.

1

It

may put

D.P., PI.

P.,

a pattern on the bottom of the bowl

-xl,

The

25, p. 47.

same, A.S.N., 1909-10, PI. 35,

on
of

p. 3, ^..S'.iV".

latest

d,

and

p.

'

'

The tendency

to drop

the

decoration

surface and to confine attention to the rim

what

pottery

is
is

called the later C-group,

fig.

187;

p.

134,

188,

fig.

p.

p. 131,

135,

decoration has become reduced to a

from the base to the

again,
fig.

still

fig.

seen at work

fig.

169, 4,

its

Here on some
fig.

180;

195,

1,

&c.), the

few lines radiating

Then

p. 118, fig. 138,

<S:c.),

5; p. 119,
even this decoration

has disappeared, and only the strongly marked decoration

of the
^

brim

is left.

Antiquities of

MacIver and WooLLEY,

<

d; A.S.N., 1909-10,

A.S.N. Bull, no.

Pis. Ixxvi to xciv

Areika, Pis. 10, 11, 12.

6, p. 4.

cf.

also

A.S.N, 1908-09,

PI. 39,

f,

Pis. 29, 30, 31.

XIV, H 3 P., D.P., xl, 36 P., G.B., xxvi,

and compare with A.S.N, 1907-08, PI. 61, b, 1,
A.S.N, 1908-09, PL 39, f, 2, 3, PI. 40, a, 1, 2, 3, 6,
46, d, 4; A.S.N, 1909-10, PI. 29, b, 5, c, 4, 6, 7,
See PI.

PI.

PI. 30, b, 1.

A.S.N, 1907-08,

3, PI.

A.S.N, 1908-09,
A.S.N, 1909-1910,

PI. 61, b, 6

10, a, 1, PI. 46, d, 4

PI. 39,

PI. 29,

PI. 30, a, 2, 3, b, 4, 5, 8, PI. 31,

a, 2, 6, b, 2, 3, 4, c, 1, 3,

a, 2, 5, b, 1, 5.

A.S.N, 1908-09,

PI. 39,

f,

A.S.N, 1909-10,

PI. 39,

figs. 1, 2, 6.
'

Compare

the

1908-09, PI. 40,

Lower Nubia,

36, p. 47.

105, 114,

p. 133,

heavily decorated rim.

on other bowls (such as

143. 6; p. 127,

is

whole

which to judge by

not as late as the pan-graves.

bowls (such as A.S.N., 1909-10,

the

of

xl,

A.S.N., 1907-08, PI. 61, b

40, 46,

C-group graves.
-

in

the later type

D.P., PI.

P.,

18, fig. xi, said,

to belong to

Bull., no. 6,

also,

C-group does the

patterns

A, 2, 6,

rectangular arrangement of

1907-08,
with

P.,

fig.

118, no. 17

N.B., xxx,

6,

of

such

bowls

as

A.S.N.,

withP., N.B., xxx, 24, 26, 28

A.S.N, 1908-09,

and so

the

the incised bands of A.S.N,

on.

fig.

29, no. 330,

49

COMPARATIVE SURVEY.
The white
on

common

though

bowls,

and

craves,

is

of the ornamental shells

are cowries with the backs cut

pan-

C-group, does not occur in the

the

Further, in

with.^

many

C-group

the

in

met

rarely

of the incised patterns

filling

off,

form not found in the pan-graves.

not said to occur in the

late C-group.^

The

Yet other

and green painted

red, yellow, Ijlue

and

X^

are

entirely lacking in the pan-graves,

and

of the C-group Class

details

are presumably absent from

earlier

in the

Presence in the pan-graves of

the late

C-group.
of impressed triangles in

The ornament

entirely lacking

various groupings^

is

in the pan-graves,

and

its

place in the pan-grave pottery

(see types

PL XII,

pre-dynastic age

but not in
once

more

connects

with,

while

its

divides

PL

the

Cords

pre-dynastic

the

2, 3.

III, 2, no. 11.

PL IV,
Type 3.

PL XIII,

334,

34;

7.

AoW-shells.

than

other

shells

p.

2.

18, p.

17,

16,

A.S.N., 1907-08,

Large

20.

f, p.

of elephant's hair.

Palettes.
cf.

1, 2.

G.R., PL x,

P.,

Tiny blue glaze beads.

E.,

(J-group

the

D.P.,

P.,

14.

PL XIII.

axes."

Ket bag

clay,

its

2.
p.

PL XII, 1,
PL
Bow-strings (?).

Its presence

absence

from,

pan-graves

in

shapes.

its

ointment.^

Bracers.

coarse,

of the

PL VII,

(?).

Arrows.

3, 4).

evidently resembles the rough ware,

G.R.,

P.,

5.

X, F, p. 20.

Copper

smooth, red pottery bound

with chopped straw* has never been
found in the pan-graves. This ware

The

6, 7, 8.

p. 47.

is

taken by the rows of pit marks at the

brim

Horn
PL

Scented

Perhaps

absent from the late C-group.

PI-

bracelets.

XII,

Hornstrigils(?).

Lip-stud

presumably

is

between the pan-grave

C-group civilizations will be found
differences

II, 2.

PL X.

of plaited leather.

(?)

PL X,

Fringed leather.

P.,

1.

G.R.,

civilization.
p. 20.

The use

bored for suspension

of shells

Beads sewn

and otherwise by the pan-grave people

connects them with the C-group people,
while the

much
from

latter,

in

are comparatively

shells

6,

A.S.N.,

1908-09, PI. 39,

f,

A.S.N., 1907-08,

a, 2, 6, c, 3, 5, 6,

PL

Pis. 29,30, 31, 32, c

*

A.S.N., 1908-09,

Class IV.

PL

PI.

6i, b,

46, d,

Weigall,

Lower Nubia, Frontispiece and

3

39, 40.

1,

.3;

See also

Antiquities

of

47,

of

all

A.S.N., 1908-09, PI. 40,

5

F, for

2,* p. 5.

See

type.

A.S.N., 1909-10,

and A.S.N., 1909-10,

p.

18,

&.c.

the C-group material

is

now

published only

See A.S.N, 1908-09,

reported.

p. 107,

no. 103.

A single stone

A.S.N. Bull, no. 6, Classes Ia, II, III.

PL

Out

one possible case

A.

2, 3,

and

p. 20.

AS.N., 1907-08, p. 54, no. 183; A.S.N, 1908-09,

A.S.N, 1909-10, p. 110, no. 51, p. 113.

pp. 3, 5.

A.S.N., 1909-10, pp. 15, 19, Pis.

G.R.,

p. 56, no. 6, &c.;

"

A.S.N. Bull., no.

figs.

G.R., PL X,

no. 8, p. 114, no. 13,

'

P.,

2.

leather.

whose
=

graves such

XI,

seams of

them

diflerentiates

the

1,

Mats of types

of
P.,

them by the former

strongly

made

greater use

X,

Pis.

into the

p.

axe-head

is

reported by A.S.N, 1909-10,

134, no. 412.

*

Mats

of these types are not indicated in the A.S.N.

publications, whereas others are.

next

section, dealing

craves.

For references

see the

with the classes absent from the pan-

50

BALABISH.

Absence from the pan-gravos of:

Button

A.S.X., 1907-08, PL 71

seals.

1908-09,

nos. 14, 15, IG, 36;

nos.

30,

32,

1909-10,

33,

36

PI.

Finger rings.

233.
p.

66 b, no. 45, 46

Feather fan (?).

1908-09,

39

PI.

c,

1908-09, PL 39

p.

p.

195,

Steatopygous

PI.

no.

81,

p.

226.

C-group at Faras

65 d,

2,

4.

161,

28;

no.

PL

be published
to

56, 6

Shell

1907-08,

1908-09,

p.

e,

PL 66

e,

Diagonally

p.

84,

p.

p.

no. 423, &c.

Among

no.

and

310,

A.S.N.,

PL XVI,

p.

58. no. 108, p. 60, no. 121,

Also from the C-group

1.

by

PL

ear-rings.

VII,

A.S.N.

1.

bound

Types,

l)lack glaze beads.

184,

1907-08,

PL 70

no.

p.

137,

no.

55,

1, 8.

no.

b,

1,

185,

164,

matting.

73,

no.s.

186,

no.

1909-10,

rushes.

Carnelian

spheroid

Carnelian

223,

p.

p. 17.

A.S.N., 1907-08,

267, no. 257, &c.

barrel

1908-09,

p. 84, no. 261.

beads

PL

III,

1.

P.,

Type

p.

glazed

12.

b, 17.

Type
161,

blue.

21.

25

no.

Type

5.

p. 162, no. 41.

Burial of animals' skulls and horns, which

are often painted.

b,

beads.

1907-08,

A.S.N, 1907-08,

PL VIII.
17; 1908-

24,

beads.

A.S.N.,

Crystal

other resemblances will be found

Type

beads.

A.S.N, 1907-08, PL 70

165,

85, p.

collar

A.S.N, 1907-08, PL 70
09, PL 56, 3.

b, 2.

A.S.N.

159,

in

string 8, PI. VIII.

A.S.N., 1907-

1908-09, PL 37

woven

p.

86,

15

b,

no.

p.

213.

109,

The arrangement pf these beads shown

Gold

1907-08,

of

p.

187, &c.

A.S.N., 1907-08,

1908-09,

PL 70

and

A.S.N,

85,

1909-10, PL 37

Objects, called l)uttons(?).

Mat

105,

often.

08,

no.

58,

1907-08, PL 70b, G, 8'; 1908-09,

PL 37 b, 7, 8, p. 84. no. 312.
Kohl.
As evidenced by the kohl-])ots in
PL XIII, 12, 13, 14 A.S.N, 1909-10,

often.

Split cowries.

7;

224. no. 428, &c.

p.

Faras, to be published shortly

Penannular

from the

A.S.N.,

beads.

(?)

no. 331,

and

A5.A'., 1907-08,

1.

p. 17.

Porphyry

2,

6,

the Oxford Expedition to Nubia.

Nubia.

p.

p.

p. 64, no.

at

a, d, 1, 2.

piece
to

is

334, no.

p.

1908-09,

by the Oxford Expedition

shortly

Pis. VII, 4,

copper.

or

Black feathers.

117,

A.S.N., 1908-09, PL 39 d,

cloth.

130,

p.

nos. 507, 520, &c.

A.S.N.,

dolls.

PL 39 a. b; 1909-10, PL 87
Bead

1908-09,

1909-10,

75;

268, no. 277,

1908-9,

but perhaps

1909-10, PL 37c,

c;

428

p. 224, no.

PLIV,

1908-09,

A.S.K, 1907-08,

Mirrors.

A.S.N., 1907-08,

A.S.N., 1907-08,

1.

FlintHakos.

164, no. 85.

?, p.

139, no. 434.

ji.

PL XVII, 182,

p. 188, no. 7, p. 224, no. 426, &c.

A.S.N. 1907-08,

A.S.N., 1909-10, p. 17,

no. Ill,

no.

Awls of bone

19,

p.

early Dynastic, not C-group.

Dagger.

119,

IV.

A.S.N., 1907-08,

1908-09,

45

P., X>.P., p.

188, no. 4

p.

83,

&c.

e,

20; A.S.N., 1909-

p.

Deposits without buriaL

b,

14;

p.

a.B.,

1\.

nos. 265, 266.

True needles with eyes.

no. 5;

a,

often.

39

1, 4, PI.

PI.

no.

46;

10, p. 17, &c.

nos. 17, 18, 20.

e,

A.S.N.,

pots.

no.

p. 160,

34,

42

PI.

A.S.N., 1908-09,

and

no. 225,

Model

p.

D.P.,

'

Not

the lonj^ object uuder wliicli

the small penauuulur ring alongside

it.

is

the figure

8,

but

COMPARATIVE SURVEY.
Glazed cylinder beads.

1907-08,

70

PI.

b,

Type

PI. Ill, 3.

p. 132, no. 361,

and

A.S.N.

bowl instead of the whole, nor the disuse of the

often.

white

Noticeable absence of amulets, except for

few small ones.

very

A.S.JV., 1907-08, p. 338,

Tortoise-shell

XII,

bracelets.

PL

VIII.

Ill,

2,

8.^

Pis.

no. 419, p. 83, no. 235, &c.,

2,

82,

p.

but types

not stated.
Sandals.

all

of which

Nor

^.aS'.^\':,

1908-09,

no. 383, p. 83, no. 235, p. 178,

no. 102, &c., but types not stated.

Leather (occasionally dyed

A.S.N., 190a-09,

p.

red),

p. 26.

and

84, no. 249,

Pis.

IV,

X,

2,

2.

A.S.N., 1908-09, p. 60, no. 121.

such as

foregoing

tabulation

of

to

how

intimately the pan-

graves are connected with the C-group of Nubia.

that even here, unmistakable
is,

maintains

its

not

the

as

our intrusive pan-grave civilization

isolation,

great

But

with Egypt.

due
after

tible of

such simple explanations, there remain

yet a number which

cannot

be

so

treated.

increasing poverty would not

so,

Type IV

and the relationship

is

the people to

Neither would il^lead

its use.

replace the

thicker

finer equality of thin stone-hard

rather

the

Poverty

tend

would

cause

hardly

clays

ware

opposite

the

in

smooth

would the rather

it

yet

account for the

the

it

by a
would

direction.

people

to

abandon the old shapes of pottery and adopt

new

ones, such as straight-sided bowls, or bowls

with a moulding, or a

collar,

nor yet would

it

close.

cause
It is evident that the

Egypt

pan-grave civilization of
create

is

them
a

(strigils?),

the

C-group

But

civilization.

here the parallel ceases, for the divergence from

the earlier C-group

is

profound, and seems too

complete to allow of explanation, on the hypothesis

either

of

increasing poverty.

development

We

will

of

merely

not here include

such a change as that of the orientation of the

burials,

as this

earlier

seems to have occurred durine

phase of the C!-group age, and so

may

nor

for

numbers

curved

even

of shells, nor

horn

implements

Nor yet

lip-studs.

for

to discontinue the making of

would it lead them

mats of a diagonal weave or of bound rushes, and
to substitute those of our types 1 and 2 (see
5).

p.

or

to use large

desire

practically identical with that of the

latest phase of

an

of

ointment or the use of

contact

increased

to

tend to increase
the

some conclusion as

connection

burial

disuse of the worse quality pottery, the

resemblances and differences we are able to form

find

the

Other

causes.

bows and arrows, might be discounted as

coarse red ware.

of

upon

rely

disuse of finger rings,

the

which might be due to the same

again,

we

yet, again, will

such a change as

changes,

to poverty or

Though contact with Egypt might do

Pierced leather work.

