1.

(a)

(165, 0);

(b)

Look for these points:

to change phase, the separation of the molecules must increase;
Some recognition that the ice is changing phase is needed.
so all the energy input goes to increasing the PE of the molecules;
Accept something like breaking the molecular bonds.
KE of the molecules remains constant, hence temperature remains constant;

If KE mentioned but not temperature then assume they

know that temperature is a measure of KE.
(c)

(i)

(ii)

(iii)

time for water to go from 0 to 15C = 30 s;

energy required = msDq = 0.25 15 4 200 = 15 750 J;
energy
power = time = 525 W 530 W;

ice takes 15 s to go from 15C to 0;

energy supplied = 15 530 J;
(530 15)
1 1
sp ht = (15 0.25) = 2100 J kg K ;

time to melt ice = 150 s;

(150 530)
1
0.25
L=
= 320 kJ kg ;

2
[12]

2.

The physics of cooling

(a)

temperature is proportional to a measure of the average kinetic energy;

of the molecules of the substance;
or:
idea that temperature shows natural direction of the flow of thermal energy;
from high to low temperature / OWTTE; (do not accept hot to cold)

Award [1 max] for a rough and ready answer and [2 max] for a more
detailed answer.
(b)

a curve of gradually decreasing rate of loss of temperature;

that is asymptotic to 20C;

Award [0] for a straight-line graph.

(c)

(i)

temperature is falling because of thermal energy transfer to the

surroundings;
with a decreasing rate;
the rate thermal energy transfer / heat loss in this region is greater;
because the temperature difference with the surroundings is greater
/ OWTTE;
2

(ii)

realization that substance is still losing thermal energy;

Award [3 max] for other relevant points:

eg liquid and solid present / phase change taking place;
temperature stays constant until no more liquid;
at a constant rate;
loss of PE of atoms = thermal energy transfer;
because PE decreases;
KE of atoms constant;

Award [2 max] for an answer that fails to realize that the liquid
solidifies.
(d)

(i)

calculation of the temperature rate of change in the range

-2
-1
(2.4 - 3.5) 10 Cs ;

Q
Q
mc
;
t
t
-2

= 0.11 1300 2.9 10 ;

~ 4(1)W;
(ii)

energy lost while solidifying, E = 3600 - 6000J;

E
;
m
-1

L = 33 - 55kJ kg ;

3
[17]

3.

(a)

the amount of energy / heat required to raise the temperature of 1 kg

of a substance through 1 K;
Or
Amount of energy needed to increase the temperature of a unit mass
by one degree.

(b)

the internal energy is the total energy of the molecules of a substance;

the greater the specific heat (the more energy required to raise unit mass
through 1 K this) means that to increase the temperature by the same
amount, more energy must be given to substance A than to substance B
(so internal energy is greater) / OWTTE;
2
2

Award [0] for correct answer with incorrect or no explanation.

(c)

(i)

so that the metal reaches the temperature of the boiling water;

(ii)

QM = mass of metal specific heat capacity of metal fall in

temperature of metal;

QW = mass of water specific heat capacity of water rise in

temp of water;

(iv)

because energy is lost to the surroundings;

(i)

(energy is transferred) by conduction through the insulation of the

element / OWTTE;

(iii)

(d)

(energy is then transferred) by the bulk motion of the water /

convection through the water / OWTTE;
the element will also radiate some energy which will be absorbed
by the water / OWTTE;
(ii)

energy supplied by heater in 1s = 7.2 10 J;

energy per second = mass per second sp ht rise in temperature;
3

7.2 10 = mass per second 4.2 10 26;

-1

to give mass per second = 0.066kg / flow rate = 0.066kg s ;

(iii)

energy is lost to the surroundings;

flow rate is not uniform;

Do not allow the heating element is not in contact with all the water
flowing in the unit.
Accept answers that imply that there will be a temperature gradient
between element and wall of pipe. Do not accept answers such as
element will not heat water uniformly.

(iv)

P VI , I

P
;
V

7.2 10 3
30 A ;
= 240

(v)

when operating at 7.2kW the element is at a higher temperature / hotter

than when first switched on;
therefore, resistance is greater (and so current is smaller) / OWTTE;
Or
element is cold / OWTTE when first switched on;
therefore, smaller resistance than when hot (and so current is larger);2

(e)

(i)

V2
;
R

240 2 110 2

;
R240 R110
2

R110 110

;
R240 240
= 0.21
Or
from P = VI

240 I 2 110 I 1 to give I 2

11
I1 ;
24

I 22 R2 I12 R1 ;
2

R1 I 22 11

;
R2 I 12 24
= 0.21
(ii)

to get equivalent power, heating elements must have lower resistance;

therefore, they have to be physically larger so more expensive / take
up more space;
Or
smaller voltage supply needs larger current;
so thicker cables therefore, more expensive / take up more space;

2
[25]

4.

Specific latent heat

(a)

the amount of (thermal) energy needed to convert a unit mass of a solid

substance into a liquid at the melting temperature of the substance /
at constant temperature;

(b)

(i)

-2

V = 12 3 10 = 0.36 m ;
m = r V = 900 0.36 = 324;
320 kg

(ii)

E = PtA = 340 12 6 60 60;

7

= 8.8 10 J (no marks for answer)

(iii)

mass that can melt with this available energy is

8.8 10 7
270 kg
330 10 3
and so not all the ice will melt;
or
3

energy required to melt ice = 320 330 10 = 1.1 10 J;

so not all the ice melts (as this is more than the available energy);

Do not accept answers without justification.

