Nahw Grammar Arabic Tutor Volume 3

Volume 3
A Translation of

popularly known as

Madrassah Inaamiyyah Camperdown - http://www.al-inaam.com/
Arabic Tutor Volume Three

Copyright 2004 Madrasah Inmiyyah
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a

retrieval system, or transmitted in any form, or by any means, electronic,
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Typeset on Palatino 13 and Traditional Arabic 18 by Academy for Islamic

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Africa.
Page 2
<<<<<<<<
!" #$ % &'( )*+ ,- &. !/ 0
(;<( =>) 1 2 345 6 78" % ) 9
l Ibnul Jad (Rahimahullh) narrates that he heard

Shubah saying,
The example of a scholar of hadth who does not know
Arabic is like a donkey that has a nosebag but there is no
fodder in it.
(Tafsr Qurtub)
<<<<<<<<
Page 3
Title
Arabic Tutor - Volume Three
Author
Mouln bdus Sattr Khn (

6 7)
Translated by Mouln Ebrhm Muhammad

First Edition
R Awwal 1428 A.H. April 2007
Published by
Madrasah Inaamiyyah
P.O. Box 39
Camperdown
3720
South Africa
Tel
+27 031 785 1519
Fax
+27 031 785 1091
email
al_inaam@yahoo.com
Page 4

Contents
The first twenty five lessons were completed in Volume
One and Volume Two. Volume Three begins with Lesson
26.
Transliteration........................................................................12
Preface .........................................................................................15
Guidelines for Teachers........................................................18
Indications ..............................................................................19
Lesson 26.....................................................................................20
The Types of Verbs................................................................20
Exercise No. 27 .......................................................................28
Lesson 27.....................................................................................29
The Types of Changes and Some Rules .............................29
The Rules of (2@>A B
@ C) .............................................................30
The Rules of (DEF@ GA).................................................................32
The Rules of (@A@ C) .................................................................33
Exceptions...............................................................................37
Lesson 28.....................................................................................40
Hamzated Verbs ....................................................................40
Vocabulary List No. 26 .........................................................51
Exercise No. 28 .......................................................................55
Test No. 13 ..............................................................................62
Lesson 29.....................................................................................64
Page 5

The Doubled Verb .................................................................64
Exercise No. 29 .......................................................................77
Test No. 14 ..............................................................................84
Lesson 30.....................................................................................86
The Semi-Vowelled Verbs....................................................86
Exercise No. 30 .......................................................................96
Lesson 31...................................................................................104
The Hollow Verb .................................................................104
Vocabulary List No. 29 .......................................................118
Exercise No. 31 .....................................................................121
Lesson 32...................................................................................129
The Defective Verb ..............................................................129
The Changes in the Perfect (0HI)....................................132
The Changes in the Imperfect (J7KI).............................137
Exercise No. 32 .....................................................................142
Lesson 33...................................................................................148
The Jussive Mood of the Imperfect...................................148
Exercise No. 33 .....................................................................159
Lesson 34...................................................................................163
The Doubly Weak Verb and the Verb (E7C ).....................163
Page 6

Exercise No. 34 .....................................................................172
Lesson 35...................................................................................178
The Remaining Triliteral Categories.................................178
Exercise No. 35 .....................................................................180
Test No. 15 ............................................................................183
Lesson 36...................................................................................185
The Special Meanings of Each Verb Category ................185
The Special Meanings of (&1G
) ..................................187
The Special Meanings of (> ) ..................................188
The Special Meanings of ()> ).................................189
The Special Meanings of (
L > ) .................................190
The Special Meanings of (M> ) ...................................191
The Special Meanings of (&>N ) .................................192
The Special Meanings of (&O1 ) .................................193
The Special Meanings of (&41 ) and (&41 )....193
The Special Meanings of (&>OP ) ..............................193
The Special Meanings of (&1 )................................194
The Special Meanings of (&Q'1
).................................194
The Categories of (61 ! RS T 07) ..............................195
Page 7

U V@ >E C
)..................................196
The Special Meanings of (&W1 ) .................................196
The Special Meanings of (&4X1 )................................197
Exercise No. 36 .....................................................................199
Lesson 37...................................................................................201
Exercise No. 37 .....................................................................210
Exercise No. 38 .....................................................................212
Exercise No. 39 .....................................................................214
Exercise No. 40 .....................................................................215
Lesson 38...................................................................................216
The ()Y.N
&1Z).........................................................................216
Exercise No. 41 .....................................................................224

Exercise No. 42 .....................................................................229
Exercise No. 43 .....................................................................232
Exercise No. 44 .....................................................................233
Lesson 39...................................................................................234
The ()A C7C E(8
L [
&V C1[ E)..................................................................234
Exercise No. 45 .....................................................................236

Exercise No. 46 .....................................................................239
Exercise No. 47 .....................................................................241
Page 8

Lesson 40...................................................................................243
The Verbs of Praise and Dispraise ....................................243
Words Indicating Surprise .................................................246
Exercise No. 48 .....................................................................248
Exercise No. 49 .....................................................................252
Exercise No. 50 .....................................................................254
Exercise No. 51 .....................................................................254
Test No. 16 ............................................................................258
Lesson 41...................................................................................261
Pronouns...............................................................................261
The Visible and Concealed Pronoun ................................264
The ()A CE.'A [
V '@ NL) ......................................................................266
The Pronoun of State...........................................................267

The Distinguishing Pronoun .............................................268
Exercise No. 52 .....................................................................270
Exercise No. 53 .....................................................................271
Exercise No. 54 .....................................................................274
Lesson 42...................................................................................276
Relative Pronouns ...............................................................276
Exercise No. 55 .....................................................................282
Exercise No. 56 .....................................................................288
Exercise No. 57 .....................................................................290
Exercise No. 58 .....................................................................291
Page 9

Exercise No. 59 .....................................................................294
Test No. 17 ............................................................................295
Lesson 43...................................................................................298
The Declension of Nouns ...................................................298
The Object .............................................................................299
(\]I
&'>I)..........................................................................299
(6A A^
@ _EA &'>I SZ 6L E &'>I) .......................................................300
(9
L @ a` S 6A @1A &'>I)...............................................................301
(6L C C &'>I) .............................................................................301
(
` bAA cCX%[OC
@ 8L [E)...........................................................................303
(&
V Cd[E) .....................................................................................304
(RL @ A8
@ OeE).....................................................................................306
(fCCX8
L [E) ..................................................................................308
(g
A X@h
A [ 0A >[ XCA 4
E A
L '@ Y
L X@8C [E) .......................................................310
Exercise No. 60 .....................................................................313
The examples of (6
&'>) ..................................................314
The examples of (61 &'>).................................................314
The examples of (6 &'>)................................................315
The examples of (&) .........................................................316
Page 10

The examples of (
` bAA
cCX%[OC
@ IV ) ..............................................317
The examples of (Ri)..........................................................318

The examples of (fX).......................................................319
The examples of (g
A X@h
A [
0A >[ XCA E ) ..........................................321
Exercise No. 61 .....................................................................322

Exercise No. 62 .....................................................................327
Exercise No. 63 .....................................................................327
Exercise No. 64 .....................................................................330
Page 11
Transliteration
The following method of transliteration of the Arabic letters
has been used in this book:
th
kh
dh
sh
Page 12
J
C
J
A
J
L
gh
&
, y
Page 13

Some Arabic phrases used in this book are as follows:

(
6 7)
(Sallallhu alaihi wasallam)

May Allh send blessings and salutations upon
him - used for Nab
(laihis salm)
Salutations upon him used for all prophets
(Radiallhu anhu)
May Allh be pleased with him used for the
Sahbah
(Jalla Jalluh)
The Sublime used for Allh
(zza wa jall)
Allh is full of glory and sublimity
(Rahimahullh)
May Allh have mercy on him used for
deceased saints and scholars
Note: Please note that the exercise numbers from 55

onwards do not correspond to the original in the Urdu text
as the original has an error in the numbering. Exercise 54
has been numbered as 54 in Lessons 41 and 42 as well. This
has been corrected in the English translation. (Translator)
Page 14

6|S !8} 6'P7S z!* 0 D4S 34YS {I 7
!8"
! D' ~ 6*ZS
Preface
All praises are due to Allh that the third volume of the
book,
has been published.
Two volumes of the above-mentioned book were published

with amendments two years ago. Due to my lengthy illness
and other obstacles, there was an unexpected delay in the
publication of the third volume.
It is only through the grace of Allh that the first two
volumes were astoundingly accepted by the readers. Every
person who saw the book, read it or taught it, became fond
of it. I have received and continue receiving countless
letters of praise for the first two volumes from all parts of
India and letters requesting the third and fourth volumes.
May Allh reward the people who desire this book and
appreciate its value and grant blessings in their knowledge
and practice because it was due to their forceful,
reproaching, advising and sincere requests that created
Page 15

strength in my sick heart to be able to do some work. I
cannot say that a very good task has been achieved, yet
whatever has been achieved is worth valuing. I could not
even achieve a fraction of what is required in this era for
any book to be accepted and made part of a syllabus. In
spite of this deficiency, the inclination of scholarly
reviewers and students of Arabic is extraordinary.
The department of education of the province of Sindh has
included this book in the syllabus of the high schools. It is
also being used in some of the seminaries of Bombay,
Hyderabad, U.P., Delhi, Punjab and North West Frontier
Province.
The scholars know that the changes that occur in nouns and
verbs in Arabic Morphology is a difficult subject. According
to the old method of teaching, each rule is memorized like
verses of the Qurn. This task is so unpleasant, difficult
and a waste of time that every student cannot endure it.
Accordingly, in the modern method of teaching, a large
portion of it is disregarded. However, the student of Arabic
is deprived of essential information due to which he
perceives an apprehension of losing out at every step. An
attempt has been made in this third volume to make this
difficult stage pleasant and easy with moderation. Due to
details, the subject has been lengthened but the rules can be
learnt without memorizing, by merely reading them.
Page 16

The size of this volume has increased, not due to the rules,
but due to the literary extracts. If you look at the rules, they
do not form even a quarter of the book. More than three
quarters of the book is full of the teaching of the language.
The student will obtain enough ability with this third
volume to be able to read and understand a major part of
the Qurn. He will be able to read the ahdth and Arabic
literature easily. He will be able to write simple Arabic
letters and be able to converse extensively in Arabic.
However, this ability will only develop if the teacher
himself has a good ability or he has the capability of
creating the desire in the student.
The explanation of numbers, the delicate aspects of
particles, the essential rules of Morphology and Grammar
of a higher degree and the basics of Eloquence will form
part of the fourth volume.
Allh is the One that grants ability and assistance.
The servant of the best language
bdus Sattr Khn
Page 17
Guidelines for Teachers

1. Before beginning the lesson, write down all or some
of the examples or paradigms that appear at the
beginning of a lesson on the chalkboard. Then
explain these examples that are on the board by
means of the rules appearing in the lesson. In this
manner, hopefully most of the lesson will be
memorized before the lesson is complete. For this, it
is highly essential that the teacher must come fully
prepared for the lesson.
This method can be easily adopted in the third
volume. In Volume One and Two, the examples have
been mentioned at the beginning and end of the
lesson. The intelligent teacher can select the easy
examples, write them on the board and begin to teach
the lesson.
2. When teaching the lesson, make an attempt to
question the students about the previous lesson.
Their answers should form a support for the current
lesson.
3. This can only occur if there is a class of students. One
class should only be taught one lesson even though
Page 18

some students may have been absent for some of the
lessons.
4. Those people who are engaged in self-study, should
thoroughly understand and learn each lesson and
then proceed to the next lesson. There are very few
examples where the irb has been explained in a later
lesson.
Indications
1) The comma () is used to indicate the plural of a noun.
2) The alphabets (), (t), (q), (9), (y) and (m) indicate the
category of the triliteral verbs. The categories of the verbs of
(61
! R)
are indicated by numbers. The numbers are
mentioned in Lesson 25. A verb that is (SS

indicated by a (S) and a verb that is (0
O)
is
O) is indicated
by a ().
3) When any particle is mentioned after a verb, it refers to
the meaning of the verb when used with that particular
particle.
Page 19
Lesson 26
The Types of Verbs
(>
D.Z)
1. Dear students, you have read all the paradigms of (
04
T), (61 ! R 04) and (07) in Volume One and Two of

this book. Those verbs were such that they corresponded
exactly with their scales. For example, you learnt that the
scales of the perfect tense triliteral verbs are (
E C 1E), (E A 1E) and
(
E L 1E). The scale of the imperfect is (V C >[ C), (V A >[ C) and (V L >[ C).
[ C 1[ A), ([ A 1[ A) and ([ L 1[ V).

The scale of the imperative is (
Accordingly, the verbs (
C C H
C ), (
L A K
@ C), (
@ A H
@ A), (C 8A PC ),
(
L 8C
@ C), (@ 8C P@ A), (DC L E ), (DL L [ C), (D@ L [ V) correspond fully with their
scales.
Had all the verbs and derivatives of Arabic been in full
conformity with their scales, Arabic Morphology would
have been very brief and easy. However, this is not the case.
Many verbs and derivatives are different from their fixed
scales in speaking and writing. Some of these words were
mentioned in Volume Two for a specific need, e.g. the
Page 20

paradigms of (
E E), (V '@ V C) and (@ V ). None of these verbs
correspond to their scales. We have to therefore accept the
fact that (
E E) originally was (E 'C E ) on the scale of (E C 1E),
(
V '@ V C ) originally was (V 'L [ C) on the scale of (V L >[ C) and (@ V )
originally was (
[ 'L [ ZV) on the scale of ([ L 1[ V). These verbs are
not spoken or written in their original forms.
From this preamble, you may have understood that there is
a stage for you to cross where you will learn the changes
that occur in Arabic verbs and derived nouns.
2. Now read the following sentences and ponder over the
verbs.
,
L @*C[ C
L C
C *C` V >[ ]
C A +C
6L CCOA 0 AC C OC1E (1)
COA ! A C C .E
C C 8L [ V @8A [ O &E _EPC
3 C 8@ C !L E'C [ E E ZE (2)
#
C [ E [ !L E'C [ !e +C
V '@ h
L
@ 8C [ e 1E
6L 8C XCFE 0@ A e !e C (3)
3E C V [ !L 8C @ ZE 0C7C
(C &V '@ PL e &E E.
8E.E ! A C !C ^C SC (4)
) PC eV ! @pC C'<E
6L C '@ .E ! 8e d
C L 0E.SC 6L PC 7@ C ! @+A 7C 0CSC (5)
Note 1: It would be better if you could read Lesson 8.3 in

the first volume before you proceed with the following
Page 21

section.
3. Observe the above examples carefully. With the first
glance you can notice that all the verbs are triliteral (with
three radicals), they are (T
04). The word-form of each

verb is the singular masculine third person (#F !S)
of the perfect tense (0HI).
Now ponder over the verbs of the first line and you will
notice that all the alphabets of each verb are (d$). There
is no ()
9), that is (), (S) or (). The root letters also do
not contain any hamzah or two letters of the same kind.

Such verbs are called (d$) or (P).
They are called (d$) because all three alphabets are
(d$). They are (P - intact) because these verbs and their
derivativess are free of any changes.
Note 2: Besides the verbs of the first line, the verbs of the
other examples are not (P - intact).
If you look at the verbs of the second line, you will notice a
hamzah somewhere in the verb. Such verbs which contain a
Page 22

hamzah as one of the root letters are called (p'8).
Note 3: You may remember that when an alif is mutaharrik
(ZV
GA ZE)
or it has a jazm (_[ 1E), such an alif is also called
hamzah.1
The verbs of the third line are such that the second and
third radicals are of the same kind because the verb (!
e C )
was originally (C !
C C ). The two () have been merged. Such a
verb in which the ()8
{) and ()8 D) are the same
are called (2K).

The verbs of the fourth line contain a ()
9), either in
the beginning, middle or the end. Verbs containing a ( 9
)) are called (W OC@ L ).
There are three types of (
W OC@ L ). If the ()
place of
9) comes in
the ()8 1), it is called (>
O) or (&E%A ), e.g.
(!
C ^C SC )
1
See the terminology in Volume One.
Page 23

If the ()
9) comes in place of the ()8 {), it is called

({
O) or (9C'^@ ZE), e.g. (&E E.)
If the () 9) comes in place of the ()8 D), it is called
(D4
O) or (A.CN), e.g. (0C7C ).
Note 4: Remember that the alif is not an original radical in

any Arabic verb or noun. It is either changed from a (S) or
().
Example: The word (&
E E.) was originally (&E 'C .E) because the
imperfect is (&
V '@ (V C) and the verbal noun is (&U '@ .E).
The word (0C7C ) was originally (0
C C 7C ) because the imperfect is
(0
@ A @ C) and the verbal noun is (0 @ 7C ).
C) was originally (
'@ C) because the plural is
The word (
(
C'@ZE).
The verbs of the fifth line contain two ()
9).
Such
verbs are called (2

@>A E). The first and second verb are called
(xS>
2>)
because a (d$
9)
has created a
Page 24

separation between the two ()
9). The third verb is

called (S( 2>) because both the () 9) are adjacent
to one another.
Note 5: You may have understood that besides the root
letters, if there is a hamzah or a ()
be called (p'8) or (
W OC@ L ). The
9), the verb will not

verb (DC C
[ ZE) on the scale of
(
E C 1[ ZE) will not be called (p'8) because the hamzah does not
take the place of the (9), (J) or (&).
The verbs (+) and ('+) have an alif and a (S) added on
as signs of the dual and plural respectively. Due to these
letters, these verbs will not be called (
W OC@ L ).
The verb (e ) on the scale of (
` 1) has one hamzah and an
extra (7). Due to this addition, it will not be called (p'8)
and (2K). All these verbs fall in the category of (P).
The summary of the above discussion is:
The verb, with regard to the make-up of its original letters,
is of two types: (1) (P) and (2) (P
=F).
Page 25

A (P) verb is one in which there is no ()
9), hamzah
or two letters of the same type among its root letters.

A (P
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
=F) verb is of six types:

(p'8): a verb having a hamzah as one of its root
letters, e.g. (C EZ).
(2K): a verb whose second and third radicals are
the same, e.g. (!
e C ).
(&E%A ): a verb whose first radical is a () 9), e.g.
(!
C C SC ).
(9C'^
@ ZE): one whose second radical is a () 9), e.g.
(&
E E.).
(A.CN): one whose third radical is a () 9), e.g.
(0C7C ).
(2
@>A E): a verb having two () 9). If the first and
third radical have a () 9), it will be (xS> 2>),
e.g. (0E.SC ). If the second and third radical have a ( 9
)), it will be (S( 2>), e.g (C'<E ).
Page 26
There are thus seven categories in total:
2@>A E A.CN 9C'^@ ZE &E%A 2K p'8 d$

They are referred to as (DC.[ ZE ,[>
C ) in Persian.
Note 6: It is possible that some verbs have two types
W OC@ L ) and
contained in them, e.g. (e SC - he desired), is (
(2K).
The verb (0CZE - he came), is (p'8) and (
W OC@ L ).
Note 7: Like a verb, the noun, especially the derived noun,
is also of seven types.
Page 27
Exercise No. 27
What categories do the following verbs and nouns belong
to?
Re C (7) #
C C SC (6) @'*LC oE (5) '@ L !@ C (4) V V _C (3) #
L C [ C (2) C C ZE (1)
M (V C (13) 0`'C C (12) ,

@ EAPL (11) &E 'e (E C (10) _EH
e 'C C (9) E *e(E C (8)
e L 8C
@ CE (19) V '@ V C (18) CNC (17) E CE. (16) &E E. (15) _EEC (14)
(25) 7 '@ LFE (24) '@ V8@ C (23) R @RA C (22) q
Z[7C (21)
C ZE (20)
@
A C (30) 0 ASC (29) 7 '@ Y
L X@C (28) ' L !@ C (27) '@ L '@ C (26) 0@ H
A (E [E
Page 28
Lesson 27
The Types of Changes and Some Rules
1.
Wherever
the
pronouncing (P
Arabs
found
some
difficulty
in
=F) words, they made some changes in
the word to reduce the difficulty.

2. There are three types of changes:
): to change a hamzah into a ()

(
9) or to
delete it, e.g. the word (

C C ZE) was changed to (C C |), the
word (
[ L ZV) was changed to ([ L ). Such changes occur
in (p'8).
(
): to merge two letters of the same type or of the
same origin of pronunciation (lCB
@ C ), e.g. the word
(C !
C C ) was changed to (!e C ). The change of (DEF@ GA) occurs
most often in (2K).
( ): to change one ()
9)
into another or to
delete it, e.g. the word (&

E 'C .E) was changed to (&E E.), the
word (!
L A '@ C) was changed to (!L A C). Such changes occur
Page 29

in all three categories of (&E%A ), (9C'^
@ ZE) and (A.CN).
3. Some of the rules of (2@>A B
@ C), (DEF@ GA) and (@A@ C) will now be
listed so that the future lessons can be easily understood.
Peruse them superficially now as they will be repeated at
certain points in future.
The Rules of (

)
Rule No.1: If two hamzahs come together in a word
whereby the first one is mutaharrik and the second one
skin, the skin hamzah is changed into a harful illh that
corresponds to the preceding harakah, that is, if the
preceding harakah is a fathah, it will be changed to an alif,
if the preceding harakah is a dammah, it will be changed to
a ww and if the preceding harakah is a kasrah, it will be
changed to a y.
Examples:
(
C C E) changes to (C C |) because the fathah corresponds to an
alif.
(
C A V) changes to (C A S@ V) because the dammah corresponds to
a ww.
Page 30

(NC A) changes to (N8
C @A) because the kasrah corresponds to a
y.
Rule 2: If there is a hamzah skin preceded by any
mutaharrik letter besides hamzah, it is permissible to
change the hamzah skin to a harful illh that corresponds
with the preceding harakah.
Examples:
L A @ L) can be read as (L A '@ L) and

(L L _[ C) can be read as (L L C), (
()U NC
E [A ) can be read as ()U NCE @A ).
Note 1: These two rules are related to (p'8). The first rule
is compulsory while the second one is permissible.
Note 2: If a dammah is succeeded by a hamzah, a (3!p
SS)
is written below it and if it (hamzah) is preceded by a

kasrah, a () is written. Examples: (
L A @ L), ()U NCE [A ).
This (S) and () are not pronounced at all.
If a fathah is succeeded by a hamzah skin, it is written
above an alif or the alif can be rendered a jazm, e.g. (L L _[ C) or
(L L [ C).
Page 31

If you want to write an alif after ()'O>
3R), a long fathah

is written above the alif, e.g. ( ). Sometimes () or ( ) is also
written.
@ C) will be mentioned in

Note 3: Two more rules of (2@>A B
Lesson 28.
The Rules of (
)
Rule No. 1: If there are two letters of the same type, the first
is skin and the second is mutaharrik, both the letters will
be merged and written as one, e.g. ( !
@ C ) on the scale of (U @ 1E)
changes to (!
C ).
Rule No. 2: If two letters of the same type are mutaharrik,
the first letter will be made skin and merged into the
second letter, e.g. from (C !
C C), we get (!e C ).
Note 4: There are some exceptions to this rule, e.g. (#
*CPC cause) otherwise it will resemble the word (#
PC ) which
means to swear. There is also no idghm in the word ( !
C C
Page 32

to help) otherwise it will resemble the word (!
C ) meaning to
pull.
Rule No. 3: If there are two letters of the same type and the
preceding letter is skin, the harakah of the first letter will
be transferred to the preceding letter and then (DFG) will be
applied, e.g. (L !
L 8@ C) changes to (L !@ 8L C) and then to (!M 8L C).
Note 5: The quadriliteral verbs (07) are excepted from
this rule, e.g. (#
L *A[ h
CL
#
C *C[ ^C ).
Note 6: The above rules apply to (2K).

Note 7: A few more rules of (DFG) will be mentioned in
Lesson 29.
The Rules of ( )

Rule No. 1: If a ()dO1) is followed by a (S) or () (ydO), the
(S) or () is changed into an (2). That is (SC E), (SA E), (SL E), (
C E),
Page 33

(
A E), (
L E) change to ().
Examples:
original word
changes to
changes to
new form
C CC
changes to
J
C C
'C C C
changes to
CC
&E 'L <E
changes to
&E E<
9
C 'A C
changes to
9
C C
E ANC
changes to
&E CN
0C C 7C
changes to
0C7C
0L
CB
@C
changes to
0CB
@C
&E 'C .E
&E E.
Note 8: This rule mostly applies to the perfect active tense

of (9C'^
@ ZE) and (A.CN). The form (
L E) is specific with (
J7K
.N).
Rule No. 2: The forms (SA ZV) and (
A ZV) change to (
@ A). Similarly,
(
L A) also changes to (
@ A).
Page 34

Examples:
E 'A .V) changes to (E @.A).

(&
(
C AL) changes to (C @A).
(0
L A @ C) changes to (0@ A @ C).
0HI
J7K
Note 9: This rule is used in the passive perfect tense (
&') of (9C'^@ ZE). The form of (

L ) is specific with (
.N).
Rule No. 3: If a (m'O>
SS) appears after a kasrah, the (S) is

changed into a (), that is, (SC A) is changed to (
C A), e.g. ('C H
A 7C )
changes to (c
CH
A 7C ) and ('C A L ) changes to (0
C A L ), the passive
tense (&') of (CC ).
Rule No. 4: A (P
SS) is changed to a () after a kasrah,

that is, (S@ A) changes to (
@ A), e.g. ([ ^C S@ A) changes to ([ h
C @A) and
(
U Cp'@ A ) changes to (U CR@A ).
Rule No. 5: A (P
) is changed to a (S) after a dammah,

Page 35

that is, (
@ V) changes to (S@ V), e.g. (
A @L ) changes to ( PA '@ L ) and
(
V (A @L) changes to (
V .A'@ L).
Note 1: Rules four and five are used in (SS
&%) and ( &%
0 ).
Rule No. 6: (S@ SL E) and ('@ LE) change to (S@ E), e.g. (@S'L
C C ) changes
to (@'
C C ), (@'LC 7C ) changes to (@'C 7C ) and (E '@ LH
C @ C) changes to
(
E '@ H
C @ C).
Rule No. 7: (S@ SL V) and ('@ LA) change to (S@ V), e.g. (@SSL L P
C ) changes
to (@SL P
C ), (@'LH
A 7C ) changes to (@'H
L 7C ), (E S@ 'L L !@ C) changes to
E '@ L !@ C) and (E '@ LA @ C) changes to (E '@ L @ C).

(
Rule No. 8: If a (D'8K
SS)
is preceded by a jazm, its
dammah is transferred to the preceding letter, e.g. (&

V 'L ([ C)
changes to (&
V '@ (V C), the imperfect of (&E E.).
Rule No. 9: If a (7'
) is preceded by a jazm, its kasrah
Page 36

is transferred to the preceding letter, e.g. (
L A*@C) changes to
(
L @*AC), the imperfect of (J
C C).
Rule No. 10: If a (m'O>
S)
or (m'O>
)
is preceded by a
jazm, the fathah is transferred to the preceding letter and

the (S) or () is changed into an alif, e.g. (9
L 'C B
@ C) changes to
(9
L CBC), the imperfect of (9
C C) and (V CX@C) changes to (&V CXC),
the imperfect of (&
E CN).
Exceptions
(1) Some verbs that are (SS
9'^Z) from (E A 1E ) are

excepted from the rules of (), number 1 and 10,
e.g. (7L 'C @ C 7C 'A
C - to be one-eyed).
(2) In (SS
9'^Z), if there is a () in place of the third
radical, it will be an exception from the above-
@C
mentioned rules, e.g. (C'

C 'A PC - to be equal).
(3) The (S) and () are always maintained in (

` C 1[ A
),
Page 37

e.g. (M 'C
@C
e 'C P@ A), (
M C*@C
e C@A).
(4) In (&>OP
), the (S) remains unchanged in some

verbs, e.g. (
L 'A Y
@ OC
@ C
C 'C Y
@ OCP@ A - to seek an opinion).
(5) The ()
P)
and (K>O
P) are also exceptions

from any changes, e.g. (&
U 'C ([ A ), ( C*@A ) and (&V 'C .[ ZE).
Rule No. 11: If (S) or () occur in the second radical of

(
U A E1), they are changed to a hamzah, e.g. (&U SA E.) changes to
(
U AE.) and ( AC) changes to ( AC).
Rule No. 12: If a (S) occurs in place of the (9) of (
E C OC1[ A), it is
changed to (j) and merged with the the (j), e.g. (
EY
C CS@ A)
changes to (
EY
C OC@A) and then to (E Y
C eA).
Rule No. 13: If an alif is succeeded by a (S) or () at the end
of a verbal noun or any other noun, it is changed to a
hamzah, e.g. (S CH7@ A) changes to ( EH@7A), (
E([A) changes to
Page 38

( E([A), (S C8P
C ) changes to ( C8PC ) and (
CXA) changes to ( CXA).
Note 11: Two more rules of () will be mentioned in
Lesson 30 and two in Lesson 31.
Page 39
Lesson 28
Hamzated Verbs
(p'8I)
The Brief Paradigm of (

) of ( )
Note 1: The words in which changes have occurred

compulsorily are denoted with a (&) meaning (p compulsory) and where the change is optional, it is denoted
with a (l) meaning (p'^ - permissible).
Page 40
&

! "#$ %$
7!YI
P
&'>I
P
>

(to hope) U C ZE
&U '@ L _[ C
(l)
U A |
[ L S@ ZV
(&)
V L _[ C
(l)
E C ZE
()
EZE
7 '@ V_[ C
(l)
A|
@ %A@A
(&)
L A_[ C
(l)
C EZE
(t)
9
'@ V_[ C
(l)
2
A|
2
@ E@A
(&)
2
L E_[ C
(l)
2
C AZE
(t)
#
@A ZE

@ L S@ ZV
(&)

L L _[ C
(l)

C L ZE
(y)
(to transmit)
)U >E [ZV
(to be
familiar)

C ZE
(to be
cultured)
J7KI 0HI
Page 41
'()! &

! "#$ %$
7!YI
(to
9
4
E @GA
harmonize)
(to
2
@A_[ C
accustom)
)U >E ECL
(to love one
another)
(to 2
_EC
consist of)
2
VC
(to be in
tune)
(&) 9
4
E OA@A
(to be
united)
P
&'>I
P
>

2
E@ L
(l)
2
A@ L
(l)
2
@ A|
(&)
2
L A@ L
(l)
2
C E|1
(&)
2
`C L
2
C L
2
@ ZE
2
L C L
2
C `ZE2
2
ECL
2
ACL
2
@ A|
2
L ACL 2
C E|3
J7KI 0HI
2
`_EOCL
2
_EOCL
2
@ `_EC
2
L `_EOCC
4
2
C `_EC
2
ECOL
2
ACOL
2
@ EC
2
L ECOC
5
2
C EC
2
EC@ L
(l)
2
AC@ L
(l)
2
@ AOC@A
(l)
2
L AC_[ C
(l)
7
2
C EOC@A
(&)
Page 42
(l) 9
4
E [OAP@ A
(to seek
intimacy)
10
2
E_[ OC
@ L 2
A_[ OC
@ L 2
@ A_[ OCP@ A 2
L A_[ OC
@C
2
C E_[ OCP@ A
(l)
(l)
(l)
(l)
(l)
1. Ponder over the words of all the above-mentioned

paradigms. Firstly, it should be noted why these paradigms
are classified as (>
p'8).
The reason is that where a
hamzah occurs in the first radical of these verbs and nouns,

they are referred to as (>
second radical, they are
p'8), where it occurs as the

referred to as ({ p'8) as in
E _EPC ) and where it occurs as the third radical, they are

(&
referred to as (D4
p'8) as in ( C .E).
2. Now observe which words have changed from the

original and which have not. All the words of the above
paradigms are (>
p'8).
Therefore there should be a
hamzah in the first radical of each word. Wherever a

hamzah is not visible as the first radical and a ()
9),
that is (), (S) or () occur, it means a change has occurred.
Page 43

In the paradigms of (
the (H
(
@ L S@ ZV), a
04%), there is a change only in

the words, (
[ L S@ ZV), (@ %A@A), (2
@ E@A) and
Z), e.g. in
(S) or () occurs
in place of the hamzah. This
means that these words were originally (

[ L ZV), (@ A A), (2
@ E A)
and (
@ L ZV). Two hamzahs were adjacent to one another
where the first one was mutaharrik and the second skin.
You can therefore immediately say that the first rule of
(2>) was applied and the hamzah was changed to a (S) or
().
Note 1: If any word precedes these words, the ($'
3R) of
the imperative falls away in pronunciation. See Lesson 21

Note 2. The original hamzah remains in place, e.g. (
[ L _[ 1E),
(@ AZ[SC ), (2
@ EZ[SC ) and (
@ L Z[
e V).
3. Now observe the paradigms of (61
! R 04). In the very

first line, changes can be found in (2
C E|), (2
@ A|) and (9
4
E @GA) in
the paradigm of (
E C 1[ ZE). This verb also falls in the category of
(>
p'8).
The word (2
C E|) was originally (2
C E E) on the
Page 44

scale of (
E C 1[ ZE), (2
@ A|) was originally (2
@ A E) on the scale of
(
[ A 1[ ZE) and (9
4
E @GA) was originally (9
E GA) on the scale of (&U C1[ A).
By looking at the original words, you can say that here also
the first rule of (2>) was applied whereby it is obligatory
to change the hamzah to () and ().
4. There is no change in the second, third, fourth and fifth
C E|) in the third category may create

categories. The word (2
some doubt because it was mentioned previously that a
change occurred in it. So is there no change here? This
doubt merely arises due to the written form of the word. If
it is written as (2
C E), you will realize that it corresponds
exactly to its scale of (
E C E1). There is no change in it. Here
the alif is extra while the alif in the first category was
changed from an original hamzah.
There is no sixth category. This means that (>N
used for (>
) is not
p'8).
In the seventh category, a () is visible in place of the

hamzah in (2
C EOC@A), (2
@ AOC@A) and (9
4
E OA@A). These words were
Page 45

originally (2
C EC A), (2
@ AC A) and (9
4
E A A). Due to the fact that
two hamzas were adjacent to one another, the hamzah was
changed to a () according to the first rule of (2>).
Note 2: The hamzah at the beginning of the (0HI), ()
and (7!YI) of five categories of (61
! R 04)
is a (
3R
$'), e.g. (#
C XCOC^@ e V #
C XCOC^@ A). From this you can understand
that there will only be a change in (2
@ AC A) if it is not
preceded by a word. However, if a word precedes it, the
($'
3R)
will fall away, thus leaving behind only one
hamzah which will be joined to the preceding word and

pronounced, e.g. (2
C EOC[CS). It can also be written as (2
C ECZ[SC ).
5. You will see many words in the paradigms where the
second rule of (2>) can be applied although they have
not been written with the changes in the paradigm. You
may pronounce them with the changes as follows: (
V L _[ C) as
(
V L C), (2
L A@ L) as (2
L A'@ L) and(9
4
E [OAP@ A) as (9
4
E @OAP@ A).
A (l) has been written next to such words, indicating that
Page 46

changes are (R^ permissible) just as a (&) indicates (Dp an obligatory change). This indication is made here only. In
future, there will not be a need for this.
6. These two rules of (2>), namely rule no.1 and rule no.2
are commonly in vogue. Besides them, there are two more
rules dealing with specific words. If you read the following
sentences carefully, you will understand these two rules as
well.
!L @pC C [ L S@ ZV
C C ChNC
C CCOA !L @pC C [ L
6L C ChNC ! A C V L _[ C
) E^C @ >E PC !L @pC C [ V

\ d
C [A !L @pC C @ L
C C !L @pC C 2
@ AOC@A
C @8A A
@ 8L [
!L A C C [ B
A eA
@NAZE
C CCOA
) NCe7L ! A C V V _[ C
\ d
C [A ! A C L L _[ C
E '@ 8L A
@ 8L [ 2
L AC_[ C
! @+A 7C E C ZE (1)
6L C ChNC
! @+A 7C E C ZE (2)
6L CCOA
3 C 8@ C ! @+A 7C E E ZE (3)
\ d
C [A ! @+A 7C C C ZE (4)
E '@ 8L A
@ 8L [ 2
C EOC@A (5)
!A C ! @pC V B

A OeC
(@!A $
C
U @AC E B
C eA (6)
(@!A $
C !8e d
C L
6L CCOA ! @+A 7C V L _[ C
Page 47

By pondering over the first four lines, you will notice that
the (0HI) and (J7KI) are on their original state. There is
only a change in the (Z).
In the first line, the hamzah was changed to a (S) in the verb
(
[ L S@ ZV) which originally was ([ L ZV). However, in the second
line, the (Z) of (
E C ZE) is ([ L ) and not ([ L S@ ZV). The word ([ L ) is
in actual fact formed from (
[ L ZV), but since this word is so
frequently used in conversation, there was a need for
making it easier in pronunciation. Therefore, instead of
changing its hamzah to a (S), it was deleted from the
beginning. When the original hamzah was deleted, the next
letter was mutaharrik, thus dispensing with the need for a
($'
3R).
Therefore the latter was also deleted. See
Lesson 21 Note 1. The same applies to (

[ V ) and (@ L ).
The paradigm of (
[ L ) will be as follows:
E [ L EL
@ A L @SV L EL [ L
Conjugate (
[ V ) and (@ L ) in the same way.
Note 3: When joined to a preceding word, only the hamzah
Page 48

of (@ L ) reverts to its original position according to the
general rule, e.g. (@ L Z[SC ) and (@ L _[ 1E). The hamzah of (
[ V ) and
(
[ L ) never revert.
Now ponder over the fifth and sixth lines. From the
previous paradigms, you know that (2
C EOC@A) is from the
category (
E C OC1[ A). Originally it was (2
C EC A). According to rule
no. 1, the hamzah is changed to a (). But you may be
wondering from which category (
EB
C eA) is? It also seems to
be from (
E C OC1[ A). Undoubtedly, (E B
C eA) is also from the category
(
E C OC1[ A) just like (2
C EOC@A) and it is (>
constructed from (2
C AE) while
p'8). The verb (2

C EOC@A) is
(
EB
C eA) is constructed from
E C ZE). It was originally (E B

C C A). The normal rule has not been
(
applied here. The hamzah has been changed to a (j) and
merged into the (j) of (&O1
). Therefore it changes to
(
EB
C eA) and not (E B
C OC@A). The paradigm will be as follows:
Page 49
7!YI
P
&'>I
P
>

oU CBA
U B
C OeL
U B
A OeL
[ B
A eA
J7KI 0HI
V B
A OeC
E B
C eA
From the above-mentioned explanation, two new rules

have emerged.
Rule No. 3 of (2>): The imperative of (
E C ZE), (E E ZE) and (C C ZE)
is (
[ L ), ([ V ) and (@ L ) respectively.
Rule No. 4 of (2>): When the verb (
E C ZE) is conjugated on
the paradigm of (&O1
(j) and merged into
(
VB
A OeC
), the hamzah is converted to a

the (j) of (&O1 ). The result is
E B
C eA) etc.
Note 4: This rule is specific with the root letters of (

E C ZE). The
general rule of (2
C EOC@A) applies to other verbs.
Note 5: There is no change in ({
p'8) and (D4 p'8).
Page 50

