WITH

A LITERAL PROSE ENGLISH TRANSLATION*

EDITED AND PUBLISHED BV

MANMATHA NATH DUTT

(Shastri),

M-A

Rector, Keshiib Academy,

r of the
v atam t

English Translations of the Rdmayanam, Mahd'

Srimadbhdgavatam, Mahdntrvdna-Tantram,

Agni Purdnam, Mdrkandeyz

Purdnam, frt &e.

ffarivams'a,

CHAPTER

**

Vedas

F0RIAPUKUR STREET.

CHAPTER

.*

articles o,

CHAPTER XV
marriage
gifts

C. DAS, ELYSIUM PRESS,

BI

PK
i

1902

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Gautama Samhitd.
SUBJECTS.

CHAPTER

Investiture with sacred thread

I.

Rules of purification
Regulation about studies

CHAPTER
CHAPTER

...

..

...

...

655
657

Duties of a preceptor and a student

II.

Other modes of

III.

life

...

658

...

658661

a general

account

CHAPTER

IV.
Various forms
status of issues therefrom

CHAPTER

The

V.
VI.

courtesy

VII. Occasions
an interdicted calling

CHAPTER
CHAPTER

caste

may

...

...

Brahmana

IX. Further duties of a Brahmarta

General duties of others

669670
670671
678673

673

CHAPTER X. Duties of a king, a Vais'ya and a S'udra

CHAPTER XI. The royal duties of a king
CHAPTER XII. Punishment for abusing a Brahmana

Law
Law
Law

665

follow

...

...

of a

663

666668

Brahmahas and others

when any

The vows

VIII.

663

towards

Various forms of reverence and

...
forms of address

CHAPTER

662

marriage and the

duties of a householder

his wife, preceptor, guests,

CHAPTER

of

677

677681
681683
683

684

about capital and interest

about payment of debt ...

...

,,.

,,,

...

685
686

about theft

...

.,,

686

...

....

CHAPTER XIII. Law of evidence

CHAPTER XIV. Uncleanness consequent

687688
on

birth

and death

CHAPTER XV.
CHAPTER XVI

Regulations about S'raddhas

Regulations about the study of the

Vedas

688

689

690

693

693

696

696

698

CHAPTER XVII.

Regulations about the various

articles of food and drink ...

SHAPTER XVIII.

The

marriage End children

position

of

women

their

698699

CONTENTS.
SUBJECTS.

CHAPTER XIX
CHAPTER XX
CHAPTER XXI
sulter of the

Sinful deeds
Effects of sinful

Position of regicide

Veda

CHAPTER XXII
CHAPTER XXIII.
Atonement

for

,.,

...

and of an

...

...

Punishment

...

for

various other
...

Penance

other interdicted articles

Penance
...

Brahmanicide

murders and

for

...

...

...

law of succession

.,,

707

708709

...

...

709

711

an interdicted
...

Mt

r,

704705
706707

for des-

CHAPTER XXVI. The vow of an Avakirni

...
CHAPTER XXVII. Krichha penartce
...
CHAPTER XXVIII Chandrayana penance
.,,
"CHAPTER XXIX. Partition of a property amongst
eons

702
703

drinking wine and

for receiving
...

701

in-

...

...

truction of animats

article

,.,

...

Definition of degraded persons

CHAPTER XXIV.

CHAPTER XXV.

deeds

7If

713

714715
716
t

GAUTAMA. SAMHITA'.
CHAPTER

I.

THE VtdaS) and the ethical rules, observed by those,

well-versed in them (Vtdas}, are the source of virtue
Even great men are (sometimes) found to
(morals).
transgress the moral laws and to act improperly. Through
an innate weakness of the heart, the great sometimes
true end of

lose sight of the

In a conflict

life.

between

two equally authoritative opinions on a particular subbe followed.

ject, one of them must
A Brahmana child should be invested with the holy
thread (either) at the
life.

fifth,

The computation

period of his inter-uterine

is

a second

thread,

is

or ninth year of his

eighth,

should be
life.

made
This

inclusive of the
rite of

investure

Hence, he, who invests him with the

inasmuch as'Jt is he who teaches

birth.

his preceptor,

the Vedas. Sons of Kshatriyas, and of Vais'yas

should be respectively invested with the holy thread at
the age of eleven and twelve. A Brahmana child, not

him

invested with the thread before he

degraded.

Sons

of Kshatriyas

and

is

sixteen,

becomes

of Vais'yas, not res-

the holy thread before their

twenty-fourth year, are likewise

pectively invested with

twenty-second

and

made

Kus'a blades, of
bow-strings, and of cotton twists should be respectively
used by Brdhmanas, Kshatriyas and Vais'yas during the
degraded.

Girdles

ceremony of

(Munjis)

investiture

of

and they should respectively

wear, atjhe time, goat-skins, or skins of antelope, or oi

Ruru

(dear),

and cloths made

of

hemp

twists, or silk

Gautama

656

Saihhitd.

and those known as Chira Kutapas

cloths,

Cloths

home-spuns).

by members
Certain

of cotton-twists

of all twice-born

authorities

made

made

on the occasion.

castes

aver that Brdhmanas

of twists of trees

(cotton

may be used
should wear

Kshatriyas should wear

with
and
Manjisthd
dyed
Vais'yas, those tinged
with turmeric, on the occasion.
cloths

cloths

Rods made

of

Vilva

wood should be

of Palasha

used by Brahmanas*; those made of Ashvathva and Pilu

wood should be respectively used by Kshatriyas and
Vais'yas, in connection with investiture ceremonies

or

made of the wood of any sacrificial t^ree may be

used by members of all the (twice-born) castes, on the
occasion. The rods should be made of whole-skinned
rods

wood, and be of sufficient lengths to respectively reach

the crowns, foreheads, and tips of noses of Brahmana,
Kshatriya and Vais'ya infants,

during the celebration

of the ceremony.

Brahmana

child

Kshatriya child should

child

should shave his entire head, a

hairs, and a Vais'ya

wear braided

should wear a tuft of hair on the crown of his

head (on the occasion of investiture with the holy thread.)

Having touched an unused residue

with an article of

form an

the ground,
or

(fare)

Achamanam^

metallic

whereby

in one's

without
it

of another's

placing that article on

would be pure again.

vessels, as well

as

meal

hand, one. should per-

articles

made

Earthen
of

wood,

by an impure contact,
should be again purified by respectively rubbing, burnThe purifiing, cutting, and washing them with water.
or of cotton twists, anywise defiled

cation of gems, as well as of articles made of conch-shells

or mothers of pearls, should 'be made, as laid down in

respect of

metallic

pots

or

vessels,

Earthen vessels

Gautama

Saihhitd.

657

made of bones should be re-purified in the

manner of wooden ones. A plot of ground should be

or articles

re-purified

by ploughing

Hydes, pulses, and ropes

it.

of threads should be re-purified in the

manner

of clothes.

which are extremely polluted, should be

jected and thrown away.

Articles,

All

acts

of purification

should be

re-

commenced by

looking towards the north or to the east.

Seated

in

pure place, with his right hand placed between his thighs,
and catching hold of his holy thread, a worker of purishould wash his hands from his elbows down-

fication

ward

and observing perfect

silence,

he should three or

four times, perform the rite of A'chamanam with water,

enough to tricle down into the region of his heart. Then
having twice rubbed or washed his feet with water, he

should touch his eyes, and the apertures of his mouth,

orfices of the sense-organs
ears, and nostrils
(lit.
situated in the superclavicular region) with water, or

He should rinse his mouth

place wet hands over them.
with water (A'chamanam) as above laid down, after
having sneezed or risen from a sleep or a meal. Any
thing pricked or tucked into between the teeth, which
cannot be touched with the tip of the
tongue, should

be regarded as pricked or tucked into between the

teeth.
According to certain authorities, a thing tucked
between the teeth, should be considered as such until it

When

should be spitted out like

and the mouth would be threby purified.
Drops
one's own spittals, falling on one's own
body, do not

falls

off.

fallen

off, it

saliva,

of

make it impure. One's body, cleansed of the deposit of

an impure substance, and free from a bad smell, should
be regarded as pure. After urination or
one
defecation,

should

cleanse

the

external

orfices

of

the

organs

Gautama

658
concerned with

and water, as

earth

down by

laid

the

regulation.

preceptor, taking

pupil's left

Then a
of his

hold of the small finger of his

hand, should address him

pupil should touch his eyes, ears,

and

life

intellect with

"O

as,

ye,

read."

and the regions

a blade of Kus>a grass,

fif-

teen times repeat the Mantra (by placing his hand over)
each of these localities, and thrice practise Prdnayama.
Sitting on a cushion of
out, he should recite

by the

Kus'a grass previously spread

five

or seven

Pranava each morning, both

}

ment and

make

close of his Vedic study.

obeisance to his preceptor
;

with

right,

east,

his

Vyahritis preceded
at the

commence-

He

should formally
and seated on his

face turned towards the north or to the

he should recite

the

Gayatri\ and the Pranava

Mantrah (Om), after the recitation of the Gayatri. On

a dog, ichneumon, snake, frog or a cat happening to
pass between him and his preceptor, at the time of
reading the Vedas^ a disciple shall fast, and live apart
from his preceptor, for three days. He should practise

Prdudydma, and
animal

happening

live

to

on

clarified butter,

pass between them.

should be observed after having read the

cremation ground.

CHAPTER

on any other
This rule
Vtdas at a

II.

ACT?, conversations, and eatings, unsanctified by regulations, and committed and made by one, before one's
investiture with the holy thread, do not produce any
demerit,

inasmuch as one

Brahmacharyam^

is

not entitled to

practise

or to cast oblations in the sacred

fire,

Gautama

Saihhitd.

659

person, before being invested with the

not stand under the obligation of
holy thread,
following the rules of purification, after attending to the

before that.

does

His bodily purification consists in

or
sprinkling his body with water, in-?
simply washing
He
contradistinction to the practice of A'chamanam.
suffers no defilement by the touch of any impure sub-

calls

of

nature.

He

not be employed in performing a

Homa, or in offering oblations to the gods. He is pre^
eluded from reciting any Vedic Mantrah except on the
stance.

occasion

should

Sraddha ceremony,

of a

celebrated in honor

manes.

of his departed

and injunctions of the S astras should

a
be followed by
person from after the ceremony of
his investiture with the holy thread, and since then, he
All regulations

should duly attend to the study of the Vedas and to the

kindling of the sacred fire, practise truthfulness, and

perform the

A chamanam.
'

rites of

authorities, he

may make

gifts of

According to certain
cows since that time.

One should perform the daily Sandhyas out-side

The rite of morning Sandhya should
one's own room.
be perfomed standing while that of evening Sandhyx
should be performed, in perfect silence, till the appearance of the stars and planets in the heavens. One
;

should not look at the sun

and a Brahmacharin

shoulcj

forego the use of honey, (conked) meat, scents, garlands

of flowers, shoes, umbrellas, vehicles of all kinds, ancj

unguents.

He
rance,

should
music,

renounce
calumny,

all

anger, greed, igno-

fright,

sexual

intercourse, lust,

bling, thievish or killing propensities,

the

mean.

He

should

not

clean

his

his ear-holes, or stretch or screw up his

9]

gam-

and the service of

teeth,
le<rs,

or

or
sit

prick

Gautama SaihhitA

660
his chin

supporting on his hand, or laugh or yawn, or

contort his limbs,

He

his preceptor.

or twist his body, in the presence of

should not address the sons or wife of

by their names, and avoid using any harsh

(A
language.
disciple) should lie down in a lower bed
than that of his preceptor's, and sleep after he has slept,
his preceptor

leaving his

bed before he

He

rises.

should curb his

tongue, appetite and arms. The name of a preceptor

should be always mentioned with respect. One should
thus behave to

all

of one's

elders and

superiors.

He

should avoid (sitting on) the same bed, or seat with his
where his preceptor sits.
preceptor, or at a place
a
consists
in hearing his behests from
Serving
preceptor

a lower

seat,

and

in

meekly and

faithfully carrying

them

from his seat) at the

his
and
of
follow
him
whenever he goes
preceptor,
sight
his
out.
Interrogated by
preceptor, he should give true
out.

disciple should stand

up

(rise

and correct answers to his queries, sit down to study

whenever he may be pleased to direct him in that
and do nothing but what is pleasant and
behalf,
Likewise he should
beneficial to him
(preceptor).
and
wife.
He should not
sons
to
his
behave
preceptor's
eat the unused residue of the meals of his preceptor's

sons and wife, nor should he press their legs, nor catch
hold of them (during an act of obeisance), nor help them
in

bathing or decorating their persons.

According to certain authorities, a preceptor's wife

happening to be young, a disciple should not touch
her feet during an act of obeisance but returning from
;

a sojourn in a distant country, he

catch hold of her feet.

A
of all

Vedic student

is

at liberty to

castes, except those

who

may be
beg alms

allowed to

of all

and

are degraded or of bad

Gautama SafakM.

66 1

Brahmana, Kshatriya, and

" Bhavat"
should
pronounce the term
Vais'ya (students)
and
(you) respectively at the commencement, middle,
repute.

end

While

soliciting alms,

One

of their solicitations.

should neither beg alms

of one's own preceptor, nor of one's cognates, or of

members of one's preceptor's family. In the event of

alms from any other person, alms may

the afore-mentioned persons in the in-

failing to secure

be asked

of

verse order of enumeration.

All

articles,'

obtained by

begging, should be made over to the preceptor. After

that, with the permission of his preceptor, first had

and

he (disciple) should

obtai'ned,

sit

down

to his meal.

preceptor being absent from his

home, articles of fare, obtained by begging, should be
made over to his wife or son, or to a senior fellow-student.

In the event of the

Silently

he should eat his meal

He

satisfied.

has taken his

food

left

till

the appetite

is fully

should rise up from his dinner just as he

without casting any greedy look on the

fill,

unconsumed.

preceptor should admonish his disciple without

beating him, or inflicting any kind of corporeal punishment on him. In cases of emergency he may be chasor with a bamboo twig
should
king
punish a preceptor for
his
in
other
chastising
pupil
any
way. Each V6da should
be studied, for twelve years, or until it is thoroughly
tised with a cut piece of rope,

without leaves.

mastered and understood

of

perfect

and a pupil should

live

life

Brahmacharyam during each such period

At the

of twelve years.

close of his studies, he should

pay a honorarium to his preceptor and take an ablution with the permission of the latter.
A teacher is
the

foremost of

to others a

all

mother

is

preceptors or superiors
the highest of them

all.

according

Gautama

662

CHAPTER
CERTAIN

ill.

authorities aver that a (disciple), after the close*

choose and adopt any

of the four orders of Brahmachdrin^ Gfihastha (House-

of his

Vedic studies,

holder),
(forest

is

free

to

BhikskU (Mendicant friar), and Vdikk&riasd

dwelling hermits). These orders ate but the'
of that

offspring

of

house-holders

inasmuch as they

preclude the possibility of progeny. Of all these orders

(As'ramas) that of Brahmachdrin entails the pierpetual survillance to one's preceptor.

Having served the

In the
preceptor, he should recite the sacred MdntraS.
absence of the preceptor, the same honour should be'

given to his son, and

in

the

absence of the latter

at

senior disciple of the preceptor should be duly served.

In the absence of all these he should attend to the

sacred
death.

duly consecrated by his preceptor before his

He, who lives such a life, self-controlled, goes

fire

the region of Brahma (after death).

The order of
house-holders is neither hostile to, nor incompatible withy
A Bhikshti who does not
the three aforesaid orders.

to

Store

up any thing
fect continence, and

for

the morrow, lives a

life

of per-

man of steady habits and

should
into
villages for alms during
go
temperament,
He may obtain alms from all except
the rainy season;
is

the fallen and the depraved.

Without giving blessings

any body, and restraining his tongue, sight and hearing, he should put on the girdle cloth only to cover his
The same girdle cloth, even if it becomes
nudity.

to

extremely dirty; should neither be cleansed nor washed.

He should live on fruits of trees and grains of cereals,

and avoid staying two consecutive nights

for alms.

in

a village,

Either he should completely *have the hair of

his head, or wear a tuft of hair on its crown.
Equally

Gautama
Indifferent to

troying any
to any being.

all

Safohita.

creatures, he should

life,

or from

663
refrain

from des-

showing any special kindness

Vaikhandsa (forest-dwelling hermit)

on fruits and edible roots of the forest

shotild
;

live

practising

he should kindle up the sacred

the month of S'rdvana.
He should forego aH

penetential austerities,
fire

in

artificial

by man.
of the

preparations of food used in villages or made"

Firmly devoted to the propitiation of the gods,
Pitris, and of the celestial sages, he rs free to

accept the hospitality of

all,

except the fallen and the

certain circum-

depraved. He may live by begging under

stances. He should abjure all articles of

fare containing

any thing'reared by ploughing, "and refrain from entering

any village whatsoever. He should wear clotted hairs
and be claid in rags or skin, observing temperance in
Certain Achatryayas hold the order of householders (Grihastha) to be the best of all, since its benefits are witnessed,every day, (i'n this life).

eating.

CHAPTER

IV.

HOUSE- HOLdER should marry a wife of his own

caste,
younger in his years, and not previously wedded to*

A marriage should take place between parties

not belonging to the same Pravard
(spiritual clanship).
Persons not related to each other within five

another.

degrees

of consanguinity

degrees on their
in the

on their mother's
father's, or

not standing to each other

relationship of a father's

in wed-lock,

side, or within severi

Vandhu, may be joined

Gautama

664

SaihhitA.

[The form of marriage] in which a girl, bedecked

with ornaments and clad in excellent clothes, is given

away

marriage to an erudite

in

respectable connections,

The form

marriage.

in

is

man

called

of

good conduct and

the

Brahma form of

which ^he bride and the bride-

groom are united together with the injunction

that,

11

both of you lead the life of viture, united in holy

wedlock" is called the Prdjdpatyam.

Arsham

form of marriage a cow and a bullock

are gifted to the bridegroom. The Daivam form of
In the

marriage, on
the sacrificial platform, to a priest officiating at a religious sacrifice- The form in which a youth, and a maiden
bedecked with ornaments, are joined in wedlock, out of

marriage consists

love, is called the

in

which a bride

Asuram.

in

giving

away a

Gandharvam.

The form

for

is

girl in

purchased
money,
The form in which the marriage

of marriage
is
is

called the

effected

by

kidnapping the bride is called the Rakshasam. A marriage, which takes place owing to the bride being ravished by the bridegroom during her sleep, is called the
Paishdcham. The first four forms of marriage are based

on

while certain authorities hold the

virtue,

forms to be

first

six

so.

Sons, issues of marriages celebrated between parties

of

the

same

caste

(Brahmanas),

between Brahmanas

and Kshatriya

girls, and between Bra*hmana and Vais'ya

are
girls,
Amvashtas,
respectively called Savarnas,
Ugras, Nishddas, Daushmantas and Paras'avas. Similarly, sons begot by men, on women, of the same castes, or

of castes

second and third

order of

enumeration, are respectively fcalled

in succession in the inverse

Sutas,

Magadhas, Ayogavas, Kshatras, Vaidehas, and Chandalas. According to others, sons

begotten on Brdhmana

Gautama

Saittkitd.

665
i

women by Brahmanas,

Kshatriyas, Vais'yas and S'udras,

are respectively called Brahmanas, Sutas, Migadhas, and

Similarly, sons begot on Kshatriya women

Chandalas.

by Brahmanas, Kshatriyas, Vais'yas and S'udras, are

called Murdhavasiktas, Kshatriyas, Dhivaras, and Pukkasas.
Likewise, sons begotten on the person of a Vais'ya

woman by

a Brahmana, Kshatriya, Vais'ya, or S'udra, are

respectively called Bhrijjakanthas, Mahishyas, Vais'yas

In the same manner, sons begotten on

and Vaidehas.

a S'udra woman by a Brahmana, Kshatriya, Vais'ya or

a S'udra are respectively designated as Paras'avas,
Yavanas, Karana, and S'udras. Sons begot by fathers
belonging to a superior caste on mothers belong to a caste
immediately, and next to immediately, inferior to their's
(father's) in the order of enumeration, respectively retain their racial superiority up to the
seventh and
fifth

generations,

sons begot by fathers belong-

while

on mothers belonging to one

immediately superior, or to one next to that in superioring to an

that

to,

ity

inferior

caste

of their's

(fathers')

enumeration, retain their

and seventh generations

men

castes

of inferior

in the

inverse order of

degraded status up to the fifth

Sons begot by
respectively.

on

women

of superior castes in

enumeration are disqualified from

performing any religious rites such as S*rdddha$, etc.)

the inverse order of

Sons,

who

are

the

issues

S'udras of different castes,

of

inter-marriages

among

become degraded and

ex-

Issues of A'rsha forms of

marriage
ancestors up to the third degree those

tremely depraved.
sanctify
of

up

their

Daiva and Prdjdpatya forms

to

the tenth

purify their

degree, while those of

sanctify the spirits

of their

anscestors

Brahma forms

cognates up to the third

both
in
the
degree
ascending and descending line.