We

might be due

eliminating these differences which are suscep-

often.

By means

of polychrome

painting

the

of

quantities of scented

IX.

PI.

p. 82,

continuance
ware,

patterns^ nor the dis-

filling for incised

degeneracy.

A.S.K, 1908-09,

10.

Nor yet do we include

be due to development.

the ornamentation of only a small portion of the

.3.

Shell-strip bracelets.

1909-10,

A.S.N.,

10.

51

Contact with Egypt could not have

done these things, as contemporary Egypt does

not appear to have had the
Therefore

new

we cannot look

classes to give.

to development, or

degradation, or contact with Egypt, to account

for

more than a few of

these changes which took

place in the C-group civilization in its latest or

This, however, is difficult to reconcile with the statement on p. 335, no. 8, which can only be comparative and

pan-grave phase.

mean that

bered that at the time

pan-graves.

small

amulets are not unknown as

in

the

place there

was a

must be remem-

Moreover,

it

when
movement

these changes took

of the people from

BALABISH.

52

Nubia

South Egypt, aud

to

44) that mingled

(p.

has been shown

it

them were

with

few

representatives of a difterent civilization, that of

cups with flared rims and a

the black-topped

Now

two of the differences between the pan-

and the

grave

were

by the former, of woven

use,

hair

(?)

C-group peoples

earlier

found to be the
elephant's

and

These sug-

lip-studs.

connections with the Sudan, while

gested

seeking to trace, as

among

those differentiating the pan-graves from

the earlier C-group.

few forerunners

grey band.

lip-stud also formed a

the

between the pan-

link

grave people and those of the civilization of the

black-topped cups with a grey band and Hared

we know

first

discoverers pan-grave in

Egypt and

C-gi*oup

then

can contact with this people have

arises,

Nubia.

in

The question

been accountable for any part of the extreme

between the

difference

earlier

C-group and

derivative the pan-grave civilization

Unfortunately at

this

we can give no
question, for we are not

answer to the

yet in a position to judge of the movements, or

or the details of

influence,

and

race,

it

is

the

civilization

would be the more rash

and

as formidable differences are encountered

lirought to light at

the civilization recently

Kerma, and we already know

woven

tot*have used

it

is

hair (giraffe's

have used small hard-stone

?),

palettes,

and

to

have

to

the two

in this case

civilizations,

consideration

in

which

far

ourselves with drawing

made pottery remarkable

to the above coincidences,

some of its

bowls,^

sides to

many

and

for

Here, then, wc have

of them.^

what the C-group sandal was

from comparing

it

shown themselves

and

at the rim of

have given straighter

to

A.Z., 1914, p. 37, nos. 9, 11, 13,

thinness

its

moulding

u.sed a

We

1.5.

we

like, so

si.v

are not told

the toe

fig.

9;

beyond
-

The

better,

We

can, however, point

Boston Bulletin,

(A.Z., 1914, PI. v,

no. 69,

fig.

29),

Boston Mnseiim of Fine Arts Bulletin, xU, no. 69,

bowl on the

graph and the

first

lower photograph
^

Kerma

though

this the resemblance does not go.

first

Had we

We

any

there-

attention

and await with eagerthrow

ness

any further information which

light

upon the suggested connection between the

will

Kerma race and some of the points which go

to make up the difference between the earlier
C-group and the pan-grave

civilizations.

with the pan-gi-ave types, which have

to be unusual.

found again at

is

much

are prevented

out that the very unusual arrangement requiring two holes

at

between

require

definite conclusions can be reached.

fore content

have

will

fuller light before

manufactured thongs of woven leather, to have

quality,^ to

of

never safe to prophesy.

Prophecy

This

its

present

that of the black-topped cups with a grey band

flared rim.

that a

were so

civilization

been called by the

C-group people, which

undoubtedly related to

this

with our people as to have

definite

is

Further,

of

closely associated

At about the period of the pan-grave

civilization, we know there was another important civilization in the Sudan not far from the
rim.

we are
they have been shown to be

of the characteristics the origin of which

left of

fig.

14.

the third row of the top photo-

bowl on the

e.\hil)it this

left of

the third row of the

feature.

cared to .speculate further

suggested that the shape of the pan-grave bowls with the

slightly flared rims,

which we had supposed to be a variety

was a crude reminiscence of the

of the straight-sided ones,

shape of the beautiful black-topped cups with the flared

rims .so distinctive of the Kerma civilization. See P., D.P.,
PI. xl, 16, 1, 36,

1907-08,
last of

fig.

these

29;

P., G.B.,

37, no. 3, p.
is

53;

PL

fig.

seems, this .shape

is

The

than the pan-grave age. If, as it

very rare in C-group times, this need

earlier

we might have* only represent the

xxvi, 86, 117; A.S.N.,

99, no. 8, p. 1.56.

earliest contact.

53

i.

CHAPTER

VIII.

OBJECTS FROM THE NEW KINGDOM CEMETERY.

Plates

The position and appearance

Kingdom Cemetery have been
Chapter

Unfortunately

I.

New

the

of

described

had

it

XVIII-XXV.

been

in

seen at the upper edge of the top picture and at

so

the lower edge of the bottom picture.

completely worked out Ixjth by the Government

and by native plunderers that only a very small

area

small

From

the

hardly to

be

left

to

be excavated.

left

to

us

portion was

it

was

This secondary coarse stitching will be clearly

pictures

same

show the upper and lower

be seen that the clump

out

under

side of the

In the lower picture

stitches.

the

is

will also

it

so arranged as to run

ankle-straps

them

The two

and

so

form a

too.

expected that results of great scientific value

We were, however, forwould be obtained.

protection for

tunate in obtaining a large number of objects of

of a toe-strap, which passes through all the thick-

striking

and

description

unusual

of

types,

must here be

some

which

The sandal was fastened to the foot by means

nesses of the sandal, and
a

given.

1,

a sandal of the ordinary

views of

New Kingdom

upper view shows the

The

Two

170.

lower shows the same sandal tilted on to

to

show both

sole

the lower

is

so tilted that

ankle-strap in the

its

side

In this second

and edge.

photograph the sandal

type.

and the

surface,

first

what was

picture

has

become the upper in the second. The sandal is

quite different from those of the pan-graves, for
it is

made by sewing together

three thicknesses

of leather with very fine neat stitching.

This

is

well seen in the top picture, especially near the

toe.

It will Ije noticed in the

this fine stitchery does

not pass through to the

under side of the sandal.

cut from these pieces of

round with
these

strips

thicknesses

lower picture that

The ankle-straps are

leather, and are bound

of red-dyed

leather.

have been sewn together to

form the body of the sandal, an extra

clump has been sewn on with large
stitches

After

passing right through to the

sole or

secured

the lower photograph.

The

is

toe-strap

and from a study of various drawings

and models must have ended in a loop on the
Here it was met ])y a thong coming
instep.

is

dyed

red,

from the ankle-straps and passing through the

In the New Kingdom this latter thong
loop.
does not pass round behind the ankle, but is
fastened down to the sandal, as appears to be

Our specimen is elongated into

an elegant pointed toe. Thus in every way it
the case here.

from the

differs

earlier

type, which

square-toed or rounded at the toe

a

sinsle

thickness

of leather;

and

is

is

either

made

of

generally,

though not always, has the ankle-strap passing

rieht

round behind the heel instead of being

fastened to the sole.^

A
is

single pot

figured on PI.

was found with the sandal. It

XXIII, no. 1. The grave was

2-40 X -80 and 1-40 mm. deep. There

were no chambers, Ijut on the western side

a shaft

coarse
surface.

means of

l)y

The knot

knot tied under the clump.

visible in

Plate XVIII, no.

is

See above, pp. 24

ff.

BALABISH.

54

there was

The long

niche.

north

axis ran

Rekhmire,' a

we

Here, however,

and south.

than our specimen.

earlier

little

are

with a

dealing

still

protector and not with the uppers of a shoe, as

Plate XVIII, no. 2,

The forepart

15.

of an

extremely interesting sandal, the sole of which

made

is

one, of three thick-

like the previous

there

between the

space

is

and

sole

the

broadened strap, which has not yet been stitched

down

to

in our example.

as

it

In these

all

nesses of leather stitched together, an extra sole

along the upper edge of the protector a row of

clump having been added underneath. The

guard to the ankle-strap which comes from the

found at Balabish.

or

clump

seen at the lower side of the sandal.

is

up over the place whence the ankleThe sandal was

strap has been broken off.
It curls

by a toe-strap which passed into the

The special interest, however, lies in the
that, in spite of this complete and usual

secured
sole.

fact

apparatus

fastening on the sandal, uppers

for

have been added, and have been laced together

with

four

One

laces.

remains and

quite

is

with

half

the

laces

in the illustration,

visil.)le

but although the other has entirely disappeared

its

presence

suggested

is

stitches on the upper

thing

now

the two remaining

Ity

side,

which fastened some-

to

not yet been

that with

realised

the

it

has

use

of keeping

all

form of broadened
Three

strap.

were found here, inscribed

iishnhtis

in

They were (juite

roughly moulded in pottery and washed over
The pottery is
with a greenish-grey mud wash.
shown on the same plate, nos. 3, 4, 5. Both
hieratic as

on

PI.

XXIII,

no. 2.

the pilgrim flasks are red polished.

The grave was a shaft, 2-90 x 1'20 m., and

2 '40 m. deep.
The long axis ran north and
south,

and there was

heel

Unfor-

on the foot-gear.
not preserved,

is

to

show

round, as the! remains of the stitching

would rather seem

The

indicate.

to

Plate

XIX,

a niche on the east side,

no.

1.

strange vessel of the

brown ware

Egyptian hard

ordinary

whether the shoe was open at the back or was

closed

not

laces,

Along with the sandals

ours.

like

laces as

Rekhmire,

in

Rekhmire are others showing the more usual

of

uppers the toe-strap has become superfluous as a

the

merely four

transition

and

the shoe,

from the simple sandal

tunately

The sandal

shows quite a number of

however,

of

no doubt the ends of the

seen,

is

but no chamber.

lost.

Here then we actually have the

means

dots

has been broken off at the bottom.

solid

in itself.

It

The base

is

is

complete

pair of cones have been

moulded

hence, as a receptacle, the vase

on to the side

than half-way up,

less

right-hand one has been broken

idea of

putting on an upper no donlit arose from the

the

of

period, washed over with a coat of dull red.

pierced through, so that

if

off.

l)ut

tlic

They

the vessel were

are

filled

with water two streams would have spurted out.

custom of broadening the strap or of inserting a

protector

the

over

This custom

is

as

instej)

old

as

to

prevent chafing.

the

first

Egyptian

Dynasty, for Narmer's sandals are shown with a

very broad piece for this purpose.^
seen from
of

head

less

in

be

XIX,

no.

2.

From group B

of which will be found on

important
question

find,

as

to

as

the

it

PI.

sets

use

to

XXV.
at

rest

66, the rest

This

is

an

the vexed

which the small

time to time tliroughout tlie length

penannular rings of

glass, alabaster, carnelian,

but

gold, &c., were pul.

Tlicy arc often dcscriboil

Egyptian

much

It is to

Plate

civilization,

generally

exawwrated form.
the

great

sandals

It
iti

comes
Ihc

in

to

tomb of

'i

Newberry, Life of Eekhmara,

PI. xvii, third register

from the top and third row of sandals from the top.
more usual hroadenin;:; of tlio strap is seen in the
'

See

fig.

7 on

p. 24.

sandals in the plate.

The
nthcir

NEW KINGDOM
as " hair riugs,"

place in the

hut here oue of them

of the ear.

lol)e

seen in

is

It also appears to

have been passed through a hole

not to have been merely nipped on.

and
The form

of the ear

it.

in the skin,

just distinguishable above

is

This

OBJECTS.

No. 57

55

a vase of the ordinary (/ulleh ware,

is

of a yellowish-white colour, and bears Syrianizing

decorations

and purplish

black

in

The

red.

technique of painting pottery with a purplish

red line l^etween two black ones

is interestins:,

in

ring was of hard opaque white stone (chalcedony ?).

that

In the other ear at the time of discovery there

and Sivas in North-East Asia Minor,^ and at

Gezer and liachish in South Palestine.*
The

were two more

of these, one

specimens similarly arranged

was of the same white

stone, while

the other was of carnelian.

The

No. 56

interesting.

figure

made

vase
of

is

fine

large

quality

XXV)

(PI.

the form of a

in

portion
bird.

and

was
of

was

It

I)^

clay,

as

was the Decorated pottery of the middle pre-

As

dynastic age.

in the latter, the decoration

has been put on with red paint.

men had been

begin

to

slightly

common

Bird vases are most

pre-dynastic age.^

bronze

(early

yellow
in

common

xxxvii,

1, 2, 7,

known from

are

Palestine.^

white.

Egypt

the

in

the second

in

(copper?) age)

(de Morgan, Delegation en Perse,

9,

or

Bird vases, along with others

in animal form, are quite

period

This speci-

fired sutiicieutly for the surface

turn

to

xxxviii, 2,

11,

The subject

clay

to that

will be

whiti.sh-yellow

before

slip

ware

with

pot

Syrianizing

decorations.

In

Egypt this decoration is very often applied to

pots made of the
and D clay, which, as
remarked above, when well fired becomes qulleh

ware,

i.e.,

colour.

of a greenish-yellow or yellowish-white

This

the case in no. 78 of PI.

is

In this connection
of the pottery of

variety of the
of a

xxx,

from

decoration of a red line enclosed

between two black ones, the result on the surface

having just the appearance of an Egyptian qulleh

details of

North

in

its

Minor pot has been

the Asia

of

with

receiving

Susa

Several

12).

