Congestion Management in Transmission Network on

Viewpoint of Voltage Stability Enhancement

Partha Kayal1, Sayonsom Chanda2, Tunir Das3, Abhishek Sen3 and C. K. Chanda1
1

Department of Electrical Engineering, Bengal Engineering and Science University, Shibpur, India.
2
Department of Electrical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Durgapur, India.
3
Department of Electrical Engineering, Future Institute of Engineering and Management, Kolkata, India.
Abstract The objective of congestion management is to take
actions or control measures in order to avoid line overloading of
transmission networks. A restructuring based congestion
management technique has been proposed in this paper.
Proposed methodology can ensure an appropriate level of voltage
stability enhancement of network. Minimization of system power
losses is also obtained. A novel voltage stability index is derived
in this paper which can quantify the condition of whole system on
the viewpoint of voltage collapse. The effectiveness of the
proposed method is illustrated on IEEE 14-bus reliability test
system.

Keywords-Congestion Management, MVA Loading, Restructure,

Voltage Stability Index.
I.

in a paper [2] by Gitizadeh and Kalantar. They have also used

a voltage stability limit margin to determine the condition of
system from voltage collapse point. C. K. Chanda et al have
studied on voltage security indicator for longitudinal power
system [6, 11].
In this paper Voltage Stability Index (VSI) is formulated for
multi bus network using bus equivalelncing technique. This
paper presents congestion management technique based on
changing topology structure of the network with example of 6bus system. An IEEE 14-bus system is simulated and results
are tabulated for the network before congestion management
and after congestion management. At the end some relevant
conclusions are summarized.
II.

INTRODUCTION

In deregulated power system, the importance of power

system design and its operation with high efficiency, maximum
reliability, and security has to be considered more seriously.
Increasing load demand and modern trends of changing
generation sources to smaller plants utilizing renewable energy
sources, along with uncertainty of transactions, are likely to
strain existing power systems. This will lead to transmission
systems functioning closer to their operating limits and cause
increased congestion. Higher transmission of power over long
distance in a power system without diminished stability and
security margin [2, 11] can be achieved removing line
congestion [6, 9]. Many approaches have been proposed and
applied to address this problem.
Recently, Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS)
controllers have been introduced as a well-known term for
power flow control in a transmission system [2, 3].
Rescheduling of power generation is done to manage
congestion in such a way, that resulting power flows does not
overload any line [1, 7, 8]. Methods based on formulation of
constrained optimization problem to facilitate congestion
management also have been proposed in [4] requiring more
computational efforts to give appropriate solution. Optimal
power flow based congestion management including only
thermal limits of transmission lines and ensuring voltage
stability has addressed by Antonio J. Conejo et al [10].
FACTS devices accordance with multi-objective fuzzy
algorithm has used to solve congestion management problem
Corresponding author e-mail: partha_kayal@yahoo.co.in

DETERMINATION OF VOLTAGE STABILITY

To determine the voltage stability, as considered here, voltage

magnitude alone may not be a reliable indicator of how far an
operating point is from the collapse point. Hence, satisfying
the voltage magnitude constraint does not guarantee the
satisfaction of the security margin requirement. In this paper a
new voltage stability index is formulated which can assess the
state of interconnected network from the view point voltage
collapse.
Using bus equivalencing method any interconnected network
can be reduced to an equivalent two-bus network keeping the
sending end voltage constant and considering PS and QS as
total active and reactive power generation respectively
connected with receiving end active and reactive load, PR and

QR respectively by an equivalent impedance of req + jxeq .

,

Figure1: Equivalent two bus system of interconnected network

The power flow equation for the equivalent two-bus system

can be shown as
PS = PL + PR
(1)

QS = QL + QR

978-1-4673-2043-6/12/$31.00 2012 IEEE

(2)

PL and reactive power loss QL for the

The real power loss

equivalent system can be represented by

P2 + Q2
PL = req S 2 S
VS
P2 + Q2
QL = xeq S 2 S
VS

Where

(3)

VS is the sending end voltage.

The equivalent impedance of the system is given by

Z eq = req + jxeq

(5)

req = 2 L 2
PS + QS
Q

xeq = 2 L 2
PS + QS

(6)

(7)

Assuming Current I is flowing through the branch of Figure1,

I2 =

PR2 + QR2
VR2

Again,
Here

I2 =

(8)

PL2 + QL2

(VS VR )

(9)

(( P

2
R

+ QR2 ) . ( req 2 + xeq 2 ) 1

(15)

From equation (15), it is clear that 0 L 1 . So, when the

value of the VSI crosses the value of 1.0 the system will
become unstable. The more the value of the VSI nearer to 0.0,
the system is more stable.

