Climate Justiceandour Built Space

THOUGHTFUL COOLING
ENGINEERING STUDENT
CERTIFICATE
WORKSHOP
D1.4
Climate Justice and our Built Space
Why Air Conditioning India is not enough,
Why we must Fair Condition it
KEY TAKEAWAYS
1.Understanding the relationship between the
economy, environment, responsibility,
climate justice and the solutions
the Head
Economy
Environment
the Heart
Responsibility
Justice
the Hands
Targets
Solutions
the Head
Environment & Economy
the Head - Economy
the Head - Economy

India's AC Stock Projection - 2015 to 2035
250.0
Source: Fairconditioning & Chaturvedi V, Sharma M, Chattopadhyay S, and Purohit P. HFC emission scenarios
for India. CEEW report
150
225
200.0
Room AC Stock (Mn)
150.0
Room AC stock increase ~ 7 times in 20 years

A doubling-time of 7 years
Central AC stock increase ~ 11 times in 20 years
A doubling-time of 6 years
196
182
168
80
131
73
110
62
50.0
32
9
36
11
41
13
47
15
67
74
53
17
20
23
26
82
30
91
33
66
99
59
53
38
88
143
120
100.0
97
153
104
100
43
48
50
0.0
0
2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 2031 2032 2033 2034 2035
Year
Room ACs
Commercial ACs
Central AC Stock (Mn-TR)
211
the Head - Economy
Source: Energy Statistics 2012 Central Statistics Office, Ministry Of Statistics And Programme Implementation , Govt. of India
the Head - Economy
the Head - Economy

Confidential Property of Schneider Electric
Electricity Scenario in India
Generation Capacity Requirements vs Achievements

600000
Electric Power in kW
500000
400000
300000
200000
100000
0
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012 2013
2014
2015
Actual Generation capacity from 2004-2008

Generation Capacity Required for a Sustained Economic Growth at a Rate of 8%
Linear Projection
Source: Central Electricity Authority General Review 2006 & 2009 and Planning Commissions Integrated Energy Policy Report 2006
the Head - Economy

Energy Demand in India by 2030
The requirement
The availability
Source: Schneider Electric:Energy Efficiency
Schneider Electric:Energy Efficiency
the Head - Economy

July 2012 Blackouts
Largest power outage in world
history
Affected 620 million people
Half of Indias population
9% of world population
22 states
32 GW (a sixth of nationwide
generation capacity) taken
offline
Sources: mapsofworld.com,Wikipedia
the Head - Economy
the Head - Economy
Source: THE ASSOCIATION FOR THE STUDY OF PEAK OIL AND GAS , NEWSLETTER No. 100 APRIL 2009
the Head - Economy
Source: THE ASSOCIATION FOR THE STUDY OF PEAK OIL AND GAS , NEWSLETTER No. 100 APRIL 2009
the Head - Economy

Its not the last drop of oil that matters, its the Peak
'Peak Oil' is defined as the maximum rate of oil production per year.
Global peak:
Every well in a field will reach a production peak.

Every field will reach a peak.
Every producing region will reach a peak.
The world will reach a peak.
The only question is: When?
Peak Oil is a phenomenon, not a theory
the Head - Economy
Source: BP Statistical Review of World Energy June 2013
the Head - Economy

Energy Price Increase in India
State
Electricity Tariff
Increase
Rate Effective
From
Punjab
2.7 %
1 April 2014
Kerala
24 %
16 Aug 2014
AP
23%
1 April 2013
Haryana
13%
1 April 2013
Karnataka
32 Paise
1 May 2014
the Head - Environment

Globally, buildings are responsible for at least
40% of energy use
42% of the global water consumption
50% of the global consumption of raw materials when accounting for
the manufacture, construction, and operational period of buildings
50% of the worlds air pollution, 42% of its greenhouse gases, 50% of
all water pollution, 48% of all solid wastes and 50% of all CFCs to the
environment
Source: UNEP Sustainable Buildings and Climate Initiative (SBCI), Building and Climate Change:
Summary for Decision Makers, 2009
Increased Refrigerant Emissions