Tell-el-Mutesellim

duck vase, similar

at

xiii, Pis.

Tell-el-Mutesellim, in blue faience, comes from

Cyprus.*

crude

found again at Bolus, between Tokat

is

covered

tomb-group

rest of the

it

XXV."
much

should be noted that

North Syria

W and D

clay,

greyer colour than

is

made

which

is,

of a local
as a rule,

the Egyptian.

The

some of the North Syrian shapes

this pottery are

pots

it

made

in

not unlike those of the Egyptian

of this clay, especially in the wide

neck, sometimes fairly long,

surmounted by a

strong moulding.^

found more fully

treated on p. 56.
^

Myres,

PI. xl, 6.
1

The term

article for the

and D ware is used throughout this

hard close pink ware with white specks in it,

which is so regularly used for the Wavy-handled and

Decorated classes of pre-dynastic pottery. It is practically
the same material as the hallds and the qulhli of modern
Egypt, but is generally only fired to a pink colour, whereas

the modern examples being fully fired become greenish, or

yellowish white.
Therefore the expression
and
ware

gives a better idea of the appearance than either the

hallas or qiilleh ware.
sufficiently

we

use the

However, when

fired to look like the

name

this

modern

name

same ware

is

representatives,

qulleli.

Miss Murray, Historical Studies,

Schumacher,
Abb. 132.

Pis. xxii, xxiii.

Tell el Mutesellim, p. 89,

Abb. 131,

a, b,

p. 90,

Murray, Excavations

W75040

Boy. Anthrop.
is

now

in Cyprus, p. 115, fig. 166, no. 5.

1903, p. 399, and

Ashmolean Museum

Inst.,

in the

numbered 09.9491. Compare also the similar arrangement

between black lines in nos. 4, 13, 20, 21, and the
allied but inverted arrangement of a black line between
two red ones in no. 9. It is perhaps worth remarking that
all of the above, except no. 9, which has no provenance,
come from the one site. Bolus. Yet in the plate there are
potsherds from many other sites, but they do not exhibit
of red

this decoration.
*

See the examples selected for comparison with the

Asia Minor group and published in PL

xli

of the

above

work.

Another decoration in coloured bands, this time blue

and edged with red or black, comes in during the XVIIIth
Dynasty, and it also is often applied to pots painted white,
See PI. XXIII, 7, and p. 57.
thus imitating qulleh ware.
''

Joiirn.

This potsherd

For references, see

p. 67,

note

'-.

BALABISH.

56

No. 58

is

and

the neck of a bottle of fine thin

manufacture,' and with or without the moulding

and turning
The lip had been

are also a feature of the rhytons, whether carried

ware, pink

colour

in

on the outside.

slightly white

pinched into four angles.

No. 59

one of the

is

by an Assyrian genius'
Figure

lands.

Syrian jugs of

little

The burnishing marks

run up and down the sides, not round and
It had contained ointment, and when
round.
black polished pottery.

the jug smelt not

Ronian periods.

eveulv

so often

it

cracked the

earlier receptacles.

80 m. and 1 60 m.
The tomb was a pit 2 50 x
The long axis was north and south.
deep.

In

Dynasty,

in

the

and Graeco-

pre-dynastic age the

forms are almost invariably animal.

ointment of the pre- and proto-dynastic and

The ointment, moreover, had
pan-grave times.
cracked the vessel, as

unlike

common

never

are

XVIIIth

pre-dynastic,

Middle

discovered

in classical

Egypt, and Ijelong almost exclusively to the

the

first

vases

found

or

Kinsfdom

few

the

forms

In

the

about

are

human anil animal

shapes. In the New Kingdom the prepondei'ancc
has passed heavily to the side of the human
forms. At Balabish, besides this one in alabaster,
we found vases decorated with a human head in
divided

B50 and

l)etween

B 36

(PI.

XXI).

There were no chambers, but merely a niche on

the west side about 0-GO m. wide x O'SO m.

bird-shaped vase from

B 66,

already mentioned,

Fen- a

study of the whole

high.

subject in

in

on

no. 56

PI.

XXV.

XIX,

Plate

no.

3.

of the pottery see

PL XXV.

This group

of interest for the pottery doll.

kohl-Tpot

on the

left,

having

been provided with a

For the rest

154.

Coast*

The alabaster

dating;

lost its

new one

cover, had

of bright blue

The two pots on the upper row are of

and D ware, and are decorated in
the usual

glaze.

On

dark red.

PI.

XXV,

known

only

is

pots 54, 55 were of

similar ware, while nos. 52, 53 were painted

red,

This dates from E.M.

from L.M.

Gezer

The most
a

firdle,

sec also PI.

striking object

woman

holding a

and

in the

Group

XXIII,
is

lute.

101.

form of

a vase in the

She wears only a

back view the hair

is

seen to

be drawn back to a plaited pigtail, which forms

The vase

is

made

that the workmanship

is

Egyptian

the handle.

evidenced by the

mouth.

is

sufficiently

is

foreign,

and

is

in

Eo-yptian specimens have a neck with slightly

concave sides rising from

occur

Ill,

One

also

is

dating

but

The other

p. 55.

known from
form,

bird

in

XVIIIth

the

to

already been mentioned from

ofreen faience

while another,

comes from Gournia on the

itself.^

Others,

Dynasty.

have

North Palestine

objects of this group are a

bowl with a lotus

in

black inside, a

fish.

Both these are of the

finest

creamy alabaster, very thin and delicately made.

The

ushabti

made

is

of limestone,

and was

object with a space for the

a ready-

name

of the

purchaser, which, however, has never been filled

The

in.

inscription will be seen in

Cf. Birch, Ancient Pottery, 1873,

See Layard, Nineveh and

Birch, Ancient Pottery, 1873,

'

no doubt connected with the zoomorphic art of

Western Asia, and with the Greek rhytons. The

necks

is

1*1.

X.XIII,

of alabaster, and

treatment of the eyes and

Nevertheless, the idea

on

Ill,

Palestine,

shape of a

XX,

form

small circular alabaster dish, and another in the

but not polished.

Plate

figure vase in female

from the island of Mochlos off the Cretan

island of Crete

on

also the

is

Egypt, see Miss Murray's Figure

Vases in Egypt}

Group B

There

the

head.

such figure vases of

xii,

32,

Published in Historical

itn

fig.

fig.

liemains,

120.
ii,

pp. 303, 304

146.

Sttidics,

pp.

and

Pis.

of Mochlos,

figs.

10-4(5,

XXV.

Seager, Explorations
xiii, g,

and

in

the Island

34.

Similar

Hawes, Gournia,

Greek

Macalistek, The Exploration of Gezer,

x, 11.
i,

p.

306,

fig.

162.

NEW KINGDOM
no. 6.

It

is

and imperfect

a very blundered

attempt at the Vlth Chapter of the Book of the

Dead, which

On

commonly written on such

figures.

pendants, on the

the left side are faience

right

The

is

beads of a reddish coloured

side

finger rings are

shown

which the second from the

uraeus, should

resin.

in

the top row, of

left,

representing a

There

be noticed.

uzat eye, several penannular ear-rings, and a

The design on the base of

found on PI. XXIII, no. 10.
scarab.

On

this plate are also the

be

this will

pots.

depth of 4 "00 m., there was a single chamber at

the south end.
It was 2" 40 x 2-20 m. in size

and

'00 m. high.

had been bricked up, and

It

shown were found

the objects here

There had been

the bricking.

painted and inscribed wooden

The

just inside

five

burials, in

which had

coffins,

fallen to pieces.

Plate

B 50.

XXI,

no.

see also Plate

The small pots

large

XXIV,

outline on PI.

XXIV. Group
row are the

in the top

important feature here.

was painted white on the outside

one, no. 7,

57

an

also

is

OBJECTS.

specimen

drawn

is

in

Four of them were

no. 44.

found, and they are curious in being decorated

human

and was decorated with blue and red bands.

with a

Another of similar shape had turned white

the shoulder of the pot, and strangely enough

patches during the

firing.

in

Both contained ashes

of vegetable material, apparently largely Italfagrass,

just

like

two others
was

pre-dynastic ash burials.

the

was red-painted and whitewashed, and

No. 8

no.

were merely red-painted, as

like it

No. 11

9.

34 on PL

XXIV

There

them deep wide-mouthed

The

vessels, of

of

which the

majority approximated to nos.

class

was regularly painted red

all

firino^.

over the upper part

The

of the vase, as indicated in the drawings.

two splashes of paint on

no. 12

show that during

of painting the pot was spinning

Thus the wheel was probably turned

by the

potter's

no.

has been supported by a cord

drying, as

It

is still

right

hand.

The

pan,

large

while

done to-day.

it

be that they were

Nine-pins in the form of small

known

no.

23 on

beads, &c.

way

in the

of a ball.

bottle on the top

of blue

is

faience.

XXIV.

PI.

In

It

is

as

the

Discs pierced through diametrically,

tubular glaze-beads in groups of threes, and two

little

glazed steatite double frog

these latter, see

of the

same plate

For

No. 20

the drawing of the .scarab

is

In the lower row

seen at the end of the string.

there are

groups.

XXIV.

21, 22, PI.

no.s.

penannular ear-rings, a heart

four

scarab of slate, which bears a

The long

axis

was

Book of the Dead.

The three
no. 19.

very blundered

It

copied on PI.

is

the flattened side view

The

chambers were at the north and south ends,

made

of thin

red

is

XXIV, where

shown.

and

still,

at the

P.,

N.B.,

PL

ware, which

vii, 1, p.

also

All three are

while the niches were at the east and west sides.

Lower

XXIV,

pilgrim-flasks are figured in

were two small chambers and two niches.

quite empty.

drawn

centre are

the

outline as nos. 46, 47 on PI.

all

row are of

and the ring with the bezel facing the

north and south, and at a depth of 2 '30 m.

They were

How-

in the pre-dynastic age.^

attempt at the Chapter of the Heart from the

This group came from a large pit 4 00 x

2*30 m. and 4 '00 m. deep.

of the very

to form pieces in a game, perhaps to

we found nothing

spectator

in the

Can

high.

The dish and

was made of the hard red ware, but

had a tendencv to turn white

13,

ever,

alabaster,

12,

of an exceptionally fine smooth quality, which

clockwise.

vases are

33.

the process

mm.

are further examples.

class, all

is

intended to stand more or less perilously mouth

be bowled at

were only four general types of this

great

about 90

nos. 33,

class, of

to

roughest red ware and quite small, being only

which

belongs to a very distinct

moulded on

is

The pots were

specimens figured.

downwards

of qulleh ware.

face

turned upside down, as can be seen in the two

No. 12

is

The

face.

35.

has

BALABISH.

58

turned greeu on the outside, with a patch of red

They have a beautiful
showing occasioncally.

smooth
the

silky surface, not unlike that of

One

texture.

of

ones

smaller

the

came

mostly of
25

no.

no. 36.

to light, for

usual

the

which see

already l)een treated on

had

still

PI.

XXIV,
of

Nos. 33, 34 have

specimens of no.

There were four

p. 57.

Nos. 48, 49, 50 were

33.

As they

are four in numl)er,

all

them

have come from canopic

to

animals do not agree with

out a neck or even a rim, although the sides

incurve as if to receive one, is as ancient as the
pre-dynastic period.^

In this group there were

No. 51

three examples of no. 50.

of qnlleh

is

foremen, with their projecting

At

in the middle.

on the figure

first

seen

is

sight one

ushttl)tis,

Imt they are very

from the usual ones.

To begin with

would take them

are,

as

kilts,

or

relses

to be

u-shnhtis usually

but seem to be ape- or dog-headed.

mummiform

they are not

Further,

as these figures should

be, but their legs are clearly marked.

Again,

they carry no agricultural implements, nor are

their arms crossed on the breast, as they should

but hang down at the

be,

sides.

Thus

in

no

detail do they correspond to the usual ushnhti

ware.

The tomb consisted of a shaft 2-60 x 2 00 m.

It contained two storeys
and 4*30 m. deep.
of chambers at the N. and S. ends (jf the
Those at a depth of 3-20 m. had been
shaft.

At

emptied.

a depth of

4*30 m., at the

S.

end, was a small niche which had been walled

up.

two

thirteen figures found, including

they are not human-headed, as

in these last two, with-

figures

make, having been merely pressed into a mould

and smoothed oft' at the Ijack. There were

and unpainted, bu,t while no. 48 was very rough,

The
nos. 49, 50 were finely made and thin.

mouth

usually

below these are very strange and of the roughest

difi'erent

of

heads

the

the

jars, l)ut

The pottery

depicted on those covers.

of the ordinary hard ]>rown ware of the period

common type

and

are connected with animals, one would suppose

in

was whitewashed, as was the rim of

The rims of the other two examples

of no. 25 were painted red.

strange pottery covers, having animals sprawling

jars

One example

style.

four

arc

it

over them.

remains of ointment inside, and was cracked, as

ointment vessels so often are. A great quantity
of pottery

With

single handle.

some of

and proto-dynastic cylinder

pre-

more than a

It

had contained a burial

anthropomorphic

painted

were found here.

was a

large

1-20 m. high.

contained fifteen

had

No

wooden
objects

at the N.

end,

5-00 x 2-60 m.

and

Opposite

chamber
It

coffin.

in

it,

l)eeu walled up,

interments

in

and had

painted

wood

and stucco coffins similar to the previous one.

It was from here that the objects were collected.

figures,

but

XXI, no. 2, see also Plate XXV. Group

B 36. The central piece shows the upper part of
It is made of the ordinary
a female figure vase.
hard red clay of the period.

It

never possessed

is

with

very

regular

the

much

See P., N.B., PI. xxi, 75

a, xxii, 27.

do

The tomb was

ushabti.^.

disturbed, as besides these there were

o-enuine ushahtls of

different sorts, all very

two

There

rough and bad.

is

XXV,

the pottery on PI.

nothing to remark in

except that there were

rather unusual sltula,

two specimens
No. 63 has a fiange moulded on tlio
no. 62.
of the

inside of the rim to take a cover.

ment dates back

This arrange-

to the pre-dynastic age

and

is

no doubt copied from basket-work.