Gautama

Saihhitd,

CHAPTER
DURING

the

menstrual period

fifteenth

the

after

day
month, one should

visit

V.

(from the fourth to the

appearance of the flow), each

one's wife, on any day except

those interdicted (by the regulations). Each day, the

Vedas should be studied and offerings should be

made unto

One

the gods,

should

men, animals and Rishis*

of water to one's departed

Pi'tris.,

libations

offer

every day life, and

money with the utmost

manes, attend to the duties of

devise means

of
is

energy (one
the

Vedas,

earning

capable

and

of

putting forth).
Studying
to the gods and

oblations

offering

manes, and practising hospitalities

(Manuskya yajna] are acts which are included within
one's household duties. Burnt offerings should be offered

to one's

in

departed

the sacred

(celestial

creator.

and unto the

fire

fire-god,

deities of the different quarters of the

of

chamber)

(sacrificial

respectively

Maruts and house-hold gods at

those unto Brahma should be
ing

those

it;

pitcher,

heaven in angles
sacred

to

Offerings should be made unto the

the door of a room ;

to each of them.

in

Dhanvantari

surgeon)., Vishyedevas,
Prajapati .and the
should
be
made
unto the presiding
Offerings

offered

after

enter-

unto the water-god should be offered

of water; those unto the deities

full

firmament should be offered by reciting the

Mantrah, "Om obeisance to firmament.,'' while those in

of

the

honour

of the

spirits,

that

roam about

should be offered at the advent of even

in

the

tide,

night,

each day.

and alms should be given

after being remade for any

should
be
end,
quested
gifts
Gifts made to a non-Brahmana, tp
religious purpose.

Blessings

to

a.

Brahmana,

that

to a

or

rotriya and to one well-versed jn

t

Gautama

SaihhitS.

667

V6das respectively boar ordinary, double, and a thousand

times (as much) merit, (as an ordinary one), and infinite
fruit. Gifts (charities) should be distributed to pupils begging alms for their preceptors, to the sick soliciting medi}

celebrate

cines, to the indigent, to persons intending to

any

sacrifice,

religious

students, to journey

to

and

straitened circumstances,

to those

engaged

men

in

in cele-

brating Vis'vnjit sacrifices. To others asking for alms,

on the border of a religious platform, should be given
coocked rice. Even having promised him, a gift should

an impious or wicked person. An

untruth spoken by an angry, elated, frightened, agonised
or a greedy person, as well as by an infant, old man, or

made

not be

an

or by

idiot,

no

titutes

to

an

intoxicated or insane person, COHS-

(A house-holder) should

sin.

his house, the infants, old

folks

and married

meals a

AH

his house).

in

men, pregnant women,

house (Suvdsini),

girls residing in his

after

little

feed,

sick-

who cannot be pursuaded

as well as those

first

and

to take

their

chance comers (arrived at

business) should be submit-

all

matters (of

ted to the deliberations of one's preceptor and father's

friends, and one should act according to, and abide by,

One

their decision on the subject.

of

qfferings

Madhuparkas

one's

should worship with

Ritviks

preceptors,

father-in-law, and uncles, as well as a king or a S'rotriya

happening
within

sacrificial

his

to

come

to

one's

house within a year, or

time after the celebration of a marriage or

ceremoney. A seat and water (for washing

that

feet)

should be given to a non-S'rotriya Brahmana

house, while Arghyam and water for

calling at one's

washing
to

his feet

and some kinds

a' S'rotriya calling

should be given to
88

all

at

one's

of food should

house.

be given

Cooked

rice

good men, other than professionaJ

Gautama

66S

Saikhitt.

physicians, arrived at one's house, while to men of reverse

stamp' should be offered grass cushions, water and seats.
In

the,

absence of
to

all

all

one should

these,

offer

a hearty

uals
equals
should

or

The

persons calling at one's house.

and superiors should be always respected.

<

(happening to

superiors

call at one's

One's
house)

be always served with beds, seats, sleeping

ami
rooms,'
unfailing attention-, and one should bid them
at}i-u bv following them up to a little distance from one's
house.

Even those

and

courtesies

be shown, to a small extent, to one's

men

'calling

at

one's

house).

hospitalities

should

inferiors, or to smalt

resident of a distant

having any appointed .place of abode in

one's own village, should be treated, for a single nigl>t r
village,

not

with the honours of an

Atithi

(chance-comer!.

sun-

worshipper should pass the night under a tree without

Peace, health,
sharing one's hospitality as an Atithi.

and freedom from disease should be respectively enquired into, in respect of Brahmanas, Kshatriyas,
A S'udra, or a degraded BrahVais'yas and- S'udras.
prosperity

mana can never

rnaria invited

entertain an Atithi.

on the occasion

of all

placently fed
servants.

of a sacrificial

Brah-

ceremoney

a Kshatriya.
Memcastes other than Brahmarias should be com-

should be served with meals

bers

A degraded

in

the

"after

company

of

one's

(Brdhmana's)

Caul am a Saihhitd.

CHAP! EK

ONE

669

VI.

should catch hold of one's preceptor's fett, every

when first meeting him. Having returned from a

day,
distant country, a

man

should

the feet of one

his parents, maternal

or

elders, and preceptors happening

to

considered most revered

paternal relations,

first fall at

among

be present together in a company. One should make

" I am so and
obeisance by mentioning one's name as

No

so."

kind of formal

be observed or made

husbands and wives.

in

courtesy

obeisance need

or

an assembly of fools, or among

Except on the occasion of start-

ing on a distant journey, one should not catch hold

of the feet of any of one's female relations except those
of one's mother, aunt (father's elder brother's wife)

elder

sister.

One

and

never make obeisance to one's

shall

mother-in-law or to the wife of one's

catching hold of her feet.
one's seat, at the presence

One

brother by

elder

should rise

of a

up from

priest, father-in-law,

younger to one's own self

and not make obeisance to any of them. One

uncle, or of a maternal uncle,

in years,

make obeisance to one's elders in years

(other than B rah m anas
although living in the same
house or village with one's self. A Brahmana should
treat a S'udra, even of full eighty years, as his own child,
but a member of a superior caste, although younger
should

not

in

years than a S'udra,

should be bowed

down by

the latter.

A
caste

member

S'udra shall not address a

by name,

nor

should

any body

of

be

any superior
allowed to

address the king by his name.

Servants, who should
not be called by their names, ought to be addressed as

"O

you,

you."

Similarly,

same day with an addresser,

Vtotriya born on the

Char ana residing in the

Gautama Saihhiid

670

same house with him and his senior by ten years, a

Kalabhara older than him by 6ve years, a Vais'ya
years older than

three

Qfficial,

Kshatriya and an
as "

you,

connections

his

an

self,

you," and not by their names.

(rich

friends),

birth,

office,

illiterate

be addressed

initiated disciple should

Wealth,,

deeds,

know-

ledge and age are the factors which primarily add to

the respectability of a person.
Each of these preceding
factors
in

the

is higher than the one

immediately following it
order of enumeration. But knowledge is the

highest of them all, in as much as

health and virtues.
One should give
to an old

man,
and to one

to a bride,

man,

of tender years

who

CHAPTER
IN times

the source of

way

to

a w*heef-

to a Snataka, to a king r

should be protected.

VII.

Brdhmana may

of distress

it is

fearn

an art or

a science from a non-Brahmana teacher, and he should

and follow

serve

Among

study.

his

the close of his

preceptor until

Brahmanic

the

offices

of

celebrating

religious sacrifices, teaching, and receiving gifts, each

preceding function is more meritorious than the one im-

mediately following it in the order of enumeration. Failing to secure any of these offices, a Br^hmana is authorized

to

live

by the profession

profession^, in failure

the

profession

cattle rearing).
etc.,

of

as a Vais'ya,

whereof he

of
is

a Kshatriya (military
at liberty to

Vais'ya (trade,

Brahmana, even
shall

refrain

if

adopt

agriculture,

he

lives

and

by trade

from selling perfumes,

confectionary, sesame,

sweet vegetable saps, articles of

hemp-twists, silk cloths, skins, dyed or bleached cloths,

Gautama
milk or

its

modifications,

S>i>hhttd.

671

edible roots,

fruit,

flowers,

medicines, honey, hay, flesh, water, or any unwholesome

Animals such as go-ats,
article of fare for money.
sold
to a butcher, or to one
should
not
be
cows, etc.,

who may be
girls,

reasonably apprehended to

arms and weapons,

and lamb,

etc.,

According

castrated bulls,

kine,

bullocks,

One kind

not marketable commodities.

barley, she-goats r

never be sold.

should

authorities

certain

land, paddy,

Men

them.

kill

of vegetable

to-

are

sap

exchange of another kind. Similarly,

animals should be exchanged for one another, and salt,
confection and sesame must be exchanged for similar

may be

sold

in

Cooked articles may be

raw ones, and if possible a Brahmana
kinds of metals.
Members of all castes,

substances of equal weight.

exchanged

may

for

deal in

all

except S'udras,

earn a livelihood by their

mny live by trade. Several

to

failing

respective

professions,

authorities

hold the

latter

Even while making

Brahmana should

view.

this interchange of caste-professions, a

from eating any

refrain

offspring

cases

of

where

article forbidden to

life

is

rised to bear arms,

among
jeopardised a Brahmana

and a Kshatriya

CHAPTER
THERE

are

two persons in
The one

perpetual vows.

Brahmana.
is

the

be taken by

those castes.

inter- marriages

to live

by

is

In-

autho-

trade.

VIII.

this

world whose lives are

the king, the other is a

Of these one having the higher
knowledge

greater.

The

inner

is

(racial)

instincts

of

the

four orders of society are perishable

The
(changeable).
(racial) lives of men of all the four orders are subject to

672
change, aberrations, and hybridisation. Virtue consists in
He alone
preserving the purity of one's native stock.

man of varied
Srutti) who is conversant
is

called a

(subdivisions of the

and laws

of

(profound) knowledge (Vahn

with the Vedas, Veddngas

Ved^s], history,

human

nature,

(realise) the teachings of the

Pur ana s>

literature,

constantly tries to imitate

Ved.is in his life, is conse-

with the forty forms of consecratory rites, is deperformance of (three kinds of) acts, humble

crated

voted to the

to persons suffering from the six kinds of distempers,

and

has conquered the six senses. Such a person, even if he

has committed any delinquincy, should not be punished,
condemned, or banished by his king from his native

The

country.

consecratory rites

forty

are

Garbha-

dhdnam, Pumsavtinam Simmnntonnyanam.Jdtaknrma,

Ndmakaranam, Annaprds'anam^ Chuddkaranam, Brahmacharyam with a view to study the four Vedas, cere}

monial ablutions, marriage, celebration of religious sacrifices in honor of the deities and one's
departed manes,
the daily practice of hospitalities to men and beasts, celebration of Xraddha ceremonies under the auspicies of
the full moon in the months of .S rdvana,
Agrahdyann^
J'

and As'vina, as well as

Chaitra,

Ashtakas,

rite

of depositing

Anihotram> Darsd Purnam<i$t

celebrated on days

month),

of the

Chnturmdsyam

(a

full

(a

religions

of

the

celebration

Vedic

of

of

(a kind of

Sautramnee, Agnishtoma, Uktha,

Vajapeya, Atirdtram and Aptoryama /.these

forms of Soma Yajna). Tue
eight forms of

Shodasi,

seven

fire,

sacrifice

vow observed for

Vrdvana to that of

religious sacrifice^,

and

as

and new moon, each

Nirudha Pasubandha,

sacrifice),

known

on the sacred

religious

months from the month

Agrahdyana and closed with
four

of those

fuels

Gautama

non-hostility, cleanness

hilation of the desire

673

kindness towards

are

virtues

spirittfal

foibearanre,

^ariJnta.

all

(of

creatures,

spirit),

anni-

of hurling

any body, doing good

absence of niggardliness, and apathy. Persons
not consecrated with the above-said forty consecratory

to

all,

not possessing these eight spiritual virtues,

ran never attain to the region of Brahma, or hold
communion with him on the contrary, those, conserites,

or

crated with most of these

consecratory rites and

forty

possessing a major portion of these spiritual virtues,

enabled to hold communion with Brahma, and to

are

live in the

same region with

that

CHAPTER

supreme Being.

IX.

HAVING completed

his study of the Vedas, a Bralimana

should duly perform a ceremonial ablution, and
marry.
After that, he should discharge the duties of a house-

holder, according to the injunctions of the S'astras, and

undertake the observance of the
following rules of

conduct

I'ratas

He

should duly bathe, each day,

(according to scriphiral ordinances), and nourish a clean soul in a
clean
body. He should use excellent perfumes, and take an
ablution (in a river if possible
each
He should
1

day.

forego wearing an old or dirty, or an unclean and dyed

cloth, or one previously worn by another, if his

means

admits of

such

a conduct.

He

should

not

put any

shoes or rosary, incapable of

being re-purified, and
must not grow a beard except under
circumstances

He should not simultaneenjoined in the scriptures.

catch
hold
of
a
ously
water-pot and a fire
(lighted

Gautama

674

substance) with his both hands, nor drink water with the
united palms of his hands.
Standing he should not
rinse his inouth with water previously collected for

the

He

should not perform a rite of A'chamanam

purpose.
with water anywise defiled by the touch of a S'udra
or of any impure substance, nor with that poured out
by catching hold of the water-vessel with one hand.

He

should not urinate or evacuate

the contents

of his

or caste any other impure organic matter lookthe sun, or facing the wind, or looking at
towards
ing
a cowi, Brahmana, or a divine image.
He should not

bowels,

stretch

his

draw out

legs
his

towards the image of any deity, nor

or urine with a stone.
He should

feces

avoid sitting on husks, ashes, hairs, and bits of broken

bones.
He should not hold any conversation with a
Mlechchha, or with a pariah, and must not forget ta

mentally recite the names of saintly persons, or to talk

to a Brahmana immediately after, in the event of being
forced to enter into such a conversation.

A person having no kine of his own should be addressed as Dhenubhavya (fortunate with cows), and
an ungentle person

(Abhadr.i) should be accosted as

" Gentleman." Skeletal bones

(Ktipalas) should be called

Bhagalas (skulls), and a rainbow (Indradhanu^ should

be called a Mani Dkanu (lit a Gem-bow). Seeing
a calf stealthily sucking the milk of its mother, one
:

not report the fact to her owner, nor a man<

should make the least delay in washing his person after

should

a coitus, or read the Vedas while sitting or tying downin that defiled

Having

bed.

left his

bed and studied before the break

oft

dawn, a person should not lie down again, nor a man

should sextually know a woman in her menses, nor one

Gautama

Satiihttd.

675
*

raabedecked with ornaments, one should not even emher puberty, nor a
girl who has not attained

brace a

woman

her menses.

in

fire

should not be kindled

by flowing with the mouth, nor one should use obscene

words, nor stir abroad garlanded, or smeared with sandal

One

paste.

nor

person,

should not cast even a look at a wicked

down

sit

to

a meal

the

in

company

of

one's wife.

A
her

not be seen even while performing

toilette, nor a house (room) should be entered by
wife should

a private door

(lit: filthy

One

passage).

shoald not

cause his feet to be washed by another, nor eat his

meal at a place of questionable safety. Swiming
across a river, climbing trees or inaccessible heights,
and doing things which are ordinarily supposed to

One should
imperil life, should be always condemned.
avoid getting into a risky boat, and do one's utmost
to protect one's self.
One should not go out covering
one's head in the day, nor uncovering it in the night.
Easing one's self at an uncovered and unscreened
place,

or close to one's

house,

or over ashes or dry

or on

the road, or in the shade, is always

cow-dung,
condemnable. At morning or evening, as well as during
the day, one should ease one's self by looking towards

the north, and towards the

south

during

and

seats,

made

Sandals,

tooth-brushes,

the
of

night.

Palas'a

wood, should never be used.

One should
or bow down
The morning,
pectively made

not eat,
(to

sit

down,

lie

down, welcome,
a superior), with one's shoes on.

no6n,
fruitful

and

evening

should

by pursuing matters

be

res-

of piety,

wealth; and enjoyment.

Piety, wealth and enjoyment
are the sources of virtue, The nudity of another man's

Ga u ta ma Sa ih h rt&

676

wife should never be observed, nor seats

dragged on with the legs.

should be

eyes, genitals, hands,

and

'

and cushions-

AH

ludity of the

and oveVloading

legs,

stomach should be foresworn.

'

of the

Biting of nails or weeds,

digging into the ground with toes, rubbing and twisting"

of the body (are acts) which should never'

the limbs

One
bound cow or
be done.

should
bullock,

not

leap

nor

over the tether of a

do any thing that

brings"-

disgrace on his family.

One

not attend the celebration of a religious

sacrifice without first being elected (as a priest) to that

end

s-hould

one may so attend

but

as

a mere

on-looker.

Eating by taking morsels of food, kept in the folds of the

tugged up hem

of

one's

wearing

cloth, is bad.

Pressed

by one's female slave, one should not take, in the night,

the combination of the articles of fare known as
Chaturviryayam. Morning and evening, a person should
his meal without anywise condemning- the food

eat

served out to him.

in

the

night,

Bathing, or sleeping without clothes,

should be condemned as unwholesome.

One should

act, as persons of venerable age, who are

the knowers of their Selves and perusers of the Vdas
and are likewise devoid of greed, pride and delusion,
would advise one to act (on definite occasions.) For tlie

attainment of bliss
resort

to

being.

men

his

in

lord

through
(Is'-uara]

Yoga, an individual shoul4

and not to any other

and pious
should rear

spiritual preceptor, a tutelary deity,

general

are called Is'varas.

One

one's dwelling house in a

country where water, Kus'a
and
grass
garlands of flowers are obtained, and which'
is

inhabited

by a large number of

A ryas\
f

and Brah-

manas, custodians of the consecrated fire. One should;

circumambulate spacious and holy divine temples, or

Oantam*

-Sat*

Mt A.

677

quadrangles.^ These rules of

conduct should be,- faithfully followed and observed by

devoutly, walk along

all

till

be cleanly
in

gentle

It

<ieath.
in-

its

is

on

imperatively obligatory

all

to

and conduct,

their habits, truthful in spirit

and discourse, open and straight

dealings, and faithful to the teachings

their speech

forward

in their

of the

Vedas.

are charitable,

in disposition, firm in the

their hearts, amiable

of their.duti.es,

who

Those,

loving in

discharge

and have subdued their senses, succour

the souls of their parents, together with those of seven

^generations of their relations both in the ascending and

descending

and

Sndtakas, who are perpetual vowists

practisers of austerities, suffer no fall

jines.

constant

fr.om the region of

Brahma,

CHAPTER
EVERY

twice-born one

of the Vedas,
charities.

tise

ligious

which
duly

entitled to prosecute the

study

to celebrate

Of

sacrifices,

these,

Vedic

sacrifices,

the

ri^ht

and

of gifts are functions

of a

Brahmana.

cognates, and friends

initiated

preceptor,
as .well as his relations,

Brahmanas,
means,

to prac-

celebrations of re-

teaching,

and acceptance

specifically from

Brajimana,
may teach
said

is

X.

him the

Vedas

in

live

A
a

older in his years,

consideration of fees.

failing to earn a living

may

of

by taking

by any

of

the above-

to agriculture, trade,

king has several special duties

of his 'own in addition to those described as
obligatory

or

money-lending.

on people

in general.
They are (i) Protection of all,
Just punishment of the wicked according to the provisions of scriptural law;;, (3) supporting Brahmanas vyho

(2)

Gautama

6jB

are S?rotriyas or do not exert themselves for any

ly gain, or are devoid of all means of earning, or are in
}

a state of pupelage, intending to settle down as householders at the close of their study (Upakurv&na^ (4)
constant readiness and exertion for the conquest of
foreign territories, (5) adoption of extreme caution du-

ring times of distress, (6)

in

battle

and the leading

of his soldiers

bow and arrow

from his war-chariot with a

without setting his back upon his foes.

Destruction of life in war is not culpable, but a king,
in his hands,

by killing an antagonist, whose horse or charioteer has

been shot dead, or whose arms and weapons have been
or a Bra'hmana, or a messenger
maimed at the root of a tree, or

broken or damaged,

or lying down
a person taken captive in war, or sitting with
sitting

commits

his

hairs

Kshatriya, serving under a

be
allowed
should
to do all things that
foreign king,
his
done
victor has the
can be legitimately
king.
by
dishevelled,

sin.

sole right ta booties

Animal* of con-

obtained in war.

veyance and (surplus) treasures seized

in

war should go

to the king.
king should distribute treasures (booties)
A subject is
other than these among his subordinates.

bound
pay a
the

pay revenue

to

to

his

king.

tenth, eighth, or a sixth part

king as

Cultivators should
of their

produce to

Several authorities aver that a

revenue.

part of the profit on animals and gold should be

to the king.
Generally a twentieth part of the

fiftieth

paid

profits of

trade,

and a

six part

of

that

made on

fruit,

honey, flowers, medicines, or bulbs should go to the

coffer of a king, inasmuch as a king ensures the safe
possession of

The
charges

all

surplus
of a

these articles.
of the

good and

revenue, after defraying

efficient

all

the

government, should be

Gautama

679

Satiihitd.