Refrigerants
Type
GWP (100 Year, AR 2007)
R410A R32/R125 50:50
HFC
2088
R22 Chloro Difloro Methane
HCFC
1810
R134A Chloro Difloro Methane
HFC
1430
R32 Methylene Fluoride
HFC
675
R290 Propane
HC, Natural
3.3[16]
R1270 Propylene
HC, Natural
1.8[16]
R744 Carbon Dioxide
Natural
R717 Ammonia
Natural
Increased Refrigerant Emissions

Power Plants & GHG Emissions from ACs - 2015 to 2030
GHG Emissions
Power Plants
GHG Emissions: Million Tonnes CO2e
1,200
1,010
1,000
800
642
416
600
235
400
200
44
95
338
186
Power Plants
0
2015
2020
GHG Emissions
2025
2030
Source: FairConditioning
22
In 2030
AC GHG Emissions from India ~ 338 Million Tonnes CO2e per year
~ 1.35 Billion Trees required per year
Source: FairConditioning
Source: Vital Climate Graphics based on the IPCCs Third Assessment Report (TAR) Copyright
2005: UNEP, UNEP/GRID-Arendal
Source: Vital Climate Graphics based on the IPCCs Third Assessment Report (TAR)
Copyright 2005: UNEP, UNEP/GRID-Arendal
the Head Environment & Economy
> Built
Space
> AC
Space %
> AC
Energy +
Ref. Use
> GHG
Emissions
the Heart
Responsibility & Justice
the Heart - Responsibility

Structural
Safety
(YUP)
Environmental
Safety
Fire Safety
(YUP)
(Eh!)
Thoughtful
Architecture
Reality check:
Its a humanitarian issue, not
'just' an environmental issue
the Heart - Society
the Heart - Society
the Heart - Society
the Heart - Society
Reality check:
were Hiding behind the Poor
the Heart - Justice

INDIA AVERAGE
1.6 TONNES CO2ePER PERSON PER ANNUM
WORLD AVERAGE
3.9 TONNES CO2e PER PERSON PER ANNUM
USA AVERAGE
19.6 TONNES CO2e PER PERSON PER ANNUM
Sustainable Footprint (by 2050) 1.7 TONNES CO2e PER PERSON PER ANNUM
the Heart - Justice

Indias stance:
As most of the CO2 currently in the atmosphere was generated due to the consumption habits
of the citizens of the developed world, and as India's per capita emission is still much lower
than the global average, it is not incumbent upon India to accept any binding emission
reduction targets
But the Indian reality is:
Carbon footprint of the small wealthy class (1% of population) is camouflaged by the 823
million poor population who keep the overall per capita emissions below 2 tonnes CO2 per
annum.
Carbon footprint of the 4 highest income classes earning > Rs 8,000 per month (150 million
people), exceeds sustainable levels
no2co2 research:
footprints of most Urban Indians who use ACs, drive to work, fly domestically and internationally,
are on par with those of Western European and North American citizens.
Source: Hiding behind the poor: A report by Greenpeace on Climate injustice
the Heart - Justice
Reality check:
its about Carbon Space
not just about melting polar ice-caps
the Hands Targets

Community
Individual
Economy
National
Action Plan
for Climate
Change &
UNFCCC
Global GHG Mitigation GOAL

50% reduction by 2050 to restrict temperature rise to 2C
15 Billion Tonnes of CO2e reduction per year
Indian Commitment to COP15
20-25 % reduction in GHG Intensity of GDP over 2005 levels by 2020
64 Million Tonnes of CO2e reduction per year
thats 21,333,333 homes with no electricity per year
thats 250 million trees to be planted per year
thats 1600 IPLs to be erased every year
SOURCES: ROBERT H. SOCOLOW AND STEPHEN W. PACALA, PRINCETON UNIVERSITY (UPDATED

REPORT);
OAK RIDGE NATIONAL LABORATORY
the Head - Responsibility
and finally, the Good News
the Hands
Solutions
the Hands Potential
< kWh
< GHG
Emissions
< Life
Cycle
Cost
Sust.
HVAC
Fairconditioning focus: Buildings & Cooling

The 4th IPCC assessment states that the greatest potential for reducing
GHG emissions are from the building sector and the highest potential
and cheapest method was to do so in developing countries.