Only in the imperfect (J7K) of (&
E _EPC ), the hamzah is
sometimes deleted, while in the imperative (Z), when it is
at the beginning of a sentence, it is most often deleted, e.g.
from (
V E
@ C) (V
C C) and from ([ EP@ A) ([ PC ).
Note 6: The verbs of (>
p'8) in (T 04) only appear in

four categories, namely (YN), ( H), (-) and (D). In
(61 ! R 04), besides the categories of (
E C >E N@A), (` C 1[ A), and
(&
` C1[ A), they appear in the remaining seven categories.
Vocabulary List No. 26
Note 7: The alphabets (), (t), (q), (9), (y) and (m)
indicate the category of the triliteral verbs (T
04). The
categories of the verbs of (61
! R) are indicated by

numerals. For example, the word (C EZE) is listed as follows:
Page 51
Word
Meaning
C EZE
(t) to transmit
C E|
(1) to give preference
C `ZE
(2) to have an effect
C `_EC
(4) to accept the effect
This means that when the verb (C EZE) is used from the
category of ( H), it means to transmit. When it is
transferred to the categories of (61
! R 04),
in the first
category (C E|), it means to give preference, in the second

category (C `ZE), it means to have an effect and in the fourth
category (C `_EC), it means to accept the effect.
Word
Meaning
C EZE
(t) to transmit
(1) to give preference
(2) to have an effect
(4) to accept the effect
C ^C ZE
() to reward
Page 52

(10) to hire, to employ
E C ZE
() to take, to catch; with (C C )- to take
E oA ZE
(q) to permit
away
(3) to censure, to blame
(10) to seek permission
0@ A_[ C 0CZE
(t) to come
ZERC @ OCP@ A
to mock
t
C C @ ZE
to turn away
@Â ZE
employee
VL
maturity
)U $
C CYC
poverty, bankruptcy
9
C C P@ ZE
to be extravagant, to exceed the limits
g
C 8C OC[A
to search, to request
E C ZE
() to hope
(4) to ponder
E %EOC@ A
(7) to obey, to submit
_E*eNCSC _E*CN@ZE
to inform
Page 53
(q) E
A C
to be driven away, to be chased away
CC C+
(9 SZ q) to desire, to want
'@ >V @ C E>C
() to forgive
_EXCC
(9) to be pleasant
(2) to congratulate
_E
C N@ZE
to create
j
E7A )U E7A
lung
!FE 7C
pleasant, comfortable
3U 7C Ch@PA
j
C7Ch@PA
cigarette
&U 4
E P@ ZE )U `PC
basket
U C*@$
A 0 *A$
C
child
2
L <A C'C )U >E <A C
affection, sympathy
9
@ L
prevalent custom
' >[ C
forgiveness
'>[ C SZ 'C >[ C [E
forgive me
8C C@ L
conference
Page 54
3U R@ L
object or person of ridicule, laughing

stock
SRL L
mockery, derision
@A C @XAC
enjoyably, may it do you much good
9
C
so, because
Exercise No. 28
(A) Translate the following sentences into English.
Note: The important words are in bold. Pay special
attention to them.
The examples of (p'8) are actually intended in this
exercise.
3E 7C Ch@

* ,+ [ C ! L @
C L (1)
. @ +C V X@L COL[ C C @ A E
- . ,
L X@V
. 3E 7C Ch@

,+ 0 @ A E 3E 'C @ (E [
+/
C e
( ! ,
C X@
C @ ZE (2)
."L @C [CS )V E CA * 1,2 3U e K
A L 3V 7C Ch@
E" 7L '@ OL[ !M 0@ A &E E. @ C NC
.4

5 -,+ 0EC 7A '@ OL[ !M &E '@ .E * 3 *
C NebA1E U .AC U ^L 7C
C NeGA
A CS (3)
. 3 7C S@ L H
C 4
E A K@ZE 3E 'C @ (E [CS
C e
,+ 6 E [ ZE
@ !A X@A L
C @ _E[E 0@ A ZE C
Page 55
0@ A@ A @ A yC '@ LZE ,+ ( 0COC (4)

. 0ECC
C+ [ A !FE 6L L S@ !L .V - 3 (*
@0A@ A 0@ 1A 0 A 4
E P@ bA[ 3 * + 0A1 DA 4
E E [ 0AZE CNE '@ C )E *C][ L @ OL@ 8A PC [ C (5)
. 7A eKd
L [ L @8A ^C CX@A 1, !@ .E !Â 87 93 * ,
@ NCE CNeGA CCX@ 8A PC @ C NC
7C e! zAC <
: ,+ 2; [ C (6)
?@
:,+ 2; 0A1 = >3 2* CNZE E
L @A _E[
M 'A (E [ <
: ,+ 2; A C C @C ` bA1E C @A _E[ C @Â _E[ EC * : ,+ 2A
B (7)
. @A ZE
'A .E @Â ZE 0EGA ) ^C C 0@ 1A L d
@ XC1E 7 S@ L
L A C* * : ,+ 2; B @ C NC
.
e !C C C @C F G+ (/
C COA [ D E* ,+ ( [ ZE yC !C ESC * ! 0M AC C (8)
. oA COP@ _V[ DC CZE B+ H+ /
C CCOA 0e XCL C [ L
/* * C `PC SC 6A @EC
0`$
C 0M *AXe &E E. !@ (E 1E 3A 4
EY
e A
A CCXC I
* 0@ OA@ ZVC (9)
. *@PC @'L EC EoGA 3A 4
EY
e A @ V C E S@ ZE
. C `PC SC 6A @EC
0`$
C 0 *AXe , E%OA@ A 3A 4
EY
e A J&?* * * K; 0@ A ZEC @ C NC
!h
A
@ C ,
C @*C[ EC L *D+
J [ C (10)
. ) PC 7C !@ C SC !h
A
@ C C* D-
J2M; @ C NC
A AC8C [
C @ C
C EE
@ NC [ ZE CXE N- O ,+ [ C C @
e EC + ; (11)
. *A ESC SRL L
A j
A C| /D-
J2 E SC L 2*P+ Q C L E S@ ZE C 6 - ;
Page 56
.A [ A [ 0A1 CX@EC R .
` _EA R
MP+ : #
@ K
C @ C E L @+C C
L >A @ OC
@ NC (12)
. @ V 7A '@ L ZV A @8A ^C 0@ 1A
S
E |@(V [ /-D
J/ @ OL8@ AC C8A @'V8C @ CS - P;
5
3 !C @A C ) 1ECC @ A CX[Â L d
@ XC1E T- ,+ M U @+C yC !C X@A [ C CNCZEC (13)
C 0EC
SLV +@ CS L 2*P+ Q C 6A A C'>E [ C A - T- / )E `

e
C [ A L E S@ ZE C /D- E*
. @ V .EpC 7C
E SC R *@L C@1A g
C @E L @+C C @ A E
C >A A<C'C 0EC yC L V
@ NCSC
!L 8C d
@ NC (14)
. d
@ E
@ V XC@C 87 F ) ?* 6 * *D+
J A C C @A AChA @ OLN@ZE C 7L C+@ ZE C P-A
E
.#
C <E M CS C @O - T- ,+ 6 L d
@ NC C CX8e C C
6D+U E 3* E 'C >[ C [E (15)
.
7P(
7P M? CX@A E '@ *Md
A L C @'VV 1E
zA A C CXC C D E* ,+ 6 [ ZE L @+C C XCE L 8C
@ C [ C 1E
C @1A
yC 7C CSC
R ,JM? (16)
\A @A ]` 0E1 T- ,+ M )E `
e
T+ ,+ L 2*P+ : C8NeGA V
A + A C - PA
2 L 2*P+ : C L @<A C+C @ OLN@ZE
A CS
. ) 2; W+/
C AC K
@ C 0A1 CX[ C 1E C8A 'C >[ C [
C X@A #
L V][ NC ! L a` C 8L [ L @
e CMZE (17)
.E C*K
@ FE DC '@ C[ 4
(6 NebA1E
A C A DC '@ C[ 4
6*O ,+ 2A
6/ DA COA@ bA[CS
A C _E[ 9
C 4
E A
V
A + A @ 1E 0@ 1A )U ^C C @ V E ,
@ NCE [ GA L 2*P+ Q cOC @'L Â 7@ A @ V E
C >E FE
Page 57
. DL 4
E
e CS
(B) Translate the following verses of the Qurn.
. 3A EY
e A
C E@ ZE @ L Z[SC
. 3 'e (V A
C COA [ A L cCd
@ C C
.{
C AA Ch[ A C t
@ A @ ZESC 9
A @ L [A @ L Z[SC 'C >[ C [ A L
. '@ 1VA
@ L E SC '@ LC +@ CS '@ VV
. C8OL[+A
V @C !EF7C CX@A 4
E V SC
. cY
C L C AC@GA DA E(e A [SVB
A eCS
. CAS@ ZE @ V Se !L C SC
@ S !L C SVB
A OeC E 'LXC | C A ` CMZE C
. E 'L8E@ C E @ OLXV AG A [ E @ ZE ['V_EP@ E1
. A AXe A C AC '@ C e V_E
@ OLE e V
. )U $
C CYC @ A A E E '@ ESC @ A
A >V NEZ cEC E SLA@ LSC
.{
L A _E[
M 'A (E [ j
C @ ^C _[ OCP@ A C C @C ` GA
. E SL
A XL8[ L d
@ NC D@ ZE CCC h
C +C @ L_[
C NEZ @ OLNEZZE
A C A ` E oE _[ OCP@ C8E 'LNoA _[ OC
@ C[ 1E C Vd
L [ L V XA &V E><[ _E[ E EC EoGASC
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9)
(10)
(11)
(12)
(13)
. @ A A*@.E
Page 58
. =L *AB
C [ L AC [ 0C NA_E*eNC &E E. EC yC _E*CNEZ @ C ,
@ EE. (14)
(C) Note the analysis of the following sentence:
7G(' X
S'( '* Y B D-
J2(
The morphological analysis will be as follows:
Analysis
Word
!S 6O$ {'> ~G !OI 9SI J7KI >

p'8 &O1 61 ! RI 04% #F
V B
A C_[ C 6$Z >
According to rule no. 4 of (2>), the hamzah is
changed to a (j) and merged into the (j) of
(&O1).
V B
A OeC
K> P \O 9YX =F !S P

T 04 !C 8A C
!L 8C @ ZE
T 04 !^ 9YX !S P
!@pC
)>Y P \O 9YX !S 3N P

(@!A $
C
T 04 x
C !L $
C
Page 59

The grammatical analysis will be as follows:
Analysis
)8L^
)1
)
Word
I !OI J7KI >

J'1I
V B
A OeC
J'1 1
!L 8C @ ZE
'YX &QSZ &'>
!@pC
'YX &'> (@!A $

C
(D) Translate the following sentences into Arabic.
(1) Hmid! Are you in a
habit of having cigarettes?
I was in a habit but I left it

since the doctor prevented
me.
(2) You have excelled!

Cigarettes are harmful for
the lungs and the eyes.
Yes sir, therefore I do not

smoke cigarettes any more.
(3) Did you hire this

house?
Yes, I hired this house.
(4) Did you employ this

person?
No, we did not employ him.
Page 60
(5) O my sister, command

your daughter to read her
book in front of me.
Ftimah, take the book and

read it in front of your
maternal uncle.
(6) O boys, take your

books and read them.
Yes sir, we will take our

books now.
(7) O noble woman,

command your sons and
daughters to perform
salh.
Yes brother, I will certainly

command them to perform
salh.
(8) Ask this boy, What is

your name and where do
you live?
My brothers, my name is
Salm and I live in Lahore.
(9) O girl, take the basket

of fruit and eat whatever
you like from it.
O my (paternal) uncle, I
thank you.
(10) Did these people

make this house into a
musjid?
Yes, they made this house

into a musjid.
(11) You make your house

into a madrasah.
Good, we will make our

house into a madrasah.
Page 61
Test No. 13
(1)
(2)
(3)
How many types of verbs and nouns are there with

regard to their root letters?
What is a (P
=F 1)?
What are the seven types of verbs in relation to

their letters?
(4)
What is (p'8) and how many types are there?
(5)
What is the change that occurs in (p'8) in order to

remove the difficulty in pronunciation called?
(6)
What are the changes of (2K) and (

W O) called?
(7)
When does an obligatory change occur in (p'8)

and when is it optional?
(8)
What is the (H
Z) of (E C ZE), (C C Z) and (E E ZE)?
(9)
How will the (Z) of these three verbs be read when
joined to a preceding word?

(10) What are the word-forms and original forms of the
following words? With which rule have changes
occurred in them? Where are the changes
obligatory and where are they optional?
E B
C eA C A S@ ZV (E C 1[ ZE ) 2
@ A| U C8@A
(E C E1 ) 2

@ A| [ PC C 8C OC@A @ L
Page 62
)U NCE @A q
Z[7C
(11)
Select all the verbs and nouns from Exercise No.

28 which are (p'8) and write down their wordforms.
Page 63
Lesson 29
The Doubled Verb
(2
L C CK8L [
Z
[ \
V @ >A [E)
/) ]@
^!
%/! ]@
^!
%/! Z
!
@ !L 8@ C @ E SZ !eA 8L C @ E
!M 8L C
!e C
!e 8L C @ E
A e!8L C
e!C
S@ !M 8L C @ E
E S@ !M 8L C
@S!M C
@ !L 8@ C @ E SZ !eA 8L C @ E
!M 8L C
j
@ !e C
e!8L C @ E
A e!8L C
C!e C
E @ !L 8@ C @ E
E @ !L 8@ C
E @ !C C
!e L
@ !L 8@ C @ E SZ !eA 8L C @ E
!M 8L C
j
C @ !C C
e!L
!e 8L C @ E
A e!8L C
C8L@ !C C
S@ !M L
S@ !M 8L C @ E
E S@ !M 8L C
@ L@ !C C

@ ! L

@ ! 8L C @ E
C @! 8L C
j
A @ !C C
e!L
e!8L C @ E
A e!8L C
C8L@ !C C
E @ !L @ ZV
E @ !L 8@ C @ E
E @ !L 8@ C
e L@ !C C
@ !L @ ZE @ E SZ !eA L ZE @ E
!M L ZE
j
L @ !C C
@ !L 8@ NC @ E SZ !eA 8L NC @ E
!M 8L NC
CN@ !C C
1. By observing the paradigms of the perfect and imperfect

tense of (2K), you will notice that rule no. 2 and no. 3 of
Page 64

(DF) apply where the third radical ()8
And where the ()8
D)
D)
is (yQdO).
is skin, those words are
pronounced normally without any changes. Merging (DF)

is prohibited in such cases.
2. Merging (DF) and non-merging (DF
M 1E) is permissible
in those words where, due to a (Dp/ 9), the ()8 D)
of the imperfect (J7K) becomes skin or the imperative
() becomes skin. When applying (DF), there is a need to
render a harakah to the final skin letter because if there is

no harakah at the end, the word cannot be pronounced.
Most often it is rendered a kasrah. Sometimes a fathah is
also rendered and if the preceding letter is (D'8K), a
dammah can also be rendered, e.g.
@ !L 8@ C @ E
!M 8L C @ E
!e 8L C @ E
! 8L C @ E
example of
example of
dammah
example of
fathah
example of
kasrah
(DF
M 1E)
Note 1: In the word (@ !

L @ ZV), after applying (DF), there
remains no need for the hamzatul wasl because the first
Page 65

letter becomes (yQdO).
3. You have learnt three rules of (DF) in Lesson 27. From
the above-mentioned explanation, you can derive another
rule which is as follows:
Rule No. 4 of (DF): Those words of (J7K
1)
which
become skin (DSRT) due to a (Dp/
9) and the words of

(Z) which become skin can be read with (DF) and (
M 1E
DF).
4. The above-mentioned rules of (DF) apply where there
are two letters of the same type. A few rules will be
mentioned at this point concerning other verbs. This (DF)
applies to those words that have letters of the same (lCB
@ C )
@ C ) is near to one another. The term (lCB

@ C )
or whose (lCB
will be explained later.
Rule No. 5 of (DF): If the first radical ()8
1) of (
&O1) is a (), (o) or (p), the (j) of (&O1 ) is changed to

these letters and merged into them.
Page 66

Examples:
EB
C C@ A) (E C C @ A), and then (E C e A),
from (
from (
VB
A C!@ C) (V A C !@ C), and then (V A !e C),
from (C
E Co[ A) (C E oE o[ A), and then (C E o` A),
from (L
A C[ C) (L A oE [ C), and then (L A ` C),
from (
E Cp@ A) (E Cpp@ A), and then (E epA),
from (
V CR@ C) (V CpR@ C), and then (V Re C).
Note 2: The word (C
E o` A) can be read as (C E e A) as well. It is
used in the Qurn as follows: (
A !e M
@ A [ C 1E).
Rule No. 6 of (DF): If the first radical ()8
1) of (
Q>) and (> ) is any of the ten letters ( p o k
v u t s r q), it is permissible to change the
(j) of these ( 'Z) into these letters and merge them. It is
not necessary to do so. There is a need to insert a hamzatul
wasl in the perfect (0HI) and imperative () tenses.
Examples:
from (C
` E C) (C ` o` A) (L ` ` C) (@ ` o` A),
Page 67

from (
E .EE%C) (E .EÀ) (V .E`%C) ([ .EÀ)
Rule No. 7 of (DF): It is obligatory to merge the definite
article (&
[ E) into the ()8
9S"). See 5.2.
Note 3: The (lCB

@ C ) is the place in the mouth where the
letter originates. The letters are categorized as follows with
regards to their (lCB
@ C ):
()e'A @ `
9S")
whose (lCB
@ C ) is the rear part of the
tongue. They are (y

()eA h
C
e
9S")
x).
whose (lCB
@ C ) is the centre of the
tongue. They are (
r).
[ X 9S") whose (lCB
@ C )
()eA ]
is the centre of the
tongue when it touches the upper incisors. They are

(
j u).
()eAP
C _E[ 9S") whose (lCB
@ C ) is the tip of the tongue
when it touches the edge of the lower and upper

incisors. They are (q
()e'A >E
e
p s).
9S") whose (lCB

@ C ) is the lips. They are (
Page 68
9 D S ).
There are 16 or 17 (l7A B
C C ) which are mentioned in the
detailed books.
The verbs of (2K
T 04) are used most often in (

C Y
C NC), (
C C H
C ) and (C 8A PC ). They are seldom used in
(DC L
E ). The verbs of (61 ! R 04) are used in all the
categories ( 'Z) except the eighth and ninth ones. Observe
the brief paradigms below.
04%
7!YI
P
&'>I
P
>

!M 8L C
() !e C
J7KI 0HI
! C
S@ !L 8@ C
C
S@ ZE !eA L
@ !L @ ZV
7 C1A S@ ZE 1E
7 S@ L >[ C
7 E1
7@ A 1[ A S@ ZE eA 1A
M >A C
e 1E
(t)
g
C
q
'@
L 8@ C
q
C
S@ ZE g
eA C
g
@
C @ A
g
M 8C C
g
e C
(q)
Page 69
)U CC*E
#
@*AE
S@ ZE #
eA V
#
@ *L[V
#
M VC
#
e E
(y)
61 ! RI 04%

7!YI
P
&'>I
P
>

!M 8A L
!e C ZE 1
J7KI 0HI
C!@ A
! 8C L
! 8A L
S@ ZE !eA A ZE
@ !A @ ZE
! @!A 8@ C
!e 8C L
! 8C L
@ ! C
L ! 8C L
C !e C 2
3U e C8L
C8L
C8L
S@ ZE C
@ A C
M C8L
e C3
!M 8C C
!e 8C OCL
! 8C OCL
@ !e 8C C
L !e 8C OCC
4
C !e 8C C
C8C
C8OCL
C8OCL
SZ eA C8C
@ C C8C
M C8OCC
e C8C5
\
C X@L
SZ \eA
C N@A
\@ (A
C N@A
\M
C X@C
6
\e
C N@A
x
E(
A N@A
\
C X@L
Page 70
C!OA@ A
C!8@ OAP@ A
SZ !eA OC@ A
! OC8@ L
! OC8@ L
!M OC8@ C
!e OC@ A7
! 8C OC
@ L
!eA 8A OCP@ A
! 8A OC
@ L
!M 8A OC
@C
SZ
@ !A 8@ OCP@ A
10
!e 8C OCP@ A
@ !A OC@ A
e C ) is not used on the scale of (E C >E N@A).

Note 4: The verb (!
Therefore another example was used in the above table.
Verbs of (2K) do not appear on the category of (
` C 1[ A)
and (&
` C1[ A).
Note 5: No change has occurred in category no. 2 and 4.
These verbs are conjugated like the verbs of (d$).
Note 6: The (>
P) and (&'>I P) of categories 3, 5, 6
and 7 appear alike because of (DF). The origin of each

word however is different. The penultimate letter is (7')
in the (>
Accordingly,
P) while in the (&'>I P) it is (m'O>).

if ( C8L ) is the (> P), the original word
Page 71

would be ( A C8L ) and if it is the (&'>I
P),
the original
word would be ( C C8L ).

Word
Meaning
0@ H
A @ L 0CH7@ ZE
to please, to make happy
C *CeA
to follow
2
e B
C OCP@ A
to regard as light or to disgrace
9
C C OC@ A
to admit
e OCF[ A
to be deceived, to be arrogant
C XCOCF[ A
to appreciate
( ) g
e C ZE
to feel
C E@ ZE
to reveal, to announce
C OC>E N@A
to be opened
C e _EC
to delay, to move back
yC e d
C C
to move
6C *eXCC
to awake
Page 72
(t) !e ^C
to strive
(9) C C ^C
to expose, to raise the voice
l
e C
to argue, to debate
(t) \e C
to be proven, to be true
(1) to prove
(2) to determine
(10) to be entitled
() x
e C
to ring (q/ -the bell), to knock

( * -on the door), to crush (S! the medicine)
~ SZ 0 () &` C
to show, to point
(t) &` oE
to be disgraced
(1) to disgrace
() e 7C
to return
(4) to doubt, to be hesitant
C B
e PC
to make subservient
() e PC
to please, to conceal
(&'T) e PL
to be happy, to be pleased
E .EÀ
to be heavy
Page 73
()
E (E PC
to fall
(1) & (3) to make s.o. fall
c
@ C cPC
to strive, to run
() \e +C
to tear, to be burdensome
(6) to burst
() !e $
C
to prevent
(q) C 8A <E
to covet, to desire
() e E
to think, to ponder
() !e C
to count
(1) to prepare
(10) to be ready
(t) Re C
to be respected, to be powerful
(1) to grant honour
()
e FE
to lower
()
e .E
to narrate a story
(t) ` .E
to be less
(10) to regard as less, to be
independent
(q) C XA.E
to be satisfied
Page 74
(q) g
C *AE
to wear, to don
() e C
to pass
(q) g
e C
to touch
() e C
to do a favour, to remind of the

favour
(t) C >E NC
to flee, to go out for war
() Re C
to shake
L C |
another
` GA
except, but
C
one who does a favour
@ C
cold
)U E@]A C
slow
@8A E
expensive
)U C7A C^
maid, slave girl
q
C ^C
bell
J
R@ Â
trunk of a tree
0 XA^C
freshly plucked fruit
j
C8e L 0e8L
fever
Page 75
U C@ ZE @A
time
eX@A
any time
&U '@ LL U @C
horse
\ @.AC
crushed item, flour
E S@ L
besides
C@ 7L
dream
u
U C7A
to tie
7 C+@ ZE @A +C
evil
9
'@ $
L
wool
3A C
@ L [ )V C CP
time of difficulty
)U 8C AE.
leg (of animal or table)
2
+A E
revealer
E(A
meeting
E '@ E
had it not
q
C _[ CE
no problem
U @h
A C
to come
7 C8
@ A
nail
Page 76
0@ .A4
E L
one who meets
Exercise No. 29
Note: The fact that this lesson deals with doubled verbs, has
been taken into consideration in this exercise, although
other words could have been more appropriate for the
occasion to embellish the text.
. )A PC 7C !@ 8C [ ,
L .[ SC
C L .E !@ (E 1E !L A CC q
C C h
C [ x
L (1)
.
@ oA COP@ ZVC @ V A@h
A C E *@.E q
L C h
C [ x
e L !@ .E
q
C C h
C [ x
e C @ C (2)
.
@ !A PC C CNZE 6L OL([ .EC
,
A .[ 'C [ E *@.E ,
C ([ .EC 2
C @E
.
@ !A PC C ()U E@]A C S@ ZE) 3U C _EOCL )V C eE
. C@1A 7C8
@ A x
e !L C [ ZE 7A ehXeA [ .V . yL e d
C OCC 0 PA @ V [ )V 8C AE.
. 7A C8
@ 8A [A \M
C X@C CNeZE M aV C 'C L

C C*[ x
M !L C @ C (5)
Page 77
.
C C*[ x
M !L C )E C7A Ch[ ` C E
. !^C CS!e 0.L )V C7A C^ C (6)
. \A @.A!e E !^C x
'@ .V!@ C CS!e E
@ !A PC C @ aV N@ZV
L E S@ ZE C E S@ M >A C C @ZE 0EGA (7)
. )A PC 7C !@ 8C [ 0EGA M >A NC L d
@ NC
@SL e _EOCC E SC @SM >A 1E (8)
. CXL'@ V][ C 'C L EC
0C A @ E .
A COA [ EC x
C C7S@ ZE ! L V @AC C (9)
. ) .E7C SC E '@
L 8@ C 0C A 1E CL@ !C C !@ .E
#
A C ` A C!@C 0EGA D@ ZE )A PC 7C !@ 8C [ 0EGA
L C yC M
L C [ C ! V @AC C (10)
.#
A C ` ,
C .[ SC #
C C [ZESC q
A 7@ !e ,
C .[ SC C `C CZE [ ZE @0NAM
L C
A CS
#
L C ` DA ZE q
L 7@ !e yC CZE M
L C [ C (11)
.q
L 7@ !e zL M
L C C @ A L %E[ ZE #
L C ` zL M
L C
@ !A PC C
. 0@ H
A C8[ A CdOA@ A[ 0A1 Â CN
C NeZE M V ZE (12)
. V *@.E @ A m
A ChXeA j
L @ !C @ ZE ,
L X@V !@ .ESC ,
L d
@h
C NC !@ .E 6A WA !L 8@ d
C [E
."!C ^C SC !e ^C @ C " &E E. @ C x
C !C $
C (13)
."0CPC C ` GA A CN@bA[ A g
C @E" 0ECC &E E. SC
Page 78
3A C A [ A CdOA@ GA A *C[ _E[ A CdOA@ bA[ A j

C @ !C @ ZE [ C
C VEP@ ZE 0@ XA E (14)
K@ZE A CdOA@ bA[
C AoE 0A1 m
C ChXeCS m
C4
E >E [ 0@ 7C @ A '@ ^L 7@ ZESC 6L E !M A ZV 6A WA !L 8@ d
C [E
.
. V @AC C
C L 4
E E 0@ NAe PC !@ (E E 6A WCS (15)
.
@ !A PC C
C AE(AA j
L 7@ A PL CNZESC
3A C A [CS @N!M 0A1 yC RM A L 8C C 0EC CL ZE [ C L @APC C (16)
. 6A AA E>E A @B
C [ 0EC & e!E1 7'@ ^L _[ C E '@ V OCA
C AK
@ 1E @ A 6A @EC 0@ XA`L
@ V C
A \A [ C 0EGA 'C OCL SC

C @!C AC'A CSC 6A A'@ PL 7C SC
A @]A L @ V (17)
.q
A eX !C X@A SC
A !C X@A R@RA C
. A CRh
C [ C @C
yC CRh
C 1E . 6A V A @B
C [ A A C^ 8C C 0EC 0@ XAOC[ EC 0@ 8 C C
A CS
A CO
CS A @ *C[ DA eZE DA e_E[ zA A C 0@ 1A 0E@EC A @ *C[A C @
d
A L E ZE (18)
A @ *C[A g
@
A @ ZV @ E 0@ NZE
@ !A PC C ,
C X@XCE 2
C @E
.2
A @Y
e q
A C*A 0@ 1A ) PC '@ *L[ C yA C7ZE 0@ NGA (19)
.9
A '@ Y
M q
L C*A
@ !A PC C 0e EC \M
L CE
0e8d
L [
A
e 8C C 4
E @E A CO
0A1 9
A '@ Y
M q
C C*A 0@
A *C[A 6A A q
C _[ CE (20)
. DL `RM CS
.
C >A <A C'C #
A ]E A )U NC'@ XL8@ C SC 3U 7C S@ L
@ C CNZE
@ !A PC C ,
C X@
C @ ZE
Page 79
.C7C Cp@ ZE C @8

L CSC C7C Ch+@ ZE C @A aV X@CSC ) (E @!A C 0EC CX@A C @ 8L C [ C (21)
j
L p@ RC C 1E CX
@ C 3 C h
C +C ,
L @ZEC 1E )A C 8L h
L [ DC '@ C A CO
@ *L[A j
L 7@ C C ,
L X@V @ C NC
.C7C Cp@ ZE ,
L 8@ 8A +C SC CNCCYF[ ZE
.
A A L C 8C ]` ` bA1E 7A C8[_E[ 0A1 0@ A 8C ][ C E SC E CYF[ _E[
@ R L CE (22)
."C 8A <E @ C &` oE SC C XA.E @ C Re C " 0@ ZV &V '@ (V C ,
@ NCE
@ oA COP@ ZV C ,
C .[ !C $
C
C A1E CpC V X@L @'(E OCP@ !A .E C Y
@ A E @ZE ` ZE 0@ NAC'@ GA C @'8L E@ C @ EZE (23)
!A X@A [ V @ ZE (A OC
@ CE
DC '@ C[E1 4
@A.E @'L *eXCC DC '@ C[ A A E @ L
C >V N@ZE E '@ (A OC
@ CSC E '@ > B
A OC
@ C @'NLE !A X@A [ V @ ZE
.g
A @ _E[A V C @ L E E E C @ L X@A V C @ L
,
A (` d
C OCP@ !A .E !C X@A [ ` ZE COC[ h
C N@GA A C8C pL @ A @%AE E [ 9
C C OC@ !A .E (24)
. A O@>E [ &A '@ Y
L L 0@ 1A )E XC@8A %` CA C!@ bAA &E 4
E ([ OAP@ bA[
0@ 1A A O@>E [
L C COC[ h
C N@bAA !CZE C OCE>N@ C8E CLC*P@ ZESC !A X@A [ &V C^7A E '@ E @ C NC
. e7L S@ ZV 0@ 1A E SC !A X@A [ x
A @ +C 0@ 1ASC )E CAE]@GASC )A e(A @A 1[ ZE
A C!@ GA 0EGA C!C C j
@ !e L DA 4
E P@ bA[
A AC8C @ A ) E E8@ C V EE C SC (25)
. A O@>E [ &A '@ Y
L L 0@ 1A )A CNAE<A *A[
3A C
@ L [ )A C CP 0@ 1A CS@ !M C ZE C @A ` 0C H
A @ L [ ZE )A CNAE<A *A[ 0EC #
L AhC1E ! ,
C .[ !C $
C
. A C!@ _E[ 0EC A O@>E [A e OC@ CE A E.!A $
@ _E[
C '@ V.V AC@ bA[A @ B

C L @ E @ 8C 1E
Page 80
0@ 1A E S@ L e C OCCE SC A O@>E [ EC A E S@ M OC@ CE @ L NeZE )A CNAE<A *A[ A 4

E (E L @ A '@ ^L @ NC (26)
. C(` C !A X@A [ A E]@ GA
[ C #
L C '@ LE )E e d
L [ ` bA1E @ A !A @ 'C A M OC@ NC E
C AoE C C
@ !A PC C M V ZE EE C
. A C!@ OAP@ A[CS 3A 'e (V A V C @ L
.
A Y
C (E [ C
C @ ZE
C @EC
M (V NC L d
@ NC
.
C A'C @ GA cEC yC C@ 7L
@ Y
L ([ C E 0e XCL C
. A !e M A [ C 1E A [ A E |@(V [ CN@
e C !@ (E ESC
. 3 C SL!@ e eZE ` GA 7L eX CX
e 8C C E ['VE.SC
@B
C A
C
@
C 8@ C AGSC 'C L ` GA 6L E 2
C +A E 4
E 1E K
L A 6L W
C
@
C 8@ C AGSC
. !L .E 0@ +C V cEC 'C L 1E
. @ A 7A CY@ZE @ A 'MKL C {
C XAA @ 8L [ V.
. e A 7A CY@ZE @ A C K
@ K
L @ C j
A CXA @ 8L [ V.SC
. 6L W L V *@*Ad
@ L 0AN'L*AeE1 6C W E 'M*d
A L @ OLXV AG [ .V
. 7A SL!Y
M j
A EA AC 6L NeGA 6A A SLC ^@ SA ZE @ V E'@ .E SMPA ZESC
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9)
. 6A W 0A1 0N'M^CdLZE &E E. 6L L '@ .E 6L ê CSC (10)

Page 81
A AC cEGA E SMC L e V @ V A.EL 6L NebA1E 6L X@A E SM>A C A` j

C '@ 8C [ ` GA [ .V
. E 'V8C @ C @ OLXV C8A VV*XCL1E 3A C C
e CS #
A @C [
. XA^C *<E 7L
A @EC
[ .ACL )A EB
@ Xe J
A [ h
A A
A @EGA RL SC
. CC @ C & A LSC CC @ C RM A LSC
M 8L C 6L ` A C VC EP@ GA 0e EC 'MX8L C ` V. 'L8EP@ ZE [ ZE
C @EC E 'MX8L C
. A CbA[ A @ V C!C [ ZE @ V @EC
Se !L C 6A A E 'L*A @ L A @B
C [ u
A C7 ASC 3 'e .V LO@ ]E OCP@ e LE [SM!A ZESC
.@ L 8L E@ C 6L W L L NC'L8E@ C E @ A NASL A C A C |CS @ V Se !L C SC 6A W
@ OL[ .E` 6A W A A*PC 0A1 [SL>A N L V E E A. EoGA @ V E C ['LXC | C A ` CMZE C
. 3A C A C A CN@!M 3A Cd
C [A LOAH7C ZE t
A 7@ cEGA
(11)
(12)
(13)
(14)
(15)
(16)
(C) Translate the following conversation into Arabic.

(1) When was the bell of the madrasah rung?
It was rung half an hour ago.
(2) Who rang it?
Perhaps Hmid rang it.
(3) Knock a nail into the leg of the table.
Sir, I think it will break with the nail.
(4) Look, who is knocking on the door?
Perhaps Hmid is knocking on the door.
Page 82

(5) O boy, grind this properly.
Yes sir, I will grind it now.
(6) O girls, where are you fleeing to?
Sir, we are running towards the madrasah.
(7) The bell of the madrasah has not rung as yet?
Sir, the bell has rung.
(8) Then run, do not delay.
That is our aim.
(9) Did your fathers letter not please you?
By Allh, I was very pleased with my fathers letter.
(10) Will you please inform me of a book which can
simplify the understanding of Arabic for me?
Yes, I will certainly inform you of a book that will help you
in understanding Arabic.
(11) Rashd, are you not feeling cold?
Sir, I am feeling cold.
(12) bdul Hamd, how did you tear your shirt?
Sir, I did not tear it, but this evil boy tore it.
(13) Does your teacher narrate historical incidents to you?
Yes, he narrates an historical incident to us every day.
Page 83
Test No. 14
(1)
Define (2K
1).
(2)
What is (DF)?
(3)
In which cases are (DF) and (DF
Q 1)
permissible?
(4)
Is the cause of (DF) found in the word (#

*CPC )? If
the cause is found, why has it not been applied?

(5) How many forms are permissible in the singular
masculine imperative of (2K)?
(6)
In which word-forms of the perfect, imperfect
and imperative is (DF) prohibited?

(7) Recognize the following word-forms and
determine what the origin of each one was. By which
rule has a change occurred in them?
& C & !L C @ E A `!L C @'L & L & L &` L &` C

E C e A ]` L C E e A C8L & L ZE
(8)
In which categories of (T 04) and ( 04
! R) is (2K) not used?
(9)
Conjugate the (J7K) of (!
e C ) with ( !_O D
Page 84
6N'NS).
(10)
Select the words of (2K) from Exercise No.
29.
(11)
Do
the
analysis ('dXS
morphological
Y dO)
and
grammatical
of the following
sentence:
(12)
) *C@h
A C YY
C .E 0@ ZV 0e EC
M (V C
Insert the ( ) in the following passage and
translate it:
S!O^S ,.' S_OS SQ>1 )P7!I q^ x

Q !. SZ
!Q ^ R" O- Z ' S mhX SQ!OPS m4> Y
." &E oS
Page 85
Lesson 30
The Semi-Vowelled Verbs
(
OC@ 8L [E)
1. The definition of (
OC@ 8L [E) and its three categories were
mentioned in Lesson 26. Here the changes that occur in the
first category, namely (>
O) or (&E%A ) will be mentioned.
2. If the ()8
1) is a (S), it is called (

SA CS &U E%A ) and if it is a
(), it is called (0
AC &U E%A ).
SA CS &U E%A ) in the following
3. Note the changes that occur in (
sentences:

J7KI
0HI
C 8C CC [ pA
6L 8C CC V RA C 'C L
6L 8C CC ! @pC E pC SC (1)
#
A [ C A [ h
C @GA
3A e A [ C A V ^C '@ C 'C L
C A V >[ ] E Â SC (2)
3A e A [
C CCOA @ H
C
6L CCOA L K
C C 'C L
6L CCOA ! @pC C H
C SC (3)
C NAC'@ bAA [ Y
A eA !A h
A
@ 8C [A ,
L @*C[ V Y
A OeC
)V (E @!A d
C [ E Y
C eA (4)
,
A @*C[A
Page 86

First examine each verb and determine what kind of verb it
is. By looking at the column of the perfect tense (0HI), you
will see that each verb is (
SA CS
&U E%A ). If the perfect is ( &U E%A

SA CS), then the imperfect and imperative should also be
(
SA CS &U E%A ) even though the (S) is not visible in some cases.
Look at the fourth line. You have already come across the
EY
C eA). In Lesson 27 rule no. 11 you learnt that the
word (
word (
EY
C CS@ A) on the scale of (E C OC1[ A) changes to (E Y
C eA).
Therefore this verb is also (
SA CS
&U E%A ).
Now observe what changes have occurred in the verbs.