Artiappropriated by a king for his personal expenses.

sans of different guilds should serve the king with their
skilled labour, each month, turn and turn about, all the

year round.
potters

Free workers or craftsmen, even including

and boatmen, should thus serve

their soverign.

be entittled to get their food only from the

They
Tradesmen
royal store during their term of service.
will

would not pay the king's taxes in the event of their

goods being sold in the market at rates lesser than their
cost price.

On

obtaining an unclaimed good, or an article

is not known, one should immediate-

whose owner's name

inform the king of the matter ; and the king shall cause
a proclaimation to be made within his territory, stating
ly

the description of the

to

keep such an

thus obtained, and asking

article

be lawful for a king

his custody for a year. Failing

for proofs of its ownership.

article in

It shall

real owner within that time, the king

cause a fourth part of the value of the article to
be paid over to the person who had first found it out,

to ascertain

its

shall

making over the balance

to the public treasury.

All coparcerners are equally entitled to a property

obtained by right of inheritance, or acquired by that of
sale, purchase, or gift.
Only Brdhmanas are entitled
to (unclaimed) estates originally acquired

Kshatrayas

are

entitled

by way of a

to

solely
(unclaimed)
acquired by conquest
Vais'yas are solely
entitled to unclaimed properties acquired
by trade,
while S'udras are solely entitled to those acquired by
gift

properties

service.

A
sure

king shall have no right to an underground treafound by a Brdhmana

whereas the procedure
;

to be adapted in respect of

been

set forth above.

non-Brahmana

finders

have

According to certain authorities

Gautama Saihhttd
a npn-Brahmana

entitled to a sixth part of an under-.

is

ground treasure found and unearthed by him.

article

theft, a king shall cause the stolen

from the thief and make it over
recovered
be
to

to

rightful

a -case of

In

its

of an infant

and

authorised to pjy on a trade or agricul-

are

Vais'yas
ture,

owner. A king shall protect the estate

he attains the age of discretion.

till

to rear cattle

the four

to

addition

and carry on money" lending,

duties

of

in

(Vedic)

prosecuting

and niaking gifts.

S'udra, and Sudras

studies, celebrating religious sacrifices,

The

order of

fourth

are

all"

forbearance,

S'udra

monies

competent
honour of his

services

of

purposes of A'chamanam.
S'raddha cere"
departed manes. A S'udra

feet for the

is

own

support his

shall

the

in

'

Even S'udras should practise

and truthfulness, and wash

toleration,

hands and

their

any

to celebrate the

servants,

S'udra shall take his

salary

put on the old and cast

wear

his

the

S'udra

and devote himself

off

from

his master.

unused residue
earn

of

his

He

clothes of his master,

shoes, use his old umbrellas,

old

to

of the three superior social orders.

shall

of

is

society

one caste.

of

meals.

and partake
Otherwise a

by doing any kind of

handicraft.
The person, whom a S'udra might serve
as his master, is bound to support him in his old age,

may

his

livelihood

he becomes incapable of doing further service.

Likewise, a S'udra is bound to support his master in

even

if

his old age, or

if

fallen

on

evil days.

His

master shall

have a right to his estate, and he will be competent to

"
order him to accept other mens' service.
Namas"
is
the
is coma
Mantra
S'udra
which
(obeisance)
only
a
petent to utter. According to several authorities
S'udra is competent to^ do the Pdkayffjna.
Members
;

68*

Gnu t a ma Saihkit&
*

of an

members
any

order

social

inferior

of superior

aryas are equal

social

function

distinctive

should respectively serve

In the absence of
orders.

or profession,

in status (caste).

CHAPTER

-KiNG

XI.

sovereign lord of all except the Brahshould always do good to his subjects,

the

is

He

manas.

Aryas and An-

and speak in a sweet and majestic voice. He should;

be well versed in the V$das* and science of reasoning.
Pure, self controlled, full of resources and equipped
with the willing service of efficient men, he

should

deal

even handed Justice to his subjects, and do what preMembers of all the
rninently conduces to their good.

make
three social orders except Brahmanas should
obeisance to a king, seated on* a higher s^at ^than the
rest of his courtiers), and even Brahmanas should show
him every mark
protect the

of deference.

members

of the

four

king shall lawfully

social

orders in the

proper duties, and walking by

the path of virtue he shall make others conform to
that path, and cause them to perform their respec-

due discharge

tive

share

duties
in

eloquent,

of their

in

the

life.

virtues

we'll

king

of his

is

subjects.

born, 'handsome, elderly

unimpeachable character,

to

supposed

take a

just, erudite-,

Brahmana

of

who has

practised penitential
should be appointed as the royal priest,
and a king should do all (religious) acts according to
his advice.
The energy of the Kshatriyas (military
austerities,

backed

by the energy
and
wisdom) leads
(knowledge

vigour)

of

the

to success,

Brahmanas
and

suffers-

Gautama

682

The words

no defeat.

Saihhita.

men, who have the

of

of

gift

reading and foretelling dreadflul natural phenomena,

should be listened to with the greatest readiness. Several
aver that the

authorities

and prosperity

safety

of

king solely depends upon these people (readers of unThe royal Ritviks shall under-

natural phenomena).

the
in
take the performance of those mystic rites,
sacred fire chamber, that are calculated to bring peace,
health, prosperity and a long life to their soverign, and

such like acts of

or

bliss,

to

kill

or Jeopardise

the

contentions of

his

health of his adversaries.

shall

king

adjudicate

the

subjects. Injunctions found in the Vedas, Veda*ngas,

Purinas, and customs of a country or family, and racial
usages, not incompatible with those injunctions, are

which

the factors

a royal tribunal

among

should determine the decision

in

should

artisans,

sideration

in

people.
from the

award what

be

of

money

cattle,

taken

respectively

adjudicating

the

king should learn

members

Customs

these cases.

traders, rearers

of

those

of

obtaining
lenders and
into

contentions
all

con-

of these

about these usages

respective guilds,

found due to each

and

conformity with
the principles of equity and good conscience. In cases
of doubt, the opinions of erudite Brahmanas, well
is

in

should be consulted, and the

Vedas^
be
should
judgment
given according to their decision.
By so doing a king shall come by good and bliss in this

versed in the

energy of the
manifestly true that the
the
Bra'hmanas
forms the
backed
that
of
Kshatriyas
by
main stay of the regions of the celestials, Pitris and

life.

It

is

men. The creation (primary object) of punishment is for

checking the miscreants and wrong-doers. Members

Gautama SafahM

683

respective duties
the
in life, after having enjoyed
unenjoyed residue of
the fruit of their works, are reborn as long-lived, in-

<of

the four social orders, true to their

erudite,

telligent,

special

sanctity.

virtuous

individuals in

Those, who

are

of

families

false to their duties

are destroyed.
Punishing the wrong doers, and
the
have been laid down by the
virtuous
rewarding
in

life,

wise, hence kings

and wise men are never condemnable.

CHAPTER

KING

shall

XII.

cause that limb of a S'udra to be cut

off

with which he might have assaulted or offended a Brahmana. A S'udra, detected in the act of sexually knowing a

Brahmana woman,

or guilty of that offence, should

be punished by cutting off his genitals. A S'udra who

has robbed a Brahmana, or keeps any article belonging
to a Brahmana concealed after having stolen it, may be
punished with death. A king shall cause molten lead
or shellac to be poured into the ear-holes of a Sudra

who

has willfully heard

Similarly,

the

a recitation

punishment

the cleaving of his tongue.

of the

for his reciting the

fine of

Vedas.

V6das

is

a hundred Panas

should be realised from a S'udra striving to be equal

to a Brahmana in a bed or seat, or treating a Brahmana

on the road as an equal. Similarly, a fine of equal value

should be realised from a Kshatriya who might have
badly treated a Brahmana, whereas the fine should be
doubled in cases of actual assault.

For the offence of

rudely treating a Brahmana, a Vais'ya should be punished

with a fine of two hundred and fifty Panas. (On the
other hand) for the offence of rudely handling a Kshatriya,

90

Gautama

'

684

a Brahmana should be made to a pay a money penalty

of fifty Panas, while his punishment for rudely be-

having with a Vais'ya would be a fine of half as much

amount. No Brahmana should be punished for roughly

As

handling a S'udra*

Brahmana

punished for
treatment ta a Kshatriya, so a
r
punished f r offensively behaving with a
is

doing any offensive

is

Kshatriya

The

gold theft should be successively

regarded as doubly more heinous in respect
of Vaisya, Kshatriya and Brahmana stealers than that
S'udra.

offence

of

committed by a S'udra. Members of all castes should

be equally punished for the offence of abusing Brahmanas. A fine of five Krishna la is the punishment for
taking a small quantity of turmuric, paddy, or potherbs
without the

knowledge

of

its

rightful

owner.

mischief done by an animalowned by him, or the keeper of such an animal shall

be held responsible in the event of its being lent

master

to

him

is

for

done

being
an unfenced
field

a fine of

the

In the event of any mischief

keeping.
a
the road
or in?
stray cattle on
by
field,

be

should

An owner

for

liable

of a

of

any

of these

owner

an ass

of the animal or of the

successively held responsible for

cow or a bullock shall be liable to

Mnshds, that

five

and

the

five

Mdshas

animals.

of a
for

camel

six

it

pay

Mtishas r

any mischief done by

of a horse or of a

An owner

she-buffalo shall be liable to

pay a

fine of ten

Mdshas

any mischief done by it, the penalty to be paid by

an owner of a goat or a lamb, under the circumstances,
being two Mdshas only. A fine of a hundred Mdshas
for

should be paid by the owner of astray animal for its

destroying the whole crop of a field
money-penalty
of the same amount should be
paid by a man for his
;

Gautama

Saihhitd.

685
i

ommission

in

of a

one.

wrong

doing the right

Moreover,

commission

act, or for his

all

the

money, except that

found necessary for defraying the expenses

and clothing, should be confiscated. Hay
fuels

for

flowers from

fire,

growing

money

part thereof.

(lent)

According

may be charged

to

certain

from after

redeemed by paying
the

from trees

person of

the mortgaged

authorities, interest

Mdshas per month

loan being more than

lent for a long period should

of the

a year. Interest on money

double the amount of principal.

of

fruits

should not exceed a twentieth

at the rate of five

the event of the term

charged

cattle,

an unfenced orchard not one's own.

Interest on

in

for

plants and creepers, even

may be collected by one as

though belonging to others,

one's own.
Similarly, one may collect
in

of his food

Interest

must not be

mortgaged property has been

off

the principal,

a mortgagor,

or in the event

intending to redeem

being seized by the creditor

property,

Compound interest (Chakra Vriddhi] on

may be allowed under certain circumstances.

(mortgagee).

money

"lent

Personal
the

services

mesne

by a mortgagor, or

profits of a

counted as payment of

enjoyment

of

property may be
on animals,
should not be charged

mortgaged
interest.

Interests

precious stones, wool, fields, eic

more than five, times the ordinary rate.
,

A person
holding an uninterrupted and continuous possession of
a property in the face of its owner, other than an infant
or an idiot, shall acquire a proprietary right therein.
at

But such a continuous possession of a property owned

by a S'rotriya, king or an itinerant
or

by a person

to

any

title

of

renowned

thereto

in

virtues

Brahmachdrin,
would not give rise

favour of the

thing short of an absolute

possessor.
Any
possession of animals, land,

Gautama

686

SaihhitA.

and slave

girls

would not create a right thereto h

favour of the person holding possession thereof.

The heirs of a person are bound to pay off his debts.

But a son

by

is

not bound to discharge a debt incurred

deceased father

his

in his

life-time

for

standing as

a surety for another, or due by him to a wine-shop or a

gambling saloon, or to his king as an unpaid tax on a

No unblameable person is bound to make good

food
stuff, treasure, etc., held in trust by him, in
any
But
the event of their being accidentally destroyed.

trade.

he

is

bound

through

to

make good

the loss

if

they are destroyed

his wilful negligence.

A stealer of gold, weighing about eight Ratis, shall

surrender himself to the king with a club in his hand,
He shall be
confessing his guilt in dishevelled hairs.
exonerated of

his crime, if he dies or not, after having

been assaulted by the king with that club. A king
commits sin by not striking the culprits hard in these
cases.
All forms of Brdhmanas are above corporeal

punishment. A Brahmana, found guilty of an offence,

should be deprived of his privileges, and his king shall
cause his guilt to be proclaimed in the country, and
banish him therefrom by branding his body with sticks of
hot iron.
A king, by punishing a Brdhmana in any other
form, shall be liable to atone for his sin.

An

abettor of theft,

as well

as the person

who

re-

ceives any stolen article with a guilty knowledge, should

be regarded as equally punishable as a thief. Punishments should be inflicted in consideration of the heinous-

ness of a crime and of the bodily strength of a criminal,

or otherwise according to the dictates of persons, well-

versed in the Vedas.

687

CHAPTER

XIII.

IN cases of litigation, a king shall ascertain what is true

and what is false from the witnesses. Even honest

devoid of

S'udras,

all

feelings

and whom the king may

of

envy and

safely trust,

partiality,

may be

cited as

A greater preference should be attached

statement of a Brahmana than that of a non-

witnesses.
to

the

Witnesses, not formally adduced

(witness).
testimony, are not bound to appear at the court,
but such witnesses, (accidentally) present in the court, if

Brahmana

to give

interrogated by the king, must speak truth, in asmuch as

truth-speaking leads to heaven, and a lie is the key to

Even non-subpcened witnesses may give testicases where (summoned) witnesses have fallen ill.

hell-door.

mony

An

in

intoxicated person

may

cite witnesses to

speak

in his

king, the members of a tribunal, and even

witnesses present therein acquire demerit through any

The

behalf.

violation

ceeding).

mony

moral laws

of

(in

the course of a legal pro-

Non-Brdhmana witnesses

either

shall

give testi-

on oath or on solemn affirmation.

Their

evidences should be taken in the assembly of the king

and the Brahmanas, or before an imaged deity. Ten
generations of a witness, giving false evidence on account of (for the acquisition of) a small animal, go to
hell.

False testimony, given on account of a cow, horse,

leads ten, thousand, ten thousand and a

or a man,

hundred thousand generations

of the

speaker to

hell.

By speaking falsehood for the ownership of a land one

commits the same sin as is committed by
all
killing

the animals.

Falsehood spoken for (safe-guarding) the right of water

produces a sin which is similar to that spoken of for the
sake of a proprietary right in land.

Falsehood, spoken

Gautama

688

Saihhita.

connection with an act of sexual intercourse, equally

Falsesoils the soul of the speaker as the two above.

in

spoken on account

hood,

of

honey and melted

butter,

is equally venal as that spoken on account of a domestic

animal.
Falsehood, spoken for the sake of a cloth,

paddy, or the Vedas, is equally defiling as that spoken for

the sake of a cow.
Falsehood, spoken for the sake of

a carriage or conveyance, is equally culpable as that

spoken for the sake of a horse. A king shall punish
a perjuring witness either with a fine or corporeal punish-

ment.

falsehood, spoken for saving the

man

life

of a

good

(falsely accused of an offence), constitutes no sin

but such a lie for the sake of saving the life of a wicked
;

person should never be

told.

adjudicate legal proceedings.

king or his judges shall

In proceedings concern-

ing wives, kine, disputes of pregnancy, recognisances

should be taken for a year, and the trial should go on
that time.

after

Matters, of which a delayed adjudica-

damage, should be perempTruth

spoken before the president
torily adjudicated.
forms the highest
of a royal tribunal (Prrfdmveka)

tion

may

result in loss or

virtue.

CHARIER

XIV.

in respect of the iniperiod of death-uncleaness

lasts for ten nights,
tiated, Ritviks and Brahmachdrins,
a deceased relation
of
that in respect of the cognates
is for eleven
Kshatriyas remain unclean for

THE

nights.

twelve

fifteen days,
Vais'yas remain unclean for
under the
month
a
for
remain unclean

nights,

and S'udras
circumstance.

death-uncleanness occurring within the

Gautama

Sariihitd,

689

term of a previous and existing one terminates with the

A new

latter.

death-uncleanness, occurring

in the

small

hours of the night on which a previous one would abate,

lasts for another two days, while occurring on the morning
it lasts for three
days more. The period of
uncleanness incidental to the death of a person killed
by a cow or a Brahmana lasts for three nights only.

of that date

No

death uncleanness should be

with

tion

death

the

of

hanging or drowning, or

observed

in

connec-

dead by poison,
a person dead from ob-

suicide,

of

serving a religious fast ( raypaveshanam), or of one

killed by fire or an arrow, or in a battle, or in appease-

ment

of a royal wrath.

The

tie

Sapindaship terminates either

of

or seventh degree of consanguinity,

in

and

rules laid

connection with death uncleanness shall

of birth

uncleanness as well.

ness incidental

to-

the

hold

down
good

The

period of uncleanoccurrence of a miscarriage of

in one's family lasts for

pregnancy

in the fifth

as

many number

of

days as that of the month at which the miscarriage has

taken place, the observance of which is binding

only
death or birth uncleanness, heard
of after the tenth day of its occurrence, should be observed (by the hearer) for another three days.
As'a-

on the parents.

pinda

relations of a dead person remain unclean for two-

days

after

his

death,

while a disciple, on the death ol

his preceptor, remains unclean for a day and night.

Similarly, the. period of uncleanness to be observed!

with the death of a S'rotriya is one

an uncleanness incidental to touchSuch
day only.
ing or carrying a dead body is one day, S'udras and

in

connection

Vais'yas

partaking

remain unclean
of

the

boiled

for

ten

rice

of

days by voluntarily
a person
labouring

Gautama Sa

690

under a death or birth uncleanness

and

while BrahmattaS

distress, who have partaken of

one defiled by a birth, or death,
should likewise remain unclean for ten
in

Kshatriyas,

the cooked rice

uncleanness,

of

man remains unclean for three days on

days.
the death of a spiritual preceptor, or of a wife or
son of a spiritual
preceptor, or of a Yajamdna
or of

disciple.

touching the
caste,

and

A member

of

superior caste

dead body of a member of an

versa

vice

cleanness laid

down

caste of the

deceased.

in

inferior

should observe a period of unrespect of the member of the

Having touched a Chanddla,

woman, or a woman in her menses, or a

dead body, or a person defiled by the touch of any of
these persons, one should regain one's purification by

parturient

bathing with one's clothes on. Likewise, a man, having

followed a corpse to a cremation ground, should recover
personal purity by bathing with
Certain authorities hold that having
his

all his

clothes on.

touched cooked

food eaten by a dog (lit unused residue of a dog's

meal) one should regain one's purity by acting as above
:

described.

CHAPTER XV.

Now

Sraddha

shall

discourse

ceremonies.

on the mode
Gifts

should be

of

celebrating

made on

the

day of the new moon for the peace of the soul of one's
deceased father similar gifts may be likewise made on
;

months. S'rdddhas should be

days
performed on the receipt of articles enjoined to be
used in the S'rdddha ceremonies, and on the advent of
the

fifth

of lunar

tlama Satiihitd.

691

to be employed for the purpose at a place

such performances are held as highly
where
country,
meritorious.
The cooking and quality of the rice (to

Brahmanas,

fit

or

in connection with a S'rdddha ceremony) should

be made as good as one's means would admit of. Nine
or any odd number of S'rotriya Brahmanas of unim-

be used

peachable character, and

of

full

health,

and

vigour,

personal beauty, and possessing eloquence and learning,

should be feasted on the occasion of a S'rdddha cereCertain authorities aver that young Brahmanas
the performer of the

mony.

should be feasted instead, and

should

ceremony

own

father,

and

look

with them.

ribaldry

Sapindas,

disciples,

making

or

Sapindas

as

his

or friendly

a son,

of

on

celebrate

to

them

of

friends

the absence

In

be competent

side, shall

each

upon

refrain from

the

one's

mother's

one's S'rdddha

ceremony.
absence of

the

In

and

S'rdddha.

Mdsha

pulse,

An

barley,

offering,

Vrihi

one's priest

(Ritvik)

be competent to perform

preceptor shall

spiritual

one's

disciples,

consisting

grain,

of

sesame,

and water, offered

unto one's departed manes, gratifies theircravings (for

Pindas) for a month. A S'rdddha ceremony celebrated
with the offerings of venison, or mutton, or with the flesh
of a hare, Ruru dear, rhinoceros, or boar, in honour
of

one's

departed manes,

them with

satisfaction

S'rdddha performed with the offerings

cow-milk, and sweet porridge (Pdyasa) fills them

for a year.

of

fills

(with satisfaction) for a year.