Typically HVAC systems dominate building energy consumption
PLUG
LOADS
LIGHTING
HVAC
Energy Performance Index (EPI) = kWh/sq.m/year

Source: Energy Efficiency in India; History and Overview, Alliance for an Energy Efficient Economy, 2011

Breakdown of Electricity Consumption in India
Building sector accounts for 29% of total electricity consumption in India
Agriculture
Buildings
29%
Others
7%
Source: CEA 2009
18%
Industry
46%

Commercial Buildings Growth Forecast
2500
2010
2012
2014
2016
2018
Total Commercial Floor Space (Estimated)
2020
2022
2024
2026
SOURCE: USAID ECO- IIIProject
1,932
109
1,822
2028
Floor Space Added Annually (Estimated)
Commercial Floor Space Projection for India (Assuming 5-6% annual growth)
102
1,720
96
1,624
84
90
1,534
1,372
74
1,298
1,228
65
1,163
1,102
1,044
990
847
805
765
728
659
500
692
40 42
37
33 35
940
1000
57 61
54
51
45 48
69
79
1,450
1500
892
Million m2
2000
2030

Commercial Electricity Consumption Growth
50000
46685
40220
40000
GWh
30000
35965
28201
31381
20000
14.6
11.3
10000
11.8
16.1
0
2003-04
2004-05
2005-06
2006-07
2007-08
Growth in % over the previous year

Growth of Electricity Consumption in Commercial Sector in India (2003-08)
SOURCE: Central Electricity Authority. 2009. General Review 2009
5
1

Benchmarked Energy Use for Commercial Buildings in India
Offices
Area (m2)
# Annual
Hours
kWh
kWh/m2/year
kWh/m2/hr
Office (All)
17,100
4,570
3,457,000
242
0060
Public sector
12,800
2,420
1,380,000
109
0048
Private sector
18,600
5,350
4,202,000
290
0064
One shift
21,600
2,120
2,389,000
158
0075
Two shift
8,800
4,290
2,064,000
243
0058
Three shift
23,900
8,120
6,929,000
348
0044
Conditioned >=50%
14,600
4,820
3,615,000
269
0065
Conditioned <50%
28,600
3,420
2,727,000
83
0037
Area (m2)
# Beds
kWh
kWh/m2/year
kWh/bed/year
8,200
170
2,398,000
362
13,998
Area (m2)
# Rooms
kWh
kWh/m2/year
kWh/room/year
1-3 star Hotels
9,300
100
2,347,000
271
19,396
4-5 star Hotels
14,300
150
3,513,000
274
20,381
Area (m2)
kWh
kWh/m2/year
kWh/m2/hr
10,700
2,370,000
252
0056
Hospitals
Multi specialty hospitals
Hotels
Shopping Malls
Shopping Malls
Mean for different commercial buildings (Source: Building Energy Benchmarking study undertaken by the USAID ECO-III Project)

What about residential buildings?
Far higher growth rate than commercial buildings
Less energy intensive (for now)
Current policy thrust largely on efficient appliances The building
itself doesnt really matter as the energy use is so low
Residential floor space is 8-10x commercial floor space (McKinsey)
Residential sector consumes 2.5-3x electricity than commercial)
(CEA)
53
Multi-storey Residential Energy Use
EPI Distribution flats in composite climatic region
EPI Distribution flats in warm humid climaticregion
Source: Indo-Swiss Building Energy Efficiency Project 2014
54
Mean EPI residences in Delhi
Energy consumption in summer and monsoon - Delhi
55
EPI and Air Conditioner Ownership Delhi
EPI and Air Conditioner Ownership Chennai
56
Monthly residential energy consumption profile for below-average EPI for composite climate
57
Monthly energy consumption profiles of three residences in Delhi