There seems to be no change in the perfect tense. Yes, in the
first line, the (S) is missing from the imperfect (
V RA C) and the
imperative (
[ pA ). These words should have been (V pA '@ C) and
[ pA S@ A).
(
In the second line, (S) is present in the imperfect. What is
the difference between the two? The difference is that the
()8
{) is (7') in (V pA '@ C) and (m'O>) in (V ^C '@ C). From
this you can arrive at the conclusion that in the imperfect of
Page 87

(
SA CS
&U E%A ), if the ()8 {) is (7'), the (S) is deleted.
Therefore (
V pA '@ C) becomes (V RA C). Since the imperative is
constructed from the imperfect, the () can only be (
[ pA ).
See Lesson 21 Note 1.
In the second line, in the imperative (
[h
C @GA), the (S) was
changed to a () according to rule no. 2 of ().
You may be surprised to see the (S) missing from the
imperfect in line 3 because (

LK
C C) should have been (L H
C '@ C).
Since the (S) was not deleted from (
V ^C '@ C), why was it
deleted from (
LH
C '@ C). The reason is that (V ^C '@ C) does not have
any (0(
9)2 while in (L H
C '@ C), there is a (0( 9),
namely the (J). It has been said that if the letter preceding
(P SS) is (m'O>), the sound of the (0( 9) is not
correct. Therefore the (S) is deleted. However, if the letter
preceding (S) is (D'8K), it is not deleted. The (S) is not
The letters of the throat, namely (n
w z J m ).
Page 88

deleted from (
LH
C '@ L) which is the passive form of (L K
C C).
In the fourth line, (
EY
C eA) was originally (E Y
C CS@ A). Just like
(
[h
C @GA), it should have also changed to (E Y
C OC@A) where the (S)
should have been converted into a (). However, it is a
speciality of (&O1) that the (S) is changed to a (j) and
assimilated into the (j) of (&O1). See rule no. 11 of ().
4. From the above explanations, two new rules of ()
emerge. (Thirteen rules of
were mentioned in Lesson
27.)
SA CS
Rule No. 14 of (): If in (
&U E%A ),
the imperfect is
({
7'), the (S) is deleted from the (J7K) and (Z),
e.g. from (
V pA '@ C) - (V RA C) and ([ pA ).
Rule No. 15 of (): If, in (
SA CS
&U E%A ), the (J7K) is ( m'O>

{) and there is a (0( 9), its (S) is also deleted, e.g.
from (
LH
C '@ C) - (L K
C C) and (@ H
C ).
Page 89

Note 1: In (7@ oE
7L E C 7C oE SC ),
the (S) is deleted against the rule
because it neither has a (J7K) that is ({

it have a (0(
7') nor does
9).
Note 2: A deleted (S) returns in the (&'T
J7K).
The
V RA C) is (V pC '@ L) and of (L K

C C) is (L H
C '@ L).
passive of (
Note 3: It is permissible to delete the (S) from the (7!Y) of
those verbs of (J7K) in which the (S) was deleted.
However, a (3) has to be suffixed to the verbal noun, e.g.
from (
U p@ SC ) ()U NCpA ); from (#
@ SC ) ()U *CA ).
5. Hereunder follows the brief paradigm of (
SA CS
&U E%A ). You
can do the detailed paradigm on your own.
Page 90
& I/ _

! ($
7!YI
P
&'>I
P
>

)U NCpA SZ U p@ SC
U S@ p '@ C
U pA CS
[ pA
J7KI 0HI
V RA C
E pC SC
(t)
H
@ SC
J
'@ H
L '@ C
H
A CS
@ H
C
L K
CC
C H
C SC
(9)
^@ SC
&U '@ ^L '@ C
U Â CS
[ h
C @GA
V ^C '@ C
E Â SC
(q)
)U C CPSC
k
U 7@ SA
k
U S@ 7L '@ C
@PA SC
@ PL S@ ZV
L PC '@ C
C PL SC
(y)
k
U 7A CS
k
[ 7A
k
V A C
k
E 7A SC
(m)
Page 91
`5 '()! & I/ _

! ($
7!YI
P
&'>I
P
>

J7KI
0HI
&U CY@GA
U $
C '@ L
U $
A '@ L
[ $
A S@ ZE
V $
A '@ L
E $
C S@ ZE1
U @$
A '@ C
U $
e 'C L
U $
'C L
[ $
SC
V $
'C L
E $
e SC 2
)U E$
C C'L
U $
C C'L
U $
A C'L
[ $
A CS
V $
A C'L
E $
C CS3
U $
M 'C C
U $
e 'C OCL
U $
'C OCL
[ $
e 'C C
V $
e 'C OCC
E $
e 'C C4
U $
L C'C
U $
C C'OCL
U $
A C'OCL
[ $
C C'C
V $
C C'OCC E $
C C'C5
&U CYA
U Y
C OeL
U Y
A OeL
[ Y
A eA
V Y
A OeC
&U CY@OAP@ A
E Y
C eA7
8
U $
C '@ OC
@ L U $
A '@ OC
@ L [ $
A '@ OCP@ A V $
A '@ OC
@C
E $
C '@ OCP@ A
Note 4: In categories no.1 and 8 of (61
! R 04), the (S) is
changed to a () in the (7!Y) according to rule no. 3 of

(). In all the derivatives of (O1), the (S) was changed to
a (j). No changes have occurred anywhere else.
Page 92

Note 5: When ()(
'NS !_O D) are added to (V RA C), it will

become (
e NLRA CE CNRA CE e NCRA CE) etc. When the ()( 'NS !_O D)
are added to (
[ pA ), it becomes ( CXN@pA CNpA e NApA e NLpA CNpA e NCpA ).

Word
Meaning
C e 1ES C C 1[ ZE
to explain
E ` 'C C
to entrust, to place trust in
(q) C
A C
to incur a loss
(1) to reduce
K
A C ` H
C
to be misguided
(1) to misguide
E SC C
to help mutually
C %È
to increase
E <E C
to delay
\L %AC \C ASC
to trust, to rely
!L h
A C !C ^C SC
to find
J
L !C C J
C C SC
to leave
Page 93
7L RA C 7C pC SC
to carry a burden
2
L Y
A C2
C $
C SC
to describe
V Y
A C E $
C SC
(~) to reach
(6) to meet
2
L (A C 2
C .ESC
to halt, to understand
!L AC !C ESC
to beget, to give birth
L A C C C SC
to be weak
g
L E@C g
C AC
to lose hope
E (E @OCP@ S
E (` CCS
E (A C
to wake up
E (E @ZE
to wake s.o. up
C
eC
(2) to simplify
(4) to be easy
L C ZV C@ V
another
EoZE
harm, distress
E '@ E@ ZE 0E@ ZE
highest
e7L S@ ZV
Europe
4
@ PC SC 4
@ ZE
welcome
Page 94
7 eC
dweller
m
S@ 7C
mercy, help
3U7C 'A P@ ZE 7 C'PA
bangle, bracelet
! 8C $
C
independent
7 eh1V Â E1
transgressor
q
E]
@ .A
scale
7 `>E
extremely ungrateful, great

disbeliever
!L AC'C 3U !C AC
table
7CA 3 e C
once
V @.AE%C &U E(%[A
weight, approx 4.68g
@(A OC
@ L
straight
7 CpS@ ZE 7 p@ SA
burden, sin
Page 95
Exercise No. 30
!L 8C @ ZEC
C 8C CC ,
C N@pC SC [ C (1)
DC '@ C[ 6L NLpA ZE [ C
@ !A PC C E
. A CR@8A [
C AE A E [ 6L N@pA (2)
.,
A @*C[ 0A1 6L NLpA ZE 0@ XA@ C V pC '@ L 2
C @E L E@ ZEE
. C@ ZV ) >` E 0@ 1A E p@ 'C [CS ) >` E 0@ 1A C CCB[ A H
C ( 3)
. EE C V C 1[ _E1E #
<E
A CCB[ V p@ SC 'C L C (4)
. A E E(%[A 6L NLp@ SC C8NeGA
. A CR@8A [ 0A1 @SL
AB
@ L 4
E 1E ! C _EA @+C @ OLN@pC SC EoGA !L 8C @ ZE C @ 8C P@ A (5)
. A @(A OC
@ 8L [ q
A E]
@ (A [A @'NLpA A |@(V [ 0A1 j
L Z[C .E !@ .E
@ !A PC C @ OLX@
C @ ZE
1ACN COA zL !L Â ZE 0@ NbA1E 0@ 8 C C EC
C CCOA 0@ A #
L C C [ C (6)
. 6L *CAE]C
C 8C 1E_VA @ +C CN!C X@A 2
@ (A C [ GA EC 0@ ACOA
C E #
L C _EPC
. 0@ 8 C C @ V !C X@A 2
L .A_EPC @ C NC (7)
Z[C .[ CS
C COA [ EC
@ !A ESC C @SV B
L 1E
Page 96

A COA [ EC L @ 1E 0@ A L
e COCC [ C (8)
. 6A @EC [ ` 'C CSC
A A \@ ASC !@ A OC^@ A
@ ESC 7CA yC !C X@A ,
L
@ Oe1E 0@ (A @!A $
C C C pC V X@L
C OL@ZE7C C 0C AC (9)
Cy!@ Â ZE
. e7L S@ ZVSC C Y
@ A A 4
E A 0EGA j
L @ 1ECP ,
L X@V V@AC C
CXL C ,
C [Â 0COC 0@ (A @!A $
C C 4
@ PC SC 4
@ ZE (10)
.
[ (E 1E g
A @ _E[A 0@ AC*8@ C 0EGA ,
L [ $
C SC
#
A AChC [ C A ,
C @ZE7C C 0@ A 2
L Y
A C [ C (11)
A `!M 0EGA #
A Eo ,
C N@ZESC
C E 2
L $
A ZE 2
C @E
Cy!C X@A C K
L @ _E1E
A A @ 8C [ !C @ C A >E
e &E C'@ ZE 0@ A 2
C Y
A C [ ZE 0@ NA!L A C [ C (12)
. &U '@ L
@ C DC '@ C[ 0@ N_EA DC '@ C[ yC !L A ZE E
0@ XAV<A C8L
C NeZE M V ZE 4
E 1EZE (13)
.
C+ [ A !FE )E *C@h

A C [ &E C'@ _E[
C [ A
C E e >E $
A _EE 0@ A ZE C q
@ _E@C E
[ !C X@E @ A SC C Y
@ A @ A
'@ OL[ C
C @EA [ AYC @ EZE (14)
. [ !C X@E @ A E SC C Y
@ A @ A E
C X@A
COA e0EGA E $
C SC C
!L AC C D '@ C ` V C*$
C
V (E @C [ C (15)
Page 97
.m
A C*Y
e 0A1
E (` CCZE [ ZE 0@ A L
e COCCE
DC '@ C[
C aE (E @ZE @ 8C 1E (16)
.,
L a[ (E @OCP@ 1E 0@ ZV 0@ XAO@aE (E @ZE DC '@ C[E
. 3A 4
EY
e ,
C .[ SC
C aV .AS@ ZV CNZE 0@ XA@ C (17)
. N'@ XL8@ C e NC'@ V _EESC 7'@ V
@ C e NC'@ V OCE 0@ XAOCa[ (E @ZE @ AE
C AK
@ 1E @ A EC
. A @B
C [ 0EC zL CZE E SA CL [ ZE A
@ L V 0EC #
L h
A C [ C
C @EC M L ZEE (18)
.x
A C$ A
@ L
C NeZE DC '@ C[
C OL1[ C C
A CS yC C @C
C %È
. C @.AA eY C @8A A
@ 8L [ C A yC eGASC 0@ XAEC ^C SC
C XeE
x
C !e $
C (19)
. C @8A EC[
e 7C C C @A | C @A |
(B) Translate the following verses of the Qurn into
English.
. !@ E'L @ ESC !@ AC @ E . !L 8C Y

e 6L `
. fC@ ZV 7C p@ SA 3U7C pA CS 7L RA C E SC
. 6A ` cEC [ ` 'C CSC @ L EoZE J
@ C SC
.
C 'V(@ C &A | @ A k
V A CSC 0AXVA C . ASC
C NL!` A 0A #
@ C 1E
. 7eC C A 1AE[ C A t
A 7@ _E[ cEC 7@ E C E
7e m
'LN &E E.SC
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
. 6L XC<A CSC A [A C A E [SL7oE SC (6)
Page 98
DL '@ (E [ ` GA 6A W m

A S@ 7e @ A q
L _E@C E 6L NeGA 6A W m
A S@ 7e @ A '@ PL _E@C E SC (7)
. E S@ L 1AE[
.{
C XAA @ M LOXV AG E '@ E@ L OLNEZSC 'LNRC d
@ C E SC 'LXA C E SC (8)
(C) Note the analysis of the following sentence.
L G 2A
* + c

a A
G +
b 6*
The morphological analysis will be as follows:
Analysis
Word
H 6O$ !OI H" 1

@'NLpA S@ A 6$Z H S' &%I
According to rule no. 13 of (), the (S) has
V RA C). Therefore
been deleted from the imperfect (
6*
it is also deleted from the imperative. After

deleting the (J7KI
)4), the word (V pA )
remains. See Lesson 21 Note 1.
Q ^ 9
d
!^ !S D4 9eI P c

aA
G +
> P \O !S D4 9eI P L G 2A
* +
Page 99
DC E(OCP@ A
The grammatical analysis will be as follows:
Analysis
Word
S' !OI 1

61 YO J'1 =8H
NS@ pL '@ C @+C 7e!(I 6'>
The object (&'>) is
(7e!() implied because a
)8L^
)1
)NG
6*
transitive verb needs an

object.
\O
>
Q ^ 9
d
9'$' 7ST c

aA
G +
7ST )>$ L G 2A
* +
A sentence that has a question, command or prohibition is

called ()NG
)8L^). The details will be mentioned later.
(D) Fill in the blanks in the following sentences using the

list of words provided hereunder. The words are either
Page 100

(p'8), (2K) or (SS
&%).
0@ NApA [ pA [ B
A OeCE \@ A [ PC C8OL[+A 4
E V L L CP
@ A L @ L
#
M d
A L #
M A ZV M
L C @SRM L CE & L ZE &` L
@ ! L #
@ C @'L H
C
E S@ M >A C [ ` 'C C
(1)
. ) C CP ,
A CZE C 0@ A
. 'C L C @ZE @ A C @
e EC
(2)
.
C 8C CC
(3)
(4)
. )V >E @]A E C yC 7C C'PA
. ASC yC Se !L C
(5)
. 3A 4
EY
e A COX@A
(6)
. 3A 4
EY
e A e L
(7)
. A @pA 'C [ ,
A @C 0EC yC
[ C (8)
.
C AK
@ 1E @ A 6A @EC 0@ NA
@ C NC (9)
. )A ESL `] 0EC @ V *COLV
(10)
L E S@ ZE C
C @ZE 0EGA (11)
. L E S@ ZE C 7A Ch+@ _E[ E CYF[ ZE
(12)
Page 101
. L C@ C C
A COA [ x
C C7S@ ZE
(13)
L C Oe DA ZE #
L A ` yC
[ C (14)
. C8L 4
E A L C OeCS #
L A ` 0@ NA
(15)
C C Oe DA ZE #
C A `
[ C (16)
. C8A @EA C C OeCS #
C A `
(17)
. 6A @EC
SC
A A
(18)
C DA C]` C A
SC 3A !C AC8[ 0EC C8OLN@ZE CA^@ GA (19)
(E) Translate the following sentences into English.

(1) O father, will you give me a watch on the day of Eid?
Yes my beloved son, I will certainly give you a silver watch.
(2) Sir, how do you find this book?
We find it to be a beneficial book.
(3) Is it available in the book shops?
No, this book is not found in the book shops nowadays.
(4) O my sister, have you weighed your bangle?
Yes, I weighed my bangle and found it to be 20 mithqls.
(5) Weigh it in front of me now.
Okay, I will weight it in front of you.
(6) Did you receive my letter?
No, I did not receive your letter.
(7) Will you stay by us in Bombay?
Page 102

Yes, we will stay for one month by you.
(8) I stayed by you in Delhi last year.
This is your favour.
(9) Sir, will you describe the conditions of your journey to
us?
Yes, I will gladly describe the conditions of my journey to
you.
(10) Where should I place my book?
Place your book on the table.
(11) Leave me to place my book in the box.
There is no problem. Place your book in the box.
(12) When do you wake up in the morning?
We wake up in the morning at the time of Fajr.
(13) Who woke you up today?
I did not wake up this morning so my father woke me up.
Page 103
Lesson 31
The Hollow Verb
(9
L 'C ^@ _E[
V @ >A [E)
SS 9'^Z
%/! \
%/! ]@
^!
%/! Z
!
&V '@ (V C
&E E.
A E'@ (V C
EE.
E '@ V'@ (V C
@'VE.
&V '@ (V C
,
@ EE.
A E'@ (V C
COEE.
C [ (V C
C [ .V
[ .V
&V '@ (V C
,
C [ .V
E'@ .V
A E'@ (V C
8C OL[ .V
@'V'@ .V
E '@ V'@ (V C
@ OL[ .V
0@ A'@ .V
C @A'@ (V C
,
A [ .V
E'@ .V
A E'@ (V C
C8OL[ .V
C [ .V
C [ (V C
e OL[ .V
&V '@ .VZE
,
L [ .V
&V '@ (V CN
CX[ .V
Page 104
0 9'^Z
%/! \
%/! ]@
^! %/! Z
!
L @*AC
J
C C
A C @*AC
C C
E '@ L @*AC
@'L C
L @*AC
,
@ C C
A C @*AC
COC C
C @ *AC
C @ A
@ A
L @*AC
,
C @ A
C @A
A C @*AC
C8OL@ A
'@ L @A
E '@ L @*AC
@ OL@ A
0@ A @A
C @A @*AC
,
A @ A
C @A
A C @*AC
C8OL@ A
C @ A
C @ *AC
e OL@ A
L @AZE
,
L @ A
L @*ANC
CX@ A
1. Ponder over the paradigms of the perfect, imperfect and

Page 105

imperative of (SS
9'^Z) and (0 9'^Z) and note where
the changes have occurred. You will notice that from the
beginning till the end, no word has been spared of changes.
The first change is in the first five words of the perfect tense
(0HI) where the (S) or () has changed to an alif according
to rule no. 1 of ().
Rule numbers 4 and 5 of () have been applied to most of
the word-forms of the imperfect (J7KI). See Lesson 27.
Regarding the imperative (), you know that it is
constructed from the imperfect (J7KI).
2. In the paradigms of the perfect, imperfect and
imperative, the ()
radical ()8
9)
is deleted wherever the third
D) is skin. For example, in the perfect, from
(
C [ .V) and (C @ A) till the end, the alif has been deleted. In the
imperfect, only the plural feminine third and second person
forms, namely (
C [ (V C) and (C [ (V C), have the elision3 of a (S).
Elision is the omission of a vowel or syllable in a word.
Page 106

Similarly, the () has been deleted from (
C @ *AC) and (C @ *AC).
The same change can be observed in the first and last wordforms of the imperative, namely (
[ .V) and (C [ .V).
From this, you can form a new rule of (). Thirteen rules
of () have been mentioned in Lesson 27 and two in
Lesson 30.
Rule No. 16 of (): Wherever the third radical ()8
D)
becomes skin in the perfect, imperfect or imperative of

(9'^Z) due to the paradigm or because of the jussive case
(DR/
)), the middle () 9) is elided.

Examples: (
[ (V C @ E [ .V C @ *AC C @ A C [ (V C C [ .V).
3. You may be wondering how the words (

C [ .V) and (C @ A)
E E.) and (J
C C) when they should have
were formed from (&
been (
C [ .E) and (C @ C).
It seems to go against the normal rule but the
morphologists have postulated a rule for it as well which is
as follows:
Page 107

Rule No. 17 of (): If the (0HI) of (SS
{)
or ({
D'8K),
the first radical
9'^Z) is ( m'O>
()8 1) will be
rendered a dammah wherever the (S) has been elided and if

the (0HI) is ({
7'), a kasrah will be rendered to it.

Examples: from (&
E E. = &E 'C .E) the word (C [ .V) is formed,
from (&
E E< = &E 'L <E ) the word (C [ <V ) is formed,
from (9
C C = 9
C 'A C ) the word (C >[ A ) is formed.
In (0
9'^Z), a kasrah will always be read, e.g (C @ A) from

(J
C C = C CC).
Note 1: These word-forms are pronounced in the passive
tense (&'T) in the same way as the active tense (9S):
(
C >[ A
C @ A C [ .V).
Note 2: These word-forms are the same in three paradigms,

namely the (9SI
0HI), (&' 0HI)
and (H"
).
However, they are different in their original forms.

In the (9SI
0HI), their original forms will be
Page 108

(
C 1[ 'A C
C @ CC C ['C .E).
In the (&' 0HI), their original forms will be (
C @ AL C ['A .V
C 1[ 'A L ).
In the (H" ), their original forms will be (
C @ A@A C ['L .[ ZV
C 1[ 'C @ A).
The meaning will be ascertained from the context in which
the word is used.
4. The paradigm of the (&'
0HI)
of (&
E E.), (9
C C) and
(J
C C) will be as follows:
Page 109
_ Z
!
_ Z
! _ Z
!
C @A
2
C @A
E @.A
C @A
>E @A
E@.A
@'L @A
@'>V @A
@'V@.A
,
@ C @A
,
@ >E @A
,
@ E@.A
COC @A
OC>E @A
COE@.A
C @ A
C >[ A
C [ .V
,
C @ A
,
C >[ A
,
C [ .V
C8OL@ A
C8OL>[ A
C8OL[ .V
@ OL@ A
@ OL>[ A
@ OL[ .V
,
A @ A
,
A >[ A
,
A [ .V
C8OL@ A
C8OL>[ A
C8OL[ .V
e OL@ A
e OL>[ A
e OL[ .V
,
L @ A
,
L >[ A
,
L [ .V
CX@ A
CX>[ A
CX[ .V
Page 110

5. The paradigm of the (&'
J7KI)
of (&
E E.), (9
C C) and
(J
_ ]@
^!
_ ]@
^!
_ ]@
^!
J
L C*L
9
L CBL
&V E(L
A C C*L
A 1ECBL
A E E(L
E '@ L C*L
E '@ 1VCBL
E '@ VE(L
J
L C*L
9
L CBL
&V E(L
A C C*L
A 1ECBL
A E E(L
C @ *CL
C >[ B
CL
C [ (E L
J
L C*L
9
L CBL
&V E(L
A C C*L
A 1ECBL
A E E(L
E '@ L C*L
E '@ 1VCBL
E '@ VE(L
C @A C*L
C @1ACBL
C @AE(L
A C C*L
A 1ECBL
A E E(L
C @ *CL
C >[ B
C L
C [ (E L
J
L CV
9
L CZV
&V E.V
J
L C*NL
9
L CBNL
&V E(LN
Page 111

6. The paradigm of the (
@ E
0>XI J7KI)
of (&
E E.), (9
C C)
and (J
L e M! ]@
^!
L e M! ]@
^!
L e M! ]@
^!
@ *AC @ E
2
@ B
C C @ E
[ (V C @ E
C@*AC @ E
E1CBC @ E
E '@ (V C @ E
'@ L @*AC @ E
'@ 1VCBC @ E
@'V'@ (V C @ E
@ *AC @ E
2
@ B
C C @ E
[ (V C @ E
C @*AC @ E
1ECBC @ E
E '@ (V C @ E
C @ *AC @ E
C >[ B
C C @ E
C [ (V C @ E
@ *AC @ E
2
@ B
C C @ E
[ (V C @ E
C @*AC @ E
1ECBC @ E
E '@ (V C @ E
'@ L @*AC @ E
'@ 1VCBC @ E
@'V'@ (V C @ E
0@ A @*AC @ E
0@ 1ACBC @ E
0@ A'@ (V C @ E
C @*AC @ E
1ECBC @ E
E '@ (V C @ E
C @ *AC @ E
C >[ B
C C @ E
C [ (V C @ E
@ AZE @ E
2
@ C ZE @ E
[ .VZE @ E
@ *ANC @ E
2
@ B
C NC @ E
[ (V CN @ E
Page 112

6. The paradigm of the (>
P) of (&E E.), (9

C C) and (J
C C)
will be as follows:
f
L;
f
L;
f
L;
AC
2
AC
U AE.
A C AC
A >AC
A EAE.
E '@ L AC
E '@ >V AC
E '@ VAE.
)U C AC
)U >E AC
)U EAE.
A COC AC
A CO>E AC
A COEAE.
j
C AC
j
E>AC
j
EAE.
Page 113

6. The paradigm of the (&'>I
P) of (&E E.), (9

C C) and (J
C C)
will be as follows:
_! L;
_! L;
_! L;
@*AC
9
'@ B
L C
&U '@ (V C
A C @*AC
A E1'@ B
L C
A E'@ (V C
E '@ L @*AC
E '@ 1V'@ B
L C
E '@ V'@ (V C
)U C @*AC
)U 1E'@ B
L C
)U E'@ (V C
A COC @*AC
A CO1E'@ B
L C
A COE'@ (V C
j
C @*AC
j
E1'@ B
L C
j
E'@ (V C
Note 3: You can do the remaining paradigms by looking at

the paradigms of a (d$
1).
You have read all the
paradigms in Volume 2.
The brief paradigms of (9'^Z) from (61
! R 04)
are
enumerated hereunder. You can do the detailed paradigms

on your own.
Page 114
LH@
\
]@
^!
Z
!
7@ A Z
L @!A L
7C CZE
7@ S C
7L S !C L
7C Se C
7@ SA C
7L SA C!L
7C SC C
7@ Se !C C
7L Se !C OCC
7C Se !C C
7@ SC C!C
7L SC C!OCC
7C SC C!C
!@ (E N@A
L E(X@C
C E(N@A
!@ OC.[ A
L CO([ C
C CO.[ A
@ A 'C P@ A SZ e 'C P@ A
M 'C
@C
e 'C P@ A
@ A C'P@ A SZ e C'P@ A
M C'
@C
e C'P@ A
7@ !A OCP@ A
L @!A OC
@C
7C C!OCP@ A
10
d
g
Page 115
L;
L;
_!
f

d
g
3U 7C CGA
7 C!L
@!A L
@SA !@ C
7 Se !C L
7 S !C L
3U 7C SC C!L
7 SC C!L
7 SA C!L
to be round
7 SM !C C
7 Se !C OCL
7 S !C OCL
to circulate
with someone
7 SL C!C
7 SC C!OCL
7 SA C!OCL
obeying
C(A N@A
E(X@L
E(X@L
obeying
COA.[ A
CO([ L
CO([ L
to be black
C'A P@ A
'C
@ L
'C
@ L
to be black
C!@'A P@ A
C'
@ L
C'
@ L
to circle
3U7C C!OAP@ A
7 C!OC
@ L
@!A OC
@ L 10
Meaning
turning,
management
spinning,
rotating
walking
around with
someone
Note 4: The (>
@'$!
LH@
P) and the (&'>I P) of categories 6, 7,
8 and 9 apparently look the same. However, the origin of

each one is different. For instance, if ( E(X@ L ) is the (>
P),
Page 116

its original form will be ( 'A (E X@ L ) and if it is the (&'>I
P), its
original will be ( 'C (E X@ L ).

Note 5: The verbal noun (7!Y) of (7C CZE) is (3U 7C CGA) and that of
(7C C!OCP
@ A) is (3U7C C!OAP@ A). These were originally (7 CS@ GA) and (7 SC !@ OAP@ A)
U C1[ GA) and (&U C>[ OAP@ A). The (7!Y)

respectively on the scale of (&
of these categories when they are (9'^Z) are constructed in
this manner, e.g. (3U C E1GA) from (C E1ZE) and (3U C E>OAP
@ A) from (C E>OCP@ A).
Note 6: Outwardly the paradigms of (0
9'^Z)
are like
(SS
9'^Z). The original words will be different, e.g. (7C EFZE)

was originally (C CF
[ ZE) and (7C CBOCP@ A) was originally (C CB
@ OCP@ A).
Page 117

Note 7: Some verbs have (S) or () written next to them.
This is an indication towards (SS
9'^Z) and (0 9'^Z)
respectively.
Word
Meaning
(S) !L @A L C C7ZE
(1)4 to intend
() L @K
A LJ
C CHZE
(1) to waste
(S) L @]A L J
C E<ZE
(1) to obey
(S) L @]A OC
@ CJ
C E]OCP@ A
(10) to be able, to have the

power
(S) V @]A L &E E<ZE
(1) to lengthen
(S) #
L @Y
A L
C C$ZE
() !L @>A L C E1ZE
(1) to be afflicted, to be
correct
(1) to grant benefit, to
inform
() !L @>A OC
@ C C E>OCP@ A
(1) to obtain benefit
(S) L @A L E CZE
(1) to assist
This is an indication of the ( ), which in this case is (&1G ).
Page 118
(S) E COCP@ A
(10) to seek help
() ,
L @*AC j
C C
to spend the night
(S) &V '@ h

L C &E C^
(1) to roam, wander about
0EGA () &E C
(t) to incline towards
@ C () &E C
to turn away from
(S) V '@ B
L C E C
() to betray
() CC C+
(9) to want
() L @
A CJ
C C+
(t) to become public
() L @
A LJ
C C+ZE
(1) to publish
(S) 9
L '@
L C9
C C+
() to look
() C C +C
to feel, to know
(y) (9)()
C E$
C
to be proper
C E$
@ ZE
(1) to put in order
(S) V '@ Y
L C E C$
() to save
(S) L '@ L C C C
() to return
(S) !L @A L C CZE
(1) to make s.t. return, to

repeat
(S) pL '@ >V C pC E1
() to be successful, to
Page 119

achieve
() !C
C 1E
to be spoilt
(1) !C
C 1[ ZE
to spoil, to cause corruption
(S) DL '@ (V C DC E.
() to stand, to be ready
(S) L @(A L DC E.ZE
(1) to stay
(S) L @(A OC
@ C DC E(OCP@ A
(10) to be steadfast, to
become straight
(q) DC !A NC
to be ashamed
() &V CXC &E CN
to achieve
(S) &E SC CN
(3) to give, to hand over
(S) DL CXC DC CN
(q) to sleep
6A À r
C C
an oath
)U E|
instrument
A @ _E['VSVZ
the people of the

government
E(C
life
3U7C CC SZ C
heat
)U XC
C C
good deed
Y
L L U CYA
horse, stallion
Page 120
3V C A [ 7L e!E
the hereafter
& C S@ oV
one of importance
)U ]E [ PC
power, authority
t
@ A
honour

@ L
difficulty
q
S@ L V q
_[ E
glass, tumbler

A E
lie
0XL )U CX@L
wish, desire
q
C([ A
measuring instrument

@L
ease
Exercise No. 31
CXL C ,
C [Â 0COC
. A @OCC CP V X@L ,
L [Â
. 6A OAC[7L 0EGA x
CO
@ L 0@ NbA1E
C @A _EA [ A^
. yC !@ h
A NC @ ESC 6A A g
A @ ZE yC CX[Â
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
Page 121

C COA [ EC ,
C >[ +L [ C !L 8C @ ZE C
. DC '@ C[ 6L 1V'@ +L _EPC 6L OL>[ +L C E
. !FE 0e EC zA 7L SC Z[C .[ CS 2
@ +L
C C@_E[
C NCCYA ,
C @ A [ C
6L C @AZE @ ESC 6L @ AZE @ E
\e d
C [
C E &E '@ .VZE [ ZE !L @A L [ C
. yC A CL 0@ 1A L A>[ OLPC
C NeZE
C E [ .VZE @ EEZ
. &V '@ (V C C C C 1[ _EA
C ECPL !@ A ZE
. 3U C E>OAP@ A 3A C CbA[ 0A1
. ) 8C @aA C 3 C E1GA CXC!@ 1EZE
. &E CN &E C^ @ C
. 7C CBOCP@ A C DC !A NC C
.3A 7C Cd
C [ q
L C([ A CE &V E(LSC 3A 7C Cd
C [ 5j
L C^7C C CA q
L E(L )U E| zA A C
.m
A C*Y
e &E Se ZE
[ (` CCSC A @` &E Se ZE @ NC
. A Y
@ C [ !C @ C @ XCCE
. ) XCPC 'C d
@ NC EC @ V !A EC 0@ 1A C @.AZV [ ZE !L @7A ZV
5
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9)
(10)
(11)
(12)
(13)
(14)
(15)
(16)
(17)
(18)
(19)
(20)
degrees
Page 122
. 3A !C @A h
C [ 6L @!A L V ^L e EC (21)
@SV B
A eE1 A <E 'C [ 0A1 )U ]E [ PC @ V E E '@ V C [ ZE @ L@ 7C ZE [ GA 0@ NAC'@ GA (22)
0A1
7L V Xe>E AB

@ OC
@ CE 7A '@ L _V[ A @8A ^C 0@ 1A 6L E'@ PL 7C SC
'L@<A ZESC
.t
A 7@ _E[
(B) Translate the following advice.
C ' ' + & h= i

$
6
0EC @ *A$
@ CS &A C'@ _E[ A @8A ^C 0@ 1A 6L @ <A ZESC @ (A OCP@ CS
A A @ A | L#@h
A Xe !L E'C [ CMZE
.A C$ @ V SC
e C A 6A A [ A OCP@ CS A @B
C [ 0EC 6L X@AOCP@ CS 6A A@*APC 0@ 1A
C CC$ZE C
D@ L SC
C NCC 6L OCX@L [ GASC
C NCC$ 6L OCX@$
L [ GA
C NCCA
[ >E @ CS A 8C C [CS &A '@ (E [ 0A1
&E CXCSC 0CX8L [ pC '@ >V OCA A
C E [CS A @ h
C [ A A 4
AC @ V SC )A C 1AeX DA '@ VL [ 0EGA 4
AC
. zA A C*A )A C !@ A SC 6A OAC E]A
C EE(C
&E E<ZE 0EL [

#
L C '@ LSC J
L C*L C 0ES@ ZE L Y
@ XMCS
0@ OAd
C @Y
A NC ,
C [ *A.E [ GA
C OLd
@Y
C NC !@ (E ESC
6
7
editor
to appoint as successor
Page 123

(C) Translate the following verses of the Qurn.
. E 'VC >[ C E C E 'V'V(C C A 'LXC | C A ` CMZE C

. C AC@GA cEC EPC SC @ C 0AN'V 7L CN C CX[ .V
.
C C EC C 6A WA r
C C C [ .VSC
. *@$
C 0C A C C A]OC
@ C @ E
C NeGA [ .VZE @ EZE &E E.
. E 'LdAY
@ L L d
@ NC C8NeGA ['VE. t
A 7@ 0A1 [SL!
A >[ L E @ L E E A. EoGASC
. L AC@GA 6L E &V E(L @ L L V [ C cO1E CX@ 8A PC 'VE.
` AESC C@ ZE [ C j
C'@ ZE 6A W A *CP 0A1 V OC([ L @ 8C A ['V'V(C E SC
. E SLL
@ C
. C
@ L [ L V A !L A L E SC C
@ L[ L V A 6L W !L A L
.{
C XA
Ad
@ 8L [ C ^@ ZE L AKL E 6C W ` GA
. E 'M*d
A L e8A ['V(>A XL ceOC e *A[ ['VCXC E
.{
C A A
@ 8L [ C A 'LN'VC ESC 3E EY
e 'L8A.ZESC
. @ V XA A @ 0AS@ ZVSC &E 'LPe ['LA<ZESC 6C W ['LA<ZE
. 3A 4
EY
e CS A *@Y
e A ['LXAOCP@ ['LXC | C A ` CMZE C
.{
L A OC
@ NC yC eGAS !L *L@ NC yC eGA
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9)
(10)
(11)
(12)
(13)
(14)
. cE@ _E[ ,
C NEZ
C NeGA 2
@ B
C C E (15)
Page 124
@ L ESC @ A @EC 9
'@ C E1E '@ L E(OCP@ e V 6L ` CXM7C '@ V.E C @A ` ` GA (16)
E 'LNRC d
@C
(1) If you roam, you will be successful.
(2) He is selling his book.
(3) That girl is turning the ball.
(4) I want you to tell me the truth.
(5) Did we not tell you that he will never come today.
(6) He repeated his question so that I understand
whatever he says.
(7) We fear Allh and do not fear anyone besides Him.
(8) A Muslim does not fear death.
(9) When he was told not to corrupt, he said, I am
merely putting in order.
(10) We intend ease for them and they intend difficulty
for us.
(11) Did my brother come to you?
(12) No, your brother did not come to me.
(13) Save your honour even though your wealth is
wasted.
(14) Do not sell this cow of yours because its milk is
beneficial for you.
(15) O my sisters, if you want that your children should
rule over the homeland, then obey Allh and His
Page 125

messenger .
(16) O women of mn, be patient at the time of a
calamity8 and seek assistance with salh.
(17) O Muslim girl, why do you say that which you do
not do.
(18) Do not obey the ignorant ones.
(19) We sought the opinion9 of the scholars in this issue.
(E) Fill in the blanks using the words given below:
&V '@ .VZE E j

@ 7C Se C @ B
A OCP@ E1 CXO@A ,
L 8@ .V L @
A C 0@ NA C^ j
L 7@ L J
C C
j
@ C CZE
. C|C7!C @C 0A1 CX8 C !C X@A )E C 7A C*[
. \e d
C [ ` GA
3V !C @A h
C [ zA A C
C @ZE @ A
.
A A
& C Eo @ ZE j
C @ 7C ZE EoGA
. 6L CC'^C ,
L *@OCE 1E 0@ ZV @ A
'@ OL[ C
. 6L E COA@ A
9
C oV COP@ _V[ 0AXEC^
8
)U *C@Y
A L
7C COCP@ A
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
Page 126
. &V '@ (V C C C C 1[ _EA CECPL

. A '@ ` C 8C @ ZE NCYA 0@ A ZE
. @A PC j
@ 7C C!1E 10)E C eS!M 0@ OA@ ZV
.j
eC C *@PC )A *C@ E [ &E '@ C
(7)
(8)
(9)
(10)
(F) Study the analysis of the following sentence.
j
b,+ 4
6
$Y e g 0
Y dO
Analysis
H !S 6O$ H" 0X 1

0 9'^Z
The () has been elided due to the jazm at
Word
e g 0
the end.
!^ !S 3N P

H !S YO 7ST =8H P
O> 0 * )1
10
N
$Y
R
top (toy)
Page 127
j
b,+
!S D4 9Q )>Y P
'dX dO
Analysis
Word
DR/ ) 0X 1 61 OOI =8K 1

1 ) 61
e g 0
'YX &'>
N
$Y
7ST 6G 9K
R
!S 'YX &'>I )>$
j
b,+
)N )1 ) = &'>IS > >
Page 128
Lesson 32
The Defective Verb11
(.eX
>)
1. You have learnt that a (.N

radical ()8
D)
is a
1) is one in which the third

() 9). Hereunder follow the
paradigms of the following verbs:
YN S' .X CC

(to throw) H 0 .X 0C7C
(to be noble) D S' .X SC L P
C
(to meet)
- 0 .X 0C (A E
(to like) &O1 S' .X 0CKC7@ A
(to face) &O1 0 .X 0E(OC[A
(to call)
11
This is only the literal meaning of the word (.N). It does not mean that
these verbs have a deficiency in them.
Page 129
(R) I//
(m) V
(
(N) I//
SC L PC
0C7C
CC
CSL PC
CC 7C
C'C C
@SL PC
@'C 7C
@'C C
j
@ SC L PC
,
@ C 7C
,
@ C C
CSC L PC
COC 7C
COC C
E S@ L PC
C @C 7C
E '@ C C
j
C S@ L PC
,
C @C 7C
j
C '@ C C
C8LS@ L PC
8C OL@C 7C
C8L'@ C C
@ LS@ L PC
@ OL@C 7C
@ L'@ C C
j
A S@ L PC
,
A @C 7C
j
A '@ C C
C8LS@ L PC
C8OL@C 7C
C8L'@ C C
e LS@ L PC
e OL@C 7C
e L'@ C C
j
L S@ L PC
,
L @C 7C
j
L '@ C C
CNS@ L PC
CX@C 7C
CN'@ C C
Page 130
(7) V
(
(7) I//
(c) V
(
0E(OC[A
0CKC7@ A
0C (A E
C(E OC[A
CK
C C7@ A
C(A E
@'(E OC[A
@'K
C C7@ A
'@ (V E
,
@ (E OC[A
,
@ K
C C7@ A
,
@ C(A E
CO(E OC[A
COK
C C7@ A
COC(A E
C @(E OC[A
C @K
C C7@ A
C @(A E
,
C @(E OC[A
,
C @K
C C7@ A
,
C @(A E
C8OL@(E OC[A
C8OL@K
C C7@ A
C8OL@(A E
@ OL@(E OC[A
@ OL@K
C C7@ A
@ OL@(A E
,
A @(E OC[A
,
A @K
C C7@ A
,
A @(A E
C8OL@(E OC[A
C8OL@K
C C7@ A
C8OL@(A E
e OL@(E OC[A
e OL@K
C C7@ A
e OL@(A E
,
L @(E OC[A
,
L @K
C C7@ A
,
L @(A E
CX@(E OC[A
CX@K
C C7@ A
CX@(A E
Page 131

Note 1: Of the above paradigms, three are of (S'
and three of (0
.X).
.X)
Ponder over the changes that
have occurred in each one by recognizing the original

forms. The word (0CKC7@ A) was originally ('C K
C C7@ A). In (
! R 04
61), the paradigms of (S' .X) and (0 .X) become

similar.
The Changes in the Perfect (Z

!)
2. By observing the above paradigms, you will realize that
changes in the perfect (0HI) of (.N) have only occurred
in four word-forms, namely the singular and plural
masculine and the singular and dual feminine.
C ) and (0C (A E), a change has

However, in the paradigms of (SC L P
occurred in the plural masculine third person form only.
The details are as follows:
In the singular masculine third person, the (S) and
() have changed to alif according to rule no. 1 of
(). ('C
C C ) becomes (CC ),(0C C 7C ) changes to (0C7C ) etc.
Page 132

Note 2: When the (S) is changed to alif in the perfect tense
(0HI) of (.N), it is written in the form of an alif in (
04
T), e.g. (CC ), (>E C ) while in (61 ! R 04) it is written as a

(), e.g. (0CKC7@ A)
When a () is changed to alif, it is written in the form of a
() in all cases, e.g. (0C7C ) and (0E(OC[A). However when an
attached pronoun in the accusative ( 'YX) is suffixed to
the verb, it will only be written in the form of an alif, e.g.
(zL C7C - He threw it.) (y
C CKC7@ A - He liked you.)
In the plural masculine third person form, the (S) and
() have been deleted, according to rules no. 6 and 7
of (). Examples:
(@S'L
C C ) changes to (@'C C ),
(@'LC 7C ) changes to (@'C 7C ),
(@SSL L P
C ) changes to (@SL PC ),
(@'L(A E) changes to (@'(V E),
(@'LK
C C7@ A) changes to (@'K
C C7@ A),
Page 133

(@'L(E OC[A) changes to (@'(E OC[A).
The alif is deleted in the singular and dual feminine
forms, e.g. (,
@ C C ) and (OCC C ).
A kasrah precedes the (S) in the perfect passive tense

(&'
0HI). Therefore the (S) is changed to a ().
Examples:
A L ) changes to (0C A L ),
('C
(C'
A L ) changes to (CA L ),
(@S'L
A L ) changes to (@'L L ),
(j
@ 'C A L ) changes to (,
@ CA L ),
(C'C
A L ) changes to (COCA L ),
(
E '@ A L ) changes to (C @ A L ),
C '@ A L ) changes to (,
C @A L ). Similarly the (&'
(j
of (0C7C ) is (,
@ CA 7L
In the
@'L 7L CA 7L 0C A 7L ) etc.