Offerings, consisting
of the flesh of a large or black goat, or of that of a
rhinoceros or Kdlasdka, smeared with honey, and made

unto

one's

tion for a

departed
period

of

manes, fill them with satisfactwelve years. Thieves, eunuchs,

692

Gautama Savhhitd

<

degraded

persons,

athiests,

Virah&s*

Agredidhishupatis% and men who act

women

to

priests

worshippers

only,

Didhisupatis\

in the capacity

of village

of

deities,

goat-keepers, drunkards, gluttons, wicked or depraved

individuals, professional false witnesses and warders

should not be fed on the occasion of a S'raddha cere-

mony.

who partake

persons

Similarly,

boiled

of the

prepared by Kundas, sellers of Soma Juice, incendiaries, poisoners, Avakirnis

keepers of concubines,
rice

who have

persons
cruel

wilfully

interdicted

who have married

individuals

men,

||

known

women,

before

the

marriage of their elder brothers, and such elder brothers,

abandoned by

storers of grain, persons

their

own

parasites, individuals suffering from bad nails,

purrigo and kindred cutaneous

affections,

people,

psoriasis,

professional

and promusicians should not

sureties, usurers, trades-men, artisans, archers,

fessional

be fed

dancers,

in

singers

connection

ceremonies.

and

vviiii

Individuals

of

S'raddha

their fathers

have reluc-

celebrations

whom

separated from the family commensality should

not be likewise fed on the occasion of a Srdddha

tantly

ceremony.

* Virahas,

Several authorities aver that one's cognates

Persons

f Didhishupatis.
brothers'
J

who have

widows without any

Husbands

of

neglected their domestic

fires.

Persons who have carnal intercourse with their

married

religious injunctions.

women whose

Tr.

elder sisters are

still

un-

married.

son born in adultery while the married husband of his mother

is living.
U

Religious siidents

who have committed

acts of incontinence.

Tr.

Gautama

Saihhitd.

693
i

and

should not be fed in connection with the

disciples

celebration of one's S'rdddha ceremony.

A
to

performer of a

Sraddha ceremony

be fed that day (date of

the

should cause

celebration

of

the

Brdhmanas, possessed of more than three

A S'rdddha ceremony performed by a
qualifications.
person, seated on the bed of a S'udra, leads to a residence
S'rdddha)

of his departed

manes among excrements,

for a

month.

Hence, one should practise Brahmacharyayam on the

day of the celebration of a S'rdddha ceremony. Obla-

by a dog, Chanddla or by a
a
S'rdddha
degraded person (after
ceremony) become
defiled, hence such boiled-rice should be given away

tions of boiled-rice looked at

or

strewn over with sesame seeds.

Brahmanas, who

of rows (Pankipavanas), guard against

the soiling of such oblations.
Persons, well-versed in
the Vedas with six sub-divisions, who are elderly

are sanctifiers

Sndtakas as

Sdma

well,

and have a thorough knowledge

of the

Trindchiketas, Trimadhus, Trisaparnas,

and of Mantras and laws of virtue, and teach the Vdas
Veda,

to their disciples, are called

of a

row

of

Brahmanas,

Panktipdvands

seated

down

(sanctifiers

to a meal).

In-

competent Brdhmanas should not be engaged for performing Homas. According to a certain authority such

men

should not be engaged in performing S'rdddhas

only.

CHAPTER
OBSERVING

perfect

XVI.

continence,

and with

all

the hairs

body shaved, one should read the Vedas in the

months of S'rdvana and Bhddhra, or
during the/ive
of his

694

Gautama

months the sun

follows

the

southern

Oner

course.

should not eat cooked meat during the time. These vowsobserved for two months or more.
The

should be

Vedas should not be studied on days when the roaring"

winds raise up clouds of dust from the ground, nor on

when

nights

claps of thunder, or peals of trumpets, or

sounds of drums, or barks of dogs, or brayings of asses,,

or howlings of jackals are heard, nor when thick mists

enshroud the earth, in an unnatural season of the year,,

nor when purple rainbows are observed to span the
firmament.

One
a

should not study the Vedas while attending feonature.

Several authorities aver that the

of

call

Vedas should not be studied on rainy evenings, nor

when

days or nights,
to be surrounded

on

ant-hills.

the sun or the

is

on-

founded-

nor while seating

should not study the Vedas while

by rings

One

moon

of haloe,

a state of

fright, nor while riding a carriage, nor

a leg cocked up. One should not
seated
with
while
study the Vedas during the term of a birth or death'
unclean ness, nor at a cremation ground, nor by the side

in

of a high road.
rvear

Sudra

Similarly, the Vedas should not be read

or a

Chandala

(Divakirti),

not at places

exhaling a fetid smell or containing carcasses. On should,

not study the Vedas during the term of a birth-uncleanness, nor having had (lit : after the rising of) eructa-

The Vedas should

not be read on the happening,

in an unnatural season, of such physical phenomena as
tions.

roarings

downpours
the
fire,

rain

of

of rain

clouds,

earth-quakes,

and flashes

meteor-falls,

of lightning.

Likewise

Vedas should not be read during conflagrations of

or on descents of thunder-bolts in unnatural seasons

of the

year.

The Rik and Yajur Vedas should

not

Gautama Samhttd.

695

be read after having heard the chantings of S aman.

Similarly, roars of rain-clouds, heard in the small hours
of the

night

and before the expiry of the third watch,

Vdas on (the next morning).

interdicts the study of the

Several authorities aver that flashes

in

of lightning

seen

the morning should be likewise considered as prohi-

No

part or portion of

the Vedas should be read on evenings,

of thunder, or roars of rain clouds.

marked by claps
Roars of rain

bitive of the study of the Vedas.

heard after the mid-night, prohibit the study of

Vedas on the next morning. Similarly, roars of
rain clouds heard on the morning interdict the study
The death of the
of the Vedas during the entire day.
clouds,

the

king of one's country, as well as interviews of friends*

on returning from a foreign country, should be regarded
as instances on which the study of the

On

bited.

commenced

the

Vedas

day on which the reading

before,

is

is

prohi-

of a Veda>

finished, all further studies

should

be regarded as interdicted by law. The Vedas should

not be studied on the occasion of a S'rdddha ceremony,
or friendly feast, nor on the reader having suffered
from vomiting that day. Non-study for two days has
been enjoined from the day of the new moon, each
month, and the Vedas should not be studied on days of
full moon, in the months of Kdrtika,
Phalguna, and
Ashada.' For three nights one should refrain from

the

studying the Vedas on the advent of the three Ashtakas.

According to certain authorities, such prohibition exists

One should not

respect of the last Ashtaka.
the
Vedas
on
the
occasion
of
study
friendly dinners.
Several authorities aver that the study of the Vedas is
only

in

prohibited during the

night.

That poition

first

three hours and a half of each

of a Veda,

which has once been

Gautama

696
should

studied,

not be

SavhhitA.

read

over again. One should

in a town, nor they

Vedas

refrain from studying the

should be read near the performer of a S^raddha ceremony who has not fed the Brahmanas with boiled rice,

nor

one can recollect them.

till

CHAPTER
BRAHMANAS
true

for the

should eat in the houses of twice-born ones,

their

to

XVII.

in life, and boldly receive,

Daiva and Pitri Sraddha

proper duties

performance

of their

ceremonies, as well as for the support of their preceptors

and servants, the unsolicited

gifts of

commendable water,

barley, fruits, honey, edible roots, beds,

paddy,

milk-curd,

Priyangus

fish,

(a

cushions,

milk,

kind of creeper)

Kus'a grass and vegetables. Even Brahmanas,

who have abjured their own vocations, should receive
flowers,

those gifts from

Brdhmanas may

except the S'udras.

all

belonging to the keepers

partake
of their own domestic animals, or to tillers of their own
of boiled rice,

safely

lands, or

to their

tary friends

animals,

own

of their

paternal

tillers of lands,

be S'udras

servants,

families, even

servants,

if

or

to heredi-

such keepers of

and hereditary friends

but they cannot eat boiled-rice belonging

to S'udras, not falling under any of the [foregoing catiBoiled-rice of traders other than actual artisans
gories.
;

may be

safely partaken of

defiled

by the touch

by Bra*hmanas.

of hairs

Boiled

rice,

or insects, should never

touched by a woman in her

down
or
menses,
by a bird, or looked at by a
trampled

be

eaten.

Boiled

rice,

destroyer cff human fetus (procurer of abortion), or

smelled by a cow, or having an offensive look, or served

Gautama

SaihhttA.

697
i

without any curries, salads, or milk-curd, as well as that

which is stale, and twice-cooked should not be eaten.
Boiled rice served without cooked edible leaves (S'akas)

unwholesome

or saturated with

fatty

matters,

offen-

sive to taste, as well as putrid meat or honey should

Boiled rice, collected from the refuge
not be eaten.

men's plates, or cooked by a prostitute, or belonging to an accursed individual, or to a man of low

parentage, or to one under the ban of law or punished

of other

by a royal court
hunter,

captive,

(of justice,) or to a carpenter, miser,

or a professional physician, as
one's
by
enemy, or by an Uchchishta

artisan,

well as that given

or by a Brahma^a, falling under the category

one supposed to defile a row of Brahmanas seated
down to a dinner (Apankteya) should not be partaken

bhoji,

of

Eating before the weaklings (of one's family)

have^taken their meals should be regarded as prohibitBoiled rice, not formally dedicated to a deity, or in
ed.
of.

respect of which the rite of A' chamanam has not been

performed, as well as the one which one can not leave
at

should

will,

rice

Boiled

not be eaten.

not

should

be

Pure and impure boiled

promiscuously mixed together.

which has not been consecrated by having

rice,

been offered unto a deity

should not be partaken of.

cow should not be used

in

the course

of a

Pujd,

The

till

milk of a parturient
before the expiry of ten

days from the date of her parturition. Similarly, the milk

of a she-goat, or of a she-buffalo should not be used
till

before

delivery.
of a

the expiry of ten days from the date of her

of an ewe or of a she-camel, or

The milk

female

not be used at

animal with
all.

showing inclination

un-bifurcated

The milk
to

of a

cow

hoofs

should

in heat, or of

one

be impregnated, as well as that

Gautama
of

one whose

flesh

of all

calf is dead,

five-nailed

Ghoda

Saibhita.

should never be used.

animals except that

of

The

a porcu*

genus of large lizards) rhinoceros,

or a tortoise should be rejected as unfit for human
pine,

hare,

(a

consumption. The flesh of an animal possessing two

rows of teeth, or of one possessing both wool and hair,
or of one with unbifurcated hoops, as well as that of

Kalavinka (sparrow), diver, crane (Chakravdka), swan,

crow, valture, hawk, or domestic cock, or of a bird whose
head and legs are red, together with the flesh of a boar,
cow, or bullock, should never be eaten. Boiled rice
(food) not prepared for, and offered unto, a deity, as
well as the flesh of an animal, not slaughtered in connec-

with a religious sacrifice, should never be eaten.

tender shoots of trees, as well as milky exudations and red saps of plants or trees should be regarded
tion

Garlics,

as

human use. The flesh of a wood-pecker,

Tittibha, Mdndhdtri and such like birds, as well

unfit

heron,

as

that

The

for

of birds

flesh of

that fly

night, should not

by

Pratudas (birds

that dart

upon

be eaten.

their prey),

Vishikeras (birds that scatter their food with legs

before eating), of web-footed birds, wholesome fish,
of

well as flesh of those enjoined to be slaughtered in

connection with a religious sacrifice, or of those not
killed by any poisnous beast or reptile, and whole-

as

some

flesh in general

may be

CHAPTER

A WOMAN

(wife)

is

eaten,

XVIII.

subservient to her lord even in res-

doing religious acts, and she should never

supersede him (act independently of him) in these

pect of

Gautama

Saihhitfi,

699

mind, and senses,

the death of her
during her menstrual period, she, after
be
the mother of
to
her
desire
evince
should
husband,
Controlled

matters.

in

her speech,

a male child by her husband's younger brother. In the

absence of such an uterine brother of her deceased
husband, she should ?et herself impregnated, for giving
birth to a male child, by a Sapinda or a cognate relastanding in the same category even through ties
clanship (Rishis), or bearing her the same

tion,

of spiritual

relationship through the female line.

Under no circum-

stances, she should let her menstrual period pass unfruit-

The causation of the birth of a male

womb of a widow by any one, not related

ful.

the

child

in

to her as

her husband's younger brother (or cousin), is interdicted

according to the opinion of certain authorities.

be competent
widow, under
to get herself more than twice impregnated by her dead
the circumstance, will not

husband's brother.
sons,

lation,

person,

who

any express stipuon her person, shall belong to

Sons, begotten on the field (wife) of a

begotten

their progenitor.

band

In the absence of

is alive, shall

belong to the legitimate husbe regarded as belonging

of the wife, or they shall

both to their
mother.

progenitor

and the

husband of

their

In fact the fathership in these cases shall beeither of these two persons (progenitor or

long to
mother's husband) who shall maintain the children.

A
who

wife
is

A "wife
in

the

is

bound

unheard

shall refrain

to wait for six years for a

and

husband

him on hearing of him.

go
from even talking about her husband

of,

to

to

event of his taking to asceticism. Similarly, a

shall wait for twelve years, or for six years,

Brahmapa

according to several authorities, for an elder brother,

considered in the relationship of fellow students of

92

Gautama SaikkM.

700
the V&das

in

matters of keeping the sacred

fire,

or of

etc.

his daughters,
After her three successive menstrual periods, an unmarried girl, happened to be not given away in marriage

marrying

by her father or paternal kinsmen, shall renounce the

ornaments given her by her parents, and shall be competent thereafter to marry a commendable bride-groom in
express defence of her father, or father's friends. A girl

should be given in marriage before she menstruates, and

her guardians commit sin by not marrying her before
time.
According to certain authorities, a daughter
should be married before leaving her age of girlhood.
Money (gifts) may be taken from S'udras for the
that

purpose of celebrating a nuptial or sacrificial ceremony.

For other acts as well, money gifts may be received
possessing a large number of cattle,
from Br^hmanas, not keepers of the sacred fire, who are

from

S'udras,

respectively

masters of a hundred heads of cattle and

are given to low pursuits, and from Somapas, who are

respectively masters of a thousand heads of cattle.

by one from persons of

one remaining without food

Articles of fare should be taken

noble pursuit, in the event of

up to the seventh part of the day.

bound

to speak

the

truth

to

Every body

his sovereign.

is

duly

king

is

bound to support BrShmanas of good conduct who are

well-versed in the Vedas, in the event of their practice of
virtues'.being interfered with

by thoughts of maintenance;,
otherwise he shall acquire demerit.

'Gcrutama Sathhitd.

CHAPTER
DUTIES appertaining
of society

to

701

XIX.

(different)

have been desciibed.

castes

Now

and orders

shall describe

Now
the acts by doing which a person becomes sinful.
we shall discuss about the necessity of (atoning for
the sin

of)

officiating

fices of those

as priests at the religious sacri-

who should not be

thus

served,

of eating

interdicted articles of fare, of omitting to do the proper

of speaking falsehood or that which should not
be spoken, and of enjoying forbidden things. Several
authorities aver that atonement is of no avail, since
acts,

(our)

acts

are indestructible

atonement (Prdyaschittam)

is

while others

opine that

necessary.

The Vedic

"
by performing an Agmshtoma sacrifice
aphorism that
over again, one gets progeny" predicates the necessity
"
A vowof one's making atonement for one's sin,

breaker, or a person not initiated with

the

holy

thread

(Vratya) becomes absolved of his sin by celebrating

an Agnishtoma sacrifice/' " A Brahmanicide is exone-

by celebrating a horse-sacrifice." A
penitent should be caused to celebrate an Agnishtuta
"
These Vedic aphorisms emphatically desacrifice.
rated

from

his

sin

monstrate the necessity of atoning for one's sin. For

the expiation of his sin, a sinner should practise penitential austerities, observe fasts, practise charities, per-

form Homas, and read the Upamshads, the Veddnta,

the SamhitAS forming the sub-divisions of the Vedas,

and the Madhuvata^ Aghamarshanam^ Atharvas'lras,

Rudra? dhydyam,
Purusha-Suktam,
Rdjan-Rahin
Sdman^ Rathdntaram, Purushagatim^ Mahdndmnim,

Mahd-Vairdjam Mahddiv&ktrtyam, Mahishyavamanam^

}

Kushmdndam Pa'vamdnim, Sdvitrim, and any of the

Yeshtya Sdma Mantras. One's sins may be absolved
,

by one's

living

simply on water, by abjuring

all

food

Gautama

SaihJtitd

except leaves of edible plants or trees, by living only

on barley diet, by licking gold, by drinking melted

butter or Soma-]uice, or by eating only fruits.

A pilgrimage

sacred pools or rivers,

to a hermitage, mountain, or pasturage is

or a sojourn

purifying in

its

to

the

of

any

effect.

Observance

of

perfect conti-

nence, truthfulness, touching

water, fasting and
lying down on the ground in wet cloths, are what conof

stitute

Tapasya.

Gifts of

gold,

cows,

clothes, horses,

lands, sesame seeds, melted butter, and food should be

made. Twelve months, six months, four months, three

months, two months, one month, or twenty-four days,

twelve days, six days, three days, or one entire day and
night should be

respectively

understood as terms of
the

measures
atonement should be adopted according to the nature
of the place at which a person atones for his guilt.

Any

penitential penances.

of

aforesaid

of

The

austerity of

these

penances should be proportion-

The

ate to the heinousness of one's sin.

Krichchhant) Ati-krichcham,
or

practice

of

Krichchhati-krichchham^
as a

Ch&ndrdyanam penance should be regarded

sufficient

atonement

for all kinds of sin.

CHAPTER XX.
SINNERS, after suffering torments

at sixty four different

places of torture, are respectively reborn with the followBrahmanicide

ing physical deformities, or diseases.

reborn as a phagedenic lepor, a drunkard is reborn

with black teeth, and a defiler -of his preceptor's bed
is

reborn as
congenital blind or maimed person.
gold-stealer suffers from bad nails at his next incarnation,
is

Gautama

SaihhitA.

703

punished with psoriasis, a fire-stealer

is
punished with ring-like patches of eruptions on his
skin, an oil-stealer is punished with pthisis, a gold-stealer
a cloth-stealer

is

with ring-worm, a stealer of edible things

afflicted with indigestion, and a knowledge-stealer

is afflicted

is

is

punished with dumbness at their next birth. A man

who kills his own preceptor is tormented with epileptic
fits at his next incarnation,
A cow-killer is reborn as a
blind individual, a tell-tale

reborn as one with putrid

is

and a poisoner of other men's ears

with fetour in his mouth at his next birth.
nose,

S'udra students
of brass, or of

reborn as a Chanddla.

is

Chowries

is afflicted

ness at his next rebirth.

is

tormented

teacher of

A seller

of lead,

with the vice of drunk-

seller of

animals with un-

bifurcated hoops is sure to be born in the womb of a

female huntress at his next incarnation.
partaker of

a Kundd's boiled
servants.

rice

reborn in a family of menial

is

An astronomer
an atheist

suffers

from tumours at

his

reborn as a professional actor,

birth,
an eater of interdicted articles of fare is tormented with

next

and tumours

boils

of

men

at his next birth, a

or of the Vtdas

knower

carnal

is

woman

is

of a cow, or of

afflicted

who

is

guide to a stealer
an eunuch, and a
Chanddli or Pukkast

as

with diabetes at his next birth.

husband, who induces

another man,

reborn

is

his

own

virtuous wife

reborn as a blind individual.

to

lie

with

person

knows a courtesan or a woman of his own

well as he who holds incest with his own

carnally

Gotra

as

father's or mother's sister, is

successively reborn

haunch back, dwarf, insane, diseased, deformed,

gent,

short-lived,

carrying

out

foolish,

other

irascible,

men's

as

indi-

worthless, thievish,

behests,

and
Hence one

bald-pated,

miscreant person in low and vulgar families.

(Sautama

704

Atonement preserves one's

virtues intact and helps one to be reborn with commendable attributes and physical traits.
for ome's

should atone

sin,..

CHAPTER XXI.

A MAN

who

a regicide, or an
Vedas^ or attends on S'udras as a priest,

should renounce a father

insulter of the

is

or procures abortions. Teachers and marriage-relations

of a man, who mixes freely with S'udra men and women
of

Antydvasdyin

class,

should assemble

together to

interdict the offering of libations of water unto his spirit,

No

after death
after

funeral rites should be

death, and the vessels

his

done unto him

to be used in the course

should be of a defiling character.

Slaves or servants should be sent to a town for fetch-

of this interdicting

rite

ing such polluted vessels. Then a slave girl should be

ordered to fetch a pitcher full of water, and the man
to

be

his

legs apart,

south.