(iv)

(c)

that all the energy incident on the ice gets absorbed / that no energy
gets reflected / no energy gets conducted to the water below;
1

Accept any reasonable discussion based on any method of heat transfer eg

the air in contact with the ice is warmer than the rest and so rises;
leaving its place to colder air which in turn warms up as well carrying
energy away from the ice;
or
the water / ice surface is warmer than the surroundings;
and so radiates electromagnetic waves losing thermal energy / net transfer
by radiation losses;
or
the molecules of ice / water in contact with the air molecules;
transfer energy to them through collisions thus losing thermal energy;

2
[9]

5.

Specific heat and a domestic shower

(a)

(b)

the amount of energy / heat required to raise the temperature of 1 kg

of a substance through 1K / 1C;

the internal energy is the total energy of the molecules of a substance;

the greater the specific heat (the more energy required to raise unit mass
through 1 K) this means that to increase the temperature by the same amount,
more energy most be given to substance A than to substance B (so internal
energy is greater) / OWTTE;
2
5

(c)

energy supplied by heater in 1s = 7.2 10 J;

(i)

energy per second = mass per second sp ht rise in temperature;

3

7.2 10 = mass per second 4.2 10 26;

to give mass per second = 0.066kg;
(ii)

energy is lost to the surroundings;

flow rate is not uniform;

Do not allow the heating element is not in contact with all the water
flowing in the unit.
[8]

6.

(a)

use of
1
2

1
2

mv and ml;
3

v = 340 10 ;
1
v = 820 m s ;

3
3

Award [2 max] if 10 missing, answer 26 m s .

Award [3] if the candidate assumes value for m.
(b)

comment on speed eg speed is very large (> speed of sound)

eg in practice speeds are much lower than this;
hence hailstone will not melt;

Allow any relevant comment and conclusion based on

candidates answer to (a).
[5]

7.

changes in internal energy depend on mass, specific heat capacity and temperature
rise;
specific heat capacity and temperature rise are unchanged;
mass changes so statement incorrect;
[3]

8.

(a)

(i)

(ii)
(b)

F = Mg sin
= 960 9.8 0.26;
3
2.4 10 N

1
2
mv
= (480 81) = 3.9 104 J;
KE = 2

KE = Fs;
3
to give F = 2.610 N;
2
Award [1 max] if v = 2 as is used.

2
7

(c)

recognize that KE = mass sp ht rise in temperature;

3.9 10 4

2 900 5.2 ;
= 4.2 ;
Award full marks for bald correct answer.
no energy / heat loss to the surroundings / energy distributed evenly in
shoe and drum;

4
[9]

9.

(a)

more energetic molecules leave surface;

mean kinetic energy of molecules in liquid decreases;
and mean kinetic energy depends on temperature;

Award [2] if mean not mentioned.

(b)

eg larger surface area;

increased draught;
higher temperature;
lower vapour pressure;

2 max

Award [1] if candidate merely identifies two factors.

(c)

energy to be extracted = 0.35 4200 25;

+0.35 330 000;
+0.35 2100 5;
= 156 000 J
156 000
time = 86
= 1800 s;

Allow ecf if one term incorrect or missing.

[9]

10.

Temperature and thermal energy

(a)

property measured at two known temperatures (and at unknown

temperature);
(temperature calculated) assuming linear change of property with
temperature;

Award [1] for descriptions of constructing a thermometer.

(b)

thermometer absorbs (thermal) energy / heat from the body / has a thermal
capacity; so changes temperature of body;
or
time taken for (thermal) energy / heat to be conducted into thermometer;
so may not be able to follow changing temperature;

(c)

(i)

quantity of (thermal) energy / heat required to raise temperature of

unit mass;
by one degree;
or

Q
;
m

with DQ, m and Dq explained;

(ii)

m 330;
+m 4.2 8;
= 0.45 4.2 16;
m = 0.083kg;

Award [2 max] for an answer m = 0.092 kg - ignoring ice-water.

(d)

(i)

(both are change from liquid vapour phase)

evaporation:
occurs at surface of liquid;
occurs at all temperatures;
boiling:
occurs in the body of the liquid;
occurs at one temperature / boiling point;

(ii)

separation of molecules increases in the change from liquid to vapour

phase;
this involves an increase in potential energy;
but temperature observed to change only when kinetic energy changes;

3
[15]

11.

(a)

(i)

(ii)

(iii)

mass of water = 1.2 10 kg;

3
3
8
energy required = 1.2 10 4.2 10 30 = 1.5 10 J;

2 max

energy provided in 2 hours = 7 200 800 A;

(1.5 10 8 )
2
therefore, A = 7200 800) 26 m ;

2 max

this is a large area;

appropriate relevant detail eg a lot of space needed;

2 max

Look for a plausible argument for or against eg if the

space is available then could be a viable proposition. Or
the response may argue that in reality a greater area than
this will be needed.
9

10

(b)

(i)

(ii)

power P =

1
2

2 3

rAv = 2 rpr v where r is the blade radius;

2P
v 3
therefore, r =
;
800
3
= 3.14 6 = 1.1 m;

3 max

Look for any sensible reason in support or against.

1 max
[10]

11