(&' 0HI), (S' .X)
0HI)
and (0
.X)
become similar.
The paradigm of the imperfect (J7K) is as follows:
Page 134
.X 9SI J7KI

(R) I//
(m) V
(
(N) I//
S@ L
@C
0@ A @ C
'@ L !@ C
A CSL
@C
A CA @ C
A 'C L !@ C
* E S@ L
@C
E '@ L @ C
* E '@ L !@ C
S@ L
@ C
0@ A @ C
'@ L !@ C
A CSL
@ C
A CA @ C
A 'C L !@ C
* E S@ L
@C
C @A @ C
* E '@ L !@ C
S@ L
@ C
0@ A @ C
'@ L !@ C
A CSL
@ C
A CA @ C
* A 'C L !@ C
* E S@ L
@ C
E '@ L @ C
E '@ L !@ C
C @A
@ C
* C @A @ C
C @A !@ C
A CSL
@ C
A CA @ C
A 'C L !@ C
* E S@ L
@ C
* C @A @ C
* E '@ L !@ C
S@ L P@ ZE
0@ A 7@ ZE
'@ L @ ZE
S@ L
@ NC
0@ A @ NC
'@ L !@ NC
Page 135
.X 9SI J7KI

(7) V
(
(7) I//
(c) V
(
0@ (A OC[ C
0@ K
A C@ C
0(E [ C
A C(A OC[ C
A CK
A C@ C
A C(E [ C
E '@ (V OC[ C
E '@ K
L C@ C
E '@ (E [ C
0@ (A OC[ C
0@ K
A C@ C
0E([ C
A C(A OC[ C
A CK
A C@ C
A C(E [ C
C @(A OC[ C
C @K
A C@ C
C @(E [ C
0@ (A OC[ C
0@ K
A C@ C
0E([ C
A C(A OC[ C
A CK
A C@ C
A C(E [ C
E '@ (V OC[ C
E '@ K
L C@ C
E '@ (E [ C
* C @(A OC[ C
* C @K
A C@ C
* C @(E [ C
A C(A OC[ C
A CK
A C@ C
A C(E [ C
* C @(A OC[ C
* C @K
A C@ C
* C @(E [ C
0@ (A OC[ZE
0@ K
A C7@ ZE
0E([ZE
0@ (A OC[ NC
0@ K
A C@ NC
0E([ NC
Page 136

Note 3: In the above paradigms, some words are similar to
one another. These have been marked with an asterisk.
Some words have changed while others are on their
original forms. Recognize the changes.
The Changes in the Imperfect (]@

^!)
3. Ponder over the changes in the paradigms of the
imperfect (J7KI). Besides the four dual forms and the two
feminine plural forms, there are changes in all the other
words.
Where the imperfect is ({
m'O>),
the (S) and ()
have been changed to alif according to rule no. 1 of

(). Where it is ({
7') or ({ D'8K), they
have been rendered skin. Examples:

(0E([ C) from (0
L (E [ C),
(0CH@ C) from ('L H
C @ C),
('@
L !@ C) from ('L L !@ C),
(0
@ A @ C) from (0L A @ C).
The same change has occurred in the three word-forms
Page 137

that do not have a (p7
=8H
- a visible pronoun).
Examples:
('@
L !@ NC
'@ L @ ZE '@ L !@ C),

(0
@ A @ NC 0@ A 7@ ZE 0@ A @ C),
(0E([ NC 0E([ZE 0E([ C).
Note 4: The paradigm of (0CH@ C) is like (0E([ C).
According to rules 6 and 7 of (), the ()
9) is
deleted from the end of the plural masculine third

person and second person forms. Examples:
E '@ L !@ C) from (E S@ 'L L !@ C),

(
(
E '@ L !@ C) from (E S@ 'L L !@ C),
E '@ L @ C) from (E '@ LA @ C),

(
(
E '@ (E [ C) from (E '@ L(E [ C).
In the singular feminine second person form, (
@ SA V)
and (0
@ AA) change to (
@ A) and (0@ AE) changes to (
@ E).
Examples:
(
C @A !@ C) from (C @'A L !@ C),
Page 138

(
C @A @ C) from (C @AA @ C),
(
C @(E [ C) from (C @A(E [ C),
(
C @K
A C@ C) from (C @AK
A C@ C),
(
C @(A OC[ C) from (C @A(A OC[ C).
In the passive tense (&'), (S'
.X) and ( .X
0) become similar. Examples:

(
C @C !@ L
A CC !@ L 0C!@ L E '@ C !@ L A CC !@ L 0C!@ L) etc.

C @C @ L A CC @ L 0C@ L E '@ C @ L A CC @ L 0C@ L) etc.
(
Word
Meaning
(t) 0CZE
to come
(1) 0C|
to give
(1)
C C^ZE
to answer, to accept
(1)
C C$ZE
to reach, to touch, to afflict
(7) COC+@ A
to buy
(1) 0E]@ ZE
to give, grant
Page 139
(q) 0C (A C
to remain
(1) 0E(@ZE
to maintain
(t) 0EC
to cry
(1) 0E@ZE
to make s.o. cry
() 4
E C
to test, to afflict
(t) 0CXC
to build, to construct
(q) 0C
A C
to fear
2
C >` C
to lighten
() 4
E C
to be empty, to pass
6L C C 6A A 6A @EGA 4
E C
to meet in private
(t) C7C
to know
(1) C7@ ZE
to show
() CC
to call
6L E CC
to supplicate for someone
6A @EC CC
to supplicate against
someone
(q) 0C H
A 7C
to be pleased
(1) 0CH7@ ZE
to please s.o.
Page 140
(t) 0E(PC
to give to drink
(2) 0e8PC
to name
() E>C
to be erased
6L X@C E>C
to forgive
(t) 0E>E
to be sufficient, to save
)U .E!L X@L
bullet
#
@ 7L
awe
@ PC
spear, share
0eO+C
different
7 '@ L <E
very pure, clean
s
'@ Y
L 1V
1E
stone of ring
V ACX.E )U E*LX@.V
bomb, grenade
J
L 7A CRC )U C 7C R@ C
farm
q
C8[ZE
diamond
Page 141
Exercise No. 32
6A Y
1E 0@ 1A 8CC zL CE1 6A @EC C `PC SC zL C_E1E A K
@ >E [ CZE !L @+A e CC
.q
C8[ZE
.
C C^ZE C81E DA C]` 0EGA oE COP@ _V[ j
L '@ C C ,
L X@V
. 6L E EC!1E 6A OAC !@ B
A A zL CZE ! A C 0CH7@ ZE
. 6A @EC ,
@ C !C 1E 6L X@C ) CH
A C7 C >E @ ^C DM ZV @,NCE C
. C j
C CSC 6L CC$_E1E !A PC _E[ 0EGA C @
e +A C 0C7C
yA E@ZE C ,
L X@AC C @A *@C EoC8A
3U C h
C C ,
@ CC$ZE EoGASC 0eO+C 3 CÂ 0A1 3E 7C Chd
A [ 0A@ C !L E'C [ E E
. 0@ A *@C !C C (E 1E C @A Y
e zL CZE
. 7 [ L 6L E 0C (A C C
C
A >[ XCA ,
C @(E @ZE C
. &A C8[ C A
0C NAE]@ ZE C 0@ NAE>E

. CAC 0EC 7L '@ L _V[ ,
A C(A C
. )A e7A eX A ACX(E [A e7L S@ ZV 0@ 1A 7L C! ,
A >E C
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9)
(10)
(11)
(12)
Page 142
. 6L X@C CN'@ >E C

.
C X@C
E>C
. 6L X@C 0C >A L
. 3 C *Cd
@ A SC COA zL CX@CE1 yC '@ L E NCCZE
. A @ Xe A C @ A 0E(
@ L L @AC*C[
C [ A
. A @
e EC DA eZE @ A 0CKC '@ C @ E
@ A7!@ C [ C
. L +A C[ L @7A _[ Oe V '@ V C DC '@ C[ ` ZE M V ZE 0@ XA E
@ !A PC C
@ 7A @ ZE E
. A @A E[ 0EGA DC '@ C[ ,
L @A L
.#
C XC@pC 6L OLX@A ,
@ C8 PL
zC+ A E][
M A @ _EA 0C XAL
@ A ` L A Ch[ !A X@A [ 0A1 !A Â C8C [ L
C @ ZE
leOA 3V e8
C 8L [ 3V 7C C8A [ CN@!M j
A C*AChC @ A SC 0@ A@ A 0@ 1A E C^C
6L 8C A 7C ) 9
L '@ $
L '@ 8C [ V E][
M CCXC 0@ OA` z@ C E | 0@ 1A CdC
.(0ECC
&U C &A eh
L [ ASC [ A CXE
CX@1A 7A e*h
C [ )E 8C
@ .A CX@H
A 7C
&V CRCE 0E(*@C C [ A [ ` GASC
#
@A .E @ C 0CX>[ C &E C8[ ` bA1E
(13)
(14)
(15)
(16)
(17)
(18)
(19)
(20)
(21)
(22)
(23)
Page 143

(B) Translate the following verses of the Qurn into
English.
.7'L<E C+C @ L M7C @ L E(PC SC

. 6L e7C 0C
A C @ 8C A
C AoE 6L X@C 'LH7C SC @ L X@C 6L ` 0C H
A 7C
. C8EL [ zA A C*A @ A 6C ` cCB
@ C C8NeGA
.#
C @ M [SL>E E C A `
A 'V.V 0A1 0A([ XLPC
eNGA ['V.E @ A XAA<C+C cEGA '@ EC EoGASC eXC | ['VE. ['LXC | C A ` ['V(E EoGASC
. E SLRA @ OC
@ L L d
@ NC C8NeGA @ V C C
.j
L 'L8C t
7@ ZE
_EA g
>[ NC A7!@ C CSC
. cCH@ OC1E
C M7C
C A]@ L 9
C '@
C ESC
. L AC [ L A8
e 'C L SC 6L W L L E A>[ C
C 1E
. zL eGA ` GA [SL!*L@ C ` ZE
C M7C cCK.ESC
. =%AE @C 0C ASVZ !@ (E 1E )E 8C [ d
A [ j
C @ L CSC
L L X@C 2
L >` B
CL4
E 1E 3A C A A CN@!M 3E Cd
C [ LSC OC+@ C A `
C AESVZ
.
L EC [
. )E Xe/
E L L E ` _EA LEC'@ ZESC @ L
C >V NEZ {
C XAA @ 8L [ C A fCOC+@ 6C W ` GA
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9)
(10)
(11)
(12)
Page 144

(C) Translate the following sentences into Arabic.
(1) I called Rashd so he came to me and greeted me and
I gave him a book.
(2) We called our friends for meals so they accepted our
invitation.
(3) The sheikh supplicated for me.
(4) His father was not pleased with him so he
supplicated against him.
(5) Hmid aimed a bullet at the wolf so it struck it (the
wolf) and it died.
(6) O boy, why are you crying? Who made you cry?
(7) Now no wealth will remain for this woman.
(8) What will you allow to remain for your brother?
(9) Whatever wealth Allh has given us will be sufficient
for us.
(10) His son has been named Mahmd.
(11) This madrasah was built with the order of the
minister.
(12) Our farms are watered with rain water.
(D) Observe the analysis of the following sentence.
` 2 b ^
+
bB '* Q J
f
Page 145
n$ i2
Analysis
Word
#F !S 6O$ 9SI 0HI 1

T 04 'C C C 6$Z S' .X
The (S) has been changed to alif according
to rule no. 1 of ().
f
!C +C 7C \O )>Y P !+7 2 9 &[ E

d$ !S X P 6X
'* Q J
6$Z S' .X !S !^ P

' Z
bB
!S D4 9Q X PS 7!YI

d$
^
+
* Q ^ 9

=8K ~ 6O1H )1 !S P

0 9'^Z
o
b
* #F !S 7ST =8H
C
Page 146
IiM i2
Analysis
Word
* 0HI 1
J'1 1
f
'* Q J
q7!) 2 6*YN 'YX &'> 9K

(211
7ST 6 9K
bB
^
+
Q ^ 9

7ST
o
b
7/ Q / ) 6 9K 7ST =8H

> \O 7SS
C
) )1 ) = \OIS &'>IS > >
Page 147
Lesson 33
The Jussive Mood of the Imperfect
(DL S@ RL h
@ 8C [
J
L 7A CK8L [E)
The paradigms of the (DL S@ RL h

@ 8C [
J
L 7A CK8L [E)
of (.N
1)
are
mentioned below.
Note 1: In (DR/
) the jussive mood), the third radical

()8 D) of the imperfect (J7KI) and the imperative (Z)
are elided from five word-forms. In seven word-forms the

()
'N)
is deleted while the plural feminine forms
remain unchanged because they are indeclinable (*I).
Page 148
p
H
JM & * / )* q
+ ]
* @
^* +
\C [ C @ E
DA @ C @ E
J
L !@ C @ E
C(E [ C @ E
CA @ C @ E
'C L !@ C @ E
'@ (E [ C @ E
'@ L @ C @ E
'@ L !@ C @ E
\C [ C @ E
DA @ C @ E
J
L !@ C @ E
C(E [ C @ E
CA @ C @ E
'C L !@ C @ E
C @(E [ C @ E
C @A @ C @ E
E '@ L !@ C @ E
\C [ C @ E
DA @ C @ E
J
L !@ C @ E
C(E [ C @ E
CA @ C @ E
'C L !@ C @ E
'@ (E [ C @ E
'@ L @ C @ E
'@ L !@ C @ E
0@ (E [ C @ E
0@ A @ C @ E
0@ A !@ C @ E
C(E [ C @ E
CA @ C @ E
'C L !@ C @ E
C @(E [ C @ E
C @A @ C @ E
E '@ L !@ C @ E
\C [ZE @ E
DA 7@ ZE @ E
J
L @ ZE @ E
\C [ NC @ E
DA @ NC @ E
J
L !@ NC @ E
p
H
JM & Z
[ \
E '@ L @ ZV
'C L @ ZV
0@ A @ ZV
'@ L @ ZV
'C L @ ZV
J
L @ ZV
C @A 7@ GA
CA 7@ GA
0@ A 7@ GA
'@ L 7@ GA
CA 7@ GA
DA 7@ GA
C @(E [A
C(E [A
0@ (E [A
@'(E [A
C(E [A
\C [A
Page 149
& 'T3! ]@
^!
pH
M
p
H
JM & d
* $
* M + ]
* @
^* +
e C(E [ CE
` 'C L !@ CE
0E([ C @ E
0C A @ C @ E
'C L !@ C @ E
C(E [ CE
'C L !@ CE
C(E [ C @ E
CA @ C @ E
'C L !@ C @ E
` 'L (E [ CE
e L !@ CE
'@ (E [ C @ E
'@ C @ C @ E
'@ L !@ C @ E
e C(E [ OCE
` 'C L !@ OCE
0E([ C @ E
0C A @ C @ E
'C L !@ C @ E
C(E [ OCE
'C L !@ OCE
C(E [ C @ E
CA @ C @ E
'C L !@ C @ E
CX@(E [ CE
NC'@ L !@ CE
C @(E [ C @ E
C @A @ C @ E E '@ L !@ C @ E
e C(E [ OCE
` 'C L !@ OCE
0E([ C @ E
0C A @ C @ E
'C L !@ C @ E
C(E [ OCE
'C L !@ OCE
C(E [ C @ E
CA @ C @ E
'C L !@ C @ E
` 'L (E [ OCE
e L !@ OCE
'@ (E [ C @ E
'@ L @ C @ E
'@ L !@ C @ E
e A(E [ OCE
e A !@ OCE
0@ (E [ C @ E
0@ A @ C @ E
0@ A !@ C @ E
C(E [ OCE
'C L !@ OCE
C(E [ C @ E
CA @ C @ E
'C L !@ C @ E
CX@(E [ OCE
CN'@ L !@ OCE
C @(E [ C @ E
C @A @ C @ E E '@ L !@ C @ E
e C(E [_EE
` 'C L @ _EE
0E([ZE @ E
0C A 7@ ZE @ E
'C L @ ZE @ E
e C(E [ XCE
` 'C L !@ XCE
0E([ NC @ E
0C A @ NC @ E
'C L !@ NC @ E
Page 150

Note 2: The (!I
J7KI) of (0@ A @ C) will be :

z| ~ CX@A @ CE ` CA @ OCE e CA @OCE e L @ CE CA @ CE e CA @ CE
The active participle (>
P) of (CC ) will be as follows:
Feminine
j
CA C
Masculine
A COCA C
)U CA C
E '@ L C
A CA C
J
C
The word (J
C) was originally (' A C).
The (>
P) of (0C7C ) will be (D C7) while that of (0C (A E) will

be (x
E ). However, when the definite article (&[ E) is prefixed
to it, it becomes (0
@ A e!E) etc. See 10.9.
The passive participle (&'>I
P) of (CC ) is:
Feminine
j
'e L !@ C
A C'e L !@ C
Masculine
3U 'e L !@ C
From (0C7C ), the (&'>I
E S@ 'M L !@ C
A 'e L !@ C
' L !@ C
P) is ( A eA @ C 0 A @ C ) etc. and from
(0
C (A E), it will be (0 (A [ C ).
Page 151

The paradigm of the (9a
J
C!C
('L A C!C )
The (9a
A CC !@ C
(' C !@ C ) 0!@ C
A CC !@ C
(3U 'C C !@ C ) 3U C!@ C
P) of (0C7C ) is (0@ C ) etc. and of (0C (A E) is (0([ C ).
The paradigm of the ()
('L A C!C ) J
C!C
('L @A C!C ) 0M A C!C
The ()
P) is:
P) is:
A CC !@ A
(' C !@ A ) 0!@ A
A CC !@ A
(3U 'C C !@ A ) 3U C!@ A
A CSC !@ A
(S C!@ A ) C!@ A
P) of (0C7C ) is (0@ A ) etc. and of (0C (A E) is (0([ A ).
The paradigm of the (K>O
P) is:
J
CZE SZ E '@ C @ ZE
A CC @ ZE
('L C @ ZE) 0C@ ZE
0L SZ j
C'C @ L
A C'C @ L
C@ L SZ C'@ L
Page 152

The brief paradigms of (61
! R 04) are as follows:
! RI 04% .X =Y 9Y

@'$!
E([GA
to throw
)U C(A [ C
to give
E(A SZ 3U E.4
E L
to meet
\ EC
to meet, to
learn
x
4
E C
to face one
another
CK(A N@A
to terminate
E(OA[A
to confront
_! L;
L;
f

\
]@
^!
Z
!
LH@
0([ L
\ [ L
\A [ZE
0@ (A [ L
0E([ZE
0(EL
\ EL
\ E
0@ ( EL
0`(E
0.4
E L
x
4
E L
x
A E
0@ .A4
EL
0E.E
0(EOCL
\ EOCL
\e EC
0`(EOCC
0`(EC
0.4
E OCL
x
4
E OCL x
C4
E C
0E.4
E OCC
0E.4
E C
0K(E X@L
(E X@L
A (E N@A
0@ K
A (E X@C
0CK(E N@A 6
0(OC[ L
\ OC[ L
0@ (A OC[ C
0E(OC[A
\A OC[A
Page 153
C'A 7@ A
to refrain
E([ OAP@ A
to lie on
ones back
'A C 7@ A

@ 'A C @ C
C'C 7@ A 8
'C @ L
' C @ L
0([ OC
@ L
\ [ OC
@ L \A [ OCP@ A 0@ (A [ OC
@ C 0E([ OCP@ A
10
By pondering over the above-mentioned paradigms, you

can derive the following rules:
A), (S V) and (

V)
Rule No. 18 of (): The suffixes (S A), (
change to (), e.g ('
A C) changes to (J
C); (0 .V4
E C) on the scale of
(
U L E>C) changes to (x
4
E C).
However, if there is no tanwn at the end, it will become
(
@ A), e.g. (0@ A e!E); (0@ .A4
E OeE).
Similarly, ('L
A C!C ) changes to (J
C!C or
plural of (9a
P)
0@ A C!8C [E).
This is the
from (CC ). (0
L A CC ) changes to (D CC or
0@ A C8C [E).
Note 3: This rule applies to every (>
12
P)12 of (.N) and
It also applies to the (9a P) and () P).
Page 154

to the (7!Y) of categories 4 and 5.
Rule No. 19 of (): The suffixes (S E) and (
E) change to
(), e.g ('
C !@ C ) changes to (0!@ C ). This is the singular (
9a) from (CC ). (0 (E [ L ) changes to (0([ L ). This is the (

&'>I) of (0E([ZE).
Note 4: This rule applies to every (&'>I
the categories of (61
P
P
P) of (.N) from
! R 04).
S@ V) changes to (
A), e.g
Rule No. 20 of (): The suffix (
(
'@ L @ C ) changes to (0 A @ C ). This is the singular (&'>I
P) of
'@ H
L @ C ) changes to (0 H
A @ C ). This is the (&'>I P) of
(0C7C ). (
(0
CH
A 7C ).
Rule no. 13 of () has been applied to the verbal nouns of
the above-mentioned paradigms. For example, (
E([A)
changes to ( E([A) etc.
Page 155

Note 6: In the category (
E e 1E), the (7!Y) is used on the scale
of ()U EA >[ C) instead of (
E @A >[ C), e.g. ()U C(A [ C) from (0`(E) and ()U C8A
@ C)
from (0e8P
C ).
Note 7: The (SS
.N) of (T 04) is used on the scales of

C NC), (C 8A PC ) and (DC L E ).
(C Y
Examples: ('@
L !@ C CC ), (0CH@ C 0C H
A 7C ) and (S@ L
@ C SC L PC ).
The (0 .N) is used on the scales of (
C C H
C ), (C OC1E) and
C 8A PC ).
(
Examples: (0
@ A @ C 0C7C ), (0C
@ C 0CPC ) and (0E([ C 0C (A E).
Word
Meaning
(t) 0CC
to want
(q) 0C A C
to rebel
() 0COC@A
to want
Page 156
13
() 130C*CN@A
to be suitable
(S)
C ChOCP@ A
to accept
(S) () 0EC
to care
E `C
to convey

e CdC
to love mutually
() 0eX8C C
to wish
() 0CPC
to strive, to run
C *e$
C
to say good morning
() 0`$
C
to perform salh
6A @EC 0`$
C
to recite salt lan Nab

(durd), to send mercy
() 0CK.E
to decree, decide
() 0E.E
to meet, to come in front
() 0eC
to say good evening
() 0CC
to walk
() 0eKC
to pass
() CCN
to call, to announce
The imperfect (@0A *CX@ C) of this verb is frequently used.
Page 157
() 0CNC
to prevent, to prohibit
() 0COCN@A
to stop
() C!C
to guide, to show the road
() C!OC@ A
to accept guidance
() C!@ ZE
to give a gift
() CCC
to mutually give gifts
\C E@ZE
to be piebald
)U CX@L
desire, wish
(J
C C 7!Y) @C
trade
)U E V@ C
destruction
)U C *@^C
forehead
@A 7C
cheap
0CC
perhaps
& EF
expensive
)U CEF
end
(C'FE 7!Y) 0 FE
to be misguided
C C
exuberant, arrogantly
Page 158
4
E @A
birth, birthday
4
` C
why not?
CXC
good health, well being
Exercise No. 33
. A @B
C [A
L V eC @ V @EC DL 4
E
e E (1)
. A @B
C [A
C @
8C L
E .6L LEC CSC
A )V 8C @ 7C SC DL 4
E
e
C @EC SC
. !L A C C )A C1AC[CS A CXC [A )A E][ L [ DC eZE ,
C @K
e C E '@ V C [ ZE 0CC (2)
A
C @ ZE 0A1 6E8@ +A A *C^C 0EC )A E][ L [ DC eZE ,
L @K
e C
@ oA COP@ V C 6A À !L 8@ d
C [E
. &A C'@ _E[
C Y
@ C [ ,
C @`$
C [ C (3)
. C Y
@ C [ ,
L @`$
C 6A À !L 8@ d
C [E
)A C C8h
C [ C C E '@ Y
C L [ C (4)
. CN'@ LZE CXA 0@ Y
C L @ C NC
. yC CZE J
L @ ZV (5)
Page 159
.
C >E [ C 0@ A| CNZE &E E(1E 6L L'@ C C

C COA [ EC yC E]@ ZE @ C (6)
. ! AC 0@ (A @!A $
C 6A @NAE]@ ZE
t
A 'C A [ 0A1 6L OC@]E @ ZE C81E (7)
.t
C 'C A [ V *C([ C E 'C L . @+C 6A ]A @ ZV @ E
C `PC SC 6A @EC
0`$
C
A &E '@ PL 7C &E E. zA A4

E @A DC '@ C 6L C!A @ L [ ZE
C E 0@ A *CX@C1E (8)
. @'MCdC @SL CC
. 6A A 0CH@ CSC 6L *Md
A L @+C 6L C!A @ ZV [ ZE !L @7A ZV @ C NC
. 0 8A +A C[ ! @A PC !A
e oA COP@ _V[ ,
A @C 0EGA CXC C 0@
A 8@ C [ C (9)
. 0 8A +A C[ 3A C K
@ C E(A 8C OCL 0@ N_EA 7A S@ L
M CS CHe A
C C C 0@
A @ ZE @ C NC
. 3A 4
EY
e !C @ C 0C A C
A @ CS A A Ch[ !A h
A
@ 8C [ 0A1
C A @ 8C [ Y
C 1E (10)
. yC CXL 0@ $
C _VPC q
A Z[e CS A @C [ 0EC
L C1V C \C E@_E[ E CYd
A [ EC ,
C @C OC+@ @ E A (11)
. ) eA7L C @A
@ A SC ) E8A A 6L OL@C OC+@
. E CYd
A [ EC E %[A
C AK
@ 1E @ A 0@ A A OC+@ A . & CA 'C L C .
@A 7C (12)
. 0ECC
C+ [ GA !FE
C E e CA OC+@ _EE . #
<E
6A Ae FV 0@ 1A
@ A ` C 'C P@ _E[ #
M A ZV 0@ NGA . \C E@ZE NCYA 0@ A A OC
@ CE @ A E (13)
Page 160
.t
CC
.
@ !A Pe C 0CH@ CSC #
M d
A L C8E
C E
@ A OC+@ _EPC . ,
C X@
C @ ZE
!L 8C @ ZE C 6L X@A 0C*@C
C @ZESC
e RA @AA N@bA[ L `C OCC @ E (14)
. 0CH@ 8C [ DC !A @ _EA A C 7'@ OL[ L E '@ V EZ [ ZE 0eX8C CZE
"6L V 7A !@ L @ 8C [ 0eX8C OCC C V C" ,
C @ 8A PC [ C (15)
C yC 7A @ ZV 0eOC 0CP@ ZE [ ZE !L @7A ZV . 6A A 0@ ACZVE SC
NAE(A ,
L
@ E @ A E ,
L @ 8A CP @ C NC
. C @XA
Ad
@ 8L [ C ^@ ZE L @K
A LE
` bA1E zL Xe8C CZE
C C `CSC 7'@ V
@ C
C C@ PC
E C ^C . )U E 7C C*L
C OLCX@L !L 8C @ ZE C ,
C X@
C @ ZE (16)
. zL eX8C OCC C )E CEF
C @d
A AeY 3E 'C @ C ` bA1E )A $
C '@ Y
LB
@ 8C [
C AE.S@ ZE 0@ 1A 8AC L @+C C 0@ A J
L @ ZV C @A |
. )U CChOC
@ L
. C A(OC
@ IV u
E CY
CN!A @ A
. )A XC
Cd
C [ )A aE A '@ 8C [CS )A 8C [ d
A [A
C 7C A A*PC cAGA J
L @ V
. ) C>[ L SC M K
C C @ V e7C ['L@ V
. 0AN'@
C @ CS @ L '@
CB
@ C 4
E 1E
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
Page 161
. 'LOCNE1 6L X@C @ V CNC CSC zL SVB

L 1E &V 'LPe L V C| CSC
. )A E V@ Oe cEGA @ V !A @_EA ['V([ L E SC
.4
A.E XC8E 0ACA [SLOC
@ C E SC
. C C t
A 7@ 0A1
A 8@ C E SC
. cC
@ C )U eC 0C A EobA1E CE([_E1E . cCP'L C C(A [ZE &E E.
cEGA @'C P@ E1 )A C 8L h
L [ DA '@ C A 3A EY
e A A'LN EoGA 'LXC | C A ` CMZE C
. C @*C[ SL7oE SC 6A ` A [ oA
. CN@!M 3E Cd
C [ zA A C 0AK([ C C8NeGA t
E. ,
C NEZ C
A .[ E1
. L AC [ L A8
e 'C L SC 6L W L L E A>[ C
C 1E
. zL !C *@C 9
EA 6L ` g
C @EZE
. 6@ ACA x
EL 0NZE ,
L XCXE 0NGA
. ) eH
A @ e ) CH
A C7
A 7C cEGA 0AÂ 7@ . )V XeA8C ][ 8L [ g
L >[ Xe COLeZE C
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9)
(10)
(11)
(12)
(13)
(14)
(15)
(C) Translate the following poetry into English.
L @A@ Oe Eo E E

C
A >[ XCA 4
` C
L @A C ,
C N@_E1E 6L X@C ,
@ C OCN@ EobA1E
zL C @FE L C 8L [ V ^L e CMZE C

CFE @ C CC N@E1
C
A >[ XCA Z[!C @A
L @A@ Oe L >E X@CSC

C X@A &A '@ (E [A
C!OC@ LSC &V '@ (V C C L 8C

@ L yC CXL 1E
Page 162
(69 'OI ~! 'P 'Z)

(D) Write down the word-form ()$), category (D.Z) and
original form ($Z) of each verb mentioned in the following
verse:
6A ` A [ oA cEGA @'C P@ E1 )A C 8L h

L [ DA '@ C A 3A EY
e A A'LN EoGA 'LXC | C A ` CMZE C
. E 'L8E@ C @ OLXV AG @ V ` @C @ V AoE C @*C[ SL7oE SC
Lesson 34
The Doubly Weak Verb and the Verb (I@ )
(E7C
V @ 1ASC 2
L @>A ` V @ >A [E)
1. A verb or noun having two ()
9)
in place of its
original letters is called (2>). It is of two types:

(S(
2>) where the two () 9) are adjacent to

one another, e.g (CS7C ). This is like a combination of
(9'^Z) and (.N).
(xS> 2>) where the two () 9) are separated
by a (d$ 9), e.g. (0E.SC ). This is like a
Page 163

combination of (&%) and (.N).
2. Only the changes of (.N) occur in (S(
(xS>
2>),
the changes of (&%) and
2>) while in
(.N) occur.
Therefore, you can conjugate (CS7C ) like (0C7C ) on your own.

Hereunder we will mention the brief paradigm of (0E.SC ).
You can conjugate the detailed paradigm on your own.
7!YI
P
&'>I
P
>

)U CE.SA
0 .A'@ C
x
CS
x
A
J7KI 0HI
0@ (A C
0E.SC
Note 1: The imperative (x

A ) was originally (0@ .AS@ A). The (S) was
elided according to rule no. 14 of (). Due to (DR/
)),
the () was elided.

The whole paradigm of the imperative will be as follows:
(
C @.A
C.A 0@ .A @'.V C.A x

A)
The paradigm of (0E.SC ) on the category of (

E C OC1[ A) will be:
Page 164

( E(A 0(OeL
\ OeL \A eA 0@ (A OeC 0E(eA) to fear, to abstain.
Note 2: The verb (0E(eA) was originally (0E(CS@ A). The (S) was
changed to a (j) according to rule no. 12 and the () was
changed to an alif according to rule no. 1.
Page 165

3. Analysis of the verb (IB@ )
(1)
(2)
The verb (ZE7C ) is ({
p'8)
{
)8) is a hamzah. Due to the fact that the ( D
)8) is a (), the verb is also (.N).
The paradigm of the perfect is like (0C7C ) but the
hamzah is elided from the (J7K) and (Z).
Consequently, the paradigm of the (J7K) will be
because the (
as follows:
C @C C E S@ C C A CC C CC C @C C A CC C CC E S@ C C A CC C CC)

@ C NC
@ 7C ZE C @C C A CC C
(
Note 3: The passive tense of (EZ7C ) which is (CL) is
sometimes used in the meaning of thinking and most often
is used on the occasion of surprise, e.g. (CL
[ C - Do you
think?). For this purpose, (CL C) is also used.