58
Residential Energy Use Projection
2012
2030
2050
Source: Global Buildings Performance Network and CEPT University, 2014
59
Potential
Average office building
Best-in-class office building
> 250 kWh/m2.year
> 60 kWh/m2.year
> 14 Rs/ft2.month
> 3.25 Rs/ft2.month
> 1400 Rs/employee/month
> Even just 25% of the Energy Efficiency opportunity is worth:

> 2.5 Rs/ft2.month
6
0
Potential
Average hotel
Best-in-class hotels
> 416 kWh/m2.year
> Less than 200 kWh/m2.year
> 23 Rs/ft2.month
> 11 Rs/ft2.month
> 15,750 Rs/room.month
> Even just 25% of the Energy Efficiency opportunity is worth:

> 3 Rs/ft2.month
Potential
> Infosys Pocharam SDB 1 and 2:
> Orientation, shading
> Daylighting, high performance glazing, high efficiency lighting
> Radiant Cooling
> 1 conventionally air-conditioned wing, 1 radiant cooled wing
> Radiant cooled wing operating at 80 kWh/m2/year (business as usual 250-300
kWh/m2/year)
> No added construction cost
6
2
Potential
> Business as usual:
> 100-150 sq. ft. / TR (air-conditioning)
> Office building in Gurgaon (non-profit):
> 50,000 sq. ft., 333 sq. ft. / TR (air-conditioning)
> Office building in Delhi (Central Government):
> 200,000 sq. ft., 260 sq. ft. / TR (air-conditioning), 60 kWh/m2/year
> School in Delhi:
> 90,000 sq. ft., 533 sq. ft. / TR (air-conditioning)
6
3
Energy Efficiency is a No Brainer

Power plant
Efficiency = 33%
T&D
loss = 27%
Fuel
100 units
33 units
1 unit saved at
end user
24 units
4.2 units saved at

the power plant
T & D Losses also include electricity losses unaccounted for

Source: Central Electricity Authority (2009), Schneider Electric:Energy Efficiency
64
In 6 cities across India: Mumbai, Pune, Delhi, Jaipur, Chennai, Bangalore
Influencing
Behavior
Improving
Efficiency
Educators
Decision
makers
Influencers
Practitioners
Integrating
Alternatives
fairconditioning
approach
Ecosystem Diagram
Fairconditioning Projects
Academic Curricula Integration

Project (ACIP)
Goal
Space
Structure
Sustainability
Thoughtful
Architecture
& Cooling
The ACIP deeply embeds skills related to working with sustainable cooling technologies (for
engineering academia) and efficient building design centered around building physics and
relevant sustainable design principles (for architecture academia) through workshops
designed to enhance sustainable design pedagogy skills amongst Architecture professors,
facilitate activity-based learning process amongst students, as well as accomplish seamless
syllabus integration of sustainability and efficiency into official University-defined curricula.
ACIP Engineering Student

Certification Workshops
Training Focus
Building
Physics
Building Heat
Load
Modelling
Active Cooling
Principles
Certificate
Program
Sustainable
Cooling
Technologies
Conventional
HVAC System
Environmental
Issues
Program Metrics
ACIP & BEMAP Projects
Project
ACIP Engineering
ACIP Architecture
BEMAP HVAC
BEMAP Architect
Nos. of Cities
Workshops/City/year
Nos. of Years
Beneficiaries/3 years
1440 Stud.
720 Profs.
576 Engineers 576 Architects
Institutions/3 years
24 Colleges
120 Colleges
288 firms
288 firms
Climate Justice
Climate Justice
THE 'HUMAN IMPACT REPORT: CLIMATE CHANGE' RELEASED BY THE
GLOBAL HUMANITARIAN FORUM IN MID-2009 CONCLUDED THAT
EVERY YEAR CLIMATE CHANGE:
LEAVES OVER 300,000 PEOPLE DEAD
325 MILLION PEOPLE SERIOUSLY AFFECTED
ECONOMIC LOSSES OF US$125 BILLION
4 BILLION PEOPLE ARE VULNERABLE
500 MILLION PEOPLE ARE AT EXTREME RISK
Fairconditioning is rooted in unwavering optimism