"

interdicted

Then

should be caused

and with

his

face

stand

to

with

turned towards the

the congregated persons shall loudly utter,

us interdict the offering of libations of water unto

So saying they will mention the name of the
this man."
let

interdicted

arms.

performed
shall

individual

and catch hold

one another's

of

His teachers and marriage relations, after having

Achamanam

cast a look

at

in the

his face

manner

of

Prdchindvalt,

and enter the

village by a

separate path.
the

He, who unknowingly speaks to such a person after

ceremony of formal interdiction, should regain his

purity

night

by repeating the Sdvitri Mantra

in

a standing posture,

for a

whole

while having knowingly

Gautama Samhitd.
with

conversed
Sdvitri

him,

Mantram

he

should

705
standing the
In the

repeat

for three consecutive nights.

event of his agreeing to da the necessary expiating

penance, a golden pitcher should be caused to be filled
with the water of a holy lake, and the interdicted person
should be sprinkled over with water out of that. After

same pitcher

the

that,

should be

successively

made

to, and taken back from, the penitent, and the

attending priest should recite the S dntam Dau, S'dntd

over

Prithivi,

etc.,

libations

that,

Mantram
of melted

from the

Ved'a^

Yajur

butter should

After

be cast in the

fire by reciting the Pdvamdnim^ Taratsamandi

and Kushmandi Mantras. As an alternative gold should

sacred

be gifted to a Brahmana and a cow to an Acharya.

He, in respect of whom expiation by death has been
laid

down, should do the proper penance and atone

for

his

sin

with

his

life.

All

funeral rites should

be

duly done unto his spirit after his death.

Sprinkling of
water
over
the
laid down in
is
bliss-giving
penitent
respect of

all

minor delinquencies.

CHAPTER

XXII.

BRAHM1NICIDES, drunkards, men who

their

own Gurus,

as well as persons

defile

who

the bed of

carnally

know

any female relations on their father's or mother's side,

atheists, miscreants, and men, who do no renounce the
degraded or keep their company, should be regarded as
degraded persons.
Those, who associate with these (degraded) persons
fora year, become themselves degraded.
Degradation
or

fall in

these instances

means deprivation

of the rights

Gautama

706

and privileges

of

a Brahmana, and a degraded status in

the next world. According to certain authorities. "Degradation" spells as hell.

Manu has not included the first

three
list

of

these heinous sins regarding

woman

within his

of sinful acts. Several authorities aver that a procurer

of abortions,

even

if

he

does not

defile the

bed of

should be regarded as a Mahdpat'akin.

woman, by carnally knowing a man, inferior to her in
caste, becomes degraded.
Bearing false witness, malice
his preceptor,

shown towards one's own

to one's

preceptor,

Mahdpdtakas

who

in

king,

and speaking falsehood

should be regarded as acts equal to

their

Of Brahmanas
same row with other

atrociousness.

are not competent to

the

sit in

good Brahmanas (Apankteyas) beef eaters, denouncers

of the VSdas, Avakirnas and those who have renounced
}

the

use of vedic

Mantras

or of the

sacred

Gdyatri,
should be regarded as Upapdtakins (minor sinners)
Ritviks or teachers, attending as priests at any religious
ceremony undertaken by any of these individuals, or
giving instructions to any of them in scriptural knowledge, should be looked down upon by the society,

and they should be held as degraded

circumstances.

who

under certain

According to certain authorities, people

receive gifts from any of these people should be re-

garded as degraded. But no sin appertains to parents

in receiving gifts from degraded sons, but degraded sons
are disqualified from inheriting properties coming down
from their parents. By falsely calumniating a Brahmana
in society, one becomes equally degraded (as any of the
aforementioned persons). By casting a false obloquy

upon an innocent Brahmana, one acquires twice as much

dement

as

capable

man

a calumniator of

the foregoing type.

that looks with indifference at the
oppression

;ti

Sarii'iita.

'707

person by a strong one, when he can

fully succour such a distressed person, becomes doubly
sinful.
For rudely attacking or insulting a Brahmana,
a

one

weak

is

hell.

punished with a residence for a hundred years in

By thus assaulting a Brahmana one resides for

thousand years
person one resides

2.

as the

number

in

By drawing blood on his

for as many number of years

hell.

in hell

of dusts with

which he dusts

CHAPTER

A BRAHMANICIDE,
his

ing

body,

without

shall

in

his

wound.

XXIII.

any way covering or shield-

pass through a blazing fire,

target of a soldier in battle,

thrice

or shall

make

or

roam about begging for twelve years

a Brahmnchdrin, carrying a Khattdnga

shall

garb of

and a human

He

world.

himself the

in

the

(club)

skull in his hands, confessing his guilt to the

shall turn

away from

the

sight

of

an A'rya.

Bra"hmanicide, by duly performing three ablutions,

and by practising the Asanas (postures of Yoga} at
morning, noon, and evening, each day, shall perform

A'chamanam, whereby he will regain

As an alternative he shall thrice
personal purity.
combat with a man, who has stolen all the possessions
the

rite

of

his

for the recovery thereof

and he shall be
even
if he dies in
his
at recoverpure
attempt
adjudged
a
under
of
such
or
the
circumthe
Brahmana;
goods
ing
of a

Brahmana,

stance,

he shall give to a Brahmana that much money

of which he contemplates to put an end
life.
A king, having killed a Brahmana, should

for the loss

to his

regain his personal purity by performing an Avabhritha

after the celebration of a horse-sacrifice, or

ablution

93

Gautama

708

SaihhitA.

he should perform any other Agnistut sacrifice by way

of atonement.
Having killed a woman in her menses
a pregnant woman in whom signs of pregnancy
have not been fully patent, one should practise the foreOr

penance. A Brahmana, having

killed a Kshatriya, should practise, for six years, the most
austere of penances, and at the close of that he should

going kind

make

of expiatory

the gift of a bullock and a thousand kine.

Having
he should practise, for three years, the

killed a Vais'ya,

same

and make the

austerities,

hundred kine.

Having

gift of

a Brahmana
same austere Brahmaa S'udra,

killed

for a year, the

should practise,

and a

a bullock

charyayam, and make the gift of a bullock together

with ten cows. The same expiatory penance should
be practised for atoning the sin of killing a cow or a

woman who
Having

has not menstruated.

killed

a frog, ichneumon, crow, she-mouse,

or a hole-dwelling animal, one should practise the

expiatory penance as laid

the sin of a Vais'ya-killing.

down

respect of atoning
Having killed a thousand
in

of such vertebrate animals as lizards etc.,

of such

invertebrate

same

or a cart-load

vermins as bugs, leeches,

lice, etc.,

one should practise the same expiatory penance as the

foregoing one. As an alternative a small gift should
be

made

to

a Brahmana for each

animal destroyed.

man with rudimentary

should
one
make the gift of a
(undeveloped) genitals,
Pal a la weight of lead and Mdsha pulse to a Brdhmana.
Having killed a boar, one should make the gift of a
Having

killed

pitcherful

eunuch, or a

of clarified

killed a serpent,

butter to a

Brahmana.

one should make the

Brahmana.

gift of

Having
an iron

Having killed a Brahmavandhu

(nominal Brahmana) woman, one should make the gift of

rod to a

Gautama
an animal to a Brahmana,

made

should be

gifts

who

after

Sarkhtta.

709

whereas no such expiatory

having killed a Venujivin

by making bamboo-made articles).

Having committed homicides out of greed for wealth,
Brahmaor
food,
beddings, one should practise
(one

lives

charyayam

Having

killing.

man's

for a couple of years for

killed

each act of man-

an individual, attached to another

one should practise Brahmacharyayam for

three years in succession.
Having picked up an article
belonging to a S'rotriya, one should return it to its
wife,

owner, or renounce
thousand words in

its

possession.

combination

Having uttered a

with

an interdicted

Mantra, one should perform an Agnyutsdde or Nirdkriti

penance, which is the atonement for 'all Upapatakas
(minor sins). A false wife should be kept imprisoned
a room, on an allowance of daily sustenance. Having

in

held

incest

with a female beast, other than a cow, one

should recite the

a

Homa

Kushmanda Mantram, and perform

with libations of melted butter.

CHAPTER XXIV.

HOT

wine should be poured into the mouth

of

Brah-

mana, addicted to wine, until he dies such a death is

the only atonement for his sin.
Having unknowingly
;

taken wine, a Brahmana should practise a Tapta-krichchham penance by living for three days on each of the
following substances,

and

and

viz.,

milk,

melted

butter,

water

he should be again initiated

Having eaten any excrementitious
or
or
the flesh of a camel, ass, domesticatsemen,
matter,
air

after

that,

with the -thread.

ed pig or cock, or of a wild beast, or having smelled the

Ga utama Sa fa h

i:a

wine coming out of the mouth of a drunkard

one should live on melted butter (for a day) and practise
Prdndyama. The same expiatory penance should be
smell

of

bitten by any of the forepractised for taking anything

man, who has defiled the bed of his
going animals.

elder or preceptor, should

lie

down on

he should be made to embrace a hot iron image

iron, or

of a female, or he should cut his

them

a red hot bed of

in

united

his

and holding

genitals,

should

walk towards the

palms,
south-west quarter, until he drops down dead from
Such a death absolves him of his sin. This
bleeding.

penance should be likewise practised by one

carnally

one's son's wife, or the wife of a friend

cognate, or after having held incest with a

According to several authorities, the atonement in

disciple

eow.

known

after having

or

these cases

pect of an

is

same as what has been

Avakirni.

laid

down

in

res-

A woman

of a superior caste,
illicit intercourse with a

having been found guilty of

man of an inferior caste, the king of the country shall
cause her to be torn alive by dogs at a public place, or
the guilty

man

should be dealt with

in

the same manner.

An

Avakirni (vow-breaker) should worship the deity

at a crossing of two roads by sacrificing an ass
then clad in the skin of that ass from the surface of

Ninti

which hairs have not been removed and carrying a red

alms-bowl, he should live by daily begging alms at the
doors of seven men, confessing his guilt to the world,

all

the time. After thus living for a year, he should be judged

An

emission of one's semen during sleep,

or out of fright, or on account of a disease should be
atoned for by begging for seven days in the manner of an

pure again.

Agnindhaw and by performing a Homo, with

}

melted butter.

An

libations^of

act of masturbation should be'.aU

Gautama

71 T

Saihkita.
*

two following ways.

Observing perfect continence, a masturbator should stand up from sunrise

to sunset and take a single meal, each day, and menfor

the

in

tally repeat the

Gdyatri mantra, all night long. Having

seen any impure thing, one should look at the sun and

practise

purgative,

Having eaten any inpure or

one should take a good
the cleansing of his stomach he

Prandyama.

interdicted

article

and

of fare,

after

should fast for three days or without striving to come

by any food he should live on ripe fruits, just of them;

selves fallen [from trees],

any

and before they are siezed by

five-nailed animal.

After vomitting, one should drink clarified butterHaving used any angry word, or behaved falsely and
maliciously to

any body, one should practise severe

austerities, for three days.

Having spoken a falsehood,

by reciting the Vdruni

one should perform a

Homa

Pdvamdni Mantram.

Certain

aver that,
a lie is no lie if spoken for bringing about a
matrimonial alliance, or the union of a man and a woman.

But the

authorities

false-hood should not be spoken to a

asmuch as a small lie in such a case leads

slightest

preceptor, in
the seven generations of the speaker to hell.
year a Krichcha Vratam penance should be

For one
practised

for atoning the sin of one's

woman.
tance,

An
calls

going unto an Antydvasdya

unwitting intercourse, under the circums-

for

a practice

of

the

same penance

for

twelve days. Having visited a woman in her

menses, one
should practise a Knchchha Vratam, for three
days.

712

Gautama Saihhitd

.
(

CHAPTER XXV.

PERSON, who has got no notoriety as a sinner, should

practise an

expiatory penance in secret.

gift of an

ceived the

Having

re-

interdicted article, or h aving felt

a desire for accepting such a gift, one should recite,

standing in water, the four Riks beginning as Tarat
etc.

Samandi,
interdicted
land.

article

Having

felt

desire

for

eating anof fare, one should make a gift of

Having
visited

woman

her menses, a

in

man

Several
should. recover his purity by simply bathing.
aver that, the penitent, under the circum-

authorities

stance, should live on milk regimen, for ten days, or live

on simple water for two or three days.
procurer of

abortions should take a light meal in the forepart of the

day, and then clad in wet clothes, should perform a

Homa

"I offer oblations

saying that,

unto hairs,

nails,

skin, flesh, blood, ligaments and bones (of the destroyed fetus) and unto the mouth of death and myself."

According to several authorities, drunkards, Brahmariicides, gold-stealers and defilers of their preceptors' beds
should
the

perform a \Maha

Mantra,

"

extinguish

Homa

Vydhriti

my

melted butter

sin,

in

the sacrificial

libations

of

citing the

Kushmdnda Mantram,

by reciting

fire," or by

or practise

casting

fire

the

by

re-

afore-

Prdndydma, and
thereafter bathe* and recite the Aghamarshanam Suktam.
The last named measure is equally purifying as an
Avabhritha ablution made after the celebration of a
said

expiatory

penance,

horse-sacrifice.

(drunkards,
times.

etc.,)

Sunk

As

an

or

practise

alternative,

should recite the

in water,

those

a sinner should thrice

Aghamarshanam Suktam, which tends to

all

sin,

individuals

Gayatri a thousand
repeat the
extinguish

Gmttama

Saihkitd.

713

CHAPTER XXVI.
THEN

they discoursed on the places where the different

after the
portions of the vow of an Avakirni merge in

vow

is

The

broken.
the

in

itself

libations

(saying

Maruts,

energy of an Avakirni merges

butter

of clarified

"

as

follows)
lust

in

Out

it

by way of expiation
I hav^ broken this

have carnally known a

}

whelmed, by

lust,

libations

He

woman

of

while

become an Avakirni)
I

was over-

reason was overclouded.

upper-hand

offer

Kama-Kama.

my

(lit.

melted butter

of

the

got

whelmed.

of

and

of lust

practising Brahmacharyayam
I
offer these libations unto Kama-Kama,

Passion

self

resorts to Vrihaspati,

in Agni.
Hence he should install
on:the night of the new moon, and cast

fire

vow, out of

these

the

enters

strength

concealed

lie

the sacred

his

Brahmanic energy

his

Indra,

the rest

vital

unto

my

soul,

offer

Kama-Kama.
I

was over-

these libations of melted butter unto

should lay

down

the sacrificial

twigs

by reciting these Mantras, and having sprinkled water

over them, he should construct the sacrificial platform
and stand by it. Then he should thrice
running as Sanmasinchatu. Then having
recited the Rik, (commencing as) Traya Im
Loka
^These three regions) he should regain his purity and
religious privileges through the purity and privileges of
every one residing therein. Thus one should perform
places)

(//'/.

recite the Rik,

the

Homa, and thus these Mantras should be recited,

which a cow should be gifted to a Brahmana. This

after

penance should be likewise practised by one who has

acted in a crooked or miserly way, or has done
any
of the interdicted acts, or has eaten
any of the interchcted food.
Having cast one's seed in a S'udra woman,
or

having eaten any interdicted food, one should take

Gautama

14

an ablution by reciting
sacred

other

Mantra

Vdruni Mantra or any

the"

the

Vtdas.
Having sinned
one
after
mind,
should,
reading the five
tongue
Maha Vydhritis in the morning, read the Sarva Svdpo
Va'cha, etc., and the Rik running as Ratris'cha Ma'
of

or

\vith

Varunas'cha,

the evening, or perform a

in

etc.,

sacrificial

by casting eight

twigs

Mantra

recitation of Devdkritasya, etc.,

would be absolved

the

in

fire

Homa

with the

whereby one

of all sin.

CHAPTER XXVII.

Now

shall

dicourse on the

mode

of practising the

Take

Krichchha (most austere) penances.

meal

morning on the

Hamshya

day, then fast for three

After
take
a single meal at night
"successive days.
that,
and do this for three successive nights, then for three
in the

on

live

days

what

in

standing

'during the

entire

tent himself with

abjure the

days more.

little,

He

sitting,

shall con-

speak nothing but perfect

of the

Ruru

of a

penitent shall

days, and pass the nights

term of the penance.

company

use the skin

obtained without solicitation, and

three

after that fast, for

'remain

is

first

truth,

(Ana'rpas) and
Yaudha deer. At each

uncivilised

or

bath he should consecrate and touch the water by rethe

citing

the

A'pohishtd

Tarpanam by

following

deities,

and

to

with

rites

Mantra and

thereafter perform

libations

offering
as obeisance to

of

water to the

Horna^ to

Mohama,

one

the

(Pindka-hasta}> etc.
bow-wielding
These Mantras should be likewise used in conection

of the

of

sun).

Homa
Then

and Suryopasthdnam (invocation

after

the

expiry

of

twelve days,

Gautama

Saihhita.

715

penitent shall cause the sacrificial porridge (Charu) to

be cooked, and perform a Homa by offering oblations of
that

Charu

recited

several

to

time

the

at

The Mantras

deities.

be

to

these oblations

of offering

are,

Agni, obeisance to Soma, obeisance to

Agni and Soma, obeisance to Agni and Indra, obeisance
to Indra, obeisance to Vishvadevas, obeisance to Bran*

"obeisance to

man, obeisance to Prajapati, obeisance to Agni, and

obeisance to Svishtikrit. After that, he should perform
the

of

rite

Brahma-tarpanam.

cribed the process

of practising

this

By

we have

the severest

des-

form of

expiatory penances and austerities.

The second form of practising a Krichchha Vratam^
consists in one's living on articles, obtained without

The third form consists in

begging or solicitation.
living on water.
By practising the first form of penance
one becomes pure, holy and competent to perform
religious

rites.

all

practice

forms of

of the

second form extin-

except the Mahdpdtakas, where-

sin,
guishes
as that of one of the third form grants absolute absoluA practice of any of these three forms of expiation.

tory penances ranks

made

after

the

equal in

study of

cognisant of this fact,

all

V&das.

becomes favoured

CHAPTER

Now

merit with an ablution

the

He, who

is

of the gods.

XXVIII.

describe the process of practising Chan-

shall

Rules to be observed

in practising this
drdyanam.
been
have
set
forth.
In the Krichchha
penance
already
form of Chdndrdyanam, a penitent should have his

head cleanly shaved, and observe a

94

fast

on the day of

Gautama SamhM,

716
the

full

(Homa

jmoon. The rites of Tarpanam, Ajya-Homa

done with libations of melted butter), consecra-

and invocation

tion of the clarified butter

should be done by

of the

moon,

Apy&yasva Sante,

reciting the Mantra, running as

Libations of clarified butter,
etc.

should be cast in

the

Mantras
a

Homa

ficial

running as

sacred

by reciting the four

Yaddev&devahelanam, etc. Then
fire

should be performed by casting twigs of sacriin the fire with the accompaniment of Deva

trees

Krit&rtha, etc., Mantra. The morsels of food should

consecrated by reciting the Om, Bhur, bhuvah,

be

Svastapah Satyam

Yas'ah

Srirupam Giraujastejak
Then Namas Svahd
recited.
The morsels of food

Purusha Dharma S'ivak

should be
should be

mentally

made

S'iva.

of a size

as

to admit of being easi4y

introduced into the cavity of the mouth. These morsels

should be made either of Charu (sacrificial porridge),
or of articles obtained by begging, fried
barley, leaves of edible plants, milk,
fruits,

edible

roots,

barley-powder,
melted butter,

simple water; each

more meritorious than

or of

bulbs,

preceding substance being held

the one immediately following it in the order of enumerSuch fifteen morsels of food should be taken
ation;

on the day of the full moon, and a penitent shall daily

decrease the number of morsels by one during the dark
fortnight, observing a perfect fast on the day of the

new moon, and

thereafter

morsels by one,'

each day,

increasing the number of

the day of the full moon.

till

According to certain authorities

this

penance

a single month.
completed
drayanam
is absolved of
tising it for a month, a penitent
is

practising
spirit

it

in

for a couple of

months he

purifies

of

Chan-

By

prac-

all sin,

his

by

own

together with those of his ten immediate ancestors

Gautama

Saihhitd.

717

and descendants, and consecrates the

of Brdhmanas in which he sits down.

row (Pankti)

By

practising

one ascends to the region

continuously for a year,

of the moon.

it

CHAPTER XXIX.
SONS

among themselves

shall divide

after

father,

death.

his

father,

the

estates of their

on the cessation of

the menstrual function of his son's mother,

his

it.

his

in

properties,

so desires

father

life-time,

may bequeathe

to his eldest son, providing

sons,

to

each possessing two

blind,

are
to

the

to

merit of a

making such a

rows of teeth,

cars,

form the portion of an

should

other

enough

The

together with male and female slaves, domestic

bullocks,

he

parts of a partitioned (paternal) estate,

Twenty

partition.

if

whole estate

only properties

defray the costs of their subsistence.

divisioner of estates is increased by

divide

his sons,

his

mere maintenance

leaving to them

or

among

may

animals

cows and

eldest

son

maimed, castrated animals, as well as those, that

deprived of the power of locomotion, should

the

number

of

portion

event

of

second,

father

his

(lit.

dicing,

middle)

possessed

son.

fall

In

of a large

of sheep, a sheep, cart, paddy, iron (implements),

house and

quadruped should fall

youngest son, and the rest of
portion
be
should
the property
equally divided among all the
As an alternative, an eldest son shall take two
sons.
the remaining sons shall take one part, each,
arid
parts,
together
to

the

with

of

a partitioned paternal estate or each successive son

shall take one part less than a brother immediately
of

Gautama

718

An

his elder.

eldest son shall take ten parts of animals,

one animal with bifurcated hoops, and a bullock.

of an eldest son shall take a sixteenth part

number
his

son
the

of

of animals, or he shall take an

equal share with

youngest uncle, or sons of different mothers (by a

father) shall take specific shares according to

common

the difference of their mothers.

sonless

father shall
"
Hlr

give away his daughter in

sons shall be my sons/' Several

marriage, saying
hold

authorities

that

thought by a father in
Putrika. Hence, there

mere entertainment of such a

his mind will create the
right of

is a prohibition
regarding marrya
brotherless bride, inasmuch as the existence of
ing
Putrikdship in such a case may not be easily discovered.
Persons related to a (deceased) individual by ties of

Gotra, Pinda, or spiritual clanship (Rishi), may inherit

estates left by him.
The estates of a childless

the

person shall go to his wife after his death, or his

shall seek for a son from his uterine brother.

widow

son

begotten on such a widow by any one except her deceased

husband's brother shall not be competent to inherit the
property of his mother's deceased husband.
daughters, not well-settled in life, shall

Stridhanam

time of a

after

her

the

they
mother's life-time.
should be

first

mensality.