(3)
The paradigm of the (H
Z) is as follows:
(
C @7C C7C
@ 7C S@ 7C C7C 7C )
Note 4: The perfect and the imperfect of (EZ7C ) are used very
Page 166

often. The (H
Z) is hardly used. For this meaning, the
verb (@ a
V N@ZV) is used and in modern spoken Arabic, the verb
(2
@ +L ) is used.
(4)
(5)
The (>
P) is ( C7) which is similar to (D C7) and

A@ C ) which is similar to (0 A @ C ).
the (&'>I P) is (0
Among the categories of (61 ! R 04), the
hamzah is deleted only from (&1 ):
7!YI
P
&'>I
P
>

3U C7GA
CL
U @A L
7A ZE
J7KI 0HI

@ A L
C7ZE
Note 5: In the final three word-forms, the hamzah has been

moved against the rule from the position of the ()8
and brought in place of the ()8
made into the ()8
(9'^) like (!
@>A L
{)
D).
{)
The () has been
thus resembling the verbs of
! @A L ) etc.
Page 167

Note 6: The (H
Z) is used in the categories of ( ! R 04
61).
(6)
The hamzah is not deleted from the remaining

categories of (61
! R 04). The paradigms

resemble those of (.N). The paradigms of ()>)
and (&O1) are as follows:
7!YI
P
&'>I
P
J7KI 0HI
>
to show off - C7A
CL
CL
A C7

@ A CL
C@ L
C@ L
_AC7@ A

@ _AC@ C E_C7@ A
to ponder, to CA7@ A
doubt
C7
4. The verbs (CS@ C

C SA 7C - to be satisfied), (C'([ C
C 'A .E - to be
strong) and (C'
@ C
C 'A PC - to be equal) are (S( 2>). Their
paradigms will be like the paradigms of (0 .N), e.g. ( 0
C (A E
0E([ C). Since all these verbs are intransitive, instead of the
(> P), the ()E>Y
P) is used on the scale of (U @A 1E), e.g
Page 168

(
SA 7C - satisfied), (
'A .E - strong) and (
'A PC - equal).
5. The verb (0
C AC ) was originally ('C AC ) to be alive. The
imperfect is (0Cd
@ C) and the ()E>Y

paradigms of the categories
P) is (0 C ). The
(&1G), (>) and (&>OP) of
this verb are as follows:
7!YI
P
P
J7KI 0HI
&'>I >
C@ GA
0 d
@ L
0 d
@ L
0A @ ZE
0@ Ad
@L
0 d
C L
0 d
C L
0 C
c@ d
C L ceC
0 d
@ OC
@ L
0 d
@ OC
@ L
0A d
@ OCP@ A
c@ Ad
@ OC
@C
to endow with life
)U ed
A C
to keep alive, to greet
Cd
@ OAP@ A
to be ashamed, to
allow one to live
0C@ ZE
cCd
@ OCP@ A
In the verb (cCd

@ OCP@ A), the first () can also be elided and
pronounced as (
A OCP@ A 0@ d
A OC
@C
cd
C OCP@ A).
Page 169

Word
Meaning
() C!@ZE
to expose
J
C e h
C C
to drink in sips
(S) &E C
to be an obstacle
(S) m
C C7@ A
to find rest, to relax
(t) CS7C
to narrate
(q)
C SA 7C
to be satisfied
() &E Cp
to be removed
() CPC
to forget, to be negligent
(9) m
C C <E
to throw
(t) #
C OCC
to reproach
() 0`(E
(2) to give
() 0`(EC
(4) to obtain
() j
C C
to die
() j
C CZE
(1) to grant death
() 0C ASC
to be near, adjacent
Page 170
() 0`SC
() 0`'C C
(2) to appoint as governor,

to turn away
to become a governor, to be
a friend, to turn away
E(A7@ A
progress
L @ACPZE J
'@ *LP@ ZV
week
3U C P@ ZV
family, tribe, household
CN| 0CN_E[E
part of the day, the whole

day
)U C Â
side, direction, cause
@RA C
sad

V @C
when
U '@ XLC
kind, compassionate
C+7C
straight
@PC
journey, speed
Y
C FV )U Y
e FV
stuck morsel
0XFA
wealth
O@+C #
PC x
'@
L 1V
abuse, swearing
)U PC C1A
intuition
Page 171
)U C>A .[ ZE > .E
back, nape
.E
never

'@ OL[ C )U ECP7A
COA
letter
C8ePA E
especially
C Ne_EE
as if you
D CXC
sleep
3U C K
@ NC
freshness
'@ .VSC
fuel
U @SC
calamity, punishment
U '@ L C
household item, good deed
Exercise No. 34
. yC E>.E
C C K
@ LE 0@ E yC E1 x
A
.
A C A A OCP@ A
L E S@ ZE C E '@ Ld
@ OC
@ C 4
` C
x
A '@
L >V [CS
A [ A [ C A
C NCCA 0@ (A CE C A
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
Page 172
. )E CY
A @ 8C [ \A eCS
\A eA
. C Y
@ A 0EC
A *CC !*@C !L @+A e V S@ 7L C 0`SC E E
.
.E )A XC@bA[ zA A C E %[A 7C ZE @ E
. X@RA C yC C7ZE 0C AC
@ V @EGA j
| 0@ NZE 0@ NA'@ 8L OL@ZE7C [ C
. V H
A E>[ CMZE )A E_E
@ 8C [ zA A C 0@ 1A CC C
. @d
A$
C @ V CZ[7C ` ZE C7ZE
.
C CCOA 0@ NA7A ZE
( !") . yC CC 6L NebA1E zL CC @ V C @ E [ bA1E zL C
C Ne_EE
!A *L@ ZV
( !") .
A 7A '@ XLA CC 6L NebA1E A A @ 8L [ )E PC C1A @'(V eA

( !") 7A eX 0A1 C!C ESC )U C 7A E< (3V ZE@ 8C [) zA A C E S@ C LZE
. @ A ACXC 0@ Ad
@ OC
@ CSC E @ACP@ GA 0@ XAC CX@ZE V OL([ C V '@ C @ 1A E E
. 8X
0H7 q
e*C A @ A C
E @!A d
C [ EC CX@SC 7C
. 0 A 8C $
@ _E[ A C )U eSA @ C )V CEd
A [ zA A C
. C Y
@ A J
C 7A CRC
@ SA @ L A @X L @ NC
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9)
(10)
(11)
(12)
(13)
(14)
(15)
(16)
(17)
(18)
(19)
(B) Translate the following poetry.
Page 173
A ([ >E [ C A +C A >[ V [ !C @ C 7C ZE @ ESC 0CXA [ C A @C A @! !C @ C 7C ZE @ ESC (1
E S@ L A eX zL CCE C CC
U '@ LL CE A C>A $

@ _E[
L '@ V.V (2
(C) Translate the following verses of the Qurn.
q
L eX CL 'V.SC 7CN @ V A@ ZESC @ V
C >V NEZ 'V. 'LXC | C A ` CMZE C
. 3V 7C Chd
A [CS
. 7SLPL SC 3 C K
@ NC @ L `(ESC DA '@ C[
C AoE e +C 6L ` L L E.'C 1E
. A A>[
A Cd$
@ _EA
C M7C E C 1E 2
C @E C C @ EZE
. fCC EoC @ aV NE1
C d
L Co[ ZE 0NZE DA CX8C [ 0A1 fC7ZE 0NGA 0e XCL C &E E.
. 0ANCC E &E E.
C @EGA @ aV NEZ 0AN7A ZE
7C &E E.
@ L C A ` .E 'LCP @ A AE$
C C @ L C A ` . {
C Y
C 8L [ U @'C 1E
. E 'LC8[ E 'LXC8@ CSC . E SLCL
0A@ ZV CNZE &E E. ,
L A8LSC 0Ad
@ L A` 0C 7C L AC@GA &E E. o[ GA
.,
L AZVSC
. CSM7L S@ ZE CX@A C
C @ _EA ['Md
C 1E ) ed
A OCA LO@L EoGASC
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
Page 174

(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9)
(10)
(11)
(12)
(13)
Protect your face so that your back is not beaten.

Why are you not protecting your tongue from
abuse?
O my sister, fear Allh and refrain from sin.
We have not seen a flower like this.
Were you looking at us coming towards you?
O scholars, what is you opinion in this issue?
Our opinion is that it is not correct.
Worship Allh as if you are seeing Him because if
you cannot see Him, He is undoubtedly seeing
you.
The people of mn see with the light of Allh.
Therefore fear their intuition.
Show me your books.
The khalfah of the Muslims appointed me as
governor of Baghdd.
The people of mn should save themselves and
their children from the fire.
O girls, have shame for Allh and fear Him alone.
Page 175

(E) Translate the following letter into English.
C ' / 'r / & d

s
2T
RC ARA C [
@ !A ESC
6L LEC CSC
A )V 8C @ 7C SC @ V @EC DL 4
E
e E
0EC 2
C (A NC 0eOC . A @C ][ PC CXE #
@ OL[ C @ ESC A @C @ +C ,
C @K
e C 0e XCL C
C E C
D@ ZE
A '@ OL[ 8C [ &A CP7@ GA C @CSC
C XC@C &E C t
C C ZE . A [ A [ 0A1 yC A @PC SC
C AC'@ ZE

A '@ OL@ 8C [ j
A '@ V
M EC 0EGA yC CC A CdOC@ bA[ 0A1
C A ChNC DL !C C
,
C @E C )A NC'@ XLd
C [
C ZV &E C C8ePA E CXA'@ V.V &E C q
A E<@ (A [ 0EC
@ !A *@NL 2
C @E
A @` CN| 7A E1[ _E[CS DA '@ 8L L [
C Y
C FV
C M ZV J
L e h
C OCC 2
C @E
@ 7A !@ C ,
C X@V
. 7A CXe 9
C C<[ ZESC
@ A AC P@ ZV 0EGA '@ OL[ C J
'@ *LP@ ZV ` V E '@ *LOL[ C 2
C @E A C!C
M
C AE(1E7L 0EGA C C @ EZE
DA '@ 8L L [ 0A1 E '@ EOC*@L
C OAC Â @ A C d
@ NCCS . @ L L'@ V.V M
C LSC @ L 7L S@ !L $
L m
L C@ OC1E .
. E.7L E SC D C<E CXE _VXC@ CE A CR@ _E[CS
Page 176
. 7L E1[ _E[ eXC &E S@ RL CSC CXL'@ V.V e A8C ][ OCA 6A @EC ,
C N@ZE e8C CN!@ 1AZESC 0e XCL C CX8@ C 7@ A
C @!A @ C 8[ A
C .EpL @ CSC A CXC [CS )A C1AC[ C C

C aE >E d
@ C [ ZE 8AC
C E '@ L !@ NC
. A E(A7@ bA[CS A C+e A @*APC 0EGA
DL 4
E
e CS
yC !L ACS
!C
Page 177
Lesson 35
The Remaining Triliteral Categories
(61
! RI 04% 'Z )Q()
1. Ten categories of (61
! R 04)
were mentioned in
Volume One. Those are the categories which are most

frequently used. They are also the ones used in the Qurn.
The remaining two categories, that is, category 11 and 12 of
of (61
! R 04) are mentioned hereunder.

(to be hard) C +C '@
C @ A : E C '@ C 1[ A (11)
(to run fast) oE 'e E^
@ A : &E 'e C 1[ A (12)
7!YI
> P
U C@
A @ A
+A '@
CB
@ L
oU e'A^@ A
oU ' Eh
@ L

J7KI
0HI
@ +A '@
C @ A L +A '@
CB
@ C C +C '@
C @ A
o[ ' E^@ A
oV ' Eh
@C
oE 'e E^@ A
Note 1: Both these categories are intransitive. Therefore the

(&'>I
P)
was not mentioned. An intensive meaning is
found in both these categories.

Page 178

2. The books of Arabic Morphology mention other
E E@ 1E)
categories as well. Most of them are on the scale of (
which is the scale of (T
on the scales of
(61
07). There are a few which fall

(
E `C 1[ A E EX@C 1[ A E E@ >E C) which are the scales of
! R 07). The only difference is that they have three
root letters. All these categories are seldom used. It was

therefore not necessary to mention them in this beginners
book.

Word
Meaning

C C S@ !C @ A
to be hunch-backed
\C E'@ E@ A
to be old (clothing)
0E'@ E^@ A
to move from village to

village
u
E Se C @ A
to sharpen a stick
u
E 'e E@ A
to hold the camels neck and

mount it
C E'@ E@ A
to be salty (water)
(t) \C *CPC
to advance
Page 179
L EC C E
to be near
L A7C ZE )U E @7A ZE
embellished chair
CÂ C'^C
swift horse, generous

pA
attire, fashion
7 C[ ZE @ E
back
9
CFA )U 1E@ FV
sip of water
9
C FV )U 1E@ FV
room
3U C A E1
outstanding, excellent
Exercise No. 35
. zL L @ E C +C '@
C @ SC V ^L e
C C S@ !C @ A
. !A *@C [
L CA ,
@ (E E'@ E@ A
.q
C C1[ _E[ \L *A
@ C j
@ C ESC CNo[ 'e E^@ 1E )E .EXe CX<[ 'e E@ A
. 3 C A E1 ) E @7A ZE 6L X@A @ XC$
@ CS #
C
CB
C [ yC Eo 7L ehXC CMZE u
[ S C @ A
.3 !C A CS ) 1E@ FV 6L X@A
C C
@ C [ ZE ! C ZE 7C !A ([ CE 0eOC A @ Xe C C E'@ E@ A
. C Ch
A [ \C *A
@ C 0eOC )V .EeX oV ' Eh
@ C !@ .E
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
Page 180
0@ 1A C @ Y
A AB
@ 8L [
A C C*A 0C (A OC[ XCA 3 C @%AE .VSC 4

E A CX@E'@ E^@ A (7)
0@ 1A 'C L SC ^L 7C C @FE CN!@ ^C SC C @ A E C @8A A
@ 8L [CS DA 4
E P@ bA[ )A C !@ A
)A 8C a[ C A C@ GA 0EC Y@A C CL C @FE YAB
@ L zL CX@>E [E1E A CXAF[ _E[
pA
. C @8A A
@ 8L [
(B) Translate the following letter into English.
` bB Dr + & d

s
2T
DA e E 8L [ !A AC'[ 3A C K
@ C 0EGA
6L LEC CSC
A )V 8C @ 7C SC @ V @EC DL 4
E
e E
9
A 4
E A [ A C'X@L @ A ,
L 8@ AC 1E g
A @ _E[A RL @RA C [
C LCOA 9
C '@ ]V C [ 0@ AZE C 0@ XAE$
C SC
3A 7e e @ V 7A C*@ ZE 0EGA .CO
@ L 6L OLK
@ K
C 1E e V C[ GA 6L OL[ *e(E 1E . 2
C @A
e zL 7C !C Y
@ C
E SC @ V (E d
A E C A E_E[CS \A E(E [ 0EC 0@ XAL *XCLSC
A COA [ DA C
A A 0@ XA@A @ C 'C L EoGASC
DA !C Xe J
C '@ L L
C CX@C j
@ C ]E @ ZE 0eOC 6L C C.A ,
L 8@ 8e C C81E . )A NC'@ XLd
C [ 0@ _VA C8ePA
DA CA !C X@A 7L [ L [CS 7[ L 0@ A ` bA1E ,
A CZE C 'C >[ C [ 'C >[ C [E1 0@
A >[ NC DL '@ VZE j
L [ C ZESC
Page 181
. &U '@ *L([ C q

A eX
@ V M
L C E C 0EC @ V A 4
E <[ bAA @ V C <A C 7C ! E V [ E ,
L *@*C@ EZ C 0@ NZE 'C L SC
,
L @ ^C 7C 0@ NZE 6L *L*CPC SC 0@ H
A C8[ A @
e A CdOA@ bA[ 0A1 dÂ CN @ V ZE @ E 0@ NZE
C AoE CS
0@ NA'@ (V *CPC 0@ AE(1EL 1E K@A C 0@ NA'@ E A E CKC 7C )A E][ L !C @ C _EOCL )A PC 7C !@ 8C [ 0EGA
,
L F[ e >E OC1E . j
C E1 !@ .E C L @ !e M L CE @ A E j
C@ C AD!C Xe C A 9
L 7A o[ ZE 0@ NA'@ >V `C SC
0@ A [ A CdOA@ bA[ 0A1 E '@ V ZE [ ZE ,
L @ RC CSC . 0@ XACE1 C 0@ 1A4
E OCA 7A '@ L _V[ A @8A ^C @ C
@ V M
L C C8A #
A @A (E [ 0A1 @ V C
CZV [ ZE
A C A '@ ^L 7@ ZE . C @ASe _E[ C @d

A Â Xe C A
C8V XA@AA C8V E(C
&E E<ZE . @ V AC!L A 0@ NA4

E 8C
@ C [ E )E C e E 8L [ 0@ ZVSC
C V_EP@ ZESC
. A @]A 8L [
17 !8}
Page 182
Test No. 15
(1) What is another name for (.N)?
(2) What happens to the ()8
D) of a (.N 1) in ( )
DR/)?
(3) Which word-forms resemble one another in the
paradigms of the imperfect active and passive of
(.N)?
(4) On what scale does the (7!Y) of (
E e 1E
)
come
when it is (.N)?
(5) What change occurs in the (7!Y) of (
E e >E C
)
and
(
E C E>C
) when they are (.N)?

E C 1[ ZE ) and (E C >[ OCP@ A ) when
(6) How is the (7!Y) of (
they are (9'^Z)?
(7) Define (2>).
(8) In which type of (2>) do more changes occur?
(9) What are the word-forms and original forms of the
following words:
0@ A 7@ A DA 7@ A C @(E [ L C @H
C @ C E '@ L !@ C E '@ L !@ C @'H
L 7C E '@ C C
Page 183
@'.V x
A 0E([ZE 0C@ ZE 0M A C8L [E D CC C!@ A 0 !@ C @'(V E
0@ d
A OCP@ ZE @'MC E S@ C C
@ 7A ZE 7A ZE E '@ L C 0E'@ 8C [E @'(V eA C @.A
. )U ed
A C 0Cd
@ C 0@ d
A OCP@ A
(10) How many categories of (61 ! R 04) have you
learnt in total? Which ones are used frequently and
which ones are seldom used?
Page 184
Lesson 36
The Special Meanings of Each Verb Category
( '
1. When a (T
j$)
1) is transferred to the categories of ( ! R
61), certain specific meanings are created. These meanings

are termed ( ' j$).
2. The categories of (T) also have specific meanings but
little attention is paid to them. However, it must be
remembered that (-
)
has the meaning of temporary
effects and factors affecting the self, e.g. (m

C A 1E) to become
happy, (
E RA C ) to grieve, (E Â SC ) to fear. Secondly, this ( )
is mostly intransitive as is apparent from the above
examples.
The verbs of (D
) contain
the meaning of permanent
characteristics and they are always intransitive., e.g. (

C
L C )
to be handsome, (
Ch
L +C ) to be brave and (C *L^C ) to be a
coward.
Page 185

The verbs of (O1
) contain a (0( 9)14 in the ( {
)8) or ()8 D). There are only a few exceptions.

Only two verbs of (d$) are used in the category of
(#). They are (#
C
A C ) and (C A NC - to be fresh).
Some verbs of (SS
&%) have been used in this category,

e.g. (DC 7A SC - to swell), (k
E 7A SC - to inherit).
3. The specific meanings of the categories of (61
! R 04)
are mentioned hereunder.

Note 1: The word (C_[ C ) is used frequently in this section. It
refers to a word that is not the (7!Y - verbal noun) and a
verb is derived from it, e.g. (x
C C @ ZE - He reached Iraq) is made
from the word (xC
A - Iraq). Therefore the word (xCA ) is the
(C_[ C ) of (x
C C @ ZE).
14
See Lesson 29 Note 3.
Page 186
The Special Meanings of (_

5
d
b)
(1) (h= ('

) to make an intransitive verb transitive, e.g.
(#
C C oE - He went) (#
C C o[ ZE - He took).
(2) (t
= - b*) the doer enters the (_) or reaches it, e.g. (
C *C$
@ ZE
! @pC ) Zaid came in the morning. The (_) is (*$).

(!
AC x
C C @ ZE) Khalid reached Iraq. The (_) is (x).
(3) (N
= ' : / ) to find something to be described with the
(_), e.g. (6L OL8
@ aE @ ZE) I found him to be a person of honour.
The (_) is ()8a).
(4) (8= @ /
* X
) to become the possessor of the (_), e.g.
(L h
C
e
C 8C [ZE) The tree bore fruit. The (_) is ().
(5) (h= gA

6) -
making a relationship of something to the
(_), e.g. (6L L@ >E

[ ZE) I made a relationship of disbelief to
him.
Page 187

(6) (u '2b ) the verb is used for another meaning other than
the one used in its root form (T), e.g.
(!
@pC \C >E +@ ZE) Zaid feared.
The root form (\
C >E +C ) means to be compassionate.
d
b)
(1) (h(') Example: (m

C A 1E) to be happy; (m
C e 1E) to make
someone happy.
(2) (tb) Example: ( 8
C [
\C 8e C )
The water reached the
depths.
(3) (8@/"X) Example: (L h
C
e
7C 'e NC)
The tree blossomed.
The (_) is (7 '@ NC - blossom).

(4) (hgA6) Example: (6L OL([
e 1E) I made a relationship of
transgression to him.
(5) ('2b) Example: (6L OL8
@ È ) I spoke to him.
The (T) of the verb which is (
C AE ), means to injure.
Page 188
= ( i
) to make something into the (_) or similar to
(6) (
the (_), e.g. (A '@ L C
! @pC C Y
e NC) Zaid converted
Christianity. The (_) is (0
NACY
@ NC - Christian).
a Jew to
(7) (s v
+ ) to indicate a large amount, e.g.
C ]` .E) He cut it into (many) pieces.

(
(8) (s $
H ) to abbreviate a sentence e.g.
E ) - to say Allhu Akbar.

(C *e
(
C *ePC ) - to say Subhnallh.
The Special Meanings of (hf

d
b)
(1) (h= T
@
w* ) the participation of two people in an act, e.g.
@ C
(8
! @pC E CE.) Zaid and mr fought.
(2) ( x
h- G 5 * ) to have the same meaning as the (T) form
of the verb, e.g. (!

A C
C 1ECP) Hmid travelled.
It has the same meaning as (C >E P

C ).
Page 189
(3) (_
5
d
b h- G 5 * ) to have
the same meaning as (
&1G), e.g. (6L M!@ C @ZESC 6L M!@ C C) I distanced him.

(4) (
d
b h- G 5 * ) to have the same
meaning as (
C e H
C S2
C C CH) to double something.
>), e.g. (2
The Special Meanings of (*f

(1) (h= T
@
w* )15 e.g. (! AC
d
b)
SC ! AC
C 7C K
C C) Khlid and bid
fought each other.

(2) (
=
) to simulate a state or status or representing
oneself to have it, e.g. (2
L PL '@ L
t
C 7C C8C) Ysuf pretended to
be sick.
15
The meaning of (=hT @

w* ) is found in ()> ) and (> ). However, the
difference between the two is that in ()> ), one is mentioned as the doer
(1) while the other is mentioned as the object (&'>) while in (> ), both
are mentioned as doers (1).
Page 190

(3) (
f
5
h- f /
a* ) to mention a verb after the verb ( f
5) to
indicate the acceptance of the effect of the first verb, e.g.

(&
E SC XCOC1E
6L OL[SC CN) I gave it to him and he took it.
(4) (u '2b ) Example: (y

C 7C C*C) Allh is most blessed.
The root is (y
C C C) which means the camel sat.
The Special Meanings of (y
d
b)
(1) (
s z v ) to simulate having a certain quality or status,
Ch
e
C C) Mahmd feigned bravery.
e.g. (
(2) ({
s yMq
) to refrain from the (_), e.g. (0 AC
C `_EC) l
refrained from sin.

(3) (O=
>) to make something into the (_), e.g.
(!
C 8C @ ZE
,
L @Xe*CC)
I made Ahmad my son. The (_) is (

@A -
son).
(4) (_
= yi
) to become the (_) or similar to the
Page 191

(_), e.g. (
A '@ L C
C Y
e XCC) A Jew became a Christian.
(5) (8= @ /
* X
) Example: (&E 'e 8C C) He became wealthy. The
U C).
(_) is (&
(6) (u '2b ) Example: (
C È C) He spoke. (C AE ) to injure.

6
d
b)
(1) ( s /
)* -) to be intransitive, e.g. (C
C E ) to break
C E N@A) It broke.
something. (C
(2) (
J5
h- f /
a* ) Example: (C
C E N@E1 6L L@
e E ) I broke it, so it
broke.
(3) ( x
h- f /
a* ) Example: (C ]E (E N@E1 6L OL@ ]E .E) I cut it, so it was
cut.
(4) (u '2b ) Example: (\
C E]E N@A) He went away. (\C E<E ) to be
divorced, or to be cheerful.
Page 192

25
(1) (O=
>) Example: (7L _[ >E [
(2) (
J5
d
b)
C d
C OC^@ A) The mouse made a hole.
h- f /
a* ) Example: (E 8C OC@ E1 6L OL[ 8e C ) I loaded on it so
it became loaded.
The Special Meanings of (_5
d
b) and (_5 d
b)
(1) ( s /
)* -) Both these categories are always intransitive.
= ) They provide the meaning of colours, e.g.

(2) (N
(e 8
C @ GA) It became very red.
(3) ({
s f ) They provide the meaning of defects, e.g.
` 'C @ GA) He became one-eyed.

(&
2;
d
b)
Page 193

(1) (O=
>) Example: (!
C X@A
,
L X@<E '@ OCP@ A)
I made India my
homeland.
(2) ({
s | ) To seek the (_), e.g. (
L >A @ OCP@ ZE) I seek
forgiveness from Allh.
(3) (s $
H ) to abbreviate a phrase, e.g.
(
C ^C @ OCP@ A) to say (E '@ L Â C7
6A @EGA NeGASC 6A WA eNGA).
(4) (N
=
gA
Y ) to think of something as being described by
the (_), e.g. (6L OLX@
Cd
@ OCP@ GA) I thought him to be good.

5
d
b)
(1) ( s /
)* -) - Example: (C +C '@
C @ A) It became very hard.
(2) (h= #
g* ) Example: (
C +C '@
C @ A) It became very hard.
Page 194
The Special Meanings of (_}5
d
b)
(1) ( s /
)* -)
(2) (h= #
g* )
(3) ('2b) An example of all three: (oE 'e E^
@ GA) He ran very
fast.
The Categories of (`5 '()/ x f

b@)
(1) (s $
H ) Example: (&E !C 8@ C ) - He recited Alhamdulillh.
(
E 8C
@ C) He recited Bismillh.
(2) (c
s
g+) To make someone wear the (_), e.g. (6L OL@ .E@ C) I
made him don a burqa.
(3) (O=
>) Example: (C ]
E X@.E) to make a bridge. The (_) is
(3U C ]
E X@.E - bridge).
Page 195

= - d
b)
(1) (_
= yi
) Example: (x
C !C N@RC C) to become an atheist. The
(_) is (\
@!A N@pA - atheist).
(2) (
5
h- f /
a* ) Example: (l
C C @ !C OC1E 3E C V [ ,
L ^@ C @ C ) I rolled
the ball so it began rolling.

(3) (~
s yg ) to wear the (_), e.g. (#
L XC@pC
,
@ C .E@ *CC) Zaynab
donned the burqa.

5
d
b)
(1) ('2b) Example: (

e ZEC +@ A) He became very alert.
(2) (h= #
g* ) Example: (0
A *@a` E

M GAC
@ C ) C7A C^ ,
L @ZE7C ) I saw a girl
becoming very alert like a deer.
Page 196
The Special Meanings of (_M5
d
b)
(1) (h= #
g* ) Example: (
Ch
C N@C @ A) to gather a lot.
(2) ('2b) Example: (
V ^L e
E >E N@C @ A)
The man became
dejected.

Word
Meaning
[ GA
if, not
0M A '@
L C[
L _E[E
priest
2
PC ZE
regret
(S) E CO@ A
(7) to betray
(S) k
E COCP@ A
(10) to cry out for help
U [ ZE
food
C
C OCN@A
to spread
3U7C ChA
business
C e!C C
to adopt a religion
Page 197
E '@ V4
E ESC k
U 4
E E
33
'@ PL
evil

@ +L
drink
0 .A@ +C
easterner
)U C CX$
CA
skill, craft
D CX$
@ ZE XC$
C
idol
3U!C *CC ! AC
worshipper
C @EC
it is necessary for you
3U C ][ 1A
nature, natural religion,

Islam
g
C h
e C
to make s.o. a Magian
x
A
@ OC
@ L
Orientalist
D CXC
sleep
n
'@
L X@C
rejected, abrogated
'@ V'@ C
child
#
L AC'NC )U *CACN
calamity

CYN@ZE #
Y
L NC
statue, idol
C 'e C
(2) to make s.o. a Jew
Page 198
'@ XLL
!A X@A
Indian, Hindu
Exercise No. 36
Translate the following sentences into English.

C C EC C 6A WA r
C C C [ .VSC e L C!A @ZE C @ ]` .ESC 6L NC@ *C[ ZE 6L XC@ZE7C e8E1E
. A E
EC ` GA EC [ GA
@'L E. #
L AC'Xe L A @EC ,
@
C @ ZESC #
L ACY8C [ L A @EC ,
@ d
C *C$
@ ZE 8e E
. @ A ACYN@ZESC @ A A CX$
@ ZE @ C @'H
L C @ ZESC Lz!C @ SC
E '@ %V@A OC
@C
S@ ZE 6A NACY
XCL S@ ZE 6A NAC' C L zL C'C_E1E 3A C ][ >A [ 0EC !L E'@ L '@ V'@ C V
. 6A NACh
8C L
A '@ XLL [ C A @%AE @SL Y
e NCSC A 4
E *A[ 0A1 @SL
C OCN@ E '@ MA '@
L C[ C [E
@SL Y
e XCC C @A ` C @8A A
@ 8L [
A @ C 0EC 2
L PC _E[CS DA CX$
@ _E[ 3A !C *CC SC
E n
'@
L X@C @A )E eNACY
@ Xe ` E E '@ 8L E@ C @ L SC j
A C'C
e J
A C*A
. CA @'XLe!C OCC [ ZE @ A
A >V N@_EA E '@ MA '@
L C[ 7L !A ([ C
C @A4
E ESC 4
E E @S!L 8 C SC 3 e C C @A4
E ESC 4
E E 3 4
E$
C V !C @ C @'d
L *PC
. DA CX8C [ !C X@A EE C SC C @A4
E ESC C7@ ZE @SL *E SC
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
. A '@
M a` A ! C ZE @'(V
>E LE SC @SL > E LE (6)
Page 199
. )A C CXY
CS 3A 7C ChOA A CC[CS e7L VCS E@A @ ZE V @ ZE &E 'e 8C C
. @'L Â @ OCP@ E1 ) *C@Y
A L @ A @ V CC$ZE S@ ZE ! C ZE j
C '@ C @ OL@ 8A PC EoGA
. $'@ Y
L L C @8A A
@ 8L [CS C @.AA
@ OC
@ 8L [ C A @%AE CN!@ ^C SC
. C8L !C @ C )A E!C 8@ d
C [CS
A @
M CS A [ _E[ E*@.E )A E8C
@ *C[A
C @EC
(7)
(8)
(9)
(10)
Page 200
Lesson 37
C .AeXCS
()V Y
1. The ()V e eO
&V C1[ _E[E)
)V e eO &V C1[ _E[E)
are verbs that constitute a complete
statement by merely having a (1) if they are intransitive16

(Dp) and if they are transitive (Q!OI), they have a (1)
@pC
and a (&'>), e.g. (!
C^ - Zaid came). (PC 1E ! @pC

C C H
C - Zaid
hit a horse).
Verbs generally fall into this category.
2. The ()Y.N
&1Z) are intransitive but are incomplete with a

(1) only. They require some description for the (1) in
order to become a complete statement, e.g. if you say ( 7C C$
! @pC - Zaid became), it is an incomplete statement. You have
to say what he became. When it is said, (XAF
E ! @pC 7C C$ - Zaid
became wealthy), the sentence becomes complete.
Note 1: The (.N
16
1) mentioned in the previous lessons,
See Lesson 17.1.
Page 201

are deficient (.N) as far as the word is concerned, that is,
there is a ()
()Y.N
9) at the end of the word (D4 W O). The
&1Z) mentioned here are deficient with regard to the
meaning.
3. The (1) of a (.N
1)
is called its (P) and the
adjective is called its ().

4. The (P) of a (.N
1) is in the nominative case ( )

1) while the () is in the accusative case (#YX )),
e.g. (Ch+
L ! AC E E) Khlid was brave.
5. It can also be said that the ()Y.N
&1Z) enter a ()- )).

The subject (!O*) remains as normally in (1 )) while
the () changes to (#YX )).
6. The ()Y.N
&1Z) are also referred to as () P'N - factors
that cause a change) because they cause a change in the

( ) of the sentence.
Page 202

7. At this point, remember that the particle (
` GA)17 and its
sisters (j'Z), namely (,
C @E
e A E ` _EE ` ZE) are also () P'N).
However, their effect on the words is exactly the opposite of

the ()Y.N
&1Z), that is, (` GA) renders (17) to the (!O*) and
(#YN) to the (). Observe the undermentioned examples
and understand
thoroughly.
the
difference
between
each
one
When 1N is
When N

T is
prefixed
prefixed
H
A C E ^L e ` GA
H
A C V ^L e E E
H
A C V ^L e E
A CH
A C A @E^L e ` GA
A @C H
A C A E^L e E E E
A CH
A C A E^L e E
E S@ L H
A C &E C^ ` GA
C @A H
A C &V C^ E E
E S@ L H
A C &V C^ E
h h
j
CH
A C j
A Ce _V[E ` GA j
CH
A C j
L Ce _V[E ,
A NCE j
CH
A C j
L Ce _V[E
This particle was discussed briefly in Volume 2 Lesson 25. It will be

discussed in detail in Volume 4.
17
Page 203

8. The ()Y.N
&1Z) are as follows:
h$H
6 _
5B
Meaning
E E
was, were, is
7C C$
became
C *C$
@ E
happened in the morning, became
c
C @ ZE
happened in the evening, happened
cd
CH
@ ZE
happened at mid morning, happened
` E
happened in the day, happened
j
C C
happened at night, happened
DC C
continuously, remained
&E Cp C
continuously, remained
m
C A C C
continuously
(_EOC1E C) E OA1E C
continuously
e >E N@ C
continuously
DC C C
as long as
Page 204
g
C @E
no, not
Note 2: All the above-mentioned word-forms are of the

perfect tense (0HI). It was therefore more appropriate to
write down the meaning of the past tense instead of the
noun. The word (g
C @E) is also a verb of the past tense but it is
mostly used for the present tense, e.g. (oA E
!L E'C [ g
C @E) The
boy is not a liar.

9. Besides (DC C
C) and (g
C @E), the imperfect (J7K) of all the
remaining verbs is also used. The (Z) and (0NC) of the first
eight verbs are also used.
C @E) is as follows:
10. The paradigm of (g
@ OL
@ E C8OL
@ E ,
C
@ E C
@ E CO
C @E ,
@
C @E @'
L @E C@E g
C @E
CX
@ E ,
L
@ E e OL
@ E C8OL
@ E ,
A
@ E
11. All the verbs of (DC C) are used. However only the perfect
tense of (DC C
C) is used. The (J7K) is used very seldom.
Page 205

12. The paradigms of (
V '@ V C
E E) are like those of (&V '@ (V C &E E.)
which you have studied in Volume Two. The paradigms of

(L @ Y
AC
7C C$) and (,
L @*AC j
C C) are like those of (L @*AC J
C C); those of
(
L *AY
@ L C *C$
@ ZE) are like (DC C [ ZE). The paradigms of (0@
A 8@ L c
C @ E)
and (0
@d
AK
@ L cd
CH
@ ZE) are like those of (0@ (A [ L 0E([ZE); those of ( ` E
aA C) are like (M >A C e 1E). (DC C) is like (&V '@ (V C &E E.), (&V CRC &E Cp) is like
(9
L CBC 9
C C). (m
L C *@C m
C A C) and (L OC>[ C E OA1E) are like (C 8A PC ) while
(
M >E X@C
e >E N@A) is like (\e
C N@A).
13. Some important points regarding the above-mentioned
()Y.N
&1Z) are mentioned hereunder:
a) The verb (
E E) indicates that a noun is described by a
quality in the past tense, e.g. (8
AC
! @pC E E) Zaid was
learned, that is, Zaid was described with the quality of

knowledge in the past tense.
Note 3: However there is no stipulation of the past tense or
any tense with the word Allh, e.g. (8@ A
C
E E) Allh has

tremendous knowledge. In such an instance, the word (
E E)
is used merely to beautify the speech or for emphasis.

Page 206
b) The verb (7C C$) indicates change from one condition to

another, e.g. (1RC
C
L @] 7C C$)
The mud became
pottery, that is, the mud was changed into pottery.

(8AC
! @+A 7C 7C C$) Rashd became
learned, that is, the
quality of ignorance of Rashd was changed to one of

knowledge.
c) From verb no. 3 to no. 7, sometimes the times the verbs
indicate are taken into consideration, namely morning,
evening, after sunrise, day or night, e.g. (XAF
E
Hmid became wealthy in the morning.
X@RA C )
! A C C *C$
@ ZE)
( !
AC c
C @ E
Khlid became sad in the evening. Sometimes
they impart the meaning of becoming like (7C C$), e.g.

(XAF
E
the
! @pC C *C$
@ ZE) Zaid became wealthy. In the same way,
verbs (
` E cd
CH
@ ZE) and (j
C C) impart the same
meaning.
d) The verb (DC C) is most often used on the occasion of a
supplication (), e.g. (
S@ V B
@ C
yC SM !L C DC C)
- May your
enemy always be disgraced.

e) Verbs no. 9 to 12 are used to indicate the continuity of
their predicates, e.g. (
A oE
! A Cp &E Cp C) Zhid always

Page 207

remained sharp-witted. The particle () in these four
verbs is ()1N
)
the particle for negation, because
there is a negation of not remaining. Hence the ()1N
)
creates negation upon a negation, thereby imparting

the meaning of continually remaining. The verb (&
E Cp)
means to terminate, that is, not to remain. Thus, the
E Cp
meaning of (&
f)
C) will be, not to terminate, that is,

to remain. The same applies to (m
C A C C) etc.
The particle () in (DC C C) is ()1) meaning as long as.
Therefore, there is always a necessity for a sentence
before or after (DC C
C), e.g. ( 8 AE. oV COP@ _V[ DC C C 3V E A 4

E Oe DC E.)
The students stood as long as the teacher stood.

Note 4: This meaning (as long as) can be created by merely
prefixing the particle () before a verb, e.g.
@ _V[
(oV COP
DC E. C 3V E A 4
E Oe DC E.) or (3V E A 4
E Oe DC E. oV COP@ _V[ DC E. C)
As long as the teacher stood, the students stood.
g) The verb (g
C @E) is used for negation, e.g. (8AC
!L E'C [ g
C @E)
The boy is not learned.

Page 208

Note 5: The particle (
A ) is normally prefixed before the
() of (g
C @E). The () will now be in the genitive case
(7ShC). However there is no change in the meaning, e.g.
(
ACA
!L E'C [ g
C @E) The boy is not learned.
Note 6: The ()Y.N
&1Z) will be further discussed in the next
lesson.

Word
Meaning
A C
sour
D CpA
crowd
(l
L C @ ZE N) C^@ C
crippled
@RA FE
torrential
D C8FE
cloud
7 CY.A @Y
A .E
short
U CY8@ .V
@8A .E
shirt, kurtah
2
@%AE
thick
Page 209
_EOCL
painful
! (A OeL
lit, bright
L @ACYC m
C*Y
@ A
lamp
7 ]E @ ZE ]E C
rain

` C L
cultured, disciplined
U @
A NC
pleased, active
A C
peaceful
' ^C
atmosphere
Exercise No. 37
Note 7: The right-hand column contains ()-
)).
The
same sentences are repeated on the left-hand side with a

(.N
1) showing the () in (#YX )).
Page 210
h5 h
h h
>@aA NC ,
L @*C[ E E
2
@aA NC ,
L @*C[E (1)
@Y
A .E
L @8A (E [ 7C C$
@Y
A .E
L @8A (E [E (2)
!A OC@ L 'M h
C [ C *C$
@ ZE
&U !A OC@ L 'M h

C [E (3)
>@%AE DL C8C [ 0C@ ZE
2
@%AE DL C8C [E (4)
!@!A +C DL CR 0CdH

@ ZE
! @!A +C DL CR E (5)
@RA FE L ]E 8C [ ` E
@RA FE L ]E 8C [E (6)
!(A OeL m
L C*Y
@ 8A [ j
C C
! (A OeL m
L C*Y
@ 8A [E (7)
7A C^ L @ Xe DC C @ C NC
7 C^ L @ Xe A C (8)
'@ OL>[ C
L C*[ g
C @E
m
'@ OL>[ C
L C*[ A C (9)
C^@ C 3V e ,
A
C @E
C^@ C 3V e A C (10)
dAC$ !L E'C [ &E CpC
AC$ !L E'C [E (11)
A @d
C AC$ A !C E'C [ &E CpC
A CdAC$ A C!E'C [E (12)
C @d
A AC$ L E S@ _E[ &E CpC
E '@ d
L AC$ L E S@ _E[E (13)
) C` C L ,
L X@*A[ ,
A ECpC
)U C` C L ,
L X@*A[E (14)
j
C` C L j
L CX*C[ &V CRCE
j
C` C L j
L CX*C[E (15)
Page 211

Note 8: Insert the particle (
` GA) on the above-mentioned
sentences and pronounce them with the correct ( ).
H
A C V @8A [ O E OA1E C
H
A C V @8A [ O A C (16)
AC^ 0@ AZE DC CC g

L A^@ ZE CNZE
A @ a 0EGA g
AC^ ,
C N@ZEZE (17)
yC CZE EC g
C @E
0@ A ZE EC ZE (18)
A CdA V eM g
C @E
A C V eM A C (19)
Exercise No. 38
With the aid of the above-mentioned words and sentences,
fill in the blanks to complete the following sentences.
!L E'C [ E E

'M h
C [ 7C C$
A 4
E ^L e E E
&V C^ C *C$
@ ZE
,
L X@*A[ ,
A NCE
A CZE@ 8C [ j
A 7C C$
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
Page 212
j
L CX*C[ ,
A d
C *C$
@ ZE
L ]E 8C [ 0C@ ZE
L @A 8C [ j
C C
3V E A 4
E Oe V '@ V CPC
L @8A (E [ g
C @E
DC C C DL '@ .VZE CNZE
.A C$
g
C @E ZE
DL C8C [ &E CpC
j
C` C L
,
A
C @E ZE
AC^ oV COP@ _V[ DC C C
(7)
(8)
(9)
(10)
(11)
(12)
(13)
(14)
(15)
(16)
Page 213
Exercise No. 39
Examine the grammatical analysis of the following
sentences.
(1)
75) E
.N 1
'YX
&* 9a
@
X
.N 1 P 0HI .N 1

J'1
O> 0 *I
) )1 ) : S P .X >

(2)
&
f
N - ?
q+
* $
(
' H
* 9

A .X A > L
A .X A > L P
)4 'YX )4 J'1
(C @A ) 617
(E S@ ) 617
>
.X
J7KI
J'1
This
particle
indicates
the
meaning of
sometimes
when used
with the
(J7K)
) )1 ) : S P .X >

Page 214
Exercise No. 40
Translate the following sentences into Arabic.
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9)
(10)
(11)
(12)
The house was spacious.