India can leapfrog (refrigerants & technology ) were just starting our Air
Conditioning party, we can change the music right now!
Natural Refrigerant / Water-based cooling technologies commercially proven,
available, viable, feasible (all other good adjectives)
If we focus on cooling people and not buildings (thermal comfort and not air
conditioning) - we can avoid the catastrophe
Sophisticated softwares available to simulate and design passive cooling
strategies
76
Fairconditioning is rooted in unwavering thoughtfullness
A Negawatt is cheaper, cleaner, and more just than a Megawatt

77
Fairconditioning is rooted in unwavering thoughtfullness
A Negawatt is cheaper, cleaner, and more just than a Megawatt

78
We organize Low-Carbon Workshops

1.
Recycled, low-embodied energy stationary
2.
No packaged drinking water
3.
Double-Sided / Recycled paper printing
4.
No disposable utensils, cutlery
5.
Casual dress code & 24 degree minimum AC setting
6.
Natural light & ventilation use
7.
Discouraging air travel, Encouraging train travel between cities
8.
Encouraging public, non-motorized transport within city
9.
Low-EPI hotels (2/3 Star) for team and trainers
10. Socially Inclusive Carbon Offsetting of Carbon Footprint (Afforestation Projects)
In operation since October 2012 with a successful 1.5 year long pilot for
Natural Refrigerant Split ACs
A 3 year program to bridge the gap between knowledge and action in the
cooling sector to Cool India Efficiently and Sustainably
In partnership between NOE21, a Geneva based Non-profit Organization

and cBalance Solutions Hub, India
Funded by the State of Geneva, Oak Foundation, and Shakti Sustainable

Energy Foundation
Contact:
Vivek Gilani
Ashoka Fellow
Managing Director, cBalance Solutions Hub
Programme Director, Fairconditioning (India)
vivek@cBalance.in
Philippe DeRougemont
Co-Founder, noe21
Programme Director, Fairconditioning (Switzerland)
phr2@noe21.org

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THOUGHTFUL COOLING

Environment & Economy

the Head - Economy

the Head - Economy

Room AC Stock (Mn)

Room AC stock increase ~ 7 times in 20 years

Central AC Stock (Mn-TR)

the Head - Economy

the Head - Economy

the Head - Economy

Electricity Scenario in India

Generation Capacity Requirements vs Achievements

Actual Generation capacity from 2004-2008

the Head - Economy

Source: Schneider Electric:Energy Efficiency

Schneider Electric:Energy Efficiency

the Head - Economy

the Head - Economy

the Head - Economy

the Head - Economy

the Head - Economy

Every well in a field will reach a production peak.

Peak Oil is a phenomenon, not a theory

the Head - Economy

Source: BP Statistical Review of World Energy June 2013

the Head - Economy

Source: Schneider Electric:Energy Efficiency

Schneider Electric:Energy Efficiency

the Head - Environment

the Head - Environment

the Head - Environment

Increased Refrigerant Emissions

GWP (100 Year, AR 2007)

R410A R32/R125 50:50

R22 Chloro Difloro Methane

R134A Chloro Difloro Methane

R32 Methylene Fluoride

R744 Carbon Dioxide

the Head - Environment

Increased Refrigerant Emissions

the Head - Environment

GHG Emissions: Million Tonnes CO2e

the Head - Environment

the Head - Environment

the Head - Environment

the Head - Environment

the Head - Environment

the Head - Environment

the Head Environment & Economy

Responsibility & Justice

the Heart - Responsibility

the Heart - Society

the Heart - Society

the Heart - Society

the Heart - Society

Confidential Property of Schneider Electric

the Heart - Justice

1.6 TONNES CO2ePER PERSON PER ANNUM

3.9 TONNES CO2e PER PERSON PER ANNUM

19.6 TONNES CO2e PER PERSON PER ANNUM

the Heart - Justice

Source: Hiding behind the poor: A report by Greenpeace on Climate injustice

the Heart - Justice