The erave was a

It

3-00 m. deep.
and

its

It

had chambers at the bottom,

axis ran north

Plate

150

shaft lined at the top witli

measured 2-50 x 1-00 m. and was

XXU,

Group B90.
1

to believe that they

not in some way represent them, especially as

among their number is found the reis, just as he

bricks.

Plate

it is difiicuit

mm.

no.

and south.

1,

see

also

This contained

Plate

XXV.

plaque about

long, of a very poor quality blue glaze.

NEW KINGDOM

view of

side

where it

Both surfaces are

four edges.

all

Though

and both are glazed.

slightly convex,

hardly suitable for a

is

This groove

be seen to be grooved.

will

runs round

this

numbered 67 on PL XXV,

is

it

inlaying on a

tile for

wall, yet the object can hardly be

anything

else.

OBJECTS.

59

C-group period,

the

The shells are the freshwater Vivipara imicolor,

except a single specimen of Nerita

white and blue beads of the two strings in

little

top row, the melon beads just below the

the

for the

shells

and

purpose of fixing in the cement.

system

glaze

spheroid

quite different from that of the early period of

the 1st and Ilird Dynasties, where the central part
is

of the back projects,

sbghtly undercut, and

is

New Kingdom

from the usual

different

where the plaques are

flat

toggles

Beside

in the

bored

is

at each end, both

have a deep notch or open

hole at one end.

It

may

boring a piece broke out.

are

known

in the

and a number

^
;

Petrie, Abydos,ii, PI.

XXX,
-

PL

As

from Tell

el

in the

Amarna,

of Apries, Pi.

tile

xix,

is

1,

2,

used, see

and

PL

fig.

p.

tiles of

At

15).

Trav.,
all

Of Rameses

PI.

^-iii,

i,

uncommon

Akhenaton (Petrie,

this

and

Seti II, comes

of Seti II (Griffith,
28).

Rameses III

and Merenptah

xxii, no. 14,

Yahudiyeh, others are

el

Borchardt, A.Z.,

Pis. vi, xviii-xx), Seti I (Petrie,

of this king, or of

and others

PL

are not at

in the time of

xxii, no. 3, p. 15),

Pi. xxii, nos.

alabaster

well-known

tiles for inlay

New Kingdom

Tell el

181, 182

Yahudiyeh; Brugsch, Bee. de

Small

figs. 1, 2.

The other

objects,

2 20

Thus

might

it

x 1-00 m. and
ran

axis

there

side

either

north and

was a

be a long pan-

grave, such as no.

Kingdom
Kingdom

It

was found among the

grave.

graves, and so

but the group

is

New
New

probably of this date

is

perhaps a mixed

lot.

in the bead-cases of

1.

for instance in the

XXV.

in outline as

188, or a chamberless

XXII,

Plate

Another, but larger, of

viii,

PI.

is

and on the western

Group B
1

on

66,

It

The orrave was a shaft

2-00 m. deep. The long
niche.

now

New Kingdom

drawn

rings at the top of the photograph are of lead.

Only these two were

of others of the intermediate period between the

16
Xllth and XVIIIth Dynasties, from grave

the Edwards Collection.

65,

south,

Vlth Dynasty

of Diospolis Parva, are

date than pan-grave.

only be that in the

Similar objects, but bored at both ends,

found.

also be of this age, but the

and carinated beads, and the little blue glaze

The small
scarabs, are however New Kingdom.

of fastening.^

Though only one

of ivory.

(?)

badly fitting cover, nc. 64,

its

pottery was more likely to be of

nos.

alabaster

means

are a pair of small

it

The broken

beads.

XXV, might

PI.

bottom row, and the black

the model kohl-ipots of mud, the glazed tubular

was not uncommon

tiles

New Kingdom.

method,

with

^o/i/-pot

the

in

at the back without

projections, grooves, or other

Inlaying with

also

It is

bored throuoh to receive a wire.^

is

polita.^

sc.

These were both pan-grave types, as are the

Thus the grooves on the edges would be

If so, this

from Nubia.*

reported

is

Palace

(op. cit..

time inlay

p. 15.

of

Another

III, besides those

from Tell

from Medinet

Habu

2,

see

also

Plate

XXV.

This group shows a bronze imple-

157.

In

ment

of a type generally taken to be a razor.

B 81

another of similar shape was found, but this

With
had had a handle projecting from the side.
it, in the northern chamber, were found the two

From

alabaster dishes.

the southern chamber

came the scarab of a dark greyish blue glaze,

and the alabaster ear-stud. From this chamber
also

came some

jasper disc beads, also

back of the scarab

is

On

this plate is also

to

80

and

and a few small red

The
a little gold foil.

fine blue

from Khata'neh,

Tell el Yahtdiyeli, p. 57,

known

no.

shown

in PI.

shown the

to this should be

XXV,

no. 68.

pottery, nos. 69

added the small

(D,\ressv, Annales du Service, xi, pp. 49 ff, Pis. i to iv).

To the tiles of early times may be added those named by

Maspero as bearing the cartouche

243, note
3

1).

P., C.A.,

i,

PL

vii,

E 45.

of Pepi I {Les Origines,

A.S.N., 1908-09,

We

History

PL

37, b, no. 19.

are indebted to the authorities of the Natural

Museum

of

South Kensington for the names.

I

BALABISH.

60

rough pot with rudimentary handles which has

This

been photographed.

group produced

remarkable number and variety of the small

tubular pots.

Of

no. 69,

which was red polished,

there were twenty-one specimens.

was

which

specimens,

red

painted,

and four

of

there
no. 74,

painted
until

72,

71,

rim,

the

were

red-poli.slied

no.

were
all

were made of a coarse qulMi ware.

nos.

Of

three

of which

Two

vases,

with a black-

which fashion does not come

XVIIIth Dynasty.

73,

in

The idea may

have been derived from the black-topped ware

of the preceding age, that of the pan-graves.

Nos.

77,

78

were

made

of

and

ware,

the second being decorated with purplish black

and red

lines,

while the

first

was red-polished

As so often
and decorated with black lines.
in these vases, no. 78 was decorated on the
brim with groups of
a softish

lines.

No. 79 was made of

brown clay and was polished

It has the base ring or

to these vases.

hollow foot so

browTi.

common

61

CHAPTER

IX.

FOREIGN POTTERY OF THE NEW KINGDOM.

The

New Kingdom

Cemetery

au

yielded

unusually large proportion of foreign pottery of

Egyptologists as a whole have

various types.

adopted

somewhat

attitude

uncritical

in

dealing with these un-Egyptian products, and

assign

have shown too great a readiness to

There

is

yet a third kind of clay used for this

type of vase, which

It

B 38.^

In broken

made

seen to have been

is

is

then orna-

Such a vase was

stripes in white.

mented with
found in

brown.

blackish

coloured a

thicker and pinker, and

is

hilhils

the neck

is

and

in a separate piece,

certain types of vase to the iEgean, to Cyprus,

to have been thrust into the semi-dry clay of

or to Syria, without even asking whether such

the body.

types occur in these regions,

whether

less

still

Difficulties

and misunderstandings could

be cleared away
vases in

if

excavators

Egypt would make

who

easily

find foreign

a careful examination

and record of the nature of the clay and even

the smallest details of technique, and if, in
countries, they

making comparisons with other

would keep the question of date continually

If this were done, we should
before their eyes.
less

often

be

with the

confronted

ludicrous

of an Egyptian archaeologist

spectacle

Palestine at Tell

analysis

of

they

soft

The

Jnlbih.

PI.

XXV,

reddish brown clay and

This

on the outside.
materials for

Jnlbils in

frequently they are

is

is

was found in

A
B

79

is

made

of a

burnished brown

one of the regular

of a

still

more

blackish grey

specimen made of this ware

173.

Mutesellim or Ta'annek, nor

found

are

in

considerable

numbers

at

However, the types

common

that are
vice versa

here are rare in Egypt, and

the high-footed type which

normal

is

good example can be seen in

I.K.G., PI.

P.,

'

Petrie, Tell

Mac.\listee, The Excavation of Gezer,

cl

Hesy, Pis.

vii,

115,

viii,

xiii,

31.

138, 144.

1,

Ixxiv, 6, 7,

iii,

Pis.

Ixvii,

itc.

Myres and Richter, Calalofjue of tie Cyprus Museum,

PL ii, uos. 253, 255, 271, 277, &c. Myees, Handhooh of

ware, thin, hard and brittle, and breaking in a

flaky manner.

not

Egypt, though

made

el

during the Bronze Age.*

fig.

no.

type do

Lachish' and Gezer' in South-West Palestine.

Vases of a similar class are found in Cyprus

the

foreign forms found at Balabish.

1.

this

mind we have

these considerations in
full

ever

is

yet at Jericho in South-East Palestine, though

'

attempted the following

Vases of

them.

in

it

believe,

belons to the Aegean, Asia Minor, or North

Syria, nor have they been found in North

his area as an import from

that of the other.

With

ointment were observed

and the same

Palestinian each explaining one

type of vase found in

and a

traces of

any of these vases, nor, we

in

found

they are native there.

No

These vessels are bur-

nished black and often have a metallic lustre.

The techGesnola Collection, class C, pp. 39, 40.

nique of a spiral moulding which is sometimes seen on
Handbook, p. 39,
these vessels {Catalogue, PL ii, no. 253
the

nos. 339, 341) bears

however,

it

is

some

affinity to that of Troy, where,

generally used in

connection

with

the

handles (H. Schmidt, SchliemamCs Sammlung, fig. 433, p. 21,

spiral
fig. 564, p. 29, fig. 1044, p. 48, fig. 1949, p. 86.
merely in relief, without connection with the handle, is

shown

in

fig.

832, p. 41,

spirals are early, as

fig.

1370,

they belong

from the second to the

p.

59.

The Trojan

to the first class of pottery

fifth cities.

BALABISH.

62

Egypt

in

be

to

The only

not figured from Cyprus.

is

type which

found equally in both lands seems

is

the

Yet

specimen

making

island the technique of

parts separately,

specimen

in

and thrusting them into the partly dried body,

observed in other classes of vessels which also

is

have a neck and handle.

This class

Myres has suggested

been made in Cyprus.^

the Syrian coastland, and

some

that

of

it

and

is

may have

is

origin "

no.

bottle,

though well known,

81,

type.

shaped

It is

made

red clay, and

XX^',

PI.

always a rare

is

of a very hard, pure, brownish

polished a light yellow-red, no

is

doubt acquired by means of haematite.

something

Bottles

shape and painted red are

like this

brought by the Syrians in the Meukheperresenb

fresco,*

and a similar type

Keftiuans

that

in

several from Bronze

is

brought by the

Eekhmire.*

of

Beyond

Age

liable to

be found on the

XVIIIth

One

said to have

is

been found on the island of Melos, but none are

figured from Phylakopi in this island.

one

is

single

among L.M. I pottery from Gournia

None come from Tell el Mutesellim or

figured

in Crete."

Ta'annek in North Palestine, or from Jericho,

As

P.,

for instance P., H.I.C., PI. xiic, figs. 23, 24.

H.I.C,

PI. xii B, right-hand

base.

middle or

mark

made

in the

the plate was

in

it

It

variety of the

is

always

is

potter's

Cypriote character for the syllable

not found

among

and

to,^"

Kahun"

times from

but

Collection,'^

is

It is

marks figured

the few potters'

from the Cesnola

found three

is

Fayum, though here

in the

they are not potters' marks, but are scratched

on the

vessels.

bottom corner, or

The pilgrim

3.

no.

82

P.,

PI. xxi.

is

made

or lentoid fiasks.

XXV,

PI.

W and D ware, and the

of a pink

from group

decorated specimen

circles of the

17 are very roughly put on in dull red paint.

The other

made of the same

They may be Egyptian
The pilgrimimitations of the foreign type.
flask is not Hittite," and in North Palestine it is
clay,

examj)le,

but was

figirred

times,

Compare these with Mykes and Richtek,

Gatahitjw of the Cyprus Museum, PI. ii, 252 Myees, Handbook of the Cennolu Collection, pp. 40, 358
Murray, ExcavaL.G.M.,

The

outside

found again as a potter's mark in Melos.^^

not
'

known

site of the

Dynasty.

wet clay of the

Cyprus,^ but they are

Ashmolean Museum

in the

these few isolated specimens

There are

probably not of Cypriote manufacture.''

now

the foreign pottery,

Egypt, where a single specimen or so

late

single

This last

described as " recognizably of Egyptian

figured above

The spindle

2.

among

included

another

from Gezer.^

recorded

is

the bottle does not seem to be

generally thought to be native to

is

figured from Lachish

is

South-East Palestine,^ and

this

double vase."

scarce

but a single base of one

in

It is

104, was

plain.

from Ta'annek until nearly Greek

and then only once and

in a curious form.'''

found twice, however, at the neighbouring

Tell el Mutesellim,'" in each case decorated in

an unusual

style.

Uutside Egypt

is

it

mostly

tions in Cypruif, p. 45, fig. 71, no. 953.

^

Myres,

L.A.A.A., 1913,

'^

Murray,

op.

cit.,

op.

cit.,

op.

p. 37.

PL

cit., figs.

no. 300, p. 47

ix, 13, PI. xi, 65, x, 40.

and

66, 74.
PI.

ii.

oj).

cit.,

nos.

369

to 375, p. 41, where they are said to bo probably not of

Cypriote manufacture.
'

op.

The curious
cit.,

which

is

vessel, no.

like

1108,

p.

40,

fig.

an arm holding a cup,

68,
is

"

Museum.

Hawes, Gournia,

PI. viii, 25.

'"

'"

Macalister,

PI.

Hesij,

op.

cit., ii,

Taylor, Alphahet,

" Edgar and

utliors,

ii,

p.

Myres,

P., I.K.G., PI. XV, col. 5

"

Cf.

burnished

op.

cit.,

177,

fig.

338.

p.

179,

fig. f,

13.

p. 41.

Woolley, L.A.A.A.,

and

Sellin, Tell Ta'anneJe, PI.

Schumaciiek, Tell

el

p. 11.

vi, Pis. xix,

'''

p. 82, fig. 111.

included

123.

'

and

it is

p. 44.