The servant was agile.
The kurtah became long.
The crowd became large in the evening.
The patient spent the night in comfort.
The girls remained disciplined always.
Our sons always remain pious.
The rain was torrential during the day.
The atmosphere was heavy at night.
The street lamps were not bright.
The girls will be present now.
I will stand as long as you remain sitting.
Page 215
Lesson 38
The ()Y.N &1Z)
Continued from the previous lesson
1. You have studied 14 verbs in the previous lesson. These
are the actual ()Y.N
&1Z).
There are certain verbs that are ()Q
&1Z)18 but sometimes
they render the meaning of (7C C$). In this case, they become
()Y.N
&1Z). These verbs are:

(L '@ L C C C - to return, to be), (&
V 'e d
C OCC &E 'e d
C C - to turn around, to
become), (!
M C@ C !e C7@ A - to turn away, to become) and ( &E CdOCP@ A
V @d
A OC
@ C - to be impossible, to be made).
Besides these, there are other verbs that can be used as ( &1Z
)Y.N).
Two meanings have been written for each verb. With
reference to the first meaning, the verbs are ()Q
&1Z) and
with reference to the second meaning they are ()Y.N &1Z).
Examples:
()E
` C
18
@ A V @AB
C [ C C) Khall returned from Makkah.
See Lesson 37.1.
Page 216

(^C
V @AB
C [ C C) Khall became a pilgrim.
(
A A @ 8C [ 0EA x
A A
@ 8C [ C A ! @pC &E 'e d
C C) Zaid turned from the east
to the west.
(X*@ ^
L
L *C` &E 'e d

C C) The milk changed into cheese.
(6A XA@ A
@ C ! @pC !e C7@ A) Zaid turned away from his religion.
A C 0C8@ _E[ !e C7@ A) The blind man regained his sight.
(@ Y
(L @ E[ &
E CdOCP@ A) The work became difficult.
(4
C L 8@ B
C [ &E CdOCP@ A) The wine changed into vinegar.
E E) is ()Q). In such a case, it means
2. Sometimes the verb (
to be present or to be found.
Example: (zL L @ F
E
@ V C @ ESC
E E)
Allh was present and
there was no one present besides Him. In this example, only
E E) and (@ V C

the (1) of (
@ E) has been mentioned. Without

the predicate, the sentence is complete. Therefore it is ()Q).
3. The verbs (
C *C$
@ ZE) and (0C@ ZE) can also be ()Q) when they
mean to spend the morning or to come in the morning
and to spend the evening or to come in the evening
respectively.
Page 217

Examples: (A @ B
C [A
CX@
C @ ZE S@ ZE CXd
@ *C$
@ ZE) We spent the morning or
evening well.
(
V E1'@ ]
L A @EC 0C@ ZE S@ ZE C *C$
@ ZE) The storm came upon them in
the morning or evening.

4. On the occasion of a supplication (), the verb (DC C) also
becomes ()Q), e.g. (
@ V !L h
@ C
DC C) May your glory remain for
ever.
5. In a supplication for or against anyone, the perfect tense
(0HI) is used most often but the meaning of the present or
future tense is taken into consideration. Instead of ()1N
),
the particle (
E ) is used.
Examples: (
C NA'@ C
0@ 1A
E E)
May Allh remain in your
assistance.
(
@ OL[pA E ) Remain safe.
(zL L 8
@ L
&E E<) May he live long.

(
C @1A
yC 7C C E ) May Allh
not bless you. This is a
supplication against someone.

Sometimes the (J7K) is also used, e.g. (
@ V E
L >A @ C) - May
Allh forgive you.

Page 218
6. The () of a (.N
1) can precede its (P), e.g. ( E E

! @pC 8AE.) Zaid was standing. This can be expressed as ( E E
! @pC C AE([) also. Sometimes the () precedes the (.N 1)
itself, e.g. (@ *A
E S@ ZE E E @A $
C ) whether it is small or big.
When the (!O*) is (3N - indefinite) and the () is (
7^
7ST) or (9), the () generally precedes the (P), e.g.

(D 4
E FV 0@ A E E) I had a slave.
(D 4
E FV
@ !A X@A E E) There was a slave by me. This rule will be
explained in detail in Volume Four.
When a (Dp^
9)
is prefixed to (
V '@ V C) the (J7K) of
(
E E), its ('N) is sometimes deleted, that is, (@ V C
@ E) becomes
(
L C @ E), (@ V C @ E) becomes (
L C @ E), (@ V ZE @ E) becomes (yL ZE @ E),
e.g.
((A +
C
7 e*^C yL ZE @ E) I was not oppressive and wretched.
But when it has to be joined to the succeeding word, the

('N) will not be deleted, e.g. (oA E
!L E'C [ A V C @ E) The boy

Page 219

was not a liar. One cannot say (!
L E'C [
L C @ E) in this instance.
8. You have learnt in Volume One and Two and you will
learn in more detail in Volume Four that the () of (
)
)-) is sometimes (>) and sometimes (#). See 6.7.

A complete sentence, whether ()-
)) or ()1 )), or a

()8/ 6*+)19, that is (7ST 7^) or (9) can take the place of
the (). Similarly, all this can appear in the () of ( 1
.N) or the () of (` G) and its sisters. Observe the
following examples:
With (1N)
E |@(V [ VC ([ C !AC ` GA

Indeed Khlid
reads the Qurn.
19
With (N

T)
E |@(V [ VC ([ C ! AC E E

Khlid was reading
the Qurn.
h h
E |@(V [ VC ([ C ! AC
Khlid reads
the Qurn.
! @!A +C zL L @ C CO
` GA
! @!A +C zL L @ C CO
E E
! @!A +C zL L @ C OC
E
,
A @*C[ 0A1 3E e A [ ` GA
,
A @*C[ 0A1 3V e A [ ,
A NCE
,
A @*C[ 0A1 3V e A [E
a phrase or part of a sentence.
Page 220

A C*[ !C X@A q
C 7A Cd[ ` GA

A C*[ !C X@A q
L 7A Cd[ E E
A C*[ !C X@A q
L 7A Cd[E
Ponder over the four lines above. You will realize that a
verb forms part of the () in the three examples of the first
line. The pronoun ('C
L ) is hidden in the verb. It refers to the
(!O*). This pronoun is the (1). The word (
E |@(V [E) is the
(&'>). The verb together with the (1) and (&'>) form a
()1
)). This ()1 )) is the () of the (!O*) which is

(!
AC). The (!O*) and () constitute a ()- )).
In the first and third examples, this ()) will be regarded to
be in (1
)) but in the second example, because it is the

() of (
E E), it will be considered to be in (#YX )).
In the second line, a ()-
)) constitutes the (). It also

contains a pronoun referring to the (!O*).
In the third line, a (7ST

fourth line has
7^) forms the () while the

a (9). The ( G) of these predicates is
Page 221

the same as the one indicated in the first line.
Note 1: Whether it is the (!O*), (), (1) or (&'>), there
will always be a case (
)) for each word, whether it

is (0W} ) or ( !( ). If all the nouns are ( ),
the ( ) can be shown. If the nouns are (*I) or (#),
the ( ) will be implied according to the position of the
word in the sentence. Such implied ( ) is called (
0W}), e.g. in the sentence, (EC C^), the word (EC ) is the
(1) and the (1) is (J'1). But since it is indeclinable
(*I), no ( ) can be shown on it. Therefore the word
(E
C ) in this sentence will be regarded as (J'1 4
}) or
W J'1).
(
In the sentence (E
C
,
L @ZE7C ), the word (EC )
Therefore it is ( 'YX 4
}) or (W 'YX).
is the (&'>).
In the sentence (EC A ,

L [ .V), the word (EC ) comes after a (
9
Q /). Therefore it is (7ST 4

}) or (W 7ST).
Page 222
You have learnt in Lesson 10 of Volume One that no ( )

can be read at the end of (7'Y(
P) while the ( ) of

(s'(X P) cannot be read in (1 )) and (Q / )). The
( ) that is implied at the end of such words is termed
( !().
Page 223
Exercise No. 41
Observe the analysis of the following sentences.
(1)
Si
X
* ;
+
* $
(
' H
The transgressor sometimes becomes pious.
A .X A >
'YX
A .X A > L P
J'1
.X > 9

J'1 J7K (
) )1 ) : S P .X >

(2)
& 9,2* +
Z +
<

b
The patients spent the night in pain.
L P @A C

A .X A > L
.X >
P
A .X A >
)4 'YX
*I 0HI
4
} 7'Y(
(C @A ) 617
O> 0
J'1
) )1 ) : S P .X >
Page 224

(3)
's (' Q
C* * b

2>w
@
X
The cold of the winter became severe.
% !O*I
!O*I
zL J'1
A > L P
J'1 %
7ST =8H J'1
A .X
9K *I &S !O*I
7ST 4
} 6
.X >
*I 0HI
O> 0
)- ) = % !O*I

4
}
A .X A > )8/
'YX
) )1 ) : S P .X >
Page 225

(4)

+ E
{
V
qf
I6
M+

We continued looking at the wonders of Allhs creation.
6 9KI 6 9KI

%
&S
7ST
7ST
&'>
'YX
K Z '
9K
J7K 1
4
}
J'1
=8K
61 OOI
4
}
J'1
>
.X
6-
0HI
8/
@ A OI
CN &E CpC
=8H
' *I
4
} 61
J'1
= )1 ) = &'>IS > J7KI >

'YX 4
} .X >
) )1 ) : S P .X >
Page 226

Word
Meaning
J
C C OC@ A
to invent
0C$S@ ZE
to entrust, to advise
yC 7C!C
to make amends, to improve
\C 1`'C C
to be aided, to prosper
C CE
to persevere, to persist
() C C^
to be generous
() C *CC
to cross
(6) 2
C E C
to adhere, to be busily
engaged
\C (` C
to prove, to effect
C !e C
to warn, to threaten
V C8[_E[E
Germany
E '@
L @A GA
Edison (an American

inventor)
&U C| U C ZE
hope
0eNZE
how
Page 227
&U E(OAN@A
to change position
)U ]E
A @ZE
U
L L u
U CA
carpet, rug
0 A C
prostitute, whore
0@ A Cd[E y C
narrator, phonograph
3U C @ pC
splendour, flower
)U C C8PC
generosity, kindness
C'PC
equal
)U >E AE<
group
AE<
bird
3U7C e<E S 3U C AE<
aeroplane
(7C E< 7!Y) U CC<E
to fly
7 e<E
pilot
@<A
mud
D R@ C
determination
)U CO@1A U CO@1A 0O1E
youth, young boy
j
COC1E 3U CO1E
young girl
&U '@ K
L 1V
extra, left over
Page 228
C!E
by, (
C @!C E - by you)
U E*@C
amount, extent
V @d
A 8L [E
ocean
0M ]A X@E<[ bA[
V @d
A 8L [E
Atlantic Ocean
#
NA[ L
sinner
)U C@ A
doubt
U @d
A OC
@ L
difficult, impossible
@A OC
@ L
relaxed, calm
Y
A OCX@L
victorious
3U e 'C C
love, friendship
m
ChNC
success
j
C'>E C 3U 'C >[ C
lapse, error
Exercise No. 42
. *NA[ L 0C
A @ ZV [ ZE 9
L CZE 0@ XA E @(A 1E C *A$
@ ZV [ ZE 9
L CZEE (1)
. !PC !L *@C [ 0AdK
@ L !@ .E (2)
Page 229
. ) XeA8C ][ L 0@ NA'@ V 3V CO1E C (3)

. @ A A CX$
@ ZE 0EC 7L `>V [ ` E (4)
. d@A OC
@ L
L @A 8C [ j
C C (5)
. C @8A ACP @ OL@ L (6)
A @A _E[ C @ ,
C
@ EZE (7)
C'PC @'
L @E q
L eXE (8)
. A 7@ 'C [ 3A C @ pC 0EA C @A A CN CX[pA C (9)
. zL !C @ SC
!L *L@ NC &V CRNC E (10)

. Y
A OCX@L \M d
C [ m
L C *@CE (11)
. S@ RL @ C V <A C*[
e >E N@ C(12)
. \ d
C [ 0EC ) 8C AE. )U >E AE< ,
@ EOA1EC(13)
. 1ACN j
L '@ V
M DC CC ,
@ V P@ ZV(14)
. @A C ,
L @ L C !A @!A @ OeA 0@ ACZVE 0@ NGA(15)
0@ A Cd[ J
A COA@ 0EA \C 1`'C C 0eOC
L h
C L 0M A A @ _E[ E '@
L @A GA m
C A CC(16)
. zL !L @A LSC j
C '@ Y
e
V >E d
@ C
@ A ` (9
A CFA '@ NL'@ >V [)
C C'C [ V @d
A OC
@ C !@ .E (17)
. 7`>V @SL '@ L CE SC C @8A A
@ L '@ NL'@ V (18)
Page 230
. yC '@ LZE g
@ Ah
@ C @ E C g
@ Ah
@ C E (19)
. 6A @A ZE A '@ C 0@ 1A !L *@C [ E EC zA !A *@C A'@ C 0@ 1A
E(20)
.j
A CX
Cd
C [A j
A C'>E C [ yA 7L C!OCA 3 e 'C C V @d
A OC
@ C 3E SC C!C [ ` GA(21)
. U @A.E
C @!C EC C '@ h
L C 0eOC
) C C8PC &A '@ K
L >V [ C A E]C [ g
C @E(22)
. A C yL ZE @ ESC
C C 0AX
@
C 8@ C @ ESC D EFV 0@ A V '@ V C ceNZE ,
@ EE.
.
C 7e @ A \M d
C [ 6L NeGA 6L X@ ) C@ A 0@ 1A
L C 4
E 1E
,
A
C @E fC7CYXe ,
A EE.SC 0@ +C cC EC fC7CYXe ,
A
C @E L 'LC[ ,
A EE.SC
. 0@ +C cEC L 'LC[
. cCP'@ L CX@EGA C Â @ C ceOC C @>A A C 6A @EC m
C C *@Ne @ E '@ VE.
. >A C 6A @EC ,
C [ E
@ A `
C A EGA cEGA @ aV N@CS
. C ,
L @ L C 3A ERe CS 3A EY
e A 0@ NAC$S@ ZESC
. @ L E '@ 8L @(A OCP@ E1 @ V E '@ L E(OCP@ C81E
cEC ) 6A A ^@ SC cEC (2
C PL '@ L
C @8A .E 0(E [ZE) zL E([ZE L @
A *C[ C^ [ ZE e8E1E
. @Y
A C !e C7@ E1 (
C '@ (V @ C 6A ^@ SC
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
. E '@ d
L *AY
@ L C @A SC E '@
L 8@ L C @A 6A ` E Cd*@
L 1E (9)
Page 231
.t
L 7@ CS j
L CSC8
e ,
A C C C CA1 C @!A AC(10)
Exercise No. 43
Point out the ()Y.N
&1Z),
their () and (P) as well as
those of (
` GA) and its sisters in the following extract. Most of
the predicates are presented in the form of a ()) or (
6*+
)8/).
@ A E S@ L B
C
@ C @S7L C$SC U @d
A OC
@ L 6L L ChCN A CC]` e 1E ` ZE E '@ XMaV C q
L eX E E
@ E 6L NeZESC S@ !L d
@ C 6L L R@ C E CN@bA[ `ZE E S@ C C @ L Ne_EA 6A (A @(A d
@ OCA V 8C @ C M aV C @ C V
e A ESC A A`]E \@ EB
@ L @ E DC CC C@EC \C AL 0@ OA` 6A OAEC 0EC &E CRC
,
A d
C *C$
@ ZESC A CC]` m
L ChNC e C 0eOC @SL CE%1E 3U!C @A C @ L VC| C @A A OCB
@ 8L [
CA @SL *L@ C [ ZE q
L eX J
C E]OCP@ CS &A E(OAN@bA[ A ACPSC A
C @ ZE @ A j
L C7e]`
u
A CA x
C '@ 1E @ L Ne_EE 9
'@ C 4
E A e7L S@ ZV 0EGA E@A @ ZE @ A 0e ]A X@E<[ bA[
E @d
A 8L [E
. E C8@EPL
C
A >[ XCA L @]A C 3 C AE< J
A COA@ A A EC[ C8E L @'(V *CPC A C8[_E[ C8E L C *C$
@ ZESC
CN@ $
A SC 0 NACN@bA[ A E*@C #
A AChC @ A CNebA1E ,
@ EPA 7@ ZV
V @C #
L C [ CSC 7 e<E A @C A
Page 232
. @AC [ A
@ oA V x
C '@ 1E ` ZE 9
L A OC@ NC
Exercise No. 44
(1) Sometimes a miser becomes generous.
(2) Remain truthful; do not lie.
(3) We were present and they were absent.
(4) The disbelievers became Muslims.
(5) How did you spend the morning?
(6) We spent the morning well.
(7) Are you (women) not Muslims?
(8) Did you spend the night in pain?
(9) No, we spent the night at ease ({X8]).
(10) The diligent person is always beloved.
(11) We continued searching for him until we found
him.
(12) Do not leave salh as long as you are alive.
(13) May you remain well (du).
Page 233
Lesson 39
The (h b@
G* + _-
5+ B)
E about to), (
C C E - about to), (
C +C S@ ZE - about
1. The verbs (C
to) and (cC
C - perhaps, hopefully) are called ()A C7C E(8L [
&V C1[ ZE).
Note 1: The verbs (

C C E ) and (
C +C S@ ZE) have not been used in the
Qurn.
2. These verbs are not used on their own. It is essential for a

(J7K
1) to succeed them, e.g. (DL '@ (V C V >[ ] C E ) The child
is about to stand.
From this example you will realize that the ()7(I
&1)
enter a ()-
)) like the ()Y.N &1Z). The difference is that

in the case of ()7(I &1), it is necessary to have a ( 1
J7K) as part of the (). This (J7K 1) together with its
(1) which is most often a hidden pronoun, forms a ( )
)1) and then constitutes the (). The (P) of the ( &1Z
)7(I) is in (1 )) while the () is in (#YX )).
Page 234

3. Sometimes the particle (
[ ZE) is used with the (J7K
1)
and sometimes without it. It is better to use (
[ ZE) after (cCC )
and (
C +C S@ ZE), e.g. (DC '@ (V C [ ZE ! @pC 0
C C ) Zaid is about to stand.
After (C
E ) and (
C C E ) it is better not to use ([ ZE).
After (cC
C ) and (
C +C S@ ZE), the (P) can precede the (
1
J7K), e.g. (! @pC DC '@ (V C [ ZE 0CC ) Zaid is about to stand. This is

not permissible in the case of (C
E ) etc.
5. The (J7K) of (C
E ) is (L EC) like (9
L CBC
9C) while that of
(
C +C S@ ZE) is (
L +A '@ L). The (0HI) and (J7KI) of both these verbs
are used.
Only the (0HI) of (cC
C ) is used. Its paradigm is like (0C 7C ). The
(J7KI) of (
C C E ) is not used.
6. The verbs (
E C ZE
DC E. E C ^C \C >A <E J

C C +C ) are also used like
the ()7(I &1Z). However the particle (
[ ZE) is not used after
them. All these verbs mean, to begin, e.g. (0
@
A 8@ C V >[ ] E C ZE) The child began walking.
Page 235
Exercise No. 45
Analyse the following sentences. The first one has been
done for you. Remember that in the third sentence, the ()
of the ()7(
1) precedes the (P).

.
C C>A
@ C [ ZE
0CC (1)
(Perhaps Allh may grant you a cure).
. E @ ]` >E OCC j
L CSC8
e L EC (2)
(The sky is about to burst).
. )A PC 7C !@ 8C [
L C C OC>[ L [ ZE
C +C S@ ZE (3)
(Very soon the door of the madrasah will be opened).
R
w
(
N+
=8H
'YX
9S J7K 1
9
YO
[ _EA 'YX
#$N
!S 61 OOI (') =8K
J7K8
"
" )8 ~ ^7
N
#<5
Af
P
1
1
)7(
)7(
Page 236
6 &'>
'YX
W
) = 6'>S 61 J7K 1
'YX 4
} 0CC = )1
)1 ) = zS 6- 0CC
Word
Meaning
0C_[ C 0CZE
to refuse
x
C C @ ZE
to burn

C EoZE
to melt s.t.
E C OC+@ A
to catch fire, to flare up
C >E P@ ZE
to brighten up
E *C.[ ZE
to turn towards, to face
\C >E N@ZE
to spend
7C C C
to hasten
Page 237
(9)
E C C
to send, to awaken
C d
e >E C
to search
C ]` >E C
to burst
(t) C^C
to flow, to run
(t) 2
C Y
C C
to mend, to repair
(t) 7C E<
to fly
() x
C E1
to surpass
(q) 6C (A 1E
to understand
(q) 2
C ]A .E
to pluck
() DC E
to reproach
(9) C .ESC
to fall, to occur
(0M NACZE) )U eXA@ ZV
wish, desire
(
E]@ ZE) #
]E C
firewood
U @C
horse
E S@ L
without, besides

'@ V 7L
mount
)U (E CCL SZ x
C*PA
to compete, horserace
Page 238
(U e*+L )
C+
youth

A C
ordinary
()U ER@ FA ) &U CRFE
gazelle, buck, deer
l
C 1E
ease, comfort
)U C @ 1E S@ Z m
C 1E
joy
'@ 8L d
@ C D E(C
the place from which Nab

will intercede
U '@ C
gentle
(x
C7S@ ZE) x
7C SC
leaf, page
3U_E<[ SC
force, compulsion
Exercise No. 46
.m
A C >E [ C A L @]A NC CN!@ A (1)
. E 8C C [ A CC_[ C 6A @!C C ` _EA 6L VOL([ C A4
E
@ E [ 0M NACZE ,
@ E +C S@ ZE (2)
. 0@
A >[ NC DL '@ VZE j
L [ C ZE (3)
&V '@ PL 7C 6A @EC e 8C 1E 7A eXA 6L NC'@ .VA d
@ L )E ` C 7L `>V E E 7L e8C C EP@ ZE e8E (4)
Page 239
. 6L E '@ L !@ CSC 6L PC Z[7C L

C 8@ C E C ^C SC C `PC CS 6A @EC
0`$
C
A
. d
C [ 3V _E<[ SC ,
@ 8C aV C e8E V A OC
@ C#
L ]E d
C [
C C E (5)
. DC C^@ _E[ #
L @A L M d
C [
L +A '@ L (6)
. CXOCd
C AP@ ZESC CXCCA L AY
@ NL CN[ C ZE (7)
. e A A E S@ ZE &A C'@ ZE
A d
M >E OCA )A PC 7C !@ 8C [ 0A1 E @ K
Ld
@ C [ ZE C @
C C (8)
. A [ A [ 0A1 C^C S@ pC x
L '@ >V C 3V ZE@ 8C [ L EC (9)
. 7C C8[_E[CS 7C Cp@ _E[ 2
L ]A ([ C 0M NACO
@ *L[ J
C C +C L *@Y
M C >E P@ ZE EoGA (10)
. A E_E[ 3A !e +A @ A C O@8L C E !@ A
(11)
(12)
#
L @A .E l
C 1E zL C7SC V '@ V C 6A @1A ,
L @
C @ ZE
@ A ` M C [ 0CC
!@ E C @ E A @
e A C 0@
A >[ NC ,
@ 1EC Y
C N@ EoAG (13)
V *A[(L A @!e C A| 6 ^@ 'C A 6A @EGA
. E '@ VC >[ C S@ L E CSC C'@ d

L CE 1E (1)
. '@ 8L d
@ e E(C
C M7C
C %EC *@C [ ZE c
C C (2)
. )A Xeh
C [ x
A 7C SC @ A C8A @EC A E>Y
AB
@ C (Q'S D|) E(>A <E SC (3)
. @ V ` +C 'C L SC @+C ['M*d
A L [ ZE cCC SC (4)
Page 240
. 6L X@A E @ ]` >E OCC j

L CSC8
e L EC
. @8A ^C @ A A 0@ XACA_[ C [ ZE 6L W cCC
. '@ VAE(L ` ZE &V CO(A [ L V @EC #
C OAV [ GA @ OL@
C C [ C &E E.
@ ` CSC CCC !@ E C @ E zL !C C l
C C @ ZE EoGA
@ C x
C '@ 1E CK
L @ C j
C8VV
. 7 '@ NM @ A 6L E C81E 7'@ NL 6L E 6L ` A C h
@C
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
Exercise No. 47
(A) Insert the ( ) in the following passage and translate
it into English.
= P 6N &R zX- aXI Y ~

=% p1S x* \* &R S j7 \* Z
6** XF j$ jN
~G j7S I_O ;. a1 j' Z +SZS K *$Z !. 6O Z7 '
! \ 6 ~G ' )7 2Z 6 ,(>NZS 6^4
\* 1 )>H 6^7 3!S ,W>N S SZ 8 dd$
' 68OPZ &pZ 1 ^ m 6X )(8 4Z
. '. + D
Page 241
4 N' 6 0S !' Y S m>1 6* =Y !S S

. t7 0 ( S !' 9
o W _1 6 &( > S N 37+S &'( > S
X>P_O1 jS t )HI )X S = X* '"
. G 6% N!^S Y" o !S =%
(B) Translate the following poetry.
N !.
S #S
> Q 1
X8<
XNY &R W GA
X'. > '
6* =$ !S
)1 Y S 0
Page 242
Lesson 40
The Verbs of Praise and Dispraise
(D
` CS
m
A !@ 8C [ &V C1[ E)
1. The verb (
C @ NA - originally C A NC) is used for praise while (g
C [A-
C AC) is used for dispraise. The (1) is most often

originally g
(D4
9Q
- have the definite article attached to it) or a
noun that is (9K) towards (D4
9Q).
After the (1), another noun appears. It is called (
'Y(
m!I) or (D 'Y().

Examples: (!
AC V ^L e C @ NA) Khlid is a good man.
(
$
A C A ^L e DL 4
E FV g
C [A) sim is an evil servant of the man.
In these examples, the words Khlid and sim are ( 'Y(
m!I) and (D 'Y() respectively. When analyzing, these
words are regarded as (Q !O*) while the verb together
with its (1) is regarded as (DQ!( ).
2. Sometimes the word (C) takes the place of the (1). This
Page 243

is in the meaning of (
U @+C ), e.g. (0C A
(0
C A
e8A NA). This was originally
C C @ NA) That is a good thing.
3N P
'YX) takes the place of the (1), e.g. (! AC 4
^L 7C C @ NA)
L ) is hidden
Khlid is a good man. In this case, a pronoun ('C
in the verb (
C @ NA) and this pronoun is the (1). The word
(4
^L 7C ) is the (R@8A C) and is therefore ( 'YX). The explanation
A C) will be rendered in Volume 4. The verb, together
of (R@8
with its (1) and (R@8
A C) form a ()1 )) and also form the
(DQ!( ). The word (!
AC), which is the (m!I 'Y(), forms
the (Q !O*). The (!O*) and () together constitute a
()- )).
Sometimes an indefinite noun in the accusative (
3. Sometimes the (m!I
'Y() or (D 'Y() are elided,

e.g. (!
L *@C [ C @ NA), that is (
L '@ MZE !L *@C [ C @ NA) Ayyb is a good
slave.
([
E]
L @Y
A Xe C @ NASC cE'@ 8C [ C @ NA) Allh is a good Master and
Helper.
Page 244
C @ NA) is (,
@ 8C @ NA) while that of (g
C [A) is
The feminine form of (
(,
@
C [A), e.g. (3V 7C A EF
3V @ 8C [ ,
A
C [A SC )V 8C <A E1 )V XC@bA[ ,
A 8C @ NA) Ftimah is
a good girl and Ghdirah is an evil woman.

4. The remaining word-forms of these two verbs are not
used. The number of the (1), whether singular, dual or
plural does not have any effect on these verbs.
5. The verb (E*e
C ) is used in the meaning of (C @ NA) while (
E*eC ) and ( CP) are used in the meaning of (g

C [A), e.g.
(9
L 4
E OA@ bA[ E*eC E SC x
L E>bA[ E*eC ) Unity is good
E
and
differences are bad.
e C ) is a verb of the past tense (

Note 1: The word (#
>
0HI), while (Eo) is an indicative pronoun (37+ P) and it

is the (1). The succeeding word is the (m!I 'Y().
Note 2: The word ( CP - to be bad, evil, to spoil) is also used
like normal verbs and its paradigm is similar to (&
V '@ (V C
&E E.).
Page 245
Words Indicating Surprise

(#
A h
M C Oe
COC @$
A)
1. The two phrases (6L EC 1[ ZEC) and (6A A
[ A 1[ ZE) are used to indicate

surprise and they are called (#
A h
M C Oe COC @$
A ), e.g.
(6L XC
C @ ZEC) or (6A A @
A @ ZE) - How beautiful it is!
Similarly, in place of the pronouns (6L ) and (6A ), all the
other pronouns and every type of noun ( P) can be
used, whether the noun is masculine or feminine, whether
it is singular, dual or plural. No change occurs in these
word-forms due to the succeeding words, e.g.
(!@ +
A 7C
C
C @ ZEC) and (! @+A C A @
A @ ZE) How handsome is Rashd!
(
A @E^L e &E 'C <[ ZEC) How tall the two men are!
(A CXA @ Y
A .[ ZE) How short the women are!
A 7C
2. The literal meaning of (!@ +
C
C @ ZEC) is, What thing has
made Rashd handsome? as if, out of surprise, we are

asking ourselves the question. The resultant meaning is
How handsome is Rashd!
Page 246

The literal meaning of (!
@+A C A
@
A @ ZE)
is, Regard Rashd as
handsome. That is, Rashd is so handsome that everyone is

being commanded to admit this fact. The particle ( ) is
extra in this expression. It is perhaps inserted to indicate
this meaning.
Note: The grammarians have differed greatly with regard
to the meanings and analyses of the two above-mentioned
phrases. The author felt this opinion (expressed above) to
be easy and correct. The analysis will be provided in
Exercise No. 48.
3. The verb (
E E) is inserted for the past tense while (V '@ V C) is
used for the future tense, e.g.
(t
A C
C aE X@C E 8C ^@ ZE E E C) How beautiful the scenery of the
gardens were!
(A d
@ *C[
C aE X@C #
C C<[ ZE V '@ V C C) How excellent the scenery of the
sea will be!

4. These word-forms cannot be used for (! R
(07), nor can they be used for (T
04)
or
04) if the latter has
the meaning of colours and defects.

The meaning of surprise can be created for these categories
Page 247

by inserted the word (!
e +C ZE), (@ !A +@ ZE), (C aE @ ZE) or (@ aA @ ZE) before the
verbal noun (7!Y), e.g. (A C8EL [ A
q
A eX pC CR@ A !e +C ZE C) How the
people honour the lam!

(A ([ >E [
0EA 7A *C8L [ )A (E CC8L A @ aA @ ZE) How rapidly the extravagant
person moves towards poverty!

()A XC@ bA[
)A XC^@ SC 3E C 8@ L C aE @ ZE C) How red is the girls cheek!

(
A A Ch[ cC8C !e +C ZE C) How blind is the ignorant one!
Exercise No. 48
S' Q @
& A
Y B

*I 0HI >

=8K O> c
*I #hO P
'YX &'> ^7 AOOI 'C L
Z!O* 6N J'1 4}
4} 1 "C"
J'1
J'1 4} = )1 ) = &'>IS > >
Page 248
)- ) = S Z!O*I
'r Q @
d
&'>
7ST
W 'YX
& A
Y B
#hO 1

' c *I
!p Q / 9 AOOI ,
C N@ZE =8K
1 "C" ^7
J'1 4}
)1 ) = &'>IS > #hO 1

Word
Meaning

eSZE
repentant
cE>@ ZE
(1) to conceal
(
e C@A 7!Y) t
CKA@A
whiteness
7 CA
cucumber
3E C
@ C )E C AC7
fourteenth
Page 249
y @ +A
polytheism
\ >E +C
twilight
7 oA C
one who accepts an excuse
&U oA C
one who reproaches
)U *C.AC
consequence
@
A C
relative
E OA.V
May he be destroyed
C'Y
@ .V
name of camel of Nabi
(' [ L @ A ) cE@ ZE C
how sweet
( @A 7C @ A ) ZEC 7@ ZE C
how bad
(! ^C @ A ) C 'C ^@ ZE C
how excellent
\ >E C@ L
resting place
y A
@ L
polytheist
,
([ C
anger
cE'@ C
master
fC'C
love, passion, desire
C8EE<
for a long time
Page 250
(q) C >A E
to succeed
0XL
wish
&U '@ C
power
fC^@ ZE
to launch, to effect
0@ XA@ C cCXC
to intend, to mean
)U ^C 7C C
position
2
e ]E $
@ A
to form lines
'C d
@ NC
towards
(9)
C B
C +C
to stare, to gaze
() \C C 7C
to glance
m
S@ L ^L S m
CÂ m
@ ^L
wound
u
U '@ (V PL
to fail, to fall
E C !C N@A
to heal
C 'e C
to accustom
Re C
to be powerful
Page 251
Exercise No. 49
. @ L XC
C @ ZE C L E S@ _E[ A E L C C @ NA
. zL ZEC 7@ ZEC 7L CB
A [ EC g
C [A
. 6L OL*C.AC ,
@
C [A SC
L [ A [ g
C [A SC 6L OL*C.AC ,
@ 8C @ NA SC x
L !@ Y
C @ NA
. C8L NLCY
@ A E*eC E SC A @!C AC'[ )V C E<A E*eC
. Cd
C *C.[ ZEC cC8[ PC 3V @ 8C [ j
A CP
.
A ,
A ([ C cEA \C PA E>[ \C *CP@ ZEC
. yA A
@ 8L [ cEC
A ,
C ([ C C *C[ ZEC
. )E XC@A[
C [ A C *C.[ ZECSC 3E @ 8C [ zA A C C
C @ ZEC
.C*CC $
@ ZECSC )U *C@ $
C #
L OLV [
C [ ASC 6L EC P@ ZE CSC U @ PC
L COA [ EC
. CC 'C ^@ ZE C C'Y
@ .V )V .EeX ,
A 8C @ NA
. A 4
E C h
L [ E @A[ C C aE @ ZECSC A C8EL [ C @A [ C !e +C ZEC
.
C XC
C @ ZECSC ,
C N@ZE !L E'C [ C @ NA
.
C A@ h
C A @ !A +@ ZESC 6A 8A [ A A @ aA @ ZE
. )U EB
@ NC 3V C h
C
e ,
A 8C @ NA
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9)
(10)
(11)
(12)
(13)
(14)
Page 252
. )E C 7A *C[ \A >E
e 3E C 8@ L !e +C ZEC
. 3E C
@ C )E C Ae )A E@` 0A1 A 8C (E [ 7A '@ LN t
C CKA@A C aE @ ZE V '@ V CC
. zL L C'PC !e +C ZE C L 'C P@ ZE 3A CS!e zA A C 0A1 L C!8A [E
.,
L @ZE7C C 0@ NA CPSC ,
L @ 8A PC C 0@ NAe PC
V A Ch[ &V oA C[ E*eC E SC fC'C [ 0A1
@ A +oK E*eC E ZE
(15)
(16)
(17)
(18)
(19)
. zL C >E [ ZE C V CNAb[ E OA.V

. @ 8A P@ ZESC 6A A @ Y
A @ZE
. (>E C@ L j
@ CPSC
L C
e g
C [A
.
eSZE 6L NeGA !L *@C [ C @ NA
. =L
A C [ g
C [*AESC cE'@ 8C [ g
C [*AE
. @ L
C >V NEZ 6A A @SC OC+@ C8
C [A
CE(>V [ C'@ L@ LSC C'@ >V B
@ L [ GASC 0C A e8A XA1E j
A E.!C Y
e SL!*@L [ GA
. @ V @C 'C L 1E
. S@ L >E E C @A ` zL '@ ^L SL ,
@ E@PA
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
Page 253
Exercise No. 50
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9)
(10)
(11)
How good is this book!