On
in

shall

Money-doweries obtained
marriage shall go to her brothers

sister's

mother's

authorities,

separate,

inherit

of their mother.

at the

been living

Unmarried

demise,

may

or

take the

Estates

left

according to several
money even during their
by a deceased individual

among persons living in comdeath of an elder brother who had

divided
the

commensality,
inherit

his

brother of

property.

his, living

brother

after the partition (of his paternal estate) shall

born

be an heir

Gautama

Saihhitd.

to his father's portion only, (ajid not

to

719

any subsequent

made

thereto by his brothers.)

Of brothers
in
and
to
a
living
commensality
joint-family,
belonging
one happening to be a practising physician, while
accretions

are not physicians (Avaidyas),

the physician
brother shall be the owner of all the properties earned
by him.

others

Aurasa

(i),

Gudotpanna
of sons are

Kdnina
putra

(5)

Kshetraja (2\ Datta (3), Kritrima (4)

and Apaviddha (6) all these (six) kinds

competent

(7),

(10),

to inherit their paternal properties.

Sahoda (8), Paunarbhava (9), PutnkaSvayamdatta (n), and Krita (12) sons

only the Gotra of their fathers, but they, in the

absence of any Aurasa, etc., sons of their father, shall
inherit

be deemed competent to inherit a quarter part of the

by him.

estate left

good and eldest born son of a Brdhmana father

by a Kshatriya mother shall take equal shares with a
son begotten by his father on a Brdhmana wife, but a
son of a Kshatriya mother, under the circumstances, not
possessed of the foregoing qualifications, shall not take
Sons born of
preference of an eldest born.

the

Vais'ya and Kshatriya wives of a

Brdhmana

testator,

(Dhani) shall inherit his property according to shares

and principles laid down before in connection with sons
of

BrcLhmana and Kshatriya wives of a Bra"hmana. A

begotten by a Kshatriya on a S'udra wife, shall

son,

property in the manner of a disciple, in the

event of there being no other kinds of sons of his
his

inherit

and on the pfoof

nursing him at his deatha

man
on a wife
begotten by
belonging
to the same caste with him (Savarnd) shall be debarred
father,

bed.

from

his

son

inheriting

his

paternal

estates on

his

happening

Gautama

720

Saihhita.

to lead an improper life.

S'rotriyas should be regarded
heirs to estates left by childless Brdhmanas, While

as

estates

left

by members of any other caste shall vest

a country. Idiots and eunuchs are

in the sovereign of

maintenance

to

entitled

only.

son

an

of

idiotic

father shall take a share like a son begotten on a S'udra

mother.

Water,

and

slave girls,

art,

articles of confectionary or of culinary

articles necessary for the

of practising yoga can never be partitioned.

should be submitted to the deliberations of

of doubt

at least ten honest, greedless, impartial

of the

purpose

All matters

following type,

for

settlement.

must be Brdhmanas well-versed

men

of

Four

in the Vtdas,

wisdom
of

them

one mem-

ber of good conduct from each of the following orders

Brahmachdrins, house-holders and Vdnap fasthas

viz. }

(forest

read
o.f

in

ten

dwelling hermits,) and three several Jurists, well

the

regulations (Law).
of the aforesaid

members

Parishad.

In

the absence

council consisting
types is called a

of a Parishad, all matters

should be

adjudicated according to the

dicisions of good S'rotriyas, well versed in the Vedas,
inasmuch as they are above all feelings of partiality
of dispute

or unjust oppression.
By practising special virtues the
virtuous go to heaven, culture of knowledge being the
highest of them

all.

THE END,

ret

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TABLE OF CONTENTS.
Samhitd.
SLOKAS,

PAG.

...

7 2 3>

necessary...

723,

7241

12

724,

SUBJECTS.

rApastambha

CHAPTER

The

duties of a house-holder

Deeds where no atonement

No

atonement
is

killed

Atonement
cine

The

I.

is

is

is

when

necessary

cow

on being treated medicinally

cow when medi-

given in excessive degree

...

four parts of a Prajapatya penance...

Penance

for various castes

Penance

for the death

of

for injudicious

a-

cow

sing

for death resulting

to

in

fastening

round her neck

Penance

in

725;

17

725

18

725

19,

20

725

...

...

21

27

726^

...

2829

727

...

from harnesbeing

for

...

Penance

No

...

breaking horns or bones

penance necessary when a cow

killed while grazing

Penance

for joint

...

death of a cow under

other circumstances
for

...

Death from weapons and the penance

Penance

724

con-

...

the

724

15

of bells

carts, carrying weights,

for

14

harness

fastened to posts or penned up

various castes

13

....

finement, on being hanged,

or by the effects of blow

Death

10

for killing a

...

cow.slaugkteu

Cases where no penance is necessary

Regulations about shaving

is
...

30

...

31

727-

...

32

727^

,,.

3334

727

727

CONTENTS.
SLOKAS.

SUBJECTS,

PAGE,.

CHAPTER IL
...

Objects always pure

728-

Purification. k>r drinking water in another

tank

The

...

...

...

...

...

purification of water

CHAPTER

food

in

Penance

cooking and
such a house
...
taking water

for

tank

of

729.

73

73P

...

defiled

their

...

...

...

and penances

fasts

The completion

...

taking

...

...

Regulation of
terms

in,

728;

in the

for living unknowingly

house of a low-caste ...
for

614

III.

Penance

The penance

728.

...

penance

...

510
u 12

730.

73*

CHAPTER IV.
Penance

for drinking water

dala's well

Penance

for

from a^Chanr
...

...

12

731-

35

73*

73*

unknowingly touching a low-

caste person

The penance

...

...

for

knowing a

woman

in

menses, touching such a woman, a

caste, or excretions of such

low

...

people

Penance

on

...

for taking fruits with a

the

same

tree

...

Chandala

...

1012

...

733;

CHAPTER V.
Penance

for

Brahmana who

water touched by a Chandala

Penance

Penance

for

for

S'udras

...

drinks
...

...

733-

733

733;

taking residue of food for

Brahmanas and others

...

.,

CONTENTS.
SUBJECTS.

human

Pfenance for taking

Penance

for

fit

SLOKAS.

PAGE;.

IQ

734;

13

734

15

755

10

735

excreta, etc....

touching and being touched

mouth

before washing

...

CHAPTER; VI.

Penance

for

using

Indigo

Penance
field

cloth

...

for

it

...

is

...

grown

...

CHAPTER

menses...

touching a
Penance for touching a

and

for

for

her

...

&

736.

who menstf uates on

the day of marriage

Penance

in

...

for a girl

VII,

women

Regulations and penances for

Penances

with

indigo-plant and

touching

where

dyed

...

...

woman
woman

on being

others

in

menses

in

menses

touched

to

737-

13.

73,7

14

2.1

738

9?

by

...

...

CHAPTER VI1L
Purification

of

various

utensils

articles

and

...

14,

739

521-

739

741

...

34

74*

...

744

742

...

Regulations about boiled rice and other

articles of diet

...

...

CHAPTER IX.
Penance
Penance

for passing stool while eating

for

taking boiled rice

ingly of any other caste

Penance

Penance

for taking interdicted things>

for

Brahmanas

for

fulhTthe promise of death

Penance

for being

impure
Impurity on birth and death

unknow-

failing

to

...

...

,.,

n
12

742

74$

CONTENTS,

JV

SLOKAS.

SUBJECTS.
Rules of eating boiled

Rules

of

rice

Achamanata

PASS

...

13

17

743

...

18

19

74*

Rules of entering a cow-sheds

...

20

744.

Rules about taking boiled rice

...

2124.

744

*5
26

745

31

745

3233

74$

34

3&

74&

37

746

money from

Sin for taking

husband
Sin for taking Stridhan

a daughter's

...

...

...

...

Rules for taking boiled rice

Brahmana

Purification for a

...

for

Brahmana

tion in a forest &c.

Penance

after urina...

...

for

745

touching

a Sudra or a dog obeying the forme*

Purification* for

27

woman

in

knowing
menses under the influence of liquor
...
Penance for touching a Chandala
Condition of sellers of antelope-skin

384*

746

43

747

747

747

747

etc.

CHAPTER X.
Purification after rinsing

...

..

Value of self-control

...

...

Anger and forbearance

...

...

Attainment of salvation

...

...

67

74^

10

747

Value of Homas and Tapas

true

Brahmana

Penance
Penance

of

for

woman
Penance

Prajapatyam

knowing

&

...

.*.

747

...

...

12

747

...

13

747

...

14

747

1516

747

an

...

for vow-

...

interdicted

...

breaking

Birth or death- uncleanne&s: their tenna

A^PASTAMVA SAMHITA*.
CHAPTER
shall describe the

modes

I.

of practising expiatory

penances to be respectively practised for their benefit

by sinners

of all castes in

the order of enumeration,

as formerly narrated by A'pastamva. (i)

The holy sages (Munis) having approached that

foremost of the Rishis, who was free from all calumnies
and was blissfully seated in a secluded place, calmly reposing

in the illuminating principle of

pure

knowledge-

him A'pastamva of undistracted mind, the foremost of

the knowers of yoga, they addressed as follows. (2
3)
Instruct us, O lord, how men, who walk in the path
of inequity and are addicted to
obtain there exoneration. (4)

sinful

practices, can

Rearing of cattle, prosecution of agriculture in

times of distress, distribution of charities to the poor,

and feeding, and giving medicines to, Brahmanas, suckling and protecting the children are the duties of a
house-holder.

Tell

us,

lord,

low

shall

(a

house-

atone for

any act of injury unknowingly or

unintentionally done to a cow, etc. ? (5
7)
been
thus
addressed
the
Rishts
the holy
Having
by
holder)

Apastamva, with
the honour shown

his

head bent down

in recognition of

to him, looked at them and gave utterance to the following words of unflinching certainty. (8)

Any. mishap happened to the

suckling

it,

or to that

of a

life

of a child, while

Brdhmana while

feeding,

medicinally treating him, calls for no atonement. (9)

95

or

724

A]pa$tamva

Later on

describe the form of an

expiatory
penance to be practised for the death of a cow, dead
but according to several
While treating her medicinally
I

shall

authorities,

no

sin

is

committed by giving sustenance or

medicine to a cow (even

if

she dies in consequence

thereof). (10)

Drugs, salt, oils, food and nutritious things in general

conduce to the preservation of animal-life, and hence

no atonement

is

necessary

(if

an animal dies during the

administration of any of these articles.) (it)

But these things should not be given in inordinate

They should be given in moderate doses and
quantities.
at proper
is

seasons.The practice of a Krichchha

the atonement for the death

quence

of cow,

dead

in

Vratam
conse-

of excessive drugging or feeding. (12)

Three days' fasting constitutes a quarter part of the

penance. Living on food, obtained without solicitation,
for three days, constitutes a quarter part of

the penance.
meal
at
for
a
three
night,
days, conTaking only single
stitutes a quarter part of the penance, and taking a
single meal in the day, for three days, constitutes a

quarter part of the penance. These four quarter parts

constitute a Praaj&patyam Vratam. (13
14)

under the obligation of practising

an expiatory penance, should practise that form of
quarter Prajdpatyam in which a single meal at morning
S'iiudra, standing

has been enjoined to be taken for three succesa Vais'ya, under the circumstance, should
sive days
the
form in which a single meal at evening
practise
(day)

enjoined to be taken,
under the circumstance, should live, ,for

(night) for three successive days

a Kshatriya,

three days, on

is

food obtained without solicitation, while

Apastamva

Saikhitd.

725

a Brahmana should observe acontinuous fast for three

days. (15)

penance should ,be practised

confinement, two quarters on

single quarter of the

on the death

cow in
cow with

of a

the death of a
ree

the

halter

round her neck,

on the death of a bullock

quarters,

nd the entire

a cow or bullock, dead from the

in harness,

on the death of

(four quarters) penance,

effects

of

a blow or

lashing. (16)

half-penance should be practised on the death of

a cow, dead through the effects of injudicious fastenings

of bells round her neck, inasmuch as the purpose of
such a fastening

is

mere ornamentation. (17)

three quarter part of the penance should be practised an the death of a cow or bulluck, dead on ac-

count of harnessing it to a cart, or subjecting it to carry

a weight, which is beyond its strength, or of fasteningit to a rod or post, or
keeping it huddled together witb
other cows in a pen or cowshed for a time which isbeyond its endurance. (18)

Having
cudgel,
violence,

or

killed

stone,

people,

a cow or a bullock with a weapon,

or with any other implement of
should practise the four quarters of

Prajdpatyam Vratam. (19)

A
tice

Brahmana, under the circumstance, should pracan entire Prajdpatyam] a Kshatriya, under the

circumstance, should practise a three-quarter part thereof,

a Vais'ya, under the circumstance, should practise a
half

Krichchka

circumstance,

Vratam, while a S'ndra,

should

practise

only

under

quarter

the
part

thereof. (20)

for the .first two months, calves should be allowed to

for the next two months,,
only two

suckle their mothers

teats should

be

fully milched, for the next

cow should be

rnilched

be milched as

liked.

cow

once a day

two months-

after that they

a-

may

(21)

the attempt at controlling her

within a fortnight after parturition, one should give
a clean shave to one's head and practise a PrajapatIf

dies

in

yam

penance. (22)
Pious men should yoke eight bullocks to a plough,
those, living by agriculture, should yoke six bullocks to a
It

plough.

is

who yoke

the cruel

four

bullocks to a

plough, those who yoke a couple of bullocks to a plough

should be branded as killers of bullocks. (23)

three quarter part of the penance (enjoined to be

practised for expiating the sin of cow- killing) should be

on the death

practised

of a

cow

or bullock, dead on

account of excessive milching, or for being subjected

to carry an inordinately
of the

the
hill

perforation

of

heavy weight,, or in consequence

its nose (for gliding through it

leading string), or from the effects of a

fall

from a

or a river-bank. (24)

A
made

cow should not be

of cocoanut

fastend with a rope of strings

palm fibres, nor with one made

Kus a
1

grass or of strings of leather, in a&

as such a rope interferes with its comfort and free

of twisted

much

or

movements. (25)

bullock should be fastened (to a pole) with a rope

Kus' a or Kds'a grass and with its face turned to

wards the south no expiation is necessary for the act
of

of one's

trampling a

fire

under foot while attending to

a cow or bullock. (26)

On the death of a cow or bullock through injudicious fastening or penning, or through the adminisfiration of an improper medicine
by a physician, one (its

A'pastamva Saihkita.

727

owner) should doubly practise the penance of Govra^

tarn.

(27)

or
Having broken the horns or bones of a cow,
milk for
having cut her tail, one should live simply on

seven days. (28)1

Or one should

on barley diet mixed with cow's

not beurine, under the circumstance, until she does
is
what
is
This
come sound again.
enjoined by
Us'anah.

No

live

(29);
is

expiation

dead from

necessary for the death of a cow,

a natural cave or in a well, while

in

falling

grazing or freely roaming about. (30)

Having jointly killed a cow, each
killers

way

of the several*

should separately practise a quarter-penance by>

of expiation. (3,1)

No atonement

necessary for the death of a cow,,

from the effects of cauterisation, or from the

dead

is

effects of bringing about

a case of

difficult labour.

an instrumental parturition,

in

(3^2)

One

should clip the nails of one's fingers and toes,,

and shave the hairs of one's body while engaged in
practising a quarter-penance.

The beard and mous-

tache should be shaved in connection with the practice

all the hairs of the head except &.
of a half-penance
;

tuft

of

hair

at

the crown,

should be

shaved

while

a three-quarter-penance, while a complete

head is enjoined in respect of the prac-

practising

shaving of "the
tice of

full

penance. (33)
widths of the tips of a woman's hairsshould be clipped, where a complete shaving of her
head would be found to have been laid down ia the:

Two

fingers'

regulations. (34)

A'pastamva Safahitfa

728:

CHAPT'ER
ARTICLES

II.

of manufacture just received

from the hands

things brought from out side a village,

done by infants, women and old men, and thingsnot directly found to be impure, should be regarded as

of

artisans,

acts

pure, (i)

Having drunk water

or that lieing
accumulated in a forest or in the furrows of a ploughed,
field,

or

is

well

as

as

that

in

which

owned by a S'vapak

Prapd*

is

flowing out of a pond,

or a Chandala> one should;

regain one's purity by drinking Panchagavyam. (2)

current and continuous stream of water, dusts

blown about by the wind, women, infants and old men

are never defiled. (3)

One' own bed, wife, progeny, wearing apparels and

sacred bowl are always pure belonging to others they
;

are impure. (4)

Having drunk water out

tank,

of,

or bathed

in,

a well or

caused to be excavated by another, one should

regain one's purity by drinking Panchagavyam. (5)

Water purifies the unused residue of another person's
meal and things, that are generally impure, or are even

smeared with excrement, when that water is defiled

what can impart to it its lost purity ? (6)
That water, by lying exposed to the sun,, and through,
the

contact

of

air

and

cow's

urine,

becomes pure

again. (7)

Water, defiled by the contact of skin, hairs, and

bones, etc., or touched by a camel, ass, etc., should be
baled out of

its

should be adopted
*

receptacle,

or the following

method

for its purification. (8)

A place where water

is

distributed to travellers.

-2>.

A'pastamva Safahria.

that ^has been defiled by the

Contact of excrementitious matter, or into which a tiger,

The water
ass,

jackal,

of a well

a camel

or

as

bottom.

its

purified.

This

it.

is

how

be com*

of clay should

be

the

compound known

of

fresh earth should

Then

Panchagavyam and handfuls

be cast into

should

fallen,

and several handfuls

pletely baled out,

taken out of

has

well should be

a defiled

(910)

hundred pitchers of water should be baled out of

a pond or tank, and Panchagavyam should be cast into
it.
This is how a defiled pond or tank should be repurified,

How
a

well,

(n)
Brahmana, who has drunk the water

shall a

defiled

human

by a
I

personal purity?

carcass, shall

have a doubt as regards

of

recover his
this.

(12)

Having drunk water out of a well whose water has

been defiled by the immersion of an undecomposed and
unsecreting corpse therein, a Brahmana should fast for
an entire day and night and recover his purity by drink-

ing Panchagavyam, thereafter. (13)

Having drunk water -out of a well,

immersion of a

fetid

defiled

and decomposed corpse

by the

therein, a

Brdhmana should practise a Chdndrayanam or a

Krichchha Vratam by way of purification. (14)

CHAPTER
HAVING unknowingly
vile

caste,

come

and

Brahmana should
the

Brahmanas,

Chdndrdyayam

first

lived

in

obtain

and then

Vratam

III.

the house of a

know

to

for

Tapta,

the

of

it

man

afterwards,

commisseration

practise

Pardka

or

of

a
of

regaining his purification,

A^pasiamva

730

S'iidra,

under the Circumstance,

The

Prdjdpatyam penance.
honorariums,

etc.,

should practise &

remaining items such a$

are in accordance with the nature of

the penance practised,

(i

-2)

The practice of a Krichchha Vratam shouid be laid

down as a proper expiatory penance for those that might
have taken any cooked food in that house, while those
who have dined with such individuals should practise
quarter Krichchha Vratas by way of expiation. (3)
People drinking, out of a well, defiled by the touch
of a corpse,

or

of a dead body,

with

men, made unclean by the touch

for a day and thereafter

should fast

regain their purity by drinking Panchagavyam. (4)

Old men,

women

infants, invalids (sick folks)

and pregnant

should take a single meal in the night in cases

fast is enjoined for others
girls

where a complete

should have their meals, under the circumstance, at the

expiry of two Prakaras (six hours of the day). (5)

Old men

and

sick
(for

of eighty years,

boys below sixteen,

women

folks are required to practise half penances

the expiation of any sin or misdemeanour) (6)

only
Friends and preceptors of infants, above five years
and below eleven years of age, should practise expiatory penances on their behalf,

when

necessary. (7)
while practising a penance, should
regain their purity by causing its unperformed residue
to be practised by others, so that their lives may not

Persons, failing

ill

be anywise imperilled.