(4)

req and xeq are the equivalent resistance and reactance

of the system. Here

L = 4.

III.

CONGESTION MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUE

Nowadays due to growth in demand for electric power and in

order to meet the demand the power systems are becoming
more and more complex with additional facilities and
interconnections. Transmission congestion can be defined as
the condition where more power is scheduled to flows through
transmission lines. Congestion management is a challenging
issue in modern power scenario and the system operators are
very often faced with this problem. Effective network
overload alleviation is very much essential in order to operate
the system completely in voltage stable region. This off-line
study is very important for power system planning and design.
Power flow in the different transmission lines can be
calculated from load flow solution. Let, complex voltages
obtained from load flow solution at bus-i and bus-j are Vi and

V j respectively. A simple transmission line represented by its

lumped equivalent parameters connected between bus-i and
bus-j is shown below.

PL and QL are the active and reactive power loss of

the line between two nodes.

So, from equation (8) and (9) equating

I 2 it becomes,

PR2 + QR2
PL2 + QL2
=
2
VR2
(VS VR )

(10)

PL and QL from equation (3) and (4) to

Putting the value of

equation (10)

( PR2 + QR2 ) .( req 2 + xeq 2 ) = (VS .VR VR2 )

Figure2: model of transmission network

(11)

Taking positive root of the equation (11),

(( P

VR2 VR .VS +

2
R

+ QR2 ) . ( req 2 + xeq 2 ) = 0

(12)

(( P

2
R

+ QR2 ) . ( req 2 + xeq 2 ) 0

L=

(( P

2
R

+ QR2 ) . ( req 2 + xeq 2 )

VS2

) 1

Normally in bus equivalencing technique

1.0 p.u. So VSI can be represented as

(17)

(13)

From equation (13) the developed Voltage Stability Index

(VSI) is given as

4.

Pij = Vi2 G ij Vi Vj[G ij cos cos ij + Bij sin sin ij ] (16)

Qij = Vi 2 ( Bij + Bsh ) VV
i j [Gij sin sin ij Bij cos cos ij ]

The roots of the equation (12) are real if

VS2 4.

The real and reactive power flow from bus-i to bus-j can be
written

(14)

VS is considered as

Where

Pij and Qij are the real and reactive power flow from

bus-i to bus-j. Similarly real and reactive power flow from

bus-j to bus-i is:

Pji = Vj2 G ij Vi Vj[G ij cos cos ij Bij sin sin ij ] (18)

Q ji = Vi 2 ( Bij + Bsh ) + VV
i j [Gij sin sin ij + Bij cos cos ij ]
(19)
The lines transmitting higher ranges of total power are
indentified as their transferring paths are mostly congested.

Also the lines with lower congestion are identified as their

MVA transferring capacities are lesser. In graph of network
buses are represented by nodes and transmission lines are
represented by branches. Weighting Factors (WF) of the
branches are given according to their MVA loading i.e. lower
congested lines are given lower WF.

WFi =

Total power flow through ith line( MVA)

Total system load ( MVA)

At first, the lowest WF branch is opened from its termination

node and reconnects it to any one from the other local nodes
such a way that WFs of congested branches are reduced. In
each step opened branch is connected to one local node and
load flow solution is computed to find out new WFs of the
congested branches. Among the different combination,
optimal solution is achieved for the configuration which
shows the lower values of WFs for the congested branches. If
new one or more congested lines are appeared after
reconfiguration, that solution would not be considered. The
method is shown for a 6-bus system with 230.868 MVA total
system load. The line 3-4 is mostly congested and its WF
should be reduced in such a way that no other new line would
become congested more than line 3-4. According to the
technique, line 6-4 with lowest WF is opened from node-(4)
and connected to local nodes (node-3, node-5) step by step.
Among the different configuration, optimal solution is
obtained for Figure3 (c).

(b)

(c)
Figure3 (a, b, c): Different network graphs of 6-bus system to manage
congestion

(a)

Then, the second lowest WF branch is opened and

reconnected in the same manner discussed previously.
Proceeding for restructuring from lowest to higher values of
WFs, ultimately optimal network topology is obtained with
reduced value of MVA loading for congested lines.
IV.

SIMULATION RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The proposed methodology has been simulated on IEEE 14bus, 11 kV system in MATLAB environment. NewtonRaphson load flow solution program is used to determine total
branch power flows in 20 different lines. WFs are calculated
for total system load of 259.0+j81.3MVA and tabulated
below.