That horse is beautiful and how beautiful it is!
Mahmd is learned and how learned he is!
Polytheism (shirk) is bad and how bad it is!
This melon is useless and how bad it is!
How excellent is my camel!
Salh is good and how beloved it is to Allh!
The cow is a good animal and how beneficial is its
milk!
Generosity is good and how good is its result and
miserliness is bad and how bad is its consequence.
Extravagance is bad and how evil is its
consequence.
How pious and understanding is your son!
Exercise No. 51
Translate the following letter and note the application of the
rules that you have learnt thus far.
` bB Dr + & d

s
2T
Page 254
!A h
C @ _E[ !A AC'[
@ !A PC
6L LEC CSC
A )V 8C @ 7C SC @ V @EC DL 4
E
e E
#
C OL[ ZE [ ZE ,
L @Xe8C C C8EE< 0@ NZE
C AC K
@ CdA t
L A @ ZE DA COA@ bA[ #
A Â CS A C!@ GA !C @ C
j
L @ >A E 0@ NGA
V @C SC ,
A @*C[ A @ ZE C @8A ^C SC )E C C OCd
@ 8L [ 0@ ZVCS yC M
L C ) ECP7A
C @EGA
. C @A 8C ^@ ZE @ V Ae
C 8C A 6A A j
L 7@ C C
C CX8L A DC '@ C[
L @]A OCP@ ZE CNZE E [E1 CA C.[ ZESC &A C1[ _E[ )E 1EA @ C 6A A'e .VSC
A &A '@ d
C A ,
L 8@ 8e C 0@ NZE Se ZE
3V 'e .V 0@ A j
@ C Cp@ !A .E EC ASC 6L 8C
@ .ASC 6L OCC @$
A SC 6L NCCpC @ 1A V @ C 9
C A @ ZE [ ZE
. )A eAC C [ 0A1 A E OeCS A @ >E [
)A E C *CASC 0ECC
A A K
@ >E A ,
L [ NA 0@ NZE A7S@ L
M )A CCA @8A ^C @ V L
CZV NAE
.0@ AY
@ 1E 0@ 1A &E Se _E[ j
L @ $
A 0@ NZE !L @RA 8C [CS A CdOA@ bA[ 0A1 m
A ChXe 3E C C+C @ V ACL
6L NeZE
C AoE SC A CdOA@ bA[ )A Y
e .A A CC @ C ,
C V P@ ZE [ ZE 7L !A .[ ZEE 0@ NGA DC C OCd
@ 8L [ 0@ AZE C
0@ OA` C'8C [ 0A1
A 4
` ] cEC j
CNCdOA@ GA C @
A O>E 8L [ j
L CK
C C fC^@ ZE !@ .E
0@ XA@ ZE D eZE )E E4
E E V CdOA@ bA[ e 8C OCP@ CS )A CH
A C8[ A L +@ _E[ )A E4
E E 3A !e L 0@ 1A C'@ (` EC
C 8C OC^@ A A Y
@ C [ 3A 4
E$
C !C @ C e V A Y
@ C [ AG DC '@ C[CS g
A @ ZE SC g
A @ ZE E *@.E
Page 255
` V C E@ ZESC Y
@ 1E !C @ C 4
Y
@ 1E 3E E A 4
E Oe L @!A 8L [ C!C 1E 3V E ACP_E[CS E '@
L O>E 8L [
. 6A NACdOA@ GA )A h
C @OANCSC 6A OA^C 7C !C A ! A CS
0@ 1A &E Se _E[ ,
L X@V 0@ NZE L @!A 8L [ C E@ ZE 3V E A 4
E Oe 2
e ]E $
@ CS 0@ AY
@ E1 )V C'@ NC j
@ C^ e8ESC
L @!A 8L [ 0@ XA(E C 7C SC 7L CY@_E[ 0e EGA ,
@ Y
CB
C +C SC zL '@ ^L 'L [
@ 'A d
@ NC ,
@ C ê 'C OC1E 0@ AY
@ 1E
@ A t
C C C [ 9
C C C !@ .E ! A OCh
@ L @8A [ OAA D@ A [ ZE" &E E.SC 7A S@ L
M CS CHe A @C A
,
C N@ZE V @8A [ OA C @ NA A @C [ #
C Y
@ NL 6A A*C([ OC
@ L C
@ L E C ^C SC )A PC 7C !@ 8C [ 0A1 zA A '@ ^L SL
".&A C8@ _E[ A @B
C A
C (E 1`SC SC 0e XCLC
C @1A
yC 7C C
C E(E @ ZE CSC
L .V@ C 0@ *A[ .E J
C C +C SC C@1A CSC CN@!M ,
L [ EC 0@ NEE ,
L @(A *C1E
@ !A ACS C CNZE De ZE
0@ XACC$ZE
@ A ` m
L @ h
L [CS C 1E 0@ A C C &E 'e d
C CSC 7A S@ L
M A L @<A ZE j
L !@ A SC
.4
A !C X@L 7C C$ 0@ H
A C8[ A CdOA@ bA[ 0A1 u
A '@ (V
M A
j
L 7@ C C ) 8C @ NA V !C X@A ` ^C SC Re C
A A [ +L A CZE cEC 0@ XAC@ 'e C

C NeZE C8A ,
A CZEC
C cEC @%AE
j
L !@ 8A C SC A [
M 0A OCC [ 7C ,
L @`$
C SC !A h
A
@ 8C [ cEA
C AoE !C @ C
. )A XC<A C*[CS 3A C A à 6A 8A C NA @ A 0e EC E *CP@ ZE
Page 256
cEC l
A M >E OeA 3A E ACP_E[ C C L V][ NC !A C [ !C @ CSC !EF ) E][ L )A PC 7C !@ 8C [ 0A1 ` ZE C8ASC
,
L Y
@ Y
C .E C8NeGA )A PC 7C !@ 8C [ cEGA L '@ L NC e V A @C '@ C CyCXL
V *C[ NCSC )A *C@A (E [ &A C*h
A [
. @ V L'@ V.V e A8C ][ CSC @8A ^C @ V <V C*AN@A !C @RA CA
C '@ OL[ 8C [ ,
L ['e <E SC )E Y
e (A [ zA AC
1'@ >V d
@ C 4
E PC 0@ AC'C ZESC 0@ A'C @ GASC 3A C!AC'[ 3A !C
e 0EGA
@ !A @ ZVSC EC
. C @A 8C ^@ ZE @ V A!C C CL x
A C'+@ _EA
. DL 4
E
e CS ,
A @*C[ A @ ZE A @8A ^C cEC SC 0e EC
C OA>E <A CSC yC R A ` A
&E E<ZE
L @]A 8L [
C XL@A
17 !8}
Page 257
Test No. 16
C .AeXCS
(1) Define the ()V Y
)V e eO &V C1[ _E[E). What kind of ( &V C1[ _E[E
)V Y
C .AeX) are there in Lesson 32.
(2) What is another name for the ()V Y
C .AeX
&V C1[ _E[E) and why?
(3) What are the sisters of (

` GA)?
(4) What effect do the ()V Y
C .AeX
&V C1[ _E[E) have and what effect
` GA) and its sisters have? That is, what changes

do (
occur in the ( ) of ()-
))?
(5) What is the difference between the effect of (

` GA) and
E E)?
(
(6) Construct five such sentences in which (
E E) or its
sisters are used.
(7) Construct five such sentences in which (
` GA) or its
sisters are used.
(8) What is the difference between the ()V Y
C .AeX
the ()V C7C E(8
L [
&V C1[ _E[E) and
&V C1[ _E[E)?
(9) After which verbs of the ()V C7C E(8

L [
&V C1[ _E[E)
does the
Page 258

particle (
[ ZE) appear?
(10) Construct ten sentences using the ()V C7C E(8
L [
&V C1[ _E[E),
five of them with (

[ ZE) and five without ([ ZE).
(11) Name the verbs of the (D
` CS
(12) Construct ten sentences
m
A !@ 8C [ &V C1[ _E[E).
using the ( m
A !@ 8C [ &V C1[ _E[E
D ` CS).
(13) Analyse the following sentences.
. (@!A $
C SM !L C [ 0A8@ L !@ .E (1)
. ) e ZV C @C @ OLX@V (2)
. @ L 7C C@ ZE E '@ 'C L C!@ _E[ C E (3)
. )V (E @! $
A ,
L X@*A[ ,
A 8C @ NA (4)
. A A e cEC l
L ehd
L [ &E RA X@C [ ZE cCC (5)
.{
C 8A ACP @ OL@ L (6)
. E |@(V [ L `C OCNC CX@ A CC (7)
. 6A @OCXC^@ SC E 8C ^@ ZE C (8)
. A E S@ _E[ C8P@ ZE #
L OL[ C
L O>E 8L [ E C ZE (9)
. !L *@C [ C @ NA (10)
. 6L X@C
0C H
A 7C 0 AC A [ A A @ aA @ ZE (11)
Page 259

(14) Insert the ( ) in the following passage.
Note: The meanings of the words not encountered before
have been listed in the footnotes.
6Z S 4 S {XP g 6QXP * ;

Q $ )XF 3P
cQ8"S DR K *$_1 9" = O ~ ) j*1
h1 #*] 'S {'8 !' W a1 j' Z +SZS
6Q G
+ G q_ &.S 6 'Z G ,>O B+S
I +ZS S c]Z ! G
&' P
7$S 6X O1 !. )P ! ;
Q Y cdH_1 #oS z! 3!S )+
S 3P Z m1S >1 *O ^S 6 'Z G aX
#*] ! 8 S! z']Z 7SP 'Y. S 1 S=]
dd$ ;Y cZ
K> 6NZ
0>
*P 3=% 'Z '.!YS =% !
S!8d1
. cHI
Page 260
Lesson 41
Pronouns
(8K)
1. A pronoun (=8H) is a word that replaces a noun referring
to a name or place. It can either be for the first person, e.g.
Ld
@ NC -we), or the second person, (,
C N@ZE - you), (@ OLN@ZE (CNZE - I), (
you plural) or the third person, e.g. ('C
L - he), (C8L - they 2),
(
@ L - they plural).
E OCL ) is the one who is speaking,

Note 1: The first person (
e.g. (CNZE - I). The second person (#<5) is the one who is
being addressed, e.g. (,
C N@ZE - you). The third person (#F) is
the person or thing that is being spoken about, e.g. ('C
L - he).
Note 2: Whatever is going to be mentioned hereunder has
already been mentioned in several lessons before. Regard it
as a revision.
2. With regard to the form of the word, every (=8H) is of
Page 261

two types: (AYOeL ) and (AY>E X@ L ).
(1) The (AY>E X@ L ) pronouns are independent words
pronounced separately, e.g. (CNZE - I), (,
C N@ZE - you), ('C L he). Similarly, the pronouns (
C eGA), (yC eGA) and (zL eGA) etc
are also detached pronouns. See 15 and 16.
(2) The (AYOeL ) pronouns are not independent words but
are attached either to a noun, verb or particle and
pronounced, e.g. the () in (0
@ ACOA - my book), the (CN)
in (CXLCO
A - our book), the (j
L ) and (CN) in (,
L *@OCE ) and
(CX*@ OC
E ) and () and (CN) in (0@ A) and (CXE).
3. The (8H) are indeclinable (*I). No ( ) appears on
them. However, with regards to (
W }), they fall into
three categories,
(J'1) when they occur as the (Z!O*) or (1),
( 'YX) - when they occur as the (&'>) or
they occur in (#YX
)) due to some reason,
(7ST) when they occur after a (Q /
9) or
Page 262

they occur as the (6G
9K).
The examples
have passed in the above examples.

The (J'1) and ( 'YX) pronouns occur as (AYOeL ) and
(AY>E X@ L ) but the (7ST) pronouns are only (AYOeL ).
4. In this way, there are five categories of pronouns:
1. (YO
J'1 =8H) those pronouns which constitute

the different word-forms of verbs, e.g. ( @'*LOC
E C*OCE #
C OCE
L OC>[ C A CdOC>[ C L OC>[ C). See
z| &). See Lesson 14.4. (E '@ d
Lesson 15.2
2. (Y>X
J'1 =8H)
(z|
0C A @ L C8L 'C L ).
See
Lesson 6.
3. (YO
'YX =8H) (z| @ L 8C `C C8L 8C `C 6L 8C `C ). See
Lesson 15.6.
4. (Y>X
'YX =8H)
(z|
@ L eGA C8L eGA zL eGA).
See
Lesson 15.6.
5. (YO
7ST =8H) (@ L LCOA C8L LCOA 6L LCOA @ L E 8C L E 6L E).
See Lesson 11.4.

Whereever possible, only the attached pronouns (
8H
Page 263
)YQO) should be used. Where it is difficult to use them or

one cannot achieve ones specific purpose without them,
then one should use the detached pronouns ()Y>X
8H).
For example, the ()Y>X
)'1 8H) are used most often at

the beginning of sentences where a (YO =8H) cannot be
U ^L 7C 'C L ), or it is used for emphasis, e.g. (,
C N@ZE ,
C *@C oE
used, e.g. (
- You went).
The ()Y>X
)'YX 8H) are used most often for emphasis

or specifying, e.g. (y
C eGA
C OL@]E @ ZE - I gave it to you.) (!L *L@ NC yC eGA -
We worship You alone.)

The (7ST
=8H) cannot be used in a detached form.
The Visible and Concealed Pronoun

(L OAOC
@ 8L [S
pL 7A C* =8K)
The ()YQO
)'1 8H) which constitute the different verb
forms, are of two types:

(p7) visible which have a visible word-form, e.g.
Page 264

the (j
L ) in (,
L *@OCE ) and the (CN) in (CX*@OCE ), the () in (A C*OL[ C)
and the () in (
C @*AOL[ C) are (p7
=8H).
Note 3: The ()
'N) appears in seven word-forms of the

imperfect (J7K). It is neither a (=8H) nor part of it because
this nn is elided in (#YX )) and (DR/ )). See Lesson
20.2.
(AOOC
@ L - concealed) they are pronouns which do not
have any visible external forms. Only their meanings
are taken into consideration. For example, the
meaning of (#
C OCE ) is he wrote. However there is no
L OL[ C) means he is writing or

word for he. The verb (#
will write. Here also, there is no word for he. It is
therefore accepted that ('C
L ) is concealed in it. It is ( 4
}
J'1) because it is the (1).

5. The pronoun is concealed in two word-forms of the
(0HI), namely (#
C OCE ) and (,
@ *COCE ), and in five word-forms of
the (J7KI), namely, (#
L OL[ C), (#F
N !S #
L OL[ C),
Page 265

(H
!S #
L OL[ C), (#
L OL[ ZE) and (#
L OL[ NC).
The pronoun (,
C N@ZE) is concealed in the first word-form of
the (Z) and (0X), namely (#
@ OL[ ZV) and (#
@ OL[ CE ). The
pronouns of all the remaining paradigms are (p7) visible.
@ ) in (,
@ *COCE ) is merely a sign of
Note 4: Remember that the (j
being feminine. It is not a pronoun. The signs of the
remaining word-forms are for gender as well as for the
pronouns.
The (h (
H + N
- 6*)
6. In certain instances before the first person pronoun (), a
nn is inserted. This nn is called ()A CE.'A [
V '@ NL) the nn of
protection because it protects the end of the word from any

change.
Before attaching the pronoun () at the end of (0HI),
(J7KI) or (Z), a nn is first inserted, e.g.
0@ XA@8A C 0@ XA8@ C 0@ XANC'@ 8L C L 0@ XANAC8C L 0@ XA8L C L 0@ NA'@ 8L `C 0@ XA8C `C
Page 266

This protects each word-form from any change at the end.
The ()A CE.'A [
V '@ NL) is also used with some (9S) like (@ A ) and
(
@ C ) and with (` GA) and its sisters, e.g. (0@ XA = 0@ NA @ A ), (0@ XANeGA),
@ XANe_EE ), (0@ XAOC@E), (0@ XAXeA E) and sometimes (0@ XA E). However, it is
(0
seldom used with (
` C E). It is most often used as (0@ C E). The
word (0
@ XANeGA) is also more often used as (0@ NGA).
The Pronoun of State

(
A _[
e
=8H)
Sometimes a pronoun is mentioned at the beginning of a

sentence but it does not have a preceding source, that is,
there is no word mentioned before it to which it can refer. It
is only a pronoun of the singular masculine or feminine
A _[
e
form. Such a pronoun is called (
it is called ()A Y
e (A [
L @8A H
C ). If it is feminine,
L @8A H
C ). When translating, there is no need to
provide a meaning for it. If one wants to translate it, one

can say, the matter is, e.g. (!
C ZE
'C L ) Allh is one.

(7A SL!Y
M 0A1 0AO`
L 'V(V [ cC8@ C AESC 7L CY@_E[ cC8@ C E CNebA1E)
Because the matter is that the eyes do not become blind

Page 267

but the hearts do.
^C @ C ) is mentioned first after

Note 5: In Arabic, the source (
which the pronoun referring to it is mentioned. The
pronoun (37+
P) is not included in this rule.
The Distinguishing Pronoun

(
U$
A E1
@8A H
C)
9. When the predicate () is definite ()1), and there is a

possibility of the predicate being confused with an adjective
()>$), a (Y>X
J'1 =8H) is inserted between the subject

(Z!O*) and (). The word-form of the pronoun will
correspond with the (Z!O*).
Examples: (x
L epe 'C L
` GA) Undoubtedly only Allh

provides sustenance.
(
E '@ d
L A>[ 8L [
L L
C AESVZ) Those are the people who succeed.
If the (=8H) is removed from the middle, it will become a

(0>$'
#) an adjectival clause and the meaning will
Page 268

change. Therefore it is called (
U$
A E1
@8A H
C ) a pronoun that
distinguishes between the () and the ()>$).
Similarly, in place of the (), if there is the elative - (
P
K>O), there too, a (=8H) is inserted, e.g.

AC @ A V K
C 1[ ZE 'C L ! A C E E) Hmid was better than Khlid.
(!
Page 269
Exercise No. 52
0@ XAL A [ L ,
C N@ZE
6
=8H ) .' 'N
YO 'YX
&'> O !S
* v+ *
o
6B
9S J7K 1 Y>X J'1 =8H

=8H 61 J'1 #<5 !S
(,
C N@ZE) OO
Z!O*
= )1 ) = &'>IS > >

1 } )8/ z
)- ) = S Z!O*I
Page 270
C'@ 8L V L RA [ NLZE
?
* T-
'YX =8H
'YX =8H
!S YO
YO
#F N
&'> #<5
&'>
'YX 4}
'YX 4}
* ) + 6*
J7K 1
9S
61 O
OO =8H
1 (L d
@ NC)
J'1 4}
D>OP 9
= )>OP )1 ) = &'>IS > >

1 } )8/ z
Exercise No. 53
Change the (J7KI) to (0HI) in the following sentences
and recognize the pronouns.
.2
C @K
e DL A [ ZV CNZE (1)
. 3A C V [A #
L C [ NC L d
@ NC (2)
Page 271
. 3E C h
@d
L [ C @>A a XCL ,
A N@ZE
. DC '@ Va[ 8C [ A CY
L X@C C8OLN@ZE
. )E PC 7C !@ 8C [ C *@*Ad
@ L e L
. cCCOC[ E '@ 8L C @ C @ L
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(B) Change the (0HI) to (J7KI) in the following sentences

and write down the (1) and the pronouns.
. COA
C OL@]E @ ZE
. ) C CP 0@ XAOA*@C SC
. ) 8C E([ A 0@ XAOCd
@ XCC
. &A RA X@8C [ cEGA CX@ ^C 7C
. 3A C V [A ,
@ *CA E 0C A
. 0@ A@ A cEGA E @ 1ECP
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(C) What types of (=8H) has the particle (CN) assumed in the
following sentence.
. 6A A eXC E1 @ V C A @'XLA | [ ZE A C8@bA[ A

@ A CXL A CXL CX@ 8A PC CXNeGA CXe7C
Page 272

(D) Change the following sentence by using the pronouns
of (N
!S), ( )X%), (N )X%), ( ) and (
N).
C *COLV j
C @ K
C @ ZE [ C
Word
Meaning
C 8C OCP@ A
to listen attentively
x
4
E @ GA
poverty
0CS@ ZE
to reveal, to inspire in the

heart
C !e h
C C
to be new

CL
sand
)U C
@ C
fear
! +@ 7L
proper, integrity
(q) #
C A 7C
to fear
U ]E +C
excessive, exceeding the

bounds
(t) 9
C C $
C
to turn, to move away
Page 273
(q) E
A 1E
to lose courage, to become

cowardly
>E NC
group
Exercise No. 54
What type of pronouns have been used in the following
sentences.
. @ OL[
A >E ` =%AE @ L E C7ZE '@ ESC 4
A.E
C A CXC 0A1 6L W L L E A L o[ GA (1)
. zL 'L8V CX@(E P@ _E1E C C8
e C A CX[RC NE_1E (2)
. cE@ _E[ ,
C NEZ
C NeGA 2
@ B
C C E CX[ .V (3)
.{
C 8A EC[
7e &U 'LP7C 0XA ESC )U E4
EH
C 0A g
C @E DA '@ .E C &E E. (4)
.C C t
A 7@ 0A1
A 8@ C E SC (5)
. 6L >E EB
@ L @ ` !A '@ C
C E ` GASC (6)
N|@.V CX@ 8A PC eNGA 'VE(1E h
A [ C >E NC C 8C OCP@ 6L NeZE 0e EGA 0C A SVZ [ .V (7)
C C
. 6A A eXC E1 !A +@ M cEGA A!@ C . *h
.]]E +C 6A ` cEC CXL A>PC &V 'V(C E E 6L NeZESC (8)
. h
A [ C & CÂ A E SVo'LC g
A NAb[ C &U C^7A E E 6L NeZESC (9)
. C XeC ^C 6L E ` bA1E A h
@ L 6L e7C j
A _[ C C 6L NeGA
(10)
Page 274
.x
4
E @ G @ VC E S@ ZE ['VOL([ C E SC
. A 'L*C 7@ E1
C ebE1
. CL ,
L XV 0AXOC@E C L 1AE[ &V 'V(CSC
0@ XAV8C
@ C
C X@A 2
][ V &E CpC
7C C
6L 8L E@ C ,
C N@ZE C 0@ A C !e h
C C !@ .ESC
C E 0@ XAC@ 'e C C8E 0@ XC 6L 1[ A $
@ 1E
6L 8L C @ C !A *@C [ EC A yC C'PA @ 8C 1E
(11)
(12)
(13)
(14)
Page 275
Lesson 42
Relative Pronouns
(j
L E '@ $
L '@ 8C [E)
1. The (&'$'I
P) is such a noun after which a sentence
specifies the intended aim. Therefore it is counted among

the definite nouns ()1
-Z).
The sentence that specifies
the meaning is referred to as the ()U E$

A ).
The ()'$'
-Z) are as follows:
63
TD
0@ OAÈ

@ A È
!S
A @OCÈ A COÈ
A @E È A EÈ
)X%
0@ A4
` E 0@ AC'È 0@ A4
`
C @A È
Note 1: All the ()'$'
-Z) are (*I). Changes only occur in
the dual forms according to the normal rule.

Note 2: One lm (&) is written in the (NS
(
!S) and
forms. Two lms are written in the remaining
Page 276

forms. However, (0
@ A4
` E) can be written as (0@ AÈ) as well.
2. Besides the above-mentioned words, the following four
words are also used to express the meaning of the (
)'$'):
(
@ C ) who
-Z
this word is specifically used for intelligent
beings, whether male or female.

(C) whatever - this word is specifically used for
unintelligent beings, whether male or female.
ZE) who or what for intelligent and unintelligent

(
beings, masculine.
()U eZE) who or what for intelligent and unintelligent beings,
feminine.
Note 3: These four words are also from among the (
-Z
D>OP). See Lesson 12.

Note 4: The meaning of the ()'$'
-Z)
should be
according to the context, e.g. who, which, whose, etc.

Examples: (\
C EC

@ A È
C M7C )
Your Lord is the one who
created you.
Page 277

(!
L A OCh
@C
@ C #
M A ZV) I love the one who strives.
3. The words (
@ C ), (C), (
ZE) and ()U eZE) always occur as the
(Z!O*), (1) or (&'>) in the sentence. The word (
@ A È) and
its derivatives most often constitute an adjective although
they also form the (Z!O*), (1) or (&'>), e.g.
(j
C E1
cCKC C - Whatever has passed has been lost.) The

word (C) in this example is the (Z!O*).
(!
C C OC^@ A @ C pC E1 The one who strove succeeded.) - In this
example the word (
@ C ) is the (1).
((AC+
E E @ C ,
L 8@ `C I taught the one who was enthusiastic.)
- The word (
@ C ) in this example is the (&'>).
L A OCh
@ C @ V MZE RM A C The one who strives from amongst you is
(!
honoured.) - In this example the word (
ZE) is the (1).
(!
L A OCh
@ C E @ V MZE V CL The one who does not strive from
amongst you will be disgraced.) - The word (
ZE) in this
example is the (61 &'>).
Page 278

4. Due to the vagueness in the (&'$'I
P), a phrase has to
be mentioned after it to remove the vagueness. This phrase

is called the ()U E$
A ). The (&'$') together with the ()U E$
A ) form
part of a sentence. Without the ()U E$
A ), the (&'$') can
neither be the (Z!O*), the (1), the () nor the (&'>). The
A ) should contain a (=8H) that corresponds to the

()U E$
(&'$'). This (=8H) is called the (!
AC - the one who
returns).
A @OC`SC yC C8`C A @E `CS

C O@8C `C 0@ OA`CS
C 8C `C
@ A ` DA A [ ZE
C
[ >E @ CS
C O@8C `C S@ ZE
C 8C `C @ C SC
C XC8@ `C 0@ A4
` CS yC '@ 8L `C C @A `CS yC CO8C `C
6L OC8@ `C C).
Examples: (
AC) in the first, seventh and eighth examples

Note 5: The (!
is concealed (OO) while in the remaining examples, it is
visible (p7).
Note 6: The (!
AC) can be deleted after (@ C ) and (C), if it is a
(&'>), e.g. (6L OL@ ZE7C
C EC ) He is the one I saw. This can be

Page 279

expressed as (,
L @ZE7C
C EC ) also.
Note 7: If you want to mention the (0>XI
0HI) after (@ C )
and (C), use (

@ EA
0>XI). See Lesson 20.2.

Examples: (
A V
@ C @ E q
C eX A V
@ C @ E @ C ) Whoever did not
thank the people, did not thank Allh.
@ V C
(
@ E _[
C C @ E CSC E E
C+C)
Whatever Allh wanted
occurred and what He did not want did not occur.

5. The (9'$') of the (&'$'I
P) must always be definite

because the (&'$'I P) is ()1), e.g.
()E CCO
A [ C `C C
@ A ` !C E'C [ ,
L @(A E) I met the boy who learnt to
write.
When the (9'$') is indefinite, the (&'$'I
P) is elided,
e.g. ()E CCO

A [
C `C C !ESC ,
L @(A E) I met a boy who learnt to write.
In this example, after the word (!ESC ), the (&'$'I P) which
is (
@ A È) was elided.
Similarly, in the following example, after the word ()U XC@ !
A C ),
Page 280

the (&'$'I
(3U C @ %A
E
P) which is (0@ OAÈ) was elided.
#
L AChC C@1A )U XC@!A C 3V C A E([E) Cairo is a city having many
wonders.
The analysis of such sentences is mentioned in Exercise No.
54.
[ E) is most often used in the meaning

6. The definite article (&
of the (&'$'I
P).
Examples:
(!@pC
C C H
C
@ A È) cCX@ 8C A (!@pC
L 7A eKE)
(6L L 4
E FV
C A H
L
@ A È) cCX@ 8C A ( 6L L 4
E FV
L S@ L K
@ 8C [E)
(,
@ CC H
C 0@ OAÈ) cCX@ 8C A ()V C7A eKE)
(C8A @EGA C @+A ZV A EÈ) cCX@ 8C A (C8A @EGA 7L C8L [E)
(@ A @EGA C @+A ZV C @A È) cCX@ 8C A (@ A @EGA 7L C8L [E)
Page 281
Exercise No. 55
* J'G 2(
L* 1 2(
I
D 1
9S J7K 1

9S J7K 1
OO =8H 61
!S &'$'I P
'S 61 =8K
G ^7 ('C L )
*I
J'1 4} ' 1 &'$'I
!
= > >
= )1 )
J'1 4}
= > >
)$ = )1 )
J'1 4} Z!O* = )Y &'$'I
)- ) = S Z!O*I
Page 282
<

5
^

61 0HI > 0HI >

('C L ) OO =8H OO =8H 61
&'$'I G ^7 G ^7 ('C L )
1 1 &'$'I
&'$'I P
> >
= > >
= )1 ) =
= )1 )
)$
Z!O* = )Y &'$'I
)- ) = S Z!O*I
Page 283
h T
i
+
L 1
&'> 7!Y
'YX
0HI >
!S
61 #F
OO =8H
^7 ('C L )
9'$'I
1
S'/
&'>
9'$'
'YX
o
* G
0HI >
61 =8K
) = &'>IS > >

!S )>$ = )1
)1 ) = 6O>$ &'>IS > >
Page 284
{
s
- J3 * +
&'$'I P (
@ A È) cCX@ 8C A (&[ E)
=8H 61 )$ V e C L cCX@ 8C A V e C L
&'$'I G ^7 ('C L ) OO
J'1
Z!O* = )Y &'$'I
)- ) = S Z!O*I
Analyze the following sentences:
.x
C C PC
@ A ` EC (1)
.
A O@8C `C @ C 0@ A A OC@ A (2)
. zL !L C L ]E ([ L x
L 7A eE (3)
Page 285

Word
Meaning
C (E @ZE
to do properly
C (E d
@ OCP@ A C (E OC@ A
to despise
l
C CO@ A
to need

C C7@ A
to doubt
C E P@ ZE
to intoxicate
fC'OCP@ A
to be equal, to control
#
C
C OCN@A
to be related, connected
g
C *COC[A
to be doubtful
C Y
C OCN@A
to assist, to overpower
\C >E N@ZE
to spend
(t) cCXC
to build
(t) cCC
to want, to search
cCXOC^@ A (t) cCX^C
to pluck fruit or flowers
() !C Y
C C
to harvest
(t) E 8C C
to carry, to prompt
Page 286
ce7C
to nurture
(y) #
C L 7C
to be broad
C epC
to beautify
(t) x
C CH
to be narrow
E C C
to deal with
() 4
E C
to be high, to climb (prices)
() 4
E FE
to be expensive
(q) C XAFE
to capture, to gain
C XCOCF[ A
to gain booty
(t) 2
C ]E .E
to pluck fruit or flowers
U @E (t) &E E
to measure
(q) !C >A NC
to be finished
C ZV )U e ZV
nation, group
k
U CNGA cE%N@ZV
female
)U ECC
courage
C^@ ZE !
C ^C
body
7 '@ V oV E oE
male
Page 287
J
E.7A )U C .[ 7L
note, patch
J
eX$
L NAC$
artisan
E>C H
L 2
@A H
C
weak, poor, despised
)U *CEE]L )U *CA<E
to seek rights, to demand
3U !e A
period of waiting after

which a woman can
remarry
! h
@ C
glory, honour
@d
A C
menstruation
yL 7A CC )U E C @ C
battle, battlefield
9
S@ L @ C
virtue, famous
E X@L
evil, strange
! +A C7
rightly-guided
Exercise No. 56
Note 6: In future, the ( ) will not be written in the easy
places. You should be able to read the words correctly
according to their position in the sentence.
Page 288

What is the (&'$'I
P), ()$)
and (!) in the following
sentences.
. @ V E &V EL 6A A E '@ V@A C A @E [A ` GA

` ZE A C8E@ CE C @8A A
@ 8L [ 9
C E.S@ ZE A C`'C OCC A {^Q ` GA
. \>X 0S \>XL 2 C8A @!A @ZE 0@ 1A 0@ OAW &E C'@ _E[
8C L C@ C [ ZE {
A O )A *S )A h
C X 6L OC@ZE7C C ` GA
. 8@ c 0@ XAE8C C 3A C @A )A I
e RC L E SC )E CNAE>[ e L C C^@ ZE e RC L 0@ OAW ACX C A #
L h
C @ ZE
. )E C.AC*[ e L PC '@ >V NL
(6X
0H7) \L !Y 'Z ' A e*
M PZ &V SQ ZE
. C !+ > &SZ 'S
c &RNL |( 8 W Z oOP zo )$4
. A 7! m4> X> PS 6
c$ ! 8}
. )!X !Y e
e J7p
. L 8@ B
C [ zL C E P@ ZE @ 8C E ,
L X@V
. RM A CE
L oS & A CE x
L A eYE
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9)
L. !. 6L @*AXe V 8O CMZE : 0@ A_[ C C C@1A
'@ OL[ C )U C .[ 7L 0@ XA@C 7C SC (10)
Page 289
!O^ @ 8e A 1 A 4 !C OhVI RL 8C L V dO

. DL 4S A dO DC ' p1S
6A OAe ZV 7C !@ .E L 1E@ C C8@1A zL !C @ ^L &V V * ' 6L XC<E SC #
M d
A L ` GA (11)
'! 8Z 'X(O J
L eXY
M E1 AG #
L AOCX@C
E _[ +C C @ 1E@ C )K>[ c e L CX@ZE C @C L 4 XS X<S
!C h
@ C E '@ XL*@C PS7 E S@ !Q h
A C 4OS Q X<S
. @ A OAe ZV
C@1A ,
C N@ZE 0@ OA` )V C e
C ESC #
@ FE V e C 8L [CS j
C E1 cCKC C (12)
0@ 1AC'[ CX%`CS 0@ AC'E @ XCF[ E1 6L ^L COd
@ CC l
L CO@ ZE
@ A È CNZE (13)
Exercise No. 57
Translate the following verses of the Qurn.
. E 'VC >[ C E C E 'V'V(C C A 'LXC | C A ` CMZE C

. E 'L8E@ C E C A `CS E 'L8E@ C C A ` A'OC
@ C [ C
)V EEE e L L!e A 1E @ OL*@C7@ A GA @ V ACN A
A Ad8C [ C A C
@ AC 0A`CS
. L +@ ZE
. cC8@ ZE 3A C A 0A1 'C L 1E cC8@ ZE zA A C 0A1 E E CSC
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
Page 290
. 'LOCNE1 6L X@C @ V CNC CSC zL SVB

L 1E &V 'LPe L V C| CSC
.x
C 6A W !C XA CSC !L >E XC @ V !C XA C
) *C<E 3 CC 6L XeCAd
@ XLE1E A @ L 'C L SC cE%NVZ S@ ZE E oE dAC$ E 8A C @ C
. E 'V8C @ C ['NLE C A
C @ _EA LC ^@ ZE @ L XeCRA h
@ XCESC
A C E '@ C X@CSC 9
A SL@ 8C [A E SLL _[ C q
A eXA ,
@ ^C A @ ZV ) e ZV C @C @ OLXV
. A E XL8[
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
Exercise No. 58
Translate the following sentences into English.

A C*[ !C X@A AE.
@ A ` yC Eo @ C SC L @A C@GA C yC !A C 0@ 1A
@ A ` EC C (1)
. 6L 1VA @ C @ C yC Eo SC 6L 8L E@ C C EC 2
L PL '@ L 0@ A ZE C
. &V '@ (V C C ,
L 8@ A 1E C . #
@h
A C
C LC'^C
A CS (2)
'C L
A C*[A L AE([
C AoE SC g
A @ _E[A 0@ XAOC@]E @ ZE
@ A`
L COA [ 'C L
@ !A C 0@ 1A C EC
6L 1VA @ C ,
C
@ EZE g
A @ _E[ E *@.E CX@EGA ,
C [ PC 7@ ZE
@ A ` DL A CB[
g
L *C[ C E C g
C *AE C 6L Ne_EA DC '@ C[ 0e EC g
C *COC[A 6L XeA E 6L 1VA @ ZE 0@ A ZE C cEC (3)
. CN!C X@A
6A @EC
0`$
C
A &V '@ PL 7C CNC C ZE EE C CS g

L *C[ NC C E %[A PC*A zL CX@]E @ ZE @ C NC
Page 291
. C `PC SC
E *@.E yC !C X@A C8L OL@ZE7C A E` A 4
E ^L e
C NAEo C @ZESC L @A C@GA C ,
C X@
C @ ZE (4)
A @OCC CP
. 7A C8[_E[ 2
A ][ (E A 0@ OA(E @!A C cEGA C8L OC@ZE7C A @E ` A @E^L e
C XA@oE ,
L [ PC 7@ ZE
0@ 1A 7C Ch+@ _E[ E '@ (V
@ C @'NLE C @A ` &V C^
C AESV #
C C oE C @ZESC (5)
@ V OA(E @!A C
J
'@ *LP@ _VA C@EGA @ L OL[ PC 7@ _E1E 6A OA(E @!A C m
A4
E$
@ bAA &E C^
C AESV 0@ XA #
C E<E yC '@ LZE
. ! A CS
0A1 C [ 8C @ C e V 0@ OAW 3V 'C
@ X
C AESV L XCY
@ C EoCSC .
C AK
@ 1E @ A EC (6)
A 8C @ 8C [
2
L PL '@ L C &V _E
@ C C ASC C ][ (V [ C @XAOCh
@ CA A ][ (V [ J
A 7A CRC cEGA 3E 'C
@ X
C [ A ,
L [PC 7@ ZE
. @ A @1A )U ^C C
C E [ C . 3A 'C
@ X SC &A C^ A E L C @ C
g
C @E !L
L >[ C L EC C`V 7C '@ L _V[ ` bA1E &A e8L [ 0A1 3U !C @!A +C )U ^C C 0@ A @ C NC (7)
!L A CL @Â ZE g
C @E SC A 8C @ 8C [ 0A1 V 8C @ C S@ ZE J
C 7@ Re !L Y
Ld
@ C @ C
@ !A X@A ! C ZE
. 0@ OA@C A CXA 0@ 1A C @AeX*C[CS C @7A ehXe
C" EoC81E A C^C _V[CS &A e8L [ C A @*AE !C C @ V !C X@A E ESC 0@ A ZE C
C AoE 2
C @E
@ A A
C C$ZE "fCL
Page 292
@'LC H
@ _E1E @ L OC*CA<E CX[ *A.E 8C 1E 3 !C ACp 3 C ^@ ZV E '@ *LV][ C @'NLE @ L 0@ A ZE C (8)
. A 8C C [ A C
fCC E ZE AAC*EE]L E *C([ C [ ZE
C E 0@ A *CX@C E E

C d
C E$
@ ZE 2
L PL '@ L 0@ A ZE C
.x
L C'P@ _E[ ,
A EC SC 4
E A [ #
C EFE 2
C @E
A NACY8C [ 0A1 E '@ V8C @ C C @A ` C @A CC8[ A E L C ` ZE ,
L 8@ A 1E DC '@ C[
A CS (9)
A CXC [ &A '@ Y
L L SC A E(A7@ bA[ 0A1 @aA C U C !@ C @ L E CXC'@ LL E '@ XL*@CSC J
A 7A CR8C [CS
. A C!@ _E[ cEC 7A CYOAN@bA[CS
,
@ .ECKE @ L L (A OCd
@ NCSC E>C H
L @ L *L
Ad
@ NC C @A ` A E L C E '@ E 0@ A ZEC ,
C .[ !C $
C
L aE @ _E[ L AY
@ 8L [ &E E. EC ASC ,
@ *CL 7C C8A t
L 7@ _E[ CX@EC ,
@ .ECH SC 3V Cd
C [ CX@EC
E S@ L Y
C X@L C8NebA1E @ V AE>C H
L 0@ 1A 0@ NA'@ L @A C `PC SC 6A @EC
c`$
C DL C [ _E[ &V '@ PL C
SC A E>C K
M A )E >E @A
e 6L
C >[ NC \C d
C [E 2
C @E @ aV N@ZV @ V AE>C K
L A E '@ .VpC @ LSC
. @ L C ( d
C NLE SC @ L C E NL 0@ E C @AA C[ A @A C8C [
C E @ ZE C (C C @8A EC[ A ) 8C @ 7C E E
@ A ` 0 _V[ 0 *AXe EC A @ aA @ ZE (10)
CXOC@E C ! A CS 2
$
C 0@ 1A E>C K
M CS CC _V[ DC E.ZE 2
C @E x
C !C $
@ ZE CSC 6L C 4
E E
. C @*AAEF CX[pA C zL CX@ *Ce 'A E
)E EC CL @ L VA CNLSC XC
A >V N@_EA #
M d
A NL C @ A A C XCY
@ NC [ ZE CXE 0@ A *CX@C1E
A CS ,
C .[ !C $
C
.
A CH
@ bA[
L C !M
C X@CSC 7L '@ L _V[ L VY
@ CCS )V
C @A 8C [ _VXC@ C oGA A C'@ bA[
Page 293
Exercise No. 59
(1)
The Qurn is the book which was revealed to

Muhammad .
(2)
Are you looking at the two men who are coming
towards us?
(3)
Whoever said, There is no god but Allh, has
entered heaven.
(4)
Those two girls who are going to the madrasah
are my sisters.
(5)
Those women who are going to the madrasah are
teachers.
(6)
Show me what is in your hand.
(7)
This is the thing which I like.
(8)
He became like the person who is intoxicated by
wine.
(9)
When we saw your knowledge, we had to admit
your greatness.
(10) Very soon you will receive a letter which will have
the following written in it:
Son, you know that the one who strove, is successful. I
hope you have prepared for the final examination. Your
father who nurtured you and similarly your teachers
who taught you are awaiting your success.
Page 294
Test No. 17
(1)
How many types of pronouns are there?
(2)
What is (p7
(8)
=8H) and (OO =8H)?