Phylalopi,

'^

121, but

vii,

j).

'-

Murray,

with the same rather unusual yt^llnw-red colour that is

usual on the spindle-shaped bottles.
It is now in the
British

el

with light brown poroiis pottery,

Myres and Richter,

Myres,

Petbie, Tell

xxvi.

v, fig. a.

Mutesellim,

p.

70,

fig.

90

i,

p.

SI

FOEEIGN POTTERY.

known from South

Gezer

Palestine, chiefly at

63

about 1500 to 1200

also

B.C.
It is, however, not
given to the short-necked pilgrim-flask with two

does not seem to be

small handles, but to a long-necked bottle with

native to any of these countries, and appears in

a single large handle springing from the back.*

and Lachish, but

at Jericho

also

known from Cyprus.

It

it

is

each of them about the same time, but later in

This, however, cannot

Cyprus than

in

runner of the pilgrim-flask, as

flask proper,

of a flat shape

handles, hardly

some

time

Palestine,

1200

"

it

found

is

Egypt and

in

not until the Early Iron Age, from

onwards.^

B.C.

two small

with

seems to enter the island until

after

i.e.

For the pilgrim-

the others.

It

found

is

the XVIIIth Dynasty, and at Gezer

duced

it

in the second Semitic period,*

becomes more common

later,^

900 to 700

which

Egypt

lasts
it

while at Lachish

Thus, occurring as

E.G."

intro-

is

does not occur until the later period,

it

in

At Gezer

end of the same dynasty.

until the

Egypt

in

i.e.

from

XVIIIth and XlXth Dynasties,

type

foreign

is

known

there

Cyprus, and at about the same time as

appears in South Palestine.

in

it first

Here the resemblance

for such A^essels of foreign

ceases,

this

than

earlier

it is

precisely at the later period that they reach

their zenith in Palestine

A flattened

and Cyprus.

form, but of a very diflcrent vessel,

Cyprus

in

earlier

still

in

the

is

known

Middle Bronze

Age,' while the true flattened circular shape

known

in the

is

next period or Late Bronze Age,

common

the one

is

in

Sellin and Watzinger, Jericho,

Bl.

29,

c,

23, 39,

later in its

fig.

68, no.

Myres and Richtee,

Myres,

cf.
*

nil.

In

ojj.

the

clt., p.

op.

70, nos.

clt.,

pp.

21,

544 to 546 and

necked

B,

bottles

but globular.

The shape

Macalistee,

op.

Peteie, TeJl

el

'

Myres,

rit., ii,

Hesy,

162

(j),

199

p. 46.

op. clt, p. 24, nos. 159, 160.

(j).

not

Hence

not native to the zEgean and

is

Greek mainland, where,

as in Cyprus,

it is

of late

"We only know of a single specimen

occurrence.

may

from Mycenae, which

Mycenaean

date,

and

is

well

be

of

sub-

decorated in the style

of the Cypriote Early Iron Age.-^"

From

Troy, however, come three vessels, the

description of which reads as

They

pilgrim-flasks."

come from the second

and,

being

therefore

thus

earlier

of

and

is

they

pre-Mycenaean. date,

than the

contemporary

other forms.

they were true

to the fifth settlements,

pilgrim-flasks

with

from

these,

comes

half-way between

pilgrim-flask

long-necked

are

Also from

places.

stands

the true double-handled

This flask

if

are very early, as

any of the above-mentioned

Troy,

Cypriote

and the
bottle.^"

lentoid in shape, as are both the

It has a single handle, as

have the

Cypriote vessels, springing not from the back as

Myres,

As

'

op.

cit., figs.

for instance, P.,

328, 377.

E.l.C,

'E^. 'Apx-, 1891, PI.

Myres,

probably

are

p. 54.

They, however, are not lentoid

Macalistee, op. cii., ii, 142, q, iii,

PI. cxliii, figs. 3-8.

made

are

the form did not originate in Cyprus.

vessels with little handles at the

neck are found at Gezer.

appearance than the other.

Cypriote but foreign, perhaps Syrian.*

Semitic period, which ended with the

first

Xllth Dynasty, small

in shape,

66, Class

is

Further, both of the clays of which the long-

single-handled

We

only find one instance of a true pilgrim-flask in

the Bronze Ago in Cyprus, see Murray, op. cif., p. 40,
-

this

country.

this

another form, which

E. 4b.

found at

it is

XVIIIth Dynasty,"

the

i.e.

Thus the two

shapes were in existence at the same time and
entered Egypt .simultaneously, though in Cyprus
also

manufacture

are not found at a later date in Egypt, whereas

Egypt,

in

at which time the fully developed pilgrim-flask

does in

it

just at the period of her greatest expan-

sion in the

same period

be considered the fore-

op.

cit.,

iii,

PI. xii, c, 24.

1;

cf.

for

ornamentation

p. 81, figs. 647, 649, tc.

" H. Schmidt, Schliemann's Sammlung,

nos.

630-632

p. 34.
'-

Opi. cit.,

nos. 634 (which has a

narrow neck), 635, 636.

BALABISH.

64

from the

these, but

in

in the pilgrim-

side, as

flasks.

The neck

bottles,

but not narrow, and

long, as in the Cypriote

is

out behind

c-ut

is

In

the

Palestine

curious

form,

mouth.^

for

takes

pilgrim-flask

it

on

spoon-shaped

acquires a

This type, though very rare,

said to

is

pilgrim-flask

figured

is

Assyrian origin,^ and hence

is

being

as

of

probably much

than the Egyptian specimens, and contem-

later

porary with those of Cyprus, Lachish, and the

Thus the form suddenly

later period at Gezer.

extends widely over the eastern Levant, and

that can be said of

its

place of origin

probably not Cyprus, where

than in Egypt or Gezer.
Ijottle

is

that

it is

found later

Possibly the fact of a

tin* will give a clue as to

flattened shape

it

is

all

made of the rare metal

the home of the type.

of this shape being

The

The pilgrim-flask

New Kingdom, when

in the

over

the

copies are descended

and small handles on the

Egyptian

these

New Year

the

one of

is

wreaths are added

From

shoulders."

thus

It is

jar.

copied in blue faience

is

XXVIth Dynasty, which

be not unknown in Cyprus.^

One

of one class of

likely that this primitive pilgrim -flask

them.

into a spout.

and the

the use of lapis-lazuli, emery, silver,

wavy handles

vases of the

made

are also

in blue

and have the wreath as a prominent

faience

By

decoration.

this

time the

handles have

little

degenerated into a pair of apes, one on either

but occasionally the

side of the neck,'

of the handles can be observed.*

sometimes take

no douljt are

form

this flattened

last stages

The

hilblls

also,"

hence

allied to the Cypriote red single-

handled vases of leutoid shape of

this date to

which reference has been made above.

pilgrim-flask

sometimes

is

made

The

ring

of a pure

hard

in

form.'"

XXV,

Plate

no. 83

made

is

shoulder of the pilgrim -flasks are as old as the

buff clay, and the walls are very thin, being

Middle Pre-dynastic Age.*

only 4

This age, like the

XVIIIth Dynasty, shows many connections with

Asia, of which

it

be sufticient to mention

will

mm.

The material

thick.

entirely

is

The neck has been moulded up

un-Egyptian.

out of the body

itself,

and has not been made

separately and thrust in as in nos. 46, 79, 86.

'

Macalister,

op.

cit.,

Ixv,

Pis.

iii.

25,

Ixxxvii,

It is decorated

and Sellin and Watzingee, Jericho,

and perhaps Schumacher, Tell el Miitrsellim,
In most of these spoon-mouthed flasks
p. 82, fig. 111.
the handles have been turned at right angles to the neck,
For the
IK) doubt to accommodate the broad mouth.
addition of a vessel at the mouth of a vase in which to
receive the liquid, compare the red-polished vessel from
PI.

cf.

Ixxxviii, 6,

Bl. 39, E, 4, b,

Cyprus, no. 1108, already referred to in note 62,

-

Myres, quoted by Macalister

'

Birch, Ancient Pottery,

Aybton and

P.,

N.B., PI.

72,

ii,

and

p.

now in the Ashmolean

MacIver and Mace, El

fig.

xlii, fig.

942,

cf. fig.

of

Exgelbach, Biqqeh and Memphis VI,

For the flattened shape without the

handles, see P., L.G.M., PI.

Early

tlie

Iron

xi,

actually a

is

little

It thus corresponds

and barrel-shaped

Age
it

Cyprus.

in

In

would have been

globular

the

to

of

bottles

Late

the

Bronze Age,

''

32, a-f.

were

it

not that these have a

Amenhotep III

P., I.K.G., PI. xvii, 9, p. 17, dated to

PI. xviii, 61, p. 18,

dated to Seti

dated to Rameses II

PI. xix, 14, p. 18,

II.

n.i.a,

PI. xxi.

757,

13; or the wide neck in conjunction with the more usual

xiv, S, 40.

best perhaps to the globular

P.,

Petrie, Qurneh, PI.

handles at this period,

I'l.

broader than the front view.

nearest

PI. XXX, figs. 3, 4,

New Kingdom,

view

Pi. xvii, 20, p. -50.

iii,

9 ; Quirell, Hierahonwhere the handles are bored in

the opposite direction. The wdc neck and very small
handles somewhat removed from it are seen again in the
ii,

like the others, its side

179, k.

also 71,

Amrali and Ahydos, PI. xvi,

plate,

instead of the vase being of a flattened section

p. 6.
p.

from the

will be seen

77.

fig.

Museum, numbered 1895, 213

polls,

As

places.

]-ed in

decoration and general shape

others, Abydog,
xii,

bably haematite, which has a tendency to turn

jugs
in Gezer,

with lustrous black paint, pro-

little

8
''

'"

Op.

cit.,

PI. xxi,

Op.

cit.,

PI. xiic, 24.

1, 4.

GARSTANf;, El Arahah, PI. xxi, K

and Mace, El Amrah and Ahydos,

l.'iS,

PI. xliv,

233

d IG u

MacIver
cf.

1,

d 17.

POEEIGN POTTERY.
base-rine

This would seem

added.^

development from
which our vase

is

be a

to

more simple type of

the

a specimen.

Thus, like the

65

clays of nos. 84, 85, 86 are all very similar, a

smooth buff ware very

They

like that of nos. 81, 83.

however, not nearly so hard or pure

are,

does

as the latter, resulting in a pottery of a rather

not seem to have entered Cyprus until an age

more porous and open texture. Their clays are

Apart from
all foreign to Egyptian pottery.

pilgrim-flask

true

of flattened

than that at which

later

it

form,

it

was known

in other

Egypt, this

countries.

In

38

the neck and shoulders of a

we found

similar vase, but of a circular not flattened form.'^

was made of the same hard, pure, buff

It

but in the outer portions of the walls

turned slightly redder.

It

clay,

had

it

thus forms a con-

are figured from Gezer in South Palestine,^

none from Lachish, Jericho, Tel

The

or Ta'annek.

^Egean and

in the

occurs in Egypt.*

the similar but red clay of the spindle-shaped

floral or

In this case the neck has been

outside

Only a few

and Cyprus.

of the iEgean area

necting link between the buff clay of no. 83 and

bottle no. 81.

known

not

class is practically

Mutesellim

el

form, which

tall

and

common

is

in Cyprus, practically never

None

on the

other decorations

In Minoan

above the shoulder.

had

of our examples

flat surface

lands, except

moulded up out of the Ijody itself, and has not

been made separately and thrust into the semi-

Cyprus, false-necked amphorae undecorated in

Unlike no. 83 this vase

connection with these vases mention should be

dry clay of the body.

was decorated with bands running round

Tomb

and just enough remains to show that

filled,

The bands

they consisted of uaiTOW lines l)etween broad

XXIII,

and

ware

No. 3

We

Rameses

spots.

The

various

decorations,

remains of

were able to see that the neck

no.

and zig-zag

lines,

latter of these

and are polished red on

contained

Here the bands are

III.^

not with a number of finer bands as usual,

to

still

one example of

of

of

sidered

of a red

In

exception.

the

of the well-known representations in the

made

are

3, 4,

fairly thin,

the outside.

ointment.

nos.

very much

are

but with cross-hatched

and

ones, a decoration similar to that of no. 84.

PI.

made

are in a dully polished red

zontally.
paint,

hori-

way

this

The

pattern."

Syrianizing

1)6

which

than bands,

other

are put on these vessels in

Mgean,

the

unknown

instance the octopus,^ are

lines

generally con-

is

as for

Egypt.

in

46 had been thrust

through the partly dry clay of the body.

'!

Macalister,

op.

iii,

cit.,

Pis.

14, Ixxi,

Ixx,

17,

25,

Ixxxvii, 18.

amphorae,

False-necked

4.

or Biigelkannen, PI.

vases

stirrup-handled

XXV,

The

84-87.

The only published specimen we know

is Engelbach,
whereas
the squat and
PI.
xxii,
Memphis
VI,
2,
Biqqeh and
instance
fig. 3 of the
as
for
common,
are
globular forms
*

same plate;
^

See Myres,

with

type,

common

the

op.

cit., p.

base-ring

49, figs.

added,

there, occurs in the

the true pilgrim-flask.

445, 44G.

though

This latter

still

far

from

Aegean area more than does

single specimen

is

recorded from

Knossos (Evans, Prehistoric Tomhi< of Knossos (Arcbaeologia, lix), p. 123, fig. 117, no. 76,

is).

Another

is

figured

from Crete or Cyprus (Furtwaexgler and Loeschke,

Mykenische Vasen, PI. xiv, 92), and yet another from
A similar form, but
Boeotia {op. cit., PI. xx. fig. 149).
with one handle only,

is

figured as no. 145 on the

same

plate.
-

fig.

It

K.G.H.,

PI. xxviii,

=>

RosELLisi, Moil.

1,

7;

P., I.E.G., Pis.

<fec.

Civ., PI. lix, 3.

however, not far removed from such a pattern as

the Cretan represented in Hawes, Gournia, x, 21, though
Neither is it far
this is not on a false-necked amphora.
8

It

is,

from the bands of zig-zag

and Loeschke, op. cit.,

lines
xxii.

bands appears in Murray,

no. 1138,

not

fig.