TABLE I
VALUES OF POWER FLOW AND WF FOR DIFFERENT LINE
Branch (Start bus to
Total power flow
Weighting Factor
End bus)
(MVA)
1-2
158.476
0.584
1-5
75.392
0.270
2-3
73.571
0.270
2-4
56.448
0.208
2-5
41.241
0.152
3-4
23.459
0.086
4-5
65.073
0.240
4-7
23.502
0.087
4-9
26.233
0.097
5-6
42.654
0.157
6-12
8.239
0.030
6-13
18.940
0.070
7-8
17.743
0.065
7-9
21.967
0.080
9-10
8.061
0.030
9-14
10.407
0.038
10-11
3.356
0.012
11-6
7.031
0.026
12-13
1.991
0.007
13-14
5.849
0.022

Voltage Stability Index of the system is calculated as

L=0.3624
Total loss of network is calculated as, Loss=28.554 MVA
It can be seen from Table:1 that three more congested lines are
1-2, 1-5, 2-3 respectively and three lower loading branches are
12-13, 10-11 and 11-6 respectively.
So, branch 12-13 is opened first and reconnected it to other
local buses and then for other two lines as shown by following
case studies.
Case-1(for branch 12-13): Branch 12-13 with lowest WF is
opened from node-13 and reconnected it to other local nodes
(i.e. node-14, node-10, node-11, node-1, node-6) stepwise. At
every step load flow solution is done with modified resistance
and reactance value of the branch. Among different
restructures, desired solution is obtained for configuration
with branch connected between node-12 to node-1.
VSI of the system and total network losses are calculated and
compared with the values before congestion management. It is
seen that both VSI and network losses are reduced to lower
values after congestion management.

Comparative study of VSI and total power loss before and

after congestion management is given below.
TABLE III
COMPARISON OF VSI AND SYSTEM LOSS BEFORE AND AFTER
CONGESTION MANAGEMENT FOR CASE-2
Value of L
Total system
loss(MVA)
Before congestion
0.3624
28.554
management
After congestion
0.3612
28.454
management

Case-3(for branch 11-6): In this case branch 11-6 is opened

from node-6 and reconnected to node-5 to get desired solution.
Resistance and reactance are modified and used in load flow
solution.
Value of VSI and total system loss are decreased in this case
also.
TABLE IV
COMPARISON OF VSI AND SYSTEM LOSS BEFORE AND AFTER
CONGESTION MANAGEMENT FOR CASE-3
Value of L
Total system
loss(MVA)
Before congestion
0.3624
28.554
management
After congestion
0.3558
28.042
management

Combining all the three cases optimal structure of the system

is obtained and given in Figure4.

TABLE II
COMPARISON OF VSI AND SYSTEM LOSS BEFORE AND AFTER
CONGESTION MANAGEMENT FOR CASE-1
Value of L
Total system
loss(MVA)
Before congestion
0.3624
28.554
management
After congestion
0.3012
23.428
management

Case-2(for branch 10-11): In this case branch 10-11with

second lowest WF is opened from node-11 and connected
again with node-12, node-13, node-14, node-9, node-7, node-4
and node-6 step by step. Checking all the steps, best result is
achieved for the structure containing branch connected
between node-10 and node-7.

Figure4: IEEE 14 bus system after optimal restructuring

Congestion of highly loaded lines are also managed with best

possible way. The following graph shows that MVA loading
of congested lines are reduced after optimal congestion
management.

reduced through congestion management. Numerical results

confirm that new configuration of topology can improve the
voltage stability condition of the system. Total power loss of
the network is reduced significantly after getting desired
topological structure of the transmission network. This method
would be more economical as there is no need of extra
generation or installation of costly FACTS devices. Proposed
technique can become a helpful tool for network design and
expansion planning purpose.
REFERENCES
[1]

Figure5: Graph to show power flow in three congested line before and after
congestion management

TABLE V
COMPARISON OF VSI AND SYSTEM LOSS BEFORE AND AFTER
OPTIMAL CONGESTION MANAGEMENT
Value of L
Total system
loss(MVA)
Before congestion
0.3624
28.554
management
0.2981
23.158
After optimal
congestion
management

After optimal congestion management voltage stability

condition of the system are reduced greatly and power loss are
more minimized.
V.

CONCLUSION

This paper provides a novel approach for congestion

management. Line congestions of some highly loaded lines are

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