(8)

not helping with food a fasting penitent

out
of
dying
hunger, or of any disease, commit sin by
Persons,

witholding such help. (9)

full

Even the practice of an expiatory penance, for if:s

and proper term, by a person does not absolve him

"

A'paslamva Saihhild.

731

without the ackiaowjedgement of it by Brahmanas, a penitent, after the expiry of half the term of a
penance, may be regarded as pure, if the foremost of
of

sin

fois

Brahmanas pronounces him

Members
Vais'ya and
'

in

pleted

of the
S'iidra)

three
shall

so.

(10)

social orders

(of

Kshatriya,

never utter the term, 'com-

respect of the completion of an expiatory

even at the point of death they shall cause

penance
it to be
pronounced by a Brahmana. (n)
;

-The merit
to

pilgrimage

of causing a Brahmana to undertake a

a sacred place, or to make an ablution in

pool, belongs to him on whose behalf he makes

such a pilgrimage or ablution. (12)

a sacred

CHAPTER

WHAT
drinks

IV.

the proper expiatory penance for one, who

water out of a cup or well belonging to a

is

Chanddla, and how does the form of that penance should

differ

according to the caste of a penitent

(i)

Brdhmana, under the circumstances, should praca Santapanam Vratam, a Kshatriya, a Prajapatyam a Vais'ya, a half Prdjdpatyam, and a S'udra, a
tise

quarter Prdjdpatyam, respectively. (2)

Having unknowingly touched a Chandala or S'vapacka

before washing his face after a meal, a
should regain his purity by practising an

penance.

after

expiatory

(3)

After

Gdyatri,

Brdhmana

having eight thousand times repeated the

a hundred times the Drupada Mantra, or

or

having recited, for three nights, any other sacred

96

Apastami)a

<

732

Mantra

SavhhitS.

he should drink Panchagavyam,

in tearful eyes,

whereby he would be pure again.

touched a

Brdhmana, having

washing

his

person

(4)

Chandala before

after attending to a call of nature,

should, for three nights,

practise the proper expiatory

of the penance should be

tenn

while the

penance,
extended to six days in case where he might have
touched a Chandala before rinsing his mouth with water,
after a meal,

(5)

What would be the form of expiation for one, who

has gone unto a woman in her menses, or touched a
woman in her flow, or a member of any other vile caste,
while drinking water, or has touched
tious matter of these persons

the

excrementi-

(6)

What would

be the form of expiation for him who

touched any of these people ? Having

might have
touched any of these, while taking one's meal, (one should,
for three nights r practise the proper

while

one,

defiled

drinking water,

by the touch

of

expiatory penance,
of these, while

any

should practise the penance for three

days- only. (7)

to

touch of any of these individuals, after attending

any other call of nature, or after coition, should be

expiated by practising a quarter Krichchha Vratam,

while defiled by their urine and stool, one should
the penance

practise
tively.
It

of the

for

one and three days, respec-

(8)
is

enjoined that one defiled by the touch of any

people, while brushing one's teeth,

aforesaid

should practise the proper

expiatory

penance

for

single day. (9)

r

What would be

the form of expiation for a Brahmana,

Safakitd.

Apastamva

who has

eaten

seated

fruits

tfn

733

the branch

of

a tree

which a Chandila has climbed up at that tjme ? (10)

With the permission of Brahmanas, he should bathe
with all his clothes on, fast for a whole day and night,

and thereafter regain

gcmyam. (n)

by taking Pancha-

purity

Brdhmana, having touched anything impure, before

washing

by

his

his face after a meal, should

fasting for a night,

his

regain

purity

and by taking Panchagavyam

as well. (12)

CHAPTER

WHAT

would be the form

V.

penance for a
twice-born one, who, touched by a Chanddla^ drinks
water before performing an A'chamanam ? (i)
of expiatory

A
his

Brahmana, under the circumstance, should regain

purity by fasting for three nights and by taking

Panchagavyam, while the term

only for a Kshatriya, its

days
the same.

No

of the

other

penance

factors

(S'iidra).

two

remaining

(2)

expiatory penance, vow, Tapasyd^ or

of
the fourth
social
for a member

exists

is

Homa
order

(3)

S'iidras

should

not

be enjoined to

drink Pancha-

gavyam, inasmuch as they are not privileged to utter any

Mantras. A S'udra, guilty of any delinquency, should
regain his purity by confessing

making

his

day and

to a

Brahmana and by

gifts. (4;

Brahmaiia,

unused residue
cove*r

it

who

has unknowingly partaken of the

Brdhmana's meal, should re-

of another

purity

night, (5)

by reciting the Gayatri

for a

whole

A'pastamva Savhhita.

734

Brahmana, who has unknowingly eaten the unused

residue of the meal of a Vais'ya, should regain his purity
practising the penance
drinking the washings of

for

by

three

nights,

S ankkapuskpi
y

(a

and by
kind

of

creeper). (6)

Brahmana commits no

unused residue
out

of

the

of the

same

meal

sin

of a

of the

by partaking

Brahmani, or by eating

plate with her.

It

carries the sanction

of the wise. (7)

man, having partaken of the unused residue of

any other woman's food or drink, should regain his purity

by practising a Prajapatyam. It is so laid down by the
holy Angira. (8)

Twice-born ones
of

the unused

dividuals,

and

residues

the

of

having partaken
meals of low-caste in-

should respectively practise an

quarter

piation.

of different orders,

entire,

penance by way

Prajapatyam

of

half

ex-

(9)

Brahmana having partaken

of

any human excre-

ments, should practise a Tapta-krichchha vratam> while

having partaken of any thing previously eaten by a crow
or a dog, he should practice a Prajapatyam. (lo)

A Brahmana, who, before washing his mouth after

a meal, might have unintentionally touched a dog, cock,
S'udra, wine bowl or any thing defiled by being seated
upon by an unholy bird, should regain his purity by
fasting for an entire day and night, and by taking

Panchagavyam,

thereafter.

A Brahmana, touched by a Vais'ya who has not

washed his face after eating, should recover his purity
thrice bathing and
reciting the sacred
course of a day. (12)

by

Mantras

in the
(

'

A'pastamva Safahitd.

735

A Br4hmana, touched by. a Brcihrnana who has not

washed his face after eating, should regain his purity
by making an A* chamanam,
injunction- of the holy

This

after a bath.

is

the

Apastamva. (13)

CHAPTER

Vf.

NOW I shall deal with the form of expiatory p-enan-ce to

be practised for wearing or using a cloth dyed withindigo.
Indigo-dyed clothes are not defiling when- worn
by women

for beautifying their persons,

in their beds,

c*r

used by then*

(i)

sowing, or selling indigo plants, or making livelihoods out of them, Brahmanas should be degraded, or

By

they should regain their purity by practising three Krick*

chha Vratas. (2)
Ablutions, gifts, penitential austerities, Homas, Tarpanas and the Panckayajnas, as well as the study of the

Vedas,
fail

made by him who wears an indigo-dyed

to bear

any

fruit.

cloth,

(3)

A
his

Brfthmana, having worn an indigo-dyed cloth on

person, should regain his purity by fasting for a

whole day, and by taking Panchagavyam.

Brihmana, through the pores

of

(4)

whose skin the

juice of Indigo enters into his body,

becomes

degraded, and such a Brahmana should recover

by practising three Krichchha penances. (5)

his purity

expressed

A
twig

Brahmana, whose body is pricked into by the

and especially if blood oozes

of an Indigo plant,

out of that wound, should practice a

penance by
expiation,

(6)

way

of

Apastamva

736

SatfihitA.

Brahmana, having, unknowingly walked through a

row of Indigo plants, should fast for a whole day and

and regain

night,

his purity

by drinking Panchagavyam,

thereafter (7)

Boiled rice (article of fair) carried in a cloth, dyed

juice, should be regarded as unfit to be

with' Indigo

partaken of by Brahmanas, and those who partake of

such boiled rice, should practise expiatory penances. (8)

Brahmana having unknowingly taken the express-

ed juice

of Indigo, should regain his purity

an expiatory penance.
A'pastamva. (9)
That part of a

This

field in

is

by practising
the dictum of the holy

which Indigo is sown remains

which period it becomes

polluted for twelve years, after

pure again. (10)

CHAPTER

AN

VII.

woman, on the fourth day of her

commended. One should visit a woman on the

ablution by a

flow,

is

suppression of her flow, each month, (i)

Haemorrhage from the uterus of a woman

should be

regarded as a disease, and such a discharge of blood

does not affect her personal purity, in asmuch as it is
the outcome of a pathological condition, and not
mal, physiological function in itself. (2)

A woman

a nor-

-.remains unclean as long as the flow

tinues in her, each

on the suppression

con-

She becomes clean again

the discharge, and becomes fit

month.
of

domestic or conjugal duties. (3)

day of her menses, a woman becomes

for the purposes of

On

the

first

(impure as) a Chanddli, on the second day of her flow

she becomes (unclean as) a woman who has killed a

A'pastamva

Brhmana, on

the third

Satiihttd.

737

day o/ her flow she becomes

impure as a washer woman, while she regains her personal purity on the fourth day. (4)
A woman in her menses, happened to be touched by
a S'vapdk or a Chanddla, should fast for three nights
and recover her purity by taking Panchagavyam,
thereafter. (5)

On
woman

the advent of the fourth night of her flow, a

should ask her lord to procreate progeny on her

person. (6)

The company

of a

woman

in

her menses, touched

by a dog or a S'vapdk, should be avoided she should

regain her purity by fasting for three days and nights
;

and by taking Panchagavyam

thereafter. (7)

A woman,

touched by a dog on the first day of

her iow, should fast for six days
touched, on the
second day of her flow she should fast for three days ;
;

touched on the third day of her flow she should fast for
a single day, while touched on the fourth day of her
flow she should
fire.

regain her

purity

by looking

at

(8)

How

should the purificatory rite be done unto a girl

may chance to menstruate on the day of her
marriage, before the completion of her marriage cere-

who

mony, or before the

rite

in that connection has

been performed

The

girl

(bride)

tion on the fourth

her

in

day of her flow.

over again,

the sacrificial

A woman

consecration of her body

?

(9)

make an abluThen having clothed

should be caused to

new garment,

performed

of

Homa etc., should be

and the unfinished portion of

the rites of

ceremony should be completed.

(lo)

in her menses,
happened to be touched by
^
a cock or a diver, should
regain her purity by fasting

A'pastamva Saihhita*
three

for

nights

and by drinking Panchagavyam as

well, (ii)

Having touched a woman in her menses before he

has washed his mouth after a meal, a Brdhmana should
recover his purity by practising a Krichchha penance,
and by making

gifts.

(12)

Brdhmana, having climbed to 'the same branch

of a tree with a CA0w^/tf-woman, or with a woman
in her

menses, should bathe at that very moment, with

all his

clothes on. (13)

A woman
a dog,

in her

menses, happened to be touched by

unexpired residue of her

should fast for the

tfTm of uncleanness. (14)

Incapable

of fasting,

she should

make an

ablution

incapable even of bathing, she should recover her purity

by taking Panchagavyam.

(15)

Brdhmanna, having touched wine, or a woman

menses, before rinsing his mouth with water after
a meal, should practise a full a or half Krichchha
in

penance. (16)

A
or a

Brdhmana, happening

woman

in

to touch a parturient

after a meal, should practise a

by way

woman,

her menses, before he has washed his face

half

Krichchha penance

of expiation. (17)

woman in her menses, happening to be touched

a
or a S'vapak, should regain her purity
Chandala
by
by taking Panchagavyam during the unexpired residue
of her term of uncleanness. (18)

A Brahmana-woman in her menses, happening to be

touched by a S'lidra-woman, similarly circumstanced as
her self, should regain her purity by fasting for a
day and

night,

and by taking Panchagdvyam'. (19)

A'pastam-ua Saihhitd.
Similarly, a

in her

should bathe,

that

739

menses, hapin her

woman

to touch a Kshatriya or a Vais'ya

pening
flow,

Brdhmana woman

>

moment, with

all

her clothes

on. (20)

A woman

menses, happening to touch a woman

caste, similarly circumstanced as herself (in
her flow), may recover her purity by simply taking a
This is the dictum of the holy A'pastamva. (21).
bath.
in her

own

of her

CHAPTER
ARTICLES

VIII.

defiled

of bell-metal,

by the touch

of

any

impure thing other than wine, should be purified by

defiled by the touch of wine
rubbing them with ashes
or of excrements, they should be purified by heating or
;

scraping them, (l)

Utensils,

made

of bell-metal, smelled

by cows, or out

which S'iidras have eaten, or defiled by the touch of

S'vdpachas, should be purified by rubbing them with
of

the ten kinds of ashes. (2)

Articles made of gold or brass, anywise defiled,
should be purified by keeping them exposed to air and
sun's rays
blankets, defiled by the touch of a corpse or
;

semen, should be purified by washing them with earth

and water.
Boiled
takes

five

(3

4)

taken without any cooked vegetables,

nights to be digested, while that, taken with

rice,

cooked

vegetables (curries), takes a fortnight to be

digested in the human stomach. (5)

Milk and milk-curd take a month, and melted butter

takes six months, to be digested in the

97

human stomach,

Apastamva
or may not- be digested in the human
course of a year. (6)
Brahmana, who continuously partakes of a S'udra's

while

oil

stomach

A
boiled

rice

and

life,

may

in the

is

for a

month, becomes a S'udra even

in this-

re-born as a dog at his next re-birth. (7)

a S'udra's

Partaking of
the S'iidra's,

the

sharing

boiled

rice,

company

of

same bed or seat with a

S'udra, and earning knowledge from S'iidras are

which degrade even the effulgent ones. (8)

acts,

The soul, the Vedas, and the three fires of a Brahmana,

who has duly installed the sacred fire, perish, if he doesnot refrain from taking a S'udra' s boiled

rice.

The son procreated by a Brahmana on

having
S'udra whose boiled
of a

man

is

his wife, after

belongs to the
rice he has partaken of, since the

taken a S'udra's boiled

seed

(9)

rice,

the essence of his food, (10)

Dying with a S'udra's boiled rice in his stomach, a

man becomes a domesticated hog or dog at his next
birth,

A
rice,

(u)
Brahmana may always take a Brathmana's boiled
a Kshatriya's on the occasion of a Parva, and a

Vais'ya's on the

celebration

he can never partake

Brahmana' s

of

of a religious sacrifice, but

a S'udra's boiled

boiled rice

is

belonging to a Kshatriya
belonging to a Vais'ya is like
that

belonging to a S'udra

The

is

boiled rice of a

rice.

(12)

like the divine ambrosia,

is

its

like

own

like blood.

Brahmana

melted butter, that

is

self,

while

that

(13)

consecrated through

the merit of offerings to Vishvadevas, Homas, Japas,

and divine worship, and through the purifying influence
of Rik,
rice of a

Yajuh or Sama-mantras. Hence, the

Brahmana is like the divine nectar, (14)

boiled

Apastamva
Since

Sarhhita.

the Rshatriyas, .who

it is

741

protect

the

society

by administering even-handed justice and by enforcing

obedience to regulations, boiled rice belonging to a
Kshatriya

is

like clarified butter.

(15)

Vais'ya celebrates religious

with the

sacrifices

help of bullocks, according to his might, and practises

and hospitalities. It is through the merit of

charities

these pious acts that his boiled rice is consecrated. (16)

The boiled rice of the ignorant and drink-sodden
S'udras, unconsecrated by any vow or Mantras, is like
blood. (17)

Raw

meat, honey, clarified butter, paddy, milk,

treacle, may be taken from a S'iidra. (18)
Edible leaves of plants and creepers
lotus-stems,

sesame,

sugarcane-juice,

barley-powder, and
members of all castes. (19)
fried

asafcetida

and

(S'akas),

meat,

treacle,

fruit,

may be taken from

Brahmana, having taken boiled

rice in

a S'iidra's

house, during times of distress, should regain his purity

by making repentance, or by a hundred times reciting the

Drupada Mantras.

An

(20)

kept in his hand, and happened to be defiled by the touch of a S'udra who has not washed his
face after eating, should not be eaten by a Brahmana.

This

is

article

the dictum of the holy A'pastamva. (21)

CHAPTER

IX.

a Brahmana involuntarily passes stool, while

eating,
what would be the form of expiation in
respect of such a
IF

Brahmana, made impure, while remaining with unrinsed

mouth, (i)

A'pastamva SathkitA.

742

Having washed hinjself, he should first perform an

Achamanam, and thereafter regain his purity by fasting
for an entire day and night, and by taking Pancha-

gavyam. (2)
Having unknowingly partaken of boiled rice belonging to a member of any caste whatsoever, and having
failed

to

purify

his

person thereafter,

recover his purity by taking

Yavdn

man

should

for three nights. (3)

half anjali measure (quantity that can be contained in two palms of hands united together) of barley

corn, one

Pala

(eight tollas) of clarified butter, [and five

Pala weights of cow's urine constitute what is techniA penitent shall not take anycally known as Yavdn.
thing more than this Yavdn. (4)
the proper expiation for a man after
drunk, or licked anything that should not

What would be

having eaten,
be eaten, drunk, or licked, as well as after having taken
semen or excrements ? (5)

He

should recover his purity by living, for six nights

juice of Asvathtka, lotus,
(days), on the expressed
Vilva
or
Kds'a.
Audumvara,
(6)

Brahmanas, who having renounced the world and

made a determination to die either in fire or water fail
to carry out their

determination,

Krichchha and three

should practise three

Chdndrdyana vratas by way

of

expiation. (7)
All

the

the consecratory

rites

of

tonsure,

rites

(of

initiation

Brdhmanism such as

with the thread,

etc.,)

should be done unto them over again, and they should

practise Santapanams or Krichchha Ch&ndrdyanams as
well. (8)

Persons, over whose heads crows, kites, and herons

fly

about,

or

whose persons are smeared with

their

A'pastamva Saihhitd,

743

excrements, or into the apertures of whose noses and

ears such excrementitious matter enters, become pure
again by bathing, even with those impure substances
remaining on their persons. (9)
person, defiled by the touch of an impure thing
above his navel, becomes pure again by simply bath-

touched at any part part of his body below the

hands and umbilicus, he should regain his purity by
ing

washing the defiled part with clay and water. (10)

He, whose face is defiled by the touch of a shoe, or
.

of

any other impure substance, should rub his face with

wash it with water, and thereafter recover his

earth and

purity by taking Parichagavyam. (n)

On the death or birth of a sapinda relation born of

a Brdhmana mother, a Brdhmana remains unclean for

ten days, on the birth or death of a Sapinda relation
born of a Kshatriya mother, a Brdhmana remains unfor six days, on the birth or death of a Vais'ya

clean

Sapinda, a Brdhmana remains unclean for three days,

birth or death of a Siidra Sapinda, a Brdh-

and on the

mana remains

unclean for one day only. (12)

Boiled rice (food), served out to an eater, and not

eaten by him,

used to

should neither be given to another, nor

therewith in fire. (13)

offer oblations

Boiled

rice,

found to have been infested with

flies

or loose hairs, after one has eaten several morsels thereof,

should be cast into the ashes, and one should

make

an A^chamanam thereafter. (14)

Having unknowingly partaken of a S'iidras boiled

or that cooked with dry meat, one should practise
a Krichchha penance. The penance should be doubled
rice,

in a case of intentional eating.

At a dinner

party,

if

(15)

a man,

who has

seated

down

A*past ami) a

744
to

while

up,

up without faking iny thing, or

rises

dine,

rises

the giver of such a dinner, as well as

eating,

he who subsequently eats any thing thereat, should be

regarded as defilers (of a row of Brahmanas, seated
down to a dinner Panktidushaka's}. (16)
He, who has eaten, or has been eating defiled boiled
rice, should observe a fast and recover his purity by
taking Panchagavyam. (17)
In connection with religious

done

in water,

land,

while in

rites

which should be

one should perform the A'chamanam on

connection with rites which should be

done both on land and water, one should perform the

A'ckamanam, dipping one's

Entering

feet in water. (18)

water for a bath, one should

in

do the

A'chamanam

in water; coming out of water after bathdo the A'chamanam on land. By so doing
should
one
ing,
one becomes blissful and favoured of Varuna. (19)

One

should put

off

one's

shoes before entering a

cowshed or an Agnis'dld (room where the sacred fire

is kept) or an assembly of Brahmanas, or before reading
the Vedas and sitting down to a meal. (20)

One

should

not partake

of boiled rice not belong-

ing to one's Sapinda relation during the celebration of

any post-natal rite, or of that of tonsure in special,
as

well as

mony.

after

the celebration

of

S'f&ddha cere-

(21)
of boiled rice
belonging to a
one who acts as a priest to a large
Vahuydji), as well as that cooked

Having partaken
village-priest,

number

or

to

of families

connection with a Garbhddhdnam, or with a S'rdddha

ceremony, performed for the first time (Nava S'rdddham)

in

or under the auspices of a lunar or solar eclipse, one

should practise a Chdndrdyanam penance. (22)

Saihhitd.