70, no. 1277.

false-necked

op.

on no. 162

Fortwaengler

cross-hatching

cit., fig.

68, no. 1097,

All of these

last,

within
fig.

69,

however, are

amphorae, but three-handled piriform

vases.

bottle like Murray, op. cit., p.

MacIver and Woolley, Buhen, PI.

must have been a

62, no. 1222, or

S, xlii.

P.,

xvii, 3, 28, xix, 12, 27, xx, 7,

34,
48,

'
For instance Hawes, Gournia, x, 2 ; Fuetwaengler
and Loeschke, op. cit., Pis. iv, 24, a.b., 27, a.b., xi, 69, xiv,

84-87, &c.

BALABISH.

66

The Minoans
any vases of

Senmut

iu the

this type, nor

two

unless

Keftiuans,

do not bring

fresco

do the Syrians or

vases

depicted

there

can be supposed to represent abnormally

tall

84

No.

lustrous black colour

painted in

is

with a tendency to turn

It

red.

had

five con-

No. 85 was decorated with dull red paint, and

under the base.

circles

but had no

under the base.

circles

and

Though

Egypt.

none

Palestinian,

North

among

but the body

inside,

is

shaped

No. 87 was painted with dull red bauds, and

As the

under the base.

circles

from that of the

rest,

an Egyptian

clay

and approximated

W and D ware,

Egyptian

imitation

However,

it

would not be out

not so globular as ours, as

it

at

any

of the

foreign

that

83

is

from

and with Egyptian decorations, are

evidently designed after

Mention has already

been made of the Egyptian imitations of pilgrim

ointment similar to

no. 87 contained scented

tliat

of foreign clay.

iu

the old Bulaq Museum," and others in the same

Vase

made

between the various members of the group,

the

of the pre-

and proto-

of

clay

colour,

from
(on

is

is

no.

of a broken fragment of a

amphora, painted

Balabish, but

both

pilgrim-flask

the

identical with that

blackish-red

flasks in glaze.

79, 81, 83, 84, 85, 86,

be that

in green glaze is actually reported

type.

quite

There are points of connection

foreign types.

amphora

some such foreign

nos.

rate,

is

and half of the

shapes,

The others might be Egyptian imitations of the

false-necked

arc

its

all

are importations, clearly

to imitate such foreign vases, for a false-necked

published,' which

of the foregoing group

in

may

it

certainly accustomed

The Egyptians were

material,

Mutesellim or Ta'annek in

el

the Palestinian pottery, where a

is

The whole
un-Egyptian

class.

be

from

an inverted cone.

like

vases

oil.

is

to

figured

is

These have small necks and handles,

or

this

outside

large percentage of red-brown polished jugs are

presumably the remains of a liquid ointment

to the

known

supposed

often

whatever

Palestine.

known.

brown sediment, coating the whole of the

differed

Middle

No. 86 contained a thick blackish

flasks, no. 46.

had no

Hyksos

the

Lachish, Gezer, or Jericho in South Palestine,

clay as in

as in one of the pilgrim-

the

foreign to Egypt, yet

is

apparently not

is

it

The spout

had been thrust through the semi-dry

hilbils (no. 79),

This class

at present

of place

No. 86 was also decorated with dull red paint,

the

Kingdom.^

from

occasionally

nor yet from Tell

centric circles under the base.

had three concentric

and

Period,*

of

examples.'

known during

entirely similar are

with

lustrous

which was also found at

not figured here.

The

clay of

the same as the clay of the globular vase

38, to

p. 65),

which we have recently referred

but in

B 38

the external portion of

the walls has turned pinker.

All

these clays

are similar in texture to the redder clay of the

spindle-shaped bottle no. 81.

The

difference in

dynastic ages and of the pan-graves.

1

5.

Plate

pottery.

scent

XXV,

no.

59

is

of black

contained ointment with a sweet

It

similar

to

that of the

pre-

and proto-

dynastic ages and of the pan-graves.

cracked the jug as

'

L.A.A.A.,

Griffith, Tell

= P.,

polished

it

so often does.

vi, Pis. xiii,

el

I.K.G., PI. XX,

Small jugs

81, xiv, 9, pp. 56, 57.

Yahidiyeh,
1.

This had

p. 46, no. 15.

P., E.I.C., PI. viiin, figs. 103, 106, 107, 108.

^ Ashmolean JMuslmiiu no. E 2001 is from Boui Hasan,

and therefore probably of Xllth Dynasty date and iu the
same museum is another from Haragch, accompanied by its
label from the British School of Arcliaeology, which states
it to date to the XI Ilth Dynasty (?).
;

None

are figured from the

Mgenn

in

Furtwaengler

and LoRsciiKK, oy;. vit., or in Hawes, Gunrnia, or in Edgar

and others, Phyhikuj/i. Nor yet is it figured from Cyprus,
either in Myres and Richtek, op. cit., or in Myres, o/a cit.,
Neither is any figured from North
or in Murray, op. cit.
Syria in L.A.A.A.,

vi, Pis.

xix, xxii, xxiii, xxv, xxvi.

FOREIGN POTTERY.
by supposing

colour might be accounted for

more complete

firing in the case of the latter, as

the change from buff to red had bea:un to take

place

these

though

clays,

of

those

unlike

B 38.

from

vase

the

in

Moreover,

false

the

hilbils

also

amphorae

is

very

is

those which have bases, for

have either

all

like no. 79, or else the

it,

No. 81

hollow.

from the narrow high trumpet-.shaped foot such

necked

(hollow foot)

made with

is

amphorae

as are the false -necked

Only the black-polished jug,

which

foot,

is

a base-ring,

nos.

84 to 87.

no. 59, stands out.

This

a Syrian type.^

is

hollowing of the base can hardly be separated

as the hilbils

form of a trumpet-shaped

allied

found also on

it is

more commonly

have,'' for this also

This trumpet-foot

hollow.

generally quite

is

vase

inadequate as a steady base for the

liase-ring

common among

a bronze jug, which

not very

nos. 84, 85, 86.

Again the

found on Syrianizing pottery

are

different,

the

all

67

supports,

as

is

the

button-foot

black

the

of

punctured ware, or that of such vases as nos.

87.

86,

further resembles

It

ic

bases

these

in

being found in Egypt on other objects of a

Syrianizing

nature,

that

on

say

to

is

the

alabaster, blue-frit, &c., stand-vases of a globular

shape with a high wide neck and strong

rim,"^

XVIIIth

is

type not

known

found again very commonly in the button-foot

Dynasty,

and figured as being brought into

The

hollow as

base-ring,

it

underneath,

is

Egypt

in

until the

of the black ware jugs with punctured patterns

filled

with white (Tell

in

which are found

Dynasty on

Egypt from the Xlllth

in

Hyksos

to

of foreign origin, and

Yahudiyeh ware),

el

This ware also

times.

is

usually considered to be

is

Syrian, though similar vases from Gezer are said

to

be imported from Egypt

made

we

vessels

On Egyptian-

base-ring to be

the

believe

practically confined to a portion of that class of

New Kingdom

which

pottery

Syrianizing

is

both in shape and decoration."

Besides being

list of

published specimens

PL

such bases as

Egypt

is

Hence

no. 67, n.

xxxiii,

Macahster,

P.,

op.

cit.,

ii,

160,

pp. 156,

161, PI.

cliii,

10.

C.A.

iii,

PL

V, 33.

P.,

G.B., PI. xxvii,

f,

158, 159.

Compare theii- wide necks and strong rims surmounting a

more or less globular body with Woolley, L.A.A.A., vi,
PI. xxii, no. 1, which an inspection of the original shows
The shape of the vase no. 63 of
to have the ring-base.
El Amrah and Abydos, PI. Iv, is actually closer, but
unfortunately the

probably

be

hoUowness

there,

is

of

the

which

will

Specimens

con-

foot,

not indicated.

siderably closer to the Egyptian vases can be found

among

the North Syrian pottery that

Apart

is still

unpublished.

from these Syrianizing forms, a base-ring

is

quite unusual

and extremely rare on Egyptian vessels, but still is not

unknown. See de Morgan, Tomheau Boyale de
Negadah, p. 184, fig. 664; Mediim, PL xxx, 17; Mahdsna
and Bet Kltallaf, PL xxxv, 12 Borchardt, GrahdenJcmal

Syrianizing pottery of

The habitual use

remarkable.

among

occur

its liability to

there are on the

of a base-ring is

not found in Cyprus until the Late Bronze Age, beginning

about the rise of the New Kingdom in Egypt, when the

custom comes
includes the
visible

in,

notably with that class of pottery which

bilbils.

Myees,

Susa which exhibits

Perse,

op.

on the only bowl of the

xiii,

PL

xi,

its
7).

cit.,

first

p. 36.

ring-base

is

or eneohthic period at

Morgan, Delegation en
Hence probably the numerous

base (de

pottery of this period

other bases on the

figs. 8, 9,

we know

to us, but

yet another on such a vase as Biqqeh and Memphis VI,

are of ring

The wide neck, strong rim, and more or less

globular body referred to at the beginning of this note
continually occur in North Syrian pottery in one form
or another; cf. Woolley, L.A.A.A., vi. Pis. xxii, 10,
11, xxiii, 10, 15, and on many other specimens not yet
form

known

also.

published.

Abydos, PL Iii,
component elements and globular body,
a long wide neck with a strong moulding at the rim, are
i,
the same as those of the Syrian vases discussed in note
worked
in
the
the
base-iing
of
The discovery
p. 68.
bottom of a type of vessel that is so often mounted on a
hollow stand is of importance in connecting the two. The
original is now in the Bristol Museum, where it was
^

MacIver and Mace, El Amrah and

tomb

D 35.

Its

examined.

absolutely

PL

As

for

example

P.,

L.G.M., PL xxi,

7,

or P., H.I.G.,

xii c, 23, 24, 24.

des Konigs Sa>liU-re\ p. 115,

p. 116,

fig.

PI. xvii, 7

bowL
Abydos, iii, PL
153, one

fig.

p.

148,

117,

two cylinder

fig.

xlvii, 65.

160;

P.,

vases,

K.G.H.,

This completes the

PL

As
66,

for
fig.

instance

MacIver and
PL

10297, or P., I.E.G.,

Woolley,
xxvii,

1,

2,

from the Maket tomb.

Buhen,
3,

5,

6,

68

BALABISH.

Egypt

tte

''y

The same

Syrians.^

feature

is

where they continue into Jewish times."

seen on the lotus vases of this period, whether

the

of faience

trumpet-foot,

or of alabaster, such as the strange

"

specimens from

Museum.

now

Sinai

Although

the Ashmolean

iii

might have been thought

it

these would have been purely Egyptian,

that

base-ring,

vases, are quite

they are also shown as being brought by the

Syrians and Keftiuans.^ We content ourselves

Kingdom.**

with

vases

Syrianizing

substance

XVIIIth

are also

made

of glass,* a

known in Egypt before the

Dynasty, when so many Syrian
not

Both the hollow base-

found very commonly on the pottery of this age

and earlier from North Syria,^ also in Palestine,*^
In Rekhmire, see Vibey, Me^ns. Miss. Franc, v, 1,
row of deposited presents cf. also the vase
Hall, Ancient History of the Near East, PI. xv. 1,

PI. vii, second

bottom left-hand corner, where the neck is exaggerated.

The type more often has handles added, as those brought
by the Keftiuans in Rekhmire, in Pi. v, bottom row of
deposited presents, and the vase carried by the fourth man
in the top row
also by the Syrians, as in Menkheperresenb, Mijller, Egyptological Besearches, ii, PI. 5, and
more decoratively treated in Pis. 4, 6 ; cf. that brought by
;

the Keftiuans and North Syrians on PI. 2, and RekJimire,

top row but one of the deposited presents.
P., I.K.G.,

PI.

xvii,

8,

now

131, both

xxviii,

Meydum and Memplds

the Ashmolean

in

III,

Museum,

where they were examined.

3 MiJLLER, Egyptological Besearches, ii,
Pis. 3, 5 ; cf. the
second vessel from the right on Pi. 6, which, ending as it
does in a sort of calix, may represent a similar idea.
^ Petkie, Arts and
Crafts of Ancimt Egypt, figs. 120,

Fig. 120 has

121.
5

As

for

PI. xix, a,

on

had handles

instance on

of yet

vases

another sort added.

similar

to

L.A.A.A.,

vi,

and on the vases figured in the same publication

h, 3, xxii, 1, 2, 3, 6, and many others.
The

Pis. xix,

ve.s.sels

of PI. xix, a,

h,

date to the First Bronze Period, and

are therefore earlier than the

"

Macalistek,

Ixxiv,

1,

ixxxi,

op.

1,

cit.

2,

6,

inadequate

of

closely connected with

hollow trumpet-foot

1,

2, 3,

Pis. cliv,

12-17,

xci,

11,

2."),

12,

dimensions,

vase forms

the

of

very rare in Egypt," and

is

XVIIIth Dynasty.

For the

higli foot .see Pis. xliv,

ixxxii, 11,

Ixxxiv, 7,

1 1,

Ixxxviii, 1,

For the base-ring see

14.

cliv,

clii,

17, cxxii, 14, 17,

itc.

Bliss and Macalistek, Excavations in Palestine,

1-9, PI. 34,

figs.

1 s,

.5

z,

s,

found at the other Palestinian

See also

PI. 3.5, figs.

&c.

These can also be

sites

of

Jericho, Tell

el

Mutesellim, Tell Ta'annek.

'

For the high foot in Jewish

Palestine, PI. 52,

*

figs.

H. Schmidt,

itself,

times, see Excavations in

PI. 53, fig.

We

only

1 j.

is

nos.

413, 415,

Often the vase

G67, 691-700, &c.

instead of being merely flattened,

actually hollowed

See nos. 739-741, 751, &c.

out underneath.
'

1, 2,

Trojanisclie Altertiimer,

448, 501, 537, 659,

PI.