In which word-forms of (0HI) and (J7KI) does
the (OO =8H) appear?
How many types of (OO =8H) are there with
regard to the state of the ( G)? What are they?
Which words constitute the ()'$' -Z)?
Which words from the ()'$' -Z) are ( )?
Which words from the ()'$' -Z) are also ( -Z
D>OP)?
What is ()$) and (!)?
(9)
In the following sentences, fill in the blanks with
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
suitable ()'$'
-):
.u
U eC C]V @B
A CSC
C C% V Y
>E L
A ^L e A &V E(L (1)
. )U H
C 8C L CE &V E(L
C @A 8C [ DL !A B
@ C
3V @ 8C [E (2)
.
C C% E '@ ]V @B
AC
L L E '@ <V eB
C [E (3)
. E @ Xe E '@ L XCY
@ C
L L )V >E A CP_E[CS (4)
Page 295
. DA
e
A 4
E A @ A C8L
A @OC*C[ E [ A @CC ,
L @C OC+@ A (5)
.2
C PL '@ L C'C ZE C8L yC C^
A 4
E ^L e (6)
.j
C8C L e L E &V E(L j
A e*AY
e CS E C*@Y
C 8@ C L
CXE (7)
(10) Write an appropriate sentence for the ()$) of the
(&'$' P) in the following sentences.
W O j
L Z. (1)
W !' ^ (2)
A W O (3)
W {CO (4)
` S
` 'O (5)
0AO` ) z (6)
{OW {O>O ,
L Z (7)
0A4
W j8I , Z7Z (8)
@ C D@ A OC@ A (9)
C [ V (10)
(11)
By changing the words in the following sentence,

construct ten new sentences:
Page 296
C 8C `C
@ A ` 'C L
Page 297
Lesson 43
The Declension of Nouns
(P
)
1. You have learnt in Lesson 10 that a noun is (J'1) or in

(1
)) when it occurs as the (1), (!O*), ()20 or ( #N

>)21. When it is a (&'>), or it indicates the condition
(&) of the (1) or (&'>)22, or it is the (P) of (
` GA) or the
() of (
E E)23, it is ( 'YX) or in (#YX )). When a noun
comes after a (^ 9) or it is (6 9K)24, it is (7ST) or in
(Q / )).
2. There are other instances where a noun is ( 'YX). These
will be mentioned in detail in Volume Four. But since there
is a need to know them in the next few lessons, they will be
mentioned briefly as an introduction here.
See Lesson 10.2.

See Lesson 14.6.
22 See Lesson 10.2.
23 See Lesson 37.
24 See Lesson 10.2.
20
21
Page 298
The Object
(6
&'>I)
The (6
&'>I) is a noun that indicates the object on which

the action was effected, e.g. ('@ Va
[ C '@ 8L d
@ C C Y
C NC) Mahmd
helped an oppressed person.
Here the effect of Mahmds help has occurred on the
oppressed victim. Therefore the word ('@ Va
[ C ) is the (
&'>
6).
Note 1: In the previous lessons, you have read much about
the (&'>). It refers to this very (6
&'>).
(a! _!)
4. The (\]I
&'>I) is a verbal noun (7!Y) mentioned after

its verb, either for emphasis (!_), to indicate the manner
in which an action is done (J'N) or to indicate the number of
times the action is done.
Example: (4
@8A ^C
*@$
C @ *A$
@ A) Be extremely patient.
Page 299

Here the word (*@ $
C ) is a (7!Y) and is the (\]I
&'>I).
(
A @OC.`C
)V C e ,
A .`C ) The clock struck twice. Here the word
()U .`C ) is a (7!Y).
(` :
, _! /B `* _!)
The verbal noun (7!Y) that indicates the reason for the
action without the use of a (^
9), is called ( SZ 6L E &'>I
6A A^@ _EA &'>I). It is also ( 'YX), e.g. (*@A [ C 6L OL@C H

C ) I hit him to
discipline him. The word (*@ A [ C) is the (7!Y) of (
C e ZE) in this
sentence. It is mentioned to indicate the reason for the
beating.
A @A [ OeA
If one has to say, (#
6L OL@C H
C ),
the meaning will be the
same but when analysing, it will no more be called the

(6L E &'>I) but will be called (7ST).
If the sentence is changed to (*@ A [ C
6L OL@e ZE), the meaning will be,
I disciplined him once. The word (*@ A [ C) will now be a
Page 300

(\]I
&'>I)
because the root letters of the verb and the
verbal noun are the same.
(%
* 1 / ` 5 _!)
The (6A @ 1A
&'>) is a noun which denotes the time or place in
which the action took place, e.g.

(
A C 8L [
DC CZE C*$
C q
C 7@ !e ,
L a[ >A C )
I learnt the lesson in the
morning in front of the teacher.

The word, (C*$
C ) denotes the time while (DC CZE) indicates the
place. The (6A @ 1A
&'>) is also called (9

L @ a` E).
Note 2: The words ( CC ), (4

@E), ('@ C) etc. are words of (
9
C '@ 1E), (,
C d
@ C), (DC CZE) , (2
C [ C )
R) denoting time. The words (x
etc. are words of (I 9) denoting place.
(`* _!)
7. The (6
&'>) is a noun that appears after ()A eA 8C [ SL SC ) a
(S) that denotes togetherness and attachment. The noun

Page 301

appearing after such a (S) is ( 'YX), e.g.
(!
C @!A h
C [
J
C 7A eCS ,
L *@C oE ) I went along the new road. In this
example, the word (J
C 7A e) is the (6 &'>). Here the (S)
can only have the meaning of ()A eA 8
C [ SL SC ). If the (S) is taken in
the meaning of (2] SS), which means and, the
sentence will mean, I went and the new road went, which
is obviously nonsensical.
Note 3: Only where the meaning of (2]
SS)
cannot be
applied, will (6
&'>) be specified. If both meanings, that

is (2] SS) and (6 &'>) can be applied, then it will be
permissible to read (#YN) after the (S) and to read the
( ) of whatever case is applicable, e.g.
(!
L X@h
L [ SA Z !C X@h
L [CS L @A _E[ C^) The leader came with the army or
the leader and the army both came.
However, in sentences like (S8
@ C SC
! @pC
C 7C CKC - Zaid and
mr both fought one another), only (2] SS) can be
applied because in such instances, both the nouns are (1)
and the action cannot occur without two participants.
Page 302
Note 4: The (6
&'>) has been seldom used in Arabic.
(10Wb M+ 2A

* +)
` GA) in order to
8. It refers to the noun mentioned after (
exclude it from the previous utterance, e.g.
(!@ pC
` GA DL '@ (E [ C^) The people came except Zaid. Here Zaid
has been excluded from the people. The word (DL '@ (E [E) is the
(6L X@ A cCX%[ OC
@ L - the word from which an exception has been
made), while the excepted one, in this case Zaid, is the
(cCX%[ OC
@ L ).
If the (6L X@ A
cCX%[OC
@ L ) is mentioned and the sentence is positive,
the (cCX%[ OC
@ L ) will always be ( 'YX) after (` GA). The example
was mentioned above.

If the sentence is negative, then (#YN) is also permissible as
well as reading it according to the ( ) of its position in
the sentence. The sentence (!@ pC
` GA DL '@ (E [ C^ C) can also be

Page 303

read as (!
@pC
` GA DL '@ (E [ C^ C) because the word (! @pC ) is the doer
of the action.
If the (6L X@ A
cCX%[OC
@ L )
is not mentioned, the ( ) will be
` GA) will have

according to the case. In this case, the particle (
no effect on the sentence.
Examples: (!
@pC
` GA C^ C) and (YA ` GA ,

L @C H
C C).
Note 5: The words (L @ F

E ) and (fC'PA ) are also used for
@ L ) is (7ST) after them. The words (4

E C )
exclusion. The (cCX%[ OC
and (C!
C ) are also used and the (cCX%[OC
@ L ) is most often (7ST)
after them. The details are mentioned in Volume Four.
(_
-
i+)
9. The (&) is a noun that describes the condition of the
(1) or (&'>) at the time of the action, e.g. (+
A C
L @A _E[ C^)
The leader came walking.

10. The (&) can be recognized by answering the question,
how or in what condition. In the above example, if the
Page 304

question is asked, In what condition did the leader
arrive?, the response will be that he arrived walking.
11. The entity being described by the condition is called the
(&"
So) or (&" #$). It is essential to have a connector

(7) that connects the (&) to the (&" So). This connector
is most often a (S) which is called ()eAC SS), e.g.
(7 C DL C]
` CS [ V _[ CE ) Do not eat when the food is hot.
The connector can also be a (=8H), e.g. (
L d
CK
@ C
V @AB
C [ C^)
Khall came laughing. The pronoun ('C

L ) which is concealed
in the verb, is the (1) and the (7). The verb together
with its (1) constitutes a ()1
)).
Sometimes a (S) and a (=8H) serve the function of a (7),
L d
CK
@ C
e.g. (
'C L SC ! @+A 7C C^) Rashd came laughing. The

pronoun ('C
L ) is the (Z!O*) while (
L d
CK
@ C), being a ()1 )),
constitutes the (). The (Z!O*) and () first constitute a
()-
))
and then form the (&) of the (1) which is
Page 305

(!
@+A 7C ). The (&) is ( 'YX
4}).
()* J2)

12. The (RL @ A8
@ OeE) is a noun that removes the ambiguity or
vagueness from a preceding noun, (O@ pC
U <[ 7A ) a weight of
oil. The word (

U <[ 7A ) is vague here which can refer to many
commodities. By saying (O@ pC ), oil has been specified.
13. The (R@ A8

@ C) is also called (R 8C L ) and the word from which
C L ).
the ambiguity is removed is called (R e8
14. The (R e8
C L ) is generally a word referring to numbers,
weight or measure, e.g.
(L
C$SC X8@ PC XC SC COA C @A

@ A ,
L @C OC+@ A)25
I bought twenty
books, 6kg of ghee and 3kg of wheat.

15. Some sentences also have ambiguity. If someone has to
say,
C X@A
25
L %E[ ZE CNZE, I have more than you, it is not known
One ratl is approximately 3kg and one mann is approximately 6kg.
Page 306

in which aspect he is more. However when one says,
C
or 8[
A , the meaning will be specified that he has more
wealth or knowledge.
@ C) comes in reply to the question, What thing?

16. The (R@ A8
or From which thing?. This is the way of recognizing it.
17. All types of (R@A8
@ C) are ( 'YX). However, some of the
(!
C-Z - numbers) are (7ST). Numbers from three to ten

@ C)
are (7ST) and plural. From eleven to ninety nine, the (R@ A8
is ( 'YX) and singular. The (R@ A8
@ C) of hundred and
thousand is (7ST) and singular.
Note 6: The (!
C-Z)
are discussed in detail in Volume
Four as well as more details of the (j'1), (j'YX) and

(j7ShC).
Page 307
(
M* + )
18. The (fCCXL ) is a noun that occurs after any (C!X
9 -
the vocative). The vocative was discussed briefly in Lesson

11 of Volume One.
19. The (fCCXL ) is also ( 'YX), but only
when it is (9K), e.g. (
A
!C *@C C) O bdullh or O
the servant of Allh.

or when it is (9CK8
L [A
6 ACL ), e.g. (4
*C^C AE< C) O the
one ascending the mountain. The phrase (
A *Ch
C [ C AE< C)
means the same thing.

or when it is (3 C '@ Y
L ([ C
L @FE 3UC A NC)26, for example, if a blind

@ !A CA [ L 4
^L 7C C)
man, without specifying, calls out, (
O man, hold my hand.
20. If the (fCCXL ) is singular, that is, it is not (9K), it is

regarded as (0
@ XA*I) in (1
26
)), whether it is a proper noun
A noun that is indefinite and not intended.
Page 308

(
A EC
L P) or (3U C '@ Y

L ([ C 3U C A NC)27 and whether it is singular, dual
or plural, e.g. (!
L A C C), (V ^L 7C C), (A 4
E ^L 7C C) and (E '@ 8L A
@ L C).
21. Sometimes the (C!X
9) is elided, e.g.
(E
C
@ C t
@ A @ ZE 2
L PL '@ L) O Ysuf, turn away from this.
@ C 7@ CS CXE @ >A F[ CXe7C ) O our Lord, forgive us and have mercy
(CX8
on us.
The phrase (0
@ 7C
(
7C
C),
e.g.
C O my Lord) is sometimes abbreviated to

([ L 0
@ A #
@ C
7C ) - O my Lord, grant me
kingdom.
Note 7: You have learnt in Lesson One that when a (
C!X)
9
precedes an indefinite noun, the latter becomes
definite, on condition it is indefinite and intended.

Note 8: The (fCCXL ) is succeeded by a sentence called the
(C!X
27

L C'^C ).
The (fCCXL ) together with the (C!X

L C'^C ) form
A noun that is indefinite but intended.
Page 309

a ()U eACN@ GA
)U eAC!NA )U E8@ ^L ). Sometimes the (C!X

L C'^C ) precedes the
(fCCXL ), e.g. (
E C 0@ A @ >A F[ ) Forgive me, O Allh.

The phrase (
e L È) is also used in place of (
E C).
(~
M q
+ + M
b d
* $
* M +)
22. When the negating particle (
E ) is used to negate a
A ) type, class or category, an indefinite noun

complete (gX@ ^
is indeclinable (0
@ XA*I) on ()dO1), e.g. (,
A @*C[
c1A E ^L 7C E ) From
the category of men, there is no one in the house, that is,

there is no man in the house.
A A
(
` GA 3E 'e .V E SC &E '@ C E ) There is no power or might except
with Allhs help.

However, if the noun is (9K) or resembles it (9KI
6L *+),
the noun will be declinable ( ) and a (#YN) will be read
@ C
on it, e.g. (D S@ L d
[ A #
C AE< E ) No student will be deprived.
(D '@ L
[ C A @B
C [ 0A1 A CP E ) No person striving for good is
despised.
After such a (
E ), the dual and plural forms will also be
Page 310

( 'YX), e.g. (
A C'@ V@ C
A @ !C d
A OeL E ) No two united persons can
be overcome.
(
E S@ 7L '@ Y
L X@C
C @>A AOCB
@ L E ) No people with differences can be
victorious.
Note 9: The (P) of (
` GA) and its sisters and the () of (E E)
and its sisters are also included in the (j'YX). These have
been mentioned in Lesson 37.
Note 10: The (j'1) and (j'YX) will be discussed in
detail in Volume Four.

Word
Meaning
6 C
C @ZE
to rejoice, to be happy
C *C[ OCP@ A
to be proud
E *C.[ ZE
to come forward
(q) g
C NAZE
to be genial, to be sociable
ceC C
to be nurtured
Page 311
&E CpZE
to remove, to efface
!CZE
always
2
PA |
one who regrets
,
C d
@ C
below
)U (E A
to repose trust in
*@^L
cowardice
C
illness
@ C
time
J
7L o[ ZE J
C7oA
cubit (0.68m)
9
S@ L 7C
merciful, compassionate
U '@ $
C
to save
C ` 8C C
to have control over, to be

able
(
CA S )U *CPC CdL ) #
C PC C
to call to account
9
C C C$
to find, to meet
(t) r
C C
to live
J
C e SC
to bid farewell
(L ACC ) 3U C @
A C
tribe
Page 312
)U >` A
chastity
@C
life
8@ .E
wheat
)U CC7A S 3U CCL
to care, to heed
!L A CC ! C @ C
place
L 7A C'C 7A '@ C
watering place, well
m
ChNC
success
7 C8NASC 7 '@ 8L NL 8A NC
cheetah
V [C
full
V @8E
thirsty
Exercise No. 60
Carefully observe the examples of all the types of (j'YX)
in the following examples:
The examples of (\]
&'>)
. *A E ! AC #
C A E (1)
. 8@A[ C cCP'@ L
C È (2)
Page 313
. DA '@ C[ 0A1 3 7C S@ C t

L 7@ _E[ 7L S@ !L C (3)
. !A PC _E[
C '@ VSL L 8A Xe #
L %AC (4)
.A CXAF[ _E[
C CA #
L PC CdLSC A C(E >V [
C @C V @B
A *C[
L @A C (5)
The examples of (` _)
3 CCL 6L OL@ C OC@ CS 6A OA>` A cEC C8OA@ CS 6A OANCC_EA ) (E A E @AB
C [ j
L @ OC@ A (1)
. 6A AK
@ >E A
. !A h
@ 8C [CS A [ A [ A *E<E SC x
A p@ A COA@ C 4
E *A[ q
L eX
L '@ h
L C (2)
The examples of (`5 _)
@SL *C[ OCP@ CS zL '@ LC^ZE C81E 7CNCSC 4

@E 6L C '@ .E CC SC @ C m
'@ NL r
C C (1)
. 7C*[ OAP@
. COCd
@ C Ed
A [CS )A ESL `] x
C '@ 1E
C COA [ ,
L @ H
C SC (2)
. 3A 7C e]` A @A 2
C [ZESC 3A 7C e
e A @A )E EA SC +A C 4
@A j
L @ PA (3)
Page 314
The examples of (` _)

In the following examples, the (S) can only have the
meaning of ()I
SS).
. A h
@ >E [ J
C '@ V<V SC j
L @ PA (1)
.g
A 8@
e
C S@ L FV SC ! AC C K
C C (2)
.
C COA [CS V @8A [ O 7C CP (3)
. !C @!A h
C [ J
C 7A eCS #
@ C o[ A (4)
In these examples, the (S) cannot have the meaning of (
2])
because if it has the meaning of (2]
sentence (A h
@ >E [
SS)
SS
in the
J
C '@ V<V SC j
L @ PA ), it would mean, The rising of
dawn and I travelled. This is a meaningless statement.

In the following examples, the (S) can have the meaning of
()I
SS) and (2] SS).

. (zL '@ L ZE S@ ZE) zL CZESC ! AC C 1ECP (1)
. (!L X@h
L [ SZ) !C X@h
L [CS !L AE([ C K
C C (2)
. (COL@ ZV SZ) COC@ ZVSC L CPL ,
@ d
Ch
C NC (3)
Page 315
. (6L L A C SZ) 6L C A CSC !L

e C^ (4)
The following examples contain a verb which cannot occur
without two participants. Therefore, the (S) can only have
the meaning of (2]
SS).
word cannot be a (6 &'>).
Accordingly, the succeeding
. zL '@ L ZESC ! AC \C NCCC (1)

.
C C SC !L 8C @ ZE C $
C CBC (2)
. ! 8e d
C L SC #
@h
A NC 3A 7C ChO 0A1 yC C OC+@ A (3)
The examples of (_
Y)
. 1AE
L @h
C [ C C
. 7!A E C8[
A C
@ CE
. @*AE C CP @A $
C #
L A`] !C C OC^@ EoAG A C DL '@ Va[ 8C [ E *C.[ ZE
. >PA ZE E C*K
@ FE 6A A '@ .E cEGA cCP'@ L C ^C 7C
. A @*CA C7 0C H
A E([ ,
L [ CE.
. V C*K
@ FE ,
C N@ZESC @ V d
@ CE
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
Page 316
The examples of (10Wb M+ 2A

!- )
The (6L X@ A
cCX%[OC
@ L )
is mentioned in the following sentences
which are positive. Such sentences are referred to as (
D 4
E E
,
*C%[L D C). The (cCX%[OC
@ L ) will be ( 'YX).
.j
C '@ 8C [ ` GA CSC C V A
.4
@A.E ` GA 6L X@A @'LA
C 1E
. 3 C h
C +C ` GA 7L Ch+@ _E[ j
A C 8C [ZE
. !A CS ` GA s
L '@ Y
L e 1E
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
The following are examples of negative statements (
D C D 4
E E
0 >A X@C ). It is permissible to read the word ( 'YX) or the

( ) according to its case.
. (!L A OCh
@ 8L [ SZ) !C A OCh
@ 8L [ ` GA ! C ZE @ C@ C @ E (1)
. (@ L K
L @ C SZ) @ L K
C @ C ` GA C Y
@ XM @'L 8C
@ C @ E (2)
. (3U C h
C +C SZ) 3 C h
C +C ` GA 7L Ch+@ _E[ A ]E ([ L @ E (3)
The following examples are (0
>A X@C
D 4
E E ) while the (6L X@A cCX%[OC
@ L )
Page 317

is not mentioned. The ( ) of the (cCX%[ OC
@ L ) will be
according to its position in the sentence (case). The particle
(
` GA) has no effect on the ( ).
. U @8A [ A ` GA )A PC 7C !@ 8C [ 0A1 C K

C C C
. !L A OCh
@ 8L [ ` GA @ C@ C @ E
. 7C C@ _E[ ` GA #
@ A CYL E
. 6L VA E1 ` GA A '@
M 0A1 L (E CE
. 3U C h
C +C ` GA @ ]E ([ L @ E
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
The examples of ())

The following is an example of weight, measure and
dimensions.
. @A C J
C7oA SC d8@ .E J
C$SC 4

C C A @E[<7A SC X8@ PC C
@ !A X@A (1)
The following is an example of the (Ri) of number.
. 7CX@A E '@ V4
E ESC ) ^C C^C C
C C )E
C 8@ C CS 3 C+ C
C C !C C ZE
@ !A X@A (1)
The following are examples of the (Ri) of sentences.
Page 318
. C'C V E8C [

C E<
. 4
E E DL 4
E L [ C
L C
. ) 8C @.ASC Np@ SC )A K
e >A [ C A L %E[ ZE #
L C ` E
. 4
E E q
A eX x
L !C $
@ ZE C*AN@_E[E
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
The examples of (
M)
The following are examples of (9K
fX).
A C @FE !@ *L@ CE
A !C *@C C
.
C A '@ (E A A C @ V DA '@ (E [ !C PC C
. 7A eX
C EC CX.ASC ) XC
C C 3A C A 0A1SC ) XC
C C CN@!M 0A1 CXA| CXe7C
. 0@ XA8@ C 7@ CS 0@ A @ >A F[
7C
The following are examples of (9KI
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
6 fX).
. DA '@ Va[ 8C [ CL A CP C (1)

. A @B
C [ 0A1 A CP C (2)
. A C*A [A 1S@ L 7C C (3)
Page 319
The following are examples of (3'Y(
=F 3N fX).
. 7C S@ L L [ J
A C OC@ L C (1)
.m
A ChXeA @
A @ZE !A OCh
@ L C (2)
.
A A @FE cEC !@ 8A OC@ C E XA @ L C (3)

The following are examples of (3'Y(
3N fX) which are
(D'8K).
. !L ESC C @ .V
. 0@ XA8@ C oV COP@ V C
. @'
L A^@ V C*@$
A C
. E '@ XLA @ 8L [ CMZEC
A C @FE @'1VCBC E
The following are examples of (>
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
EC fX)
. 0@ A @ >A F[ e L È (4)
E C (3) !L 8C @ ZE C (2) !L 8e d
C L C (1)
Page 320
The examples of (~
M q
+ + M 0 )
. A C8@bA[ C A L aE @ ZE )E 8C @ NA E (1)
. )A C'@ Oe C A L h
C N@ZE C @>A +C E (2)
. A |@(V [ C A L >E N@ZE
C COA E SC
A COA [ C A L
C @ ZE g
C @NAZE E (3)
. &U S@ V B
@ C \ C C $
A CN E (4)
. '@ 8L d
@ C 6L V@ 1A d@*A.E E (5)
Note 11: You have read many examples of (6
` GA)
and (
L )
&'>), ( L P
in the previous lessons. Therefore these
have not been mentioned here.
Page 321
Exercise No. 61
(1)
*@A _[ C

@ !A ESC
,
L @e ZE
\] &'>
6G 9KS 9K

6 &'> =
> >
) )1 )
(2)
*@A _[ C

@ !A ESC
,
L @C H
C
6 &'>
6G 9KS 9K

6 &'> =
> >
) )1 )
Note 12: The word (*@ A _[ C) is a (\]
sentence and a (6
&'>)
in the first
&'>) in the second sentence. The reason
for this is mentioned in paragraph 4 and 5 of this lesson.
Page 322

(3)
@ +C
)E ` C
0@ 1A
,
L %[E C
61 &'>
=F 7ST
9YX
Q ^ 9
Dp4 >
> ' =8K
> \O 7SS 7/

) )1 )
(4)
!C @!A h
C [
)>$
J
C 7A e
9'$'
SC
@ PA
)QI 9
1
OOI =8K
> ' (,
C NZ)
J'1 4}
6 &'>
)N )1 )
(5)
Page 323
1AE
L @h
C [
C C
> &
&" So >
0HI >
) )1 )
(6)
7!A E
C8[

@ C
@ C E
&'>I &
&" So 6 &'>
> >
)1 )
(7)
V C*K
@ FE
J'1
9YX =F
,
C N@ZE
SC
@ V d
@ C E
0eX 1
J'1I =8K
OOI =8K
SS
4} Z!O* Y>XI
> ' (,
C NZ)
)
J'1
J'1 4}
&" So >
> & = )- ) = S Z!O*I

Page 324
'YX 4} )8/
) )1 )
(8)
COA
C @A
@ A
CX@C OC+@ A
R8C
6 &'> ! P

Re
!OI >
>
) )1 )
Page 325

(9)
d

2v +
D?
B+ H+
P
*I 1
37+ ' c

=8K
6 7
(,
C NZ) OOI
'YX 4}
'YX > '
6 &'> J'1 4}
L ( v +
' g f
(
9K fX
9
6 9K
!X
7ST 'YX
)N ) = &'>IS > >

!X '^ =
)N )!N ) = '/ !X
Page 326
Exercise No. 62
Find the different types of (j'YX) in the following
paragraph.
6- ,S 6A H
A 7Z x'1 =$ W 6A XA<S . !X RM Z E +
2[_ @ E 6L C=CS 6L EZS NA| 61 rS 6A NAC'CC SC 6A AC*XCA Xp >ONS
*. 6L *ML 9Y1 6+ + ` E *. aN zL C 7A ' @ A @ E S zC! ` GA
) Q 3 P ! S !F7 N S 6X C ` 8C OC1
X cZS A*^SS .'(" {17 z4 Z *$Z oG ` GA
*L CX<S #
@ *AZ 9C #
C < 1 '] QRZS ) 8. + C 17Z
. 8 &Y ! <' #
e W b1 6W(" ) 7 N'@ $
C 6L X@$
LS
. 8@ <' #
e
Exercise No. 63
What type of (j'YX) are there in the following verses.
. XA*M dO@1E
C E CXd
@ OC1E eNGA (1)
Page 327
.4
@OA*@C 6A @EGA [ Oe*CCSC
C 7C C P@ A V o[ CS
.4
A@ C E |@(V [ A 7C SC
.4
A.E ` GA E @` A .V V Re 8L [ CMZE C
.4
A$ZESC 3 C [ L
C 7C C P@ A V o[ CS
.4
@'A <E 4
@E 6L d
@ *PC SC 6L E !@ h
L P@ E1 A @` C A SC
. D '@ C
C @ C S@ ZE '@ C CX%[*AE 'VE.
. E 'V*@C CA @ L CZE S@ L C^SC
. @ V ` COC 6L L C<E SC A d
@ *C[ !L @$
C @ V E ` A ZV
@ A
A >V N@ZE @ O@*A%[CSC 6A W j
A CH@ C COA@ L L EC'@ ZE E '@ (V >A X@L C A ` V %EC SC
. ) Xe^C A %E8C E
. @ C zL L '@ XL^L SC V '@ C @ 1A @ L C *C@_E1E
.{
C 8A EC[ ) 8C @ 7C ` GA yC CX[ PC 7@ ZE CSC
. A NCSC =
A C \ d
C [A yC CX[ PC 7@ ZE eNGA
!A AYd
C [ #
e C SC j
eX^C 6A A CXO@*CNE_1E 7C C*M C C8
e C A CX[Re NCSC
. A C*A [ .p@ 7A ! AKNe [ <E C` j
E(PA C E B
@ XeCS
E
A AC7_E[ cEC CA1 {
C AA OeL A C SC ) Xe^C SL*C$
C C8A LCR^C SC
. A C @ pC ESC 8@ +C CA1 E S@ C C
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9)
(10)
(11)
(12)
(13)
(14)
(15)
Page 328
E V*@C ESC t
C 7@ x
C A B
@ C E
C NeGA C C t
A 7@ 0A1
A 8@ C E SC
. 'V< &E C*h
A [
. *E '@ E C
C C !C C ZE ,
L @ZE7C 0NGA
. X@C 3E C
@ C COXC[ 6L X@A j
@ C h
C >E N@E1
. ) E@E {
C A4
E E cCP'L CN!@ C CSSC
.{
C 8A A e L C 7@ ZE 'C L SC a1AC @C 6L WE1
. E '@ VC >[ C E C '@ V'@ (V C [ ZE 6A ` !C XA O([ C C *LE
.{
A 8A C[
C Cd$
@ ZE ` GA )U XCA7C ,
@ *C
C E C8A g
>[ NC V
.4
A.E ` GA A [ A [ LOASVZ CSC
. U A.E ` GA @ L 8L E@ C C
. V C@ bA[ ` GA A C@ bA[ CR^C [ C
. @ V L C|CS @ OLNEZ C'@ 8L OL@8e PC C8P@ ZE ` GA 0C A [ GA
.
` GA 6C EGA E
. @ L C'h
@ Ne @ @%AE 0@ 1A C @C E
. d
C [ 0A1 &E C!Â E SC x
C '@
L 1V E SC
E 1E7C 4
E 1E
. A @! 0A1 zC C[ GA E
. @ A AC8P@ _EA @ L [*ANEZ DL C | C
(16)
(17)
(18)
(19)
(20)
(21)
(22)
(23)
(24)
(25)
(26)
(27)
(28)
(29)
(30)
(31)
Page 329
. @ V @EC ,
L 8@ C N@ZE 0AO` 0C OA8C @ NA @SL V o[ E ACP@ GA 0@ XAC C
. ) 1È A [
0A1 @'VL @ @'XLC | C A ` CMZEC
@ 8e A
C [ 8L [ J
L RA X@CSC CC C
C [ 8L [ 0A@ L
A [ 8L [
C AC e L ` A .V
. CC
. @ C 7@ CS @ >A F[
7C
. CN_[ ]E @ ZE S@ ZE CXANe AG CN[ A CL E CXe7C
.{
C XA
Ad
@ 8L [ C #
A .E 6A W ,
C 8C @ 7C ` GA
(32)
(33)
(34)
(35)
(36)
(37)
.4
@'A <E d*@PC 7A CXe 0A1
C E ` GA (38)
.{
A <A C
e E C'@ GA ['LNE C 7A *C8L [ ` GA (39)
Exercise No. 64
Translate the following letter.
68 G 8 'O

. 6L LEC CSC
A )V 8C @ 7C SC @ V @EC DL 4
E
e E DC C OCd
@ 8L [ 08C
*. 6 8] K"
@ !A @ZV D DA 4
E
e )A ed
A C A C!@ GA !C @ C
Page 330
0S ( 7S
Z) {8aI
Q !S Q S yQ 37 yZS
O % R/ ,8iZ 6S
&' Z
0e EC e c 4 + z+ZS =% !
! _1
. > S
*< )E P7!I ,
L { ,.' o cNZ S ,
L N 0QNG C
(] 4^ ,
L XS ) D' 0A1 ) *F7S
e81 8S 8 #
L $Z
e ` Z 4] Q! S
'C OCL d
C OCL ,
L 8@ .VS ) ,
L
@ A L 6L C Z 0@ XAOC>[ .ESZS A !I !X 0@ A ,
C Z
\C !$ 1'S X*@^L )P7!I 9YX ;. S A A !@ C 0A1
#
A (
E ! 0@ AC
C C x
C '@ >V
e 0@ 8 C ,
C 11 g
C NZ S 0@ A
1S 0@ *A(A ) CA
@ C 2
A ][ 0@ XAOC[!e S )A (>S )A 6C ^M ' ~
`G,
C @ ê 'S
o !S 0@ OASS
@ A Md
C C C 1E!C N@CS 0@ +A _[ C^
C A 4
E E A C h
e
C OC1 0@ 1A'B
C A
0@ A R@ C ,
L 8@ 8C Y
C1J
C S@ e ;. &E CpZES !A AC'[ )E >E <E 4
E L L !I 0@ A 2
C <E E
&S R/ jZ!S 6 4
'S
A A ) (E A 0 A A YdC c

,
L 8 .'+S 1 7!$ 4O . !*1 6G 7I O
> c ,
L *.ZS 4] Q a 8 *$ g C ` Z
Page 331
Y 0A1 !^ ` ,

L S I c A 8Wa &E *.AG qS7!
COL@(` EC 0AOW )E X8% dYN !P 8 WZ 0N S *$
!C O W G !C &X "
C V'. XS )P7!I 0@ XAOC@ e S { X
+Z )4% &S R/ jZ.
K>*1 "4 1 W G #S
2
KL 6N +Z ) 6Z(1
E % R/ Z % R/ S
3! R^ )4% ,
L 8i_1 %S &S (8h SZ) A h
@"
E
0A*. !P S ) C'@ L $
L S ) >E [ V A @ L +@ Z S + !Z
S 6N C %Z 1Z |( Z.Z 8e E 0ANA +S 7SPS 1 V
1Z 'Z 0NZ
'^7ZS 4. W G 6*] L 1 0Q #Y
. |S SZ !8" 6A W1 8C R/ jZ. oG 6`
!ZS !^G 6O Z P )1S = M !P m S
G 0.'+_ '>} 4P 0A'ZS 0A'G GS {QI
e !C S G
. {Z A!
Z IP ,
C
!+7
Page 332
0
1363 D" )h" o + SS " )8/ D'

&' O ! !/ % R/ `

{*I |( 1 Q S 6 QPS {*] 6 >NS 0X
*( 6(1'S
. {I 7
!8" Z N' |S
Page 333
Page 334
Page 335

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 

      

Madrassah Inaamiyyah Camperdown - http://www.al-inaam.com/

Arabic Tutor Volume Three

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a

Typeset on Palatino 13 and Traditional Arabic 18 by Academy for Islamic

Arabic Tutor Volume Three

l Ibnul Jad (Rahimahullh) narrates that he heard

Arabic Tutor Volume Three

Arabic Tutor - Volume Three

Mouln bdus Sattr Khn (

Translated by Mouln Ebrhm Muhammad

R Awwal 1428 A.H. April 2007

+27 031 785 1519

+27 031 785 1091

Arabic Tutor Volume Three

Arabic Tutor Volume Three

Arabic Tutor Volume Three

Arabic Tutor Volume Three

Exercise No. 41 .....................................................................224

&V C1[ E)..................................................................234

Exercise No. 45 .....................................................................236

Arabic Tutor Volume Three

V '@ NL) ......................................................................266

The Pronoun of State...........................................................267

Arabic Tutor Volume Three

Arabic Tutor Volume Three

The examples of (Ri)..........................................................318

0A >[ XCA E ) ..........................................321

Exercise No. 61 .....................................................................322

Arabic Tutor Volume Three

Arabic Tutor Volume Three

Arabic Tutor Volume Three

(Sallallhu alaihi wasallam)

Note: Please note that the exercise numbers from 55

Arabic Tutor Volume Three

      has been published.

Two volumes of the above-mentioned book were published

Arabic Tutor Volume Three

Arabic Tutor Volume Three

Arabic Tutor Volume Three

Guidelines for Teachers

Arabic Tutor Volume Three

are indicated by numbers. The numbers are

mentioned in Lesson 25. A verb that is (SS

Arabic Tutor Volume Three

1. Dear students, you have read all the paradigms of (

T), (61 ! R 04) and (0 7) in Volume One and Two of

[ C 1[ A), ([ A 1[ A) and ([ L 1[ V).

Arabic Tutor Volume Three

6L CCOA 0 AC C OC1E (1)

C C 8L [ V @8A [ O &E _EPC

3 C 8@ C !L E'C [ E E ZE (2)

6L 8C XCFE 0@ A e !e C (3)

(C &V '@ PL e  &E E.

8E.E ! A C !C ^C SC (4)

) PC eV ! @pC C'<E

Note 1: It would be better if you could read Lesson 8.3 in

Arabic Tutor Volume Three

04). The word-form of each

9), that is (), (S) or (). The root letters also do

not contain any hamzah or two letters of the same kind.

Arabic Tutor Volume Three

or it has a jazm (_[ 1E), such an alif is also called

&V C1[ E)..................................................................234

V '@ NL) ......................................................................266

0A >[ XCA E ) ..........................................321

has been published.

mentioned in Lesson 25. A verb that is (SS

T), (61 ! R 04) and (07) in Volume One and Two of

[ C 1[ A), ([ A 1[ A) and ([ L 1[ V).

6L CCOA 0 AC C OC1E (1)

C C 8L [ V @8A [ O &E _EPC

3 C 8@ C !L E'C [ E E ZE (2)

6L 8C XCFE 0@ A e !e C (3)

(C &V '@ PL e &E E.

8E.E ! A C !C ^C SC (4)

) PC eV ! @pC C'<E

9), that is (), (S) or (). The root letters also do

{) and ()8 D) are the same

are called (2K).

9) comes in place of the ()8 {), it is called

2@>A E A.CN 9C'^@ ZE &E%A 2K p'8 d$

M (V C (13) 0`'C C (12) ,

): to change a hamzah into a ()

delete it, e.g. the word (

( ): to change one ()

The Rules of (

L A @ L) can be read as (L A '@ L) and

@ C) will be mentioned in

Note 6: The above rules apply to (2K).

The Rules of ( )

E 'A .V) changes to (E @.A).

&') of (9C'^@ ZE). The form of (

SS) appears after a kasrah, the (S) is

SS) is changed to a () after a kasrah,

Rule No. 5: A (P

) is changed to a (S) after a dammah,

&%) and ( &%

E '@ L !@ C) and (E '@ LA @ C) changes to (E '@ L @ C).

) is preceded by a jazm, its kasrah

9'^Z) from (E A 1E ) are

9'^Z), if there is a () in place of the third

(3) The (S) and () are always maintained in (

), the (S) remains unchanged in some

(5) The ()

P) are also exceptions

Rule No. 11: If (S) or () occur in the second radical of

) of ( )