New

Apart from these Syrianizing examples the

ring and the hollow trumpet-foot are actually

in

Egyptian

the

The Syrianizing globular

influences were at work.

of

Thus the base-ring and the hollow

wide neck, and copies of the

the

bilbils as well,

They
than the "Syrian"

Syria and of early Troy.

xc,

Syrian

in the first division of

earlier

vessels

trumpet-foot, often
are

tribute scenes will emphasize the extent to which

vase by the Syrians.

common

much

are therefore

or

such a foot or stand was used for every kind of

and the high

them inadequate to their

button-foot,

of

the pre-Mycenaean settlements at Troy.

yet besides having the hollowed trumpet-foot,

with quoting these classes, actual examples of

which have been found, but a glance at the

the
all

Both

know it in connection with the plate-like

made of alabaster, which belong to the

tables of offering

proto-dynastic

period

(as

Garstang, Mahdsna and Bet

Ehallaf, xxix), and the pottery

dishe-s, whicli

latter iu all

ages are often provided with a high stand (as for instance

Engelbach, Biqqeh and Memphis VI, PI. xxxiii, 90 b, 1,

The frequency with which this occurs leads one

s, x).

q,

to

suppose that the stand does not merely represent the

common Egyptian

ring-stand

for,

apart from these possible

exceptions, the Egyptians never fastened their ring-stands

two separate throughout the

Now on turning once
two dishes on high
published
we
find
Syria
North
more to
stands, though it is not apparent whether these are hollow

to the vessels, but kept the

course of their long civilization.

or not {L.A.A.A.,
of the first

this centre it

in
Pis.

vi,

PI. xix, a).

Bronze Period.
is

These are early, being

On expanding

the search from

found that both to the East and "West

Susa (de Morgan, Delegation in Pcrsc, xiii, p. 31,

xi, 4, xii, 1), Thessaly (Wage and Thompson, Pre-

historic Thessaly, "fruit-stands," pp. 16, 17, 22,

types

3,

to the Second Neolithic Period, and

P, y, (, belonging
pp. 20, 112, 114, 237, type r3 $, belonging to the end of

the Neolithic and beginning of the Chalcolithic Age), and

Moldavia (Idem, p. 257) dishes mounted on fixed stands

occur in the Neolithic and Chalcolithic periods.

It there-

FOREIGN POTTERY.
as a regular feature

only

is

known

to us on tlie

nos.

.3,

46 (two vases), and two others similar to

stand vases of tubular or globular shape of the

no. 3 (from groups

early pre-dynastic age.^

jugs,

Besides

the

connections

already

between ditierent members

foreign vases, a large

ointment

that

is

of

number

of

say,

five

to

observed

our

group

of

them contained
pilgrim-flasks,

no.

if

these Egyptian dishes do not prove to be

an exception, but themselves belong to a very

widespread, and early northern type.
1

Such as

P.,

N.B., PI.

ix,

.58,

characteristic,

61, 65, 72, &c.

be, then, that these stand vases of the intrusive

dynastic civilization are in some

Can

two black polished

59, and another from group B 64

two false-necked amphorae,

of the

the

types did

liilbils

groups

not

nos.

contain

ointment,

viz.

and other specimens from

and 173), and the spindle-shaped

81.

It is

strange that the

hllhih,

which seem likely to be Syrian, do not retain

signs of ointment, for in later times Syria

the great land for such substances.^

it

Early Pre-

way connected with Syria ?

Two

86, 87.

79

(no.

B38

bottle no.
fore seems as

B 49, 159);

See above, pp. 14

if.

was

71

APPENDIX.
PRESENT LOCATION OF THE OBJECTS FOUND AT BALABISH.
N.B.

The

uumber

given

it

is

is

of

tliat

tomb

whieli

in

understood that

to be

be found in the

tlie

all

Where no details are

tomb in question are to

objects were foimd.

the objects from

tlie

Museum.

University of PEmsrsYLVANiA, Philadelphia.

153, less beads

and one black-topped

vase.

212, shells only.

226,

except

some

of

the

leather

and one
51,

15,

pottery vase.
101,

all

131, 141,

except the pottery and marbles.

58,

150,

GO, 93, 94,

162,

103,

108,

113,

117,

182, 212, 221, 230, 233,

235, 241.

228, large situla vase only.

212,

all

except the

shells.

Public Library, Brattleboro, Vt.

38, 12G, 209, 225.

Also samples of leather- work, and a bag of

giraffe's or elephant's hair.

115, situla vase

and small

pilgrim-bottle.

153, beads and black-topped vase.

228, white discoid beads only.

Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences,

Brooklyn, N.Y.
34, vase, knife-blade

and

Specimens of leather-work.

shell bracelet.

Philadelphia Museum, Philadelphia, Penn.

115, beads and amulets.

128, beads

32, 40, 80, 81, 98, 118, 125.

and amulets.
34,

180, all except the leather.

two kohl -pots, one of

alabaster,

one of

mud.

86, 54, 90, 119, 144, 220, 231, 239, 243.

213,

fragments

of

pierced

leather

apron

Also large Ijowl of black-topped pottery, and

sandal.

divining horn and stones.

226, fine leather and piece of pottery

227, coarse leather.

Cincinnati Museum, Cincinnati, Ohio.

33, 37, 41, 46, 92,

124, 127, 151, 158, 159,

173, 174, 190, 202, 205, 218, 219.

157, pottery only.

Also copper axe with binding, diorite mace-

50, 75, 181.

head, red vase with white spotted ornament, and

Wellesley College, Wellesley, Mass.

39, except one ushahti.

set of divining pebbles.

Louisville Museum, Louisville, Kentucky.

107, less two situla vases.

129, vase with handle, and ivory

gaming

reeds.

16, 111.

BALABISH.

72

University of Illinois, Ijbana, Illinois.

The Toledo

]\Iuseum of Art, Toledo,

Ohio.
134, 152.
38, small vase with handle.

Cornell University Museum, Ithaca, N.Y.

39, large ushahfi.

107, two situla vases.

101, pottery and

marbles only.

129, fine white vase with incised decoration.

128, carnelian necklace and amulets.

157, very small vase only.

180, fragments of leather.

228, pottery only.

213, portion of pierced leather apron.

8, 9,

226, fragments of leather.

Also sandal and specimens of leather-work.

27, 28, 36, 71, 72.

227, beads only.

23, 49, 64,

1.54.

Yale University.

Also set of divining pebbles and bone hair

ornaments.

Specimens of leather-work.

INDEX.

INDEX.
Aalimes, town

Aamu,

of,

Ballas, 14.

7.

26.

Abadiyeh,

Balldx ware, 44.

Balm

43, 4i.

Absha, 2G.

of Gilead, lo note.

Balsam, 14.

AbuTisht,

1.

BalsamodeDdron opobalsamum, 15 note.

Abydos,

17, 19, 35, 43.

Balsamum, 14

1,

note.

Abyssinia, 11.

Baltizik, 38 note.

Adze, copper, 38.

Barabra,

Adzes, 39 note.

Base-ring pottery, 67.

Aegaean, 39 note, 63,

Ahmose

7.

65.

Bead-cloth, 50.

Beads,

.5,

Akhenaton, 59 note.

Beads,

ball, 21.

Alabaster, 10, 33, 56, 57, 59, 68 note.

Beads, barrel, 10, 20, 21, 50.

Aleppo, 38 note.

Beads, cylindrical, 21, 23, 51.

I,

6, 7, 32.

Amanus, 39

note.

Amenhotep

I, 6, 7

Amenhotep

II, 30.

6, 8, 10, 11, 12, 13, 16, 27, 28, 29.

Beads, discoid,
note.

6, 13, 14, 20, 21,

Beads, melon, 10, 21, 22, 23, 33, 59.

Amorgos, 39 note.

Beads sewn on to

Ararah, El, 19.

Beads, tubular, 13, 57.

Amulets,

Beetles, burials

19, 22, 44, 51.

leather, 5, 14, 20, 28, 29, 49.

of,

42, 44.

22, 27, 66 note.

Ankle-straps, 53.

Beni Hasan,

Anklets,

Bilbik, 61-2, 64, 66.

5.

Armenia, 39 note.

Bird-vase, 55, 56.

Arrow-head amulet,

19.

Black-topped ware, 35.

Black-topped cups of bell-shape, 42-4, 52.

Arrows, 49.

Ashes

in burials, 46, 47, 57..

Boeotia, 65 note.

Asia, 38.

Bolus, 55.

Asia Minor, 55.

Bone,

Assyria, 38 note, 64.

Bone

awls, 9, 11, 50,

Aswan, 38

Book

of the

note.

Awlad Yahia,

11, 17, 50.

Bosem,

Axe-head amulet,

Dead, 57.

Borers of bone, 17, 50.

2.

Awls, 28.

Axes,

29, 59.

Beads, drop-shaped, 22.

Bow,

19.

5, 10, 12, 13,

32, 44, 49.

15.

30, 31, 51.

Bow-string, 10, 49.

Bracelets, 10, 14, 23, 31, 49, 51.

Aziziyeh, 38 note.

Bracers, 10, 12, 28, 30, 49.

Bronze,

8, 11,

59.

Babylon, 38, note.

Bucrania, 46, 50.

Babylonia, 38.

Buff ware, 14, 35, 37, 40.

Bag

of elephant's

Baliana,

1.

(?)

hair, 12, 46.

Bugelkannen, 65.

Buhen, 44.

L 2

INDEX.

76

Button-seals,

Buttons

Galena, 44.

5, 50.

Gaul, 15.

50.

(?),

Gebel Moya, 46.

Gezer, 55, 56, 61, 62, 63. 65.
Calcite crystals, 13.

Giraffe's

Carnelian, 10, 13, 19, 20, 21, 23, 50, 55.

C-group

civilization, 4, 5, 9, 10,

12, 19, 29, 32, 36, 41, 42,

43, 44, 46, 47, 52, 59.

Chalcedony (?),

55.

Charms,

18.

Contracted burial,

9.

foil,

Gold

shells, 18, 45.

59.

23.

Gournia, 56, 62.

Gozo, 35.

8, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 32, 49, 50.

Coptic cemetery,

Cowrie

5, 23.

Gold

Gold wire,

3, 10.

shells, 18, 23.

Copper,

56, 57, 58.

Gold collar-beads, 20, 21, 45, 50.

39 note.

Colouring of bones,

Conus

5.5,

Glaze, black, 50.

Gold beads,

wooden, 58.

Coffin,

6, 19, 20, 23.

Glaze, 13, 19, 21, 22, 49,

Gold, 23.

Chamois

leather, 27.

Cilicia,

hair, 46.

(?)

Glass beads,

2.

Haematite,

shells, 19, 50.

Crete, 15, 39 note, 65 note.

Crystal, glazed, 19, 22, 49, 50.

11.

Hair-pins, 11.

Hair-pins of bone, 17.

Hair, plaited, 11, 12, 46, 56.

Cylinder-seals, 15.

flaZ/a-grass, 57.

Ci/praea shells, 12.

Cyprus, 38, 55, 61, 62, 63, 65 note.

Hatched ware,

Henna,

36, 42.

4.

Herodotus, 27.
Daggers, 32, 38 note, 43, 44.

Hierakonpolis, 22, 24.

Dead

Hieratic script, 54.

Sea, 14 note.

Deir

el

Deir

el Ballas, 5.

Babri, 24.

Dendereh,

Hittites, 39 note.

Horn,

10, 12, 13, 14, 31, 32, 49.

Horn-protectors for rams, 42, 43, 44.

19.

Diodorus Siculus, 14 note.

Horn, ram's,

Diospolis Parva,

1, 5,

Horus, 25.

Dogs, burials

42.

of,

20, 42.

Doll of pottery, 56.

Earrings,

6, 13,

3S, 50, 55, 57.

Hu,

22, 37, 42, 43, 44.

3, 9,

Hyksos,

9, 42.

6, 7, 9, 15,

Incised black pottery, 42.

Ear-stud, 13, 59.

Incised pottery, 49.

Elephant's (?) hair, 12, 46, 52.

India, 15.

Emery,

Indian Ocean

38.

Ephesus, 38 note.

39.

shells, 18, 19.

Ivory, 59.

Ericus, 15 note.
Jasper, 59.

Faras,

4, 9, 12,

Feathers

in

22.

grave, 12.

FeLspar, green, 13, 23.

Figure vases, 58.

Jasper

shells, 18.

Jericho, 14 note, 15 note, 62, 63, 65.

Josephus, 15 note.

Judea, 14, 15 note.

Fish, vertebrae of, 22.

Kaffirs, 17.

Flint, 11, 50.

Fly ornaments,

7, 19, 43, 44.

Kahun,

62.

Frit, blue, 23.

Kamose,

Frogs, 57.

Keftiu, 39 note.

7.

INDEX.

77

Keftiuans, 62, 68.

Narmer,

Kerma,

Kaxos, 38 note.

7, IS, 24, 42, 43, 46, .52.

24, 25, 45, 54.

Khata'neh, 59 note.

Needles, 50.

Khizam,

Nerd, 15.

El, 5, 7.

Kilts, leather, 12, 29.

New Year

Eoljl, 50.

Nile

vases, 64.

shells, 18, 19.

Eohl--pots, 3, 5, 9, 10, 12, 33, 44, 56, 59.

Nine-pins, 57.

Kom-el-maganin,

Nubia,

2.

4,

12, 15, 19, 22, 27, 29, 35, 38, 42, 44,

.-,,

Koptos, 18, 45.

Kordofan, 46.

Obsidian, 38, 39, 39 note.

Kubban,

Ointment,

43.

8, 10, 14,

Opobalsamum,

l-")

40, 44, 49, 56, 58, 66.

note.

Lachish, 55, 61, 62, 63, 65.

Orientation,

Lapis-lazuli, 15, 38.

Osiris temple at

Laureion, 39 note.

Ostrich-egg shell, beads

Lead, 59.

Ox-skulls, 9.

Leather,

3, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 16, 20,

4, 46, 51.

Abydos,

17.

of, 6, 22.

26-29.
Paint, 34, 44.

Leather cords,

5, 13, 20, 28, 31, 52.

Leather dyed red, 26, 27, 46, 51.

Leather, fringed, 28, 46, 49.

Palestine, 55, 62, 63, 68.

Palettes, slate, 19.

Leather, pierced,

5, 12, 28, 29, 51.

Palettes, stone, 8, lo, 34, 44, 49, 52.

Leather straps, 31.

Pebbles, 12, 13, 14.

Leather threads,

18.

Libyans, 12, 20, 27.

Lip-stud, 13, 49, 52.

Lotus ornament,

Paint on bones, 46.

12.

Pectorals, 18.

Pepi

I,

59 note.

Persia, 38 note.

Phylakopi, 62.

Macedonia, 39 note.
Mace-heads,

Mahasna,

15.

El, 19, 22, 23.

Marble, blue,

3, 9,

Medinet Habu, 59

Pilgrim

l)ottles, 54, 57,

Pinna sheUs,
33.

4, 5, 13, 49, 50.

Mediterranean

note.

shells, 18, 19.

Melos, 39 note, 62.

Menkheperresenl) fresco, 62.

Merenptah, 59 note.
Mesopotamia, 39 note.
of, 18, 45.

62-5.

18.

Plaque, glazed 58, 59.

Pliny, 15.

Porphyry beads,

50.

Potter's marks, 62.

Pottery,

Meir, 30.

Min, statues

7.

Pigments, 11.

Malachite, 11, 44.

Mats,

Piankhy,

47-48.

6,

Pottery, borrowed, 41.

Pottery, foreign, 61.

Pottery, pan-grave, 35-41.
Pottery, pre-dynastic,

1, 2,

8, 41, 44.

Pre-dyuastic civilization, 19, 22, 44, 58, 64.

Minoans, 66.
Qulleh ware, 11, 13, 55, 58, 57, 60.

Mirrors, 50.

Qurneh, 43.
Mitanni, 38 note.

Mochlos, 56.

Ram,

Model

Rame.ses II, 30.

pots, 50.

Mother

of pearl, 18, 20.

Moulded rims on
Mycenae,

Naqada,
Nard,

63.

14.

14.

pottery, 36.

copper, 10.

Rameses

III, 59 note, 65.

Razor, bronze, 59.

Red dyed leather, 10.

Red polished ware, 35.
Rekhmire,

11, 54, 62.

Retenu, 39 note.

4-5,

46.

INDEX.

78

Rhytons, 5G.

Steatopygous

Rifeh, 3,

Strabo, 14 note.

Rings,

->,

35, 42.

9,

Straw

.59.

Rings, finger,

.50,

dolls, 50.

in pottery, 35, 36, 37, 47, 49.

Strigils, 5, 10, 13, 14, 31, 49.

57.

Suazenre, 32.

Roseires, 46.

Sudan, 46, 52.

Samhoud,

Susa, 39 note, 55.

1.

Sandals, 10, \i, 13, 24,

2.5,

51, 53-4.

Syria, 9, 14, 39 note, 68.

Sandal-strap, 25.

Syrians, 62, 68.

Sandstone, 11.

Syrian pottery, 38, 39.

Santa Verna, 35.

Syrianizing pottery, 55, 56, 68.

Saqqara, 35.

Sawamah,

Ta'annek, 62.

9.

Scarab, heart, 57.

Tabal, 39 note.

Scarabs, 59.

Tarkhan,

Scrabble pattern, 3G.

Tarshish, 39 note.

14.

Senaar, 46.

Taur't amulet, 19.

Senmiit fresco, 66.

Tell-el-Mutesellim, 55, 62, 65.

Senusert, 18.

Tell-el-Yahudiyeh, 13, 59 note.

Senusert II, 33.

Theodore, King, 11, 12.

Senusert III, 39 note.

Theophrastus, 15 note.

Seqenenre,

Tiles for inlay, 59 note.

6, 7.

Tirhakah,

Serpentine, 10.
59.

Toggles

Seti II, 59 note.

Tombos,

Seti

I,

Shalmaneser

II,

39 note.

7.

(?),

59.

7.

Tortoise-shell, 10, 31, 32, 51.

Shell heads, 50.

Toshkeh, 7 note.

Shellal, 43.

Triton shells, 18.

Shells, 5, 8, 9, 11, 13, 17, 18, 33, 45, 19, 59.

Troy, 63, 68.

Shell-strip bracelets, 10, 20, 43, 46.

Trumpet-foot pottery, 67, 68.

Sheshy, King,

Tuthmosis

I, 7,

11.

Shubbiluliuma, 39 note.

Tuthmosis III,

11,

Silver, 38, 39, 39 note.

Tuthmosis IV, 40.

Sinai, 68.

Tweezers, 12, 33, 44.

Sinews, 10.

Tyrus,'38 note.

6.

38 note, 39 note, 40.

Singara, 38 note.

Sinuhe, 39 note.

Uronarti, 7 note.

Sitnlii vase, 58.

Ushahtis, 54, 56, 58.

Skulls of animals, 45, 50.

Uzat eye, 57.

Slate, 57.

Smyrna, 38

note.

Wady

Alaqi, 43.
43.

Somaliland, 31.

AVady Haifa,

Spatulae of bone, 11, 17.

Wood,

Spear-head amulet, 19.

Wrist-guards, 10, 12, 28, 30.

11, 13.

Spheroid beads, 20, 21, 50, 59.

Spindle-shaped bottle, 62.
Steatite, glazed, 57.

Zer, 38 note.

Zeser-ka-ra,

6.

PLATES.

S3M

I
OT
CO

<
_J
<
DQ

I-

<

LU
CO

3
o
CO

LLl

<
O
z
<
Q.

fii

XSV3

BALABISH.

2.

TOMB GROUPS.

TOMB GROUP

TOMB GROUP

B 208.

110

Plate

II

BALABISH.

I.

TOMB GROUP

TOMB GROUPS

Plate

B185.

2.

3.

TOMB GROUP

B 222.

TOMB GROUP

201.

III

BALABISH.

TOMB GROUPS.

TOMB GROUP

1.

2.

TOMB GROUP

212.

213.

Plate

IV.

BALABISH.

1.

BUFF,

2.

TYPES OF POTTERY.

RED-POLISHED.

AND HATCHED WARE.

BLACK-TOPPED AND HATCHED WARE.

Plate V.

BALABISH.

TOMB GROUPS.

TOMB GROUP

1.

2.

B 226.

TOMB GROUP

B 227.

Plate

VI.

BALABISH.

3.

4.

TOMB GROUP

TOMB GROUPS AND BONE IMPLEMENTS.

B 182.

1.

TOMB GROUP

B 220.

7.

TOMB GROU?

B 239.

TYPES OF BONE BORERS AND SPATULAE.

Plate

VI

BALABISH.

TYPES OF BEADS AND SHELLS.

1.

2.

BEADS.

SHELLS.

Plate VIIL

BALABISH.

TYPE

1.

B 22S.

Plate

SANDALS AND SKIRT.

TYPE

2.

2.

TYPE

218.

LEATHERN SKIRT. B

216.

3.

B 234, 243.

IX.

BALABISH.

TYPES OF LEATHER.

Plate

'i'J^

1.

TYPES OF FRINGED LEATHER. BEADS SEWN INTO SEAMS, AND CORDAGE.

TYPES OF PIERCED LEATHER.

>

BALABISH.

1.

2.

TYPES OF LEATHER.

STITCHED LEATHER. B

LEATHER BUNDLE WITH BEADS

IN

179.

THE SEAMS.

B 235.

Plate

XI

BALABISH.

Scale 2:3

l\0

B.wiiiiE

208
212
2 3^

*i;wn.Ek*

WARE

BRACERS, BRACELETS, STRIGILS, ETC.

Plate

XII

BALABISH.

BRONZES, AMULETS, KOHL-POTS, AND PALETTES.

Bno

Plate

XIII.

Scale 1:6

BALABISH.

TYPES OF POTTERY.

PAN-GRAVES.

Plate XIV.

b:u?

B2kO

RED POLISHED WARE

BLACK-TOPPED WARE

1821k

P.

B,

B2I1.

2Z22ZS?

Kn

ii'iii/i>,iU

--Bill

BI80

B2U0

HATCHED WARE

H.

BUFF WARE.

===,1
5208

3212

'

'B212

BliO

10

B.au

\
B508
2-

BORROWED POTTERY.

BALABISH.

TYPES OF BURIALS.

Plate XV.

maXX

\.U'

.223

3.208

^^
10-

b-

-2

-@u^

B189
B.20I

BALABISH.
Note. The Numbers

SYNOPSIS OF TOMBS AND CONTENTS.

are the

Plate XVI.

Type Numbers, in the case of Beads on Plate VIII, Amulets Plate XIII,
XIV, Horn Plate XII, Kohl-pots Plate XIII, Sandals Plate IX.

Shells Plate VIII, Pottery Plate

CIRCULAR GRAVES-CONTRACTED BURIALS.

(X

GRAVE

LEATHER

BODY

POTTERY

an

en

_j

TYPE

NONE
p

z: I
CD <U5 CO

en

no

UJ

-<

It

TYPE

P B H

REMARKS

VARIOUS

TYPE

IB'

l30 ibO ISO

TY PES

U)

2.

2,3,V

"1

T\t.

ns p
180

181

no

120 lUS

100

100 155

-35

NONE
F

95 lb5 ivo"

P
igS

\o5

p as

I2S

ItO

W
II

tiSliCi.1.4

O^ Te

OnE

".1*15

111

NONE

HO qo
125

1.

S.

P MS

t^hTieaVTiCDva'TH'nCut^.

SKERJ

15

.HTHC*TiHBurFPeqLen'''C'VCtMHtD'n*

HMR,

lb.

OlSKUli SPoTTCO

no

Ram's morx.

202
212

p
P

ILO

1L.0

120

NONE
NONE

bftACEirri west k pair.

"^

1,2,3,
le?<^

8.
METlH.Lt n;sTt_"

10

^riiHT fL^<cs

LtfcTwtB

Dee

,HTO

WM5

UPtPiltfPIHT.TE

POT&mUD StHUPtH

21W

CRh^E. CUT IhHAIll..

95

P
p

2iq

220

P no

222

P
I

150

HUCH

100

130

100

110

120

NONE
30

W M

ilO

110

20

BE\.T

CALthTt CR'ISTAVS.

1,3
l>qi2

F?

NONE

225

1,3.<1

13

NONE
120

toRD TiCC UP B"0>.6 OJ

SuThER wtTbBooy mSiOC

LEHThCRvotm

ItO

120

NONE

1.3.

piC4.eeD P*TttOr,

eoRDci(pj>'Tcove*i>iCR.

<!

B<uc.cn

22b P 120

ON KTTCtoeoiCS.

witWO^i.1 TYPe2

no

130 125

t>Ur(rTii.L

imtM SM" OH 6okC^

118

22lv

-95

13?

fc

p>.

P SAWALSTlfrei. AXE BoyKQTO H*rDl.E BY

rvtat U,,HOOTM STONES. HIDE TMON&&.
CeWtSE LC>>THBR>n<OTCD

wAiiTci/heD Miot

PLUNEXCipTFOR

23q

\K0

11*0

ibO

NONE

ST All*

25

WWtH
IP

n,TERlV,.

STUD

Clku^fTt

Types.

MUT.

COD

=5

PLMTED uEfcTHER/lW

TWiST.

HyU E H" wR.t IfBhTO HMAOhTiiC lmthek,

lilTBiR

NONE

rsuo p

PoT.

OVAL GRAVES.-CONTRACTED BURIALS.'

LNi;T>lBfiekDTH

qb

130

-80

ILO

NONE

150

200

100

100

NONE

120 -90

180

320

ikO

130

ikS

320*

IU.0

no

100
125

300*

300

320
310

130 -55

210

11.0

-80

130 320'

211

i-\5

125

ll0

213

150

120 110

23U.

2LI

SSvj

NONE
F
NONE

2oq

223
232

NONE
NONE

mtnUFT'

?aBBl.9 - fc^AtCTB ?

SCENT OljOintMEWT HMt OWtHiaKTiiEd.

4E

POT.B^'fW.

BALABISH.

SYNOPSIS OF TOMBS AND

For explanation of refereiKe numbers

see Plate

CONTENTS-con;/</er/

XVI.

LONG GRAVES-EXTENDED BURIALS.

UJ

oq

r
z

Plate XVII

SANDALS.

BALABISH.

1.

2.

TWO VIEWS OF

LATE

A SANDAL.

XVIIIth

FOREPART OF A SHOE-SANDAL.

170.

15.

DYNASTY.

Plate XVIM.

BALABISH.

1.

OBJECTS OF THE LATE

XVIIIth

DYNASTY.

Plate XIX.

POT WITH PIERCED PROTUBERANCES.

2.

3.

TOMB GROUP

154.

PENANNULAR EARRING

IN

POSITION.

66.

Plate XX.

BALABISH.

GROUP

B101

AND THREE VIEWS OF THE FIGURE VASE.

LATE

XVIIlTH

DYNASTY.

BALABISH.

1,

2.

LATE

FIGURE VASES, ETC.

TOMB GROUP

TOMB GROUP

B 36.

50.

XVIIIth

TWO POTS WITH HUMAN

FIGURE VASE.

DYNASTY.

HEADS.

CANDPIC JAR COVERS?

USHABTIS?

Plate XXI.

BALABISH.

OBJECTS OF THE LATE

XVIIIth

U^iM^9^m^

"Will

1.

2.

TOMB GROUP

TOMB GROUP

90.

157.

DYNASTY.

oooo

Plate XXII

BALABISH.

NEW KINGDOM POTTERY,

ETC.

Scale of Vases 1:6

Scarab :l
I,,

B170

/^/l
X//

^;s>

WJTMrpiA.^

The

figure at the foot of a pot indicates the

number

of that type

found in the grave.

Plate XXI II

BALABISH.

TOMB GROUP

B 50.

1:6
Scale of Vases
Scarabs I;
,,
I

..

The

figure at the foot of a pot indicates the

number

of that type

found in the grave.

Plate XXIV

BALABISH.

NEW KINGDOM POTTERY,

Scale:

Pottery

Plate XX\

ETC.

Other Objects 2:3

'(gj-rr.'-'i-rr^

IGJ=0'

FOREIGN

pottery

157

The

the
figure at the foot of a put indicates

uumbor

of

that type fouud in the grave.

"

'

PUBLICATIONS OF THE EGYPT EXPLORATION SOCIETY.

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