Apastamva
Having taken boiled rke

.at

745

one's

house on the

Nava Sraddha,
Brahmaudanam,
Sraddha
an
Anna
or
ceremony, a
Simantonnayanam,
man should practise a Chandrayanam penance. (23)
occasion

of

Boiled rice should not be partaken of in

of a barren

a house,

is

the

house

He, who unknowingly eats at such

consigned to the hell of Puyasam, after

woman.

death. (24)

accepting any amount of money, however

small, from the husband of a daughter on the occasion
of her marriage, is doomed to eat and drink excrements
father,

in the hell of

Relations

many years, after death. (25)

woman, who live by selling carts,

Raurava,
of a

for

and golden ornaments which have become her

and they come by a worse
Stridhanam^ commit sin

clothes,

next world. (26)

The boiled rice of a Kshatriya

fate in the

of his

strength,

(Brahmana)

deprives its eater

a S'iidra deprives its eater
Bra"hmanic energy. He, who par-

that

of his

of

rice without consecrating it, eats the

rubbishes of the earth. (27)
He who partakes of boiled rice belonging to one

takes

of boiled

affected

with a birth or death-uncleanness, as well as

he that eats boiled rice during a lunar or solar eclipse,

or under the auspices of the astral combination known
as

Gaja Chhdya commits

Having eaten

the

sin.

(28)

boiled

rice

of

a twice-married,

debauched woman, or of one who has been taken

back in the family after an elopement, as well as that
or

given

mana
,

by a woman during her first pregnancy, a Brahshould practise a Chandrayanam. (29)

Having eaten the boiled

cide, or

a Brahmanicide,

or

of

rice of

a patricide, matri-

one who has

carnally

A'pastamva

746

known

a step mother or a greceptor's wife, a

Brahmana

should practise a Chdndrdyanam. (30)

Having partaken of the boiled rice of a washerman)
hunter, cobler or a carpenter, or of a maker of Bamboomade-articles, a

yanam.

Brdhmana should

practise

Chdndrd-

(31)

Br^hmana, happening to touch a dog or a

S'iidra,

before washing his face after a meal, should recover his

purity by fasting for a day and night, and by taking

Panchagavyam.

(32)

Boiled-rice should be given on the bare ground to a

Bra'hmana, who constantly carries out the behests of a

S'udra, as

to

a dog.

There

no difference between

is

such a Brahmana and a dog, (33)

How shall a Bra'hmana with an article in his hand,
regain his personal purity after urination or defecation
at a waterless place, or in a forest, or on a road infested

with tigers or thieves

Placing boiled rice

(34)

on the ground, he should attend

and duly cleanse his person.

Then by placing the cooked food on his lap, he should
regain his purity by making an A'chamanam. (35)

to

the call of

nature

wash his person after urination or defecaBrahmana should regain his purity by taking
nothing else than Panchagavyam for three nights. (36)
Failing to

tion,

visited, under the influence of wine, a woman

her menses, a Brahmana should recover his purity
by practising a Chdndrdyanam penance and by feeding

Having

in

Brahmanas

thereafter. (37;

A Bra'hmana of small knowledge, happening to touch

a Chanddla before he has washed his face after a meal,
should practise

Brahmacharyam by bathing thrice every

and
day,
by lying on the bare ground and fasting for

A'pastamva Sathhitd.
After that,* he. should regain his

three nights.

by drinking Panchagavyam. (38

A Brahmana, drinking water
should

data,

747

in

touch with a Chan-

his purity, by fasting for a

regain

purity

39).

day and

night and by bathing thrice. during the fast. (40)

A single meal on the first day, a meal at night on
day, and a complete fast on the third day
a quarter Krichchha Vratam.
single meal
first day,
a .night meal on the second, eating of

second

the

constitute

on the

food on the third, and fasting on the follow-

unsolicited

ing days constitute a half

two are

light

penances. (41

corpse-followers, and recipients

be re-born as

men

<of

after

an

elephant

of gifts of

lo\v status.

CHAPTER
feven

These

42)

of antelope-skins, horse or

Sellers,

shall

Vratam.

Krichchha

Achamanam

sellers,

sesame seeds,

(43)

X.
(at the close of

a meal)

a person remains unclean so long as the water is not

lifted up.
Even after the lifting of water he remains
iinclean

so

long as the ground

is

not plastered with

cow-dung, etc. Even after the plastering of the ground

he remains unclean so long as he does not rise up from

and go somewhere else, (i 2)

The erudite call not 'Yama (the lord

his seat

The

self

destiny).

Yama
59

man
He who

of a

is

the real

Yama

has controlled his

(lord of death)

do unto him

of death)

Yama.

(controller of his
self,

what

will

(3)

Neither a sharp sword, nor an infuriated

serpent is
much killing, as anger which resides in one's own

body.

(4)

748

A'pastatnva

Forbearance leads

and

in the

both in
is

that their taleration

forbearance,

'practise

tor hajjpiness

Only one defect there

next.

this

worli

men who

of

may be

mis-

'construed for incapability. (5)

It

not

is

the strong

or the erudite that shall attain

who

splendid and
It is not
'delightful mansions, that shall attain salvation.
the well-fed or the well-dressed ones that shall be emanciSalvation.

not

is

It

those,

live

in

It is

pated.

the

persevering, god-loving, long-suffering

ones that do good to all, spread delight all around

'them, are devoted to the practice of Yoga and to
the study of the Vediis and are the knowers of their
that shall obtain emancipation.
sproper selves,

Homas and

worship done

melted butter cast

in the fire in

lost like water kept in

in

(67)

wrath, or libations of

mood

an angry

an unbaked pitcher.

are

all

(8)

Humiliation adds to one's

to

its

like

deterioration.

cow which

grief,

is

Tapasyd, honour leads

honoured or glorified Brahmana,
to
daily milchedj soon comes

(g)

A Brahmana

gains

in

his

spiritual

body by the

Japas and Homas, as a cow gains

feeding upon aquatic plants. (10)

practice of

in

bulk by

He, who beholds other men's wives as his own

mothers, other men's possessions as mere brick bats>

and

all

beholds,

The
for

the

creatures

as

his

own

kinsmen,

but

rightly

(i i)

practice
sin

of a

of eating

Prdjapatyart
the

is

the atonement

boiled rice of a washerman^

hunter, carpenter, cobbler or of a Venujivi. (12)

Having gone unto an interdicted woman, or pc^rof any interdicted food, one should regain one's

taken

74$
Jpftrity

by practising a

V rat am.

Chdltc&'djHinartl or a Prajapatyarfr

(13)

who

relinquishes the
vow-breaker; the practice of a

He,

is

Agni Hotra^ becomes a

Ckindray&nam penance

the only atonement for his sin. (14)

birth

celebration

tnony,

or death-uncleanness, occurring before

of a

projected

that

nuptial

or

sacrificial

Or death of a

does not affect the celebration of a

nuptial or Deva&rovfi* ceremony. (16)

*

cere^-

day, and the projected ceremony

expires
inay be celebrated. ^15)
Unclean ness incidental to the birth

relation

the

Procession with idols.

THE END.

religious-,

urn:

fip

^f^r^sf

firm

>*!

utrt

rj

?ur

arcm
n

I.

tig

\\

fatwtrf

f^TOt

II

f?rg

ftr^n

355

gr

am

fcr?^T
II

<-

ii

fara^N

fwftr:

it

iT 3
II

rfr(

HT

II

fifflS

?I%

^f

rf^T
H

ftw:

u^
i

ftn

^1$:

3* ft

n*t nti

worn rv
\

TOT
.

f%

?ft

was

*JWT

fe^r:

i-

rIVft

H:

T?t.W

^:
H

fTT^cf

trffrr

fwr?teft

TABLE OF -CONTENTS.
Vas'ishtkfi

StmhitL

SUBJECTS.

CHATTER
Sources of the sacred laws

and

I.

Practice* of Siddhas,
usages obtaining; in

and
between the Vindhya and

religious practices

countries

th

Hima75*

...

...

...

...

laya

Geographical limits, and physical features, of Aryavata and Brahmavarta ...

...
...
Sinners and the five heinous crimes
Obligation of the three castes to remain under
the control of Brahmanas
Exemption of Brahmanas from the liability of paying king's
revenus
,..
...
...

75*

755

CHAPTER
Nomenclature

II.

of the four 'castes

re&sonV'.for ealf.
three castes "twice- born"
...
Sons of twice-born castes are equal to' S'udras
before initiation with the holy thread
...

ing the

firsl

755
754.

Discourse between the sacred learning and "the Brahmana duty of obeying and honouring a preceptor obligatory

on a disciple

...

Duties of Brahmanas, Kshatriyas and Vaisyas

...

754..

r ..

755

No

regulation as to the duties of S'udras, who art

prohibited from tying up the tufts of hair on their
crowns into knots
...
...
...
Specific injunction as to the adoption of an honest

755-

mode of living by one, on the failure 'of earning

a livelihood by means, proper to one's caste
...
...
Things prohibited to be sold for
>uey or gain
756

CHAPTER
Factors

which tend

status of

No

sin

a S'udra

attaches

to

to

III.

degrade a

Brahmana

...

to the

...

...

the insulter of a degraded Brh-

Sixth part of a treasure-find goes to the

manas exempted from paying such

king

Brah

sixth parts

Six kinds of Atatayain* (assasins)

...

Rows and Snattkai

...

Sanctifier* of

755
757

Constitution of a Parishad (legal assembly)

...

...

757

ii

CONTENTS.

PA.

SUBJECT.
Definitions of Acbaryas, Uparlhy&yas, etc and condi
tions under which Vais'yas and Brahmanas may
...
take up arms
...
...
,

The

rite of

Achamanam

Enumeration

described

of articles, pure

...

760
761
762
762

...

and impure

...

Purification of articles defiled by foul touch, etc

...

CHAPTER IV.
Origin of the four castes

Brahma
...
Manner of offering

from the different limbs of

...

hospitality to a

...

...
Kshatriya guest
Birth and Death-impurities

763

...

Brahmana, or

to a

...

...

...

...

764

764

75

CHAPTER V.
Perpetual dependent status of women...
Uncleanness of women during their mt nses

766
767

...
...

CHAPTER VI.
Irretrievable spiritual loss of a man of vile conduct
Rules of voiding stool and urine, and rites of purification to be performed thereafter
...
Meals of the different orders of Brahmanas
...

Cnaracterisiic traits of Brahmanas

Definition of a Brahma-Chandala
Degraded condition of a Brahmana
food given by a S'udra...

Worthy

recepients of gifts

...

...

...

...

who

...

768

769
770
770
770

partakes of

...

...

...

...

772

771
771

772

773

^73

7^4.

CHAPTER VII.

The

four orderi of

life

(Asramas)

...

...

CHAPTER VIII.
Definition of an Atilhi
...
...
Dulles of householders
...
...
The order of householders is the best of

Asramas

...

...

773

...

all

the

...

...

774

...

...

775

CHAPTER IX.
Duties of

^a

Vanaprastha hermit

CHAPTER X.
...
religions mendicants and ascetics
775
Daily offerings made by a Brahmana house-holder
and th feeding of guests etc.
...
...
777
Mode of offering oblations to one's departed manes
3\Ioic ot feeding Brahmanas at a S'raddha
ceremony ?79

Duties of

777
778
779
/fco

CONTEN TB
f

iii

PAK.

SUBJECT.

S \n< "of students of tht three tvHce.born oaites

UJJilaka penance
...
...
Duties of a Suataka
...
...
Conduct which kills one's soul
...
Acts prohibited in respect of Brahmanas

...

781

...

78*

...

782784
784
784

...
...

CHAPTER XI.
Performance of Upakarman rites
...
...
Circumstances under which the Vedas should not
be studied
...
...
...
785
Severance with one's contaminated relations,
...
Presents which may be accepted by a Brahmana
Precedence given to men of learning, age and
...
...
wealth, and to Snatakas

785

786
787

787

CHAPTER XII.
Things which may be eaten and which mty not
eaten

...

...

...

fee
...

f%j

Persona from whom gifts may be taken and the

circumstances under which they may be accepted 788
789
Mode of purifying defiled food
...
...
789 790
Penances for eating forbidden articles of fare
...
790
Animals whose flesh may or may not bt eaten
...
79091

CHAPTER XIII.
...
Right of parents to give away a son in adoption
Sons who can not be given in adoption
...
Mode of taking a son in adoption by a man, or a

woman
...
...
...
...
The share of a begotten son born after the adoption
Mode of excommunicating divulgers of Veda to
unworthy peisons

...

Penitential rites in connection

...

with

of such ejfsommunicated persons

the
...

...

791
791

791- 91
791
793

redemption
...

793

Duties of a king in matters of adjudicating law suits

Administration of properties of minors by kings
...
The three kinds of proof, recognised in law courts ...

794
794
794

CHAPTER XIV.

Procedure

in disputes relating to fields, boundaries,

...
...
interpretations of gifts, etc
...
...
Properties that can not be alienated
Persons who may be cited as witnesses ...
...

794
795
795

Instances where a son's obligation to repay the debts

of his deceased father ceases
...
...
...
...
Why trWhfu! testimony obligatory
where a lie, is noi s'mful
...
,,,

795
796
796

CONTENTS.

IV

PAGt.

SWIJECT.
CHAYrEfc

XV.

..
Spiritual benefits derived by a father from bis sow
of sons recognised by the Smriti, and
their statu* and definitions
...
...
Determination of shares of different sons in the

795

Twelve kinds

796

...
..
...
paternal property
of procreating sons under appointment
...
Obligation of a father to marry his daughter before
the age of puberty
...
...
...
Circumstances under which a married, or betrothed

97

798

Mode

799
8oQ

maiden may be married again

...
...
Periods for which Brahmana, Kshatriya, Vais'ya and
S'udra wives shall wait for their lost or absent

80$

husbands
...
...
...
...
Perions who may procreate sons on such wives'
...
Companion of a Brahmana's property with poison]...

800
801
801

CHAPTER XVI..

Sutm

of

ions

who

are called Chandalas,

Antft-

...
Vyavasayins, Ramakas, etc.
Penalty for explaining sacred laws'etc., to S'udras

Sot
80*

...

...

CHAPTER XVII.
,.,
Duties of king
M
Persons exempted from paying taxes
Penance in cases of miscarriage of justice
,

iM

804

,*,

805

CHAPTER XVIII.
(crimes), and their

kinds of sin
expiating
...
...
penances described
Rites to be omitted on re- initiation of a twice born
...
...
person
...
Penances for wine-drinkers, procurers of abortions
of pregnancy and murderers
...
...
Penances for killing Kshatriyas, Vais'ya s, and Sudras
Congenital di-seases and deformities, and sins for
which men are visited with them
...
tM
Different

....

Penance

803,

....

for associating with the out caste

807806
807
807
808

8og
80$

.*..

CHAPTER XIX.
Procedure

in

cases

,Sudras carnally

Penance

where Kshatriyas,

Vais'yas or

know Brahmana women

for a faithless wife

...

...

800

8 ro

1O

SAMHIT^A

VA-SISJETTHA

CHAPTER

Now

therefore*

[is]

I.

the enquiry into the sacred law

Knowing and following [it i.e.)

man becomes most worthy of
world ad after death. The sacred law

for the welfare of

men.

the sacred law] a religious

praise in this

[has been settled by] the revealed texts.

the practice of the Sishtasf (has)

t>f ;this,

On

failure

authority.

Religious practices and customs [which prevail in the

country lying] to the south of the Himalaya and co
of the

the north

knowledged, but

Vindhya,
not

must be every where acones [are to be con-

different

sidered] as sacred laws.

say that this

[People]
A'rydvarta.

Some

is

between

situated]

(tract

of

the

[say that the country

[the rivers]

[others say] as an alternative that

is

antelope grazes [the country

Now the Bhclllavins
gence. J

country) is
of the A'ryas

Ganga and Yamuna"

so

far

as the

black

full

of]

Brahma

efful-

quote [the following]

verse in the Niddna.||

Krishna
{therefore)

Pandit, the commentator, holds that the word

used to indicate that one, after initiation, is to be taught

is

prescribed rules.
t

body
I

One whose
The

rendering:
,$
II

heart

is

free

from

desire.

The

definition occurs

in the

of the text of the Benares edition.

text
it

is

Brahmavarchhasam

means

spiritual

Brahma

effulgence

is

the

See Max-Muller's History of Sanskrit literature. P. 193.

is a section of
law dealing with the disquisition

It

countries.

99

literal

pre-eminence as adopted by Buhler.

of th

Sam hita.

Vusishika
the

In

west the

rive-&

rambling into the ocean/*

sun rises as far as the
1

the east the region where the

black

effulgence.

The
in the

wanders so

antelope

far

[is

Brahma

found]

which men, deeply versed

religious instructions

three Vedas and acquainted with the

sacred

declare for purifying one's self and others are

(sacred laws); there is> not the least doubt in it.
In

declared

laws of

the

who

tie

sleeps
formed nails or black teeth,

married

is

first,

he

who

and

castes

countries,

at sunrise

or sunset,

law,

Dharma

Manu

the absence of (express) revealed texts

has

families.

who has

he

de-

he whose younger brother

has espoused before his elder

orother, the husband of a younger sister married before

the elder, the husband of an elder sister, whose

younger

sister

is

married

a Brahmana, these

all

Mantram,

who

kills

who

he

(i.e

slays

are sinful men.

henious crimes (Maha-

that there are five

They say

he

before,

neglects the recitation of) the

pataka) viz., violating a preceptor'sf bed, drinking spiri-*

tuous liquor, killing an embryo, stealing the gold of
of a

out-castes

Brahmana, associating with

either

by

[holding] spiritual or matrimonial [alliances with them.j

Now they quote the example
:

He, who during a year associates with an outcast^

becomes outcasted by sacrificing for him, by teaching
i.

by a matrimonial

alliance

[with

him]

and

by

using the same carriage or seat.

*

Another text

Pandit means

it

is

ocean.

Sindhurvidharani
Buhler translates

it

The commentator

Krishna'

as boundary-rivar which

is

probably the Saraswati. We have followed the text Sindhurviharani.

Vihar,mi can never be an adjective of Sindhu which is masculine
t

own

The term Guru may

step -mother.

also

mean

father,

meaning

'

Knowing

one's

V-asishtha S&thhttd.

"Now they

the exa,mple

tjuote

On

may

[ne]

being destroyed

learning
acquire it but

753

again

destroyed with the loss of caste.

a horse becomes estimable
of
even
virtue
By
pedigree
therefore [men] -should wed wives from a respectable
all

is

family.

The

three

castes

shall

The Brahmana

control.

remain under a Brahmana's

shall

declare their duties

and

the king shall carry them into practice. And a king,

who rules in accordance with the sacred law, may take
of the

the sixth part

He

from Brahmanas.
of Ishta

merit]

riches

his

(of

subjects), except

[also] obtains the

(sacrifices)

and

sixth

Purtta

part

[of

(charitable

that the Brahmana first made the

The Brahmana saves [one] from misforTherefore a Brahmana shall not be made to pay
Soma is his king. It is declared that it (i.e., such
It

works).

said

is

Vedas known.
tune.
taxes.

conduct)

on well-being both

brings

in this

world and

in. the next.

CHAPTEK
THERE

are

II.

four

castes (Varna), Brahmanas, Kshatriand

S'udras.
Three castes, Brahmanas,
yas, Vais'yas
Kshatriyas, and Vais'yas (are called) the twice-born.

Their

first

birth

is

from their mother and the second from

the investure with the sacred girdle.

second

birth)

Savitri

said to be the father.

virile

energy

the

of a

(i.e.,

in

the

the mother and the

preceptor is
call
the
They
preceptor father

is

because he gives instructions

They quote

There

in the

following

man,

Veda.

example

learned

Indeed

the

in spiritual
science, is

Vasishtfca

754'

of

two

that

sorts,

other such

is

navel his

the

which

offspring

above the navel and the

1*3

situated below
is

through that which is above

produced when he invests-

one with the sacred thread and makes him holy. By

that which resides below the navel, the children of his

body are produced on

Therefore they
[should] never say to a S'rotriya^ who teaches the V&d
" Thou art
destitute of a son."*
their

mother.

Harita quotes the following verse

is no
religious rite for a [child of the twiceborn] before he has been invested with the sacred girdle.
:

There

His conduct shall be known as equal [to that of] a

new birth from the Veda. [The above

S'udra before his

relates to all rites] except those connected

with libations of water, [the exclamation] Swadha, and;
the departed manes.

prohibition

[Sacred] learning approached a Brahmana [and said]

"Preserve me, I am thy treasure, reveal me not to an

envious person,
his vow.

broken

who

He,

nor to a wily man, nor to one

I shall then remain
powerful.

covers

[him],

with great

with*

difficulty,

on him immortality
[the pupil]
a
as
his
father and
preceptor]
[such
he must not grieve him [by saying] I anv

truthful deeds, confers

shall

who has

consider

mother

indebted to none/

As those Vipras, who after being instructed do not

honor their preceptor by their speech, in their hearts,
or by their acts, will not be profitable to their teacher
so the sacred learning will not profit them.

Reveal me, O Brahmana, as to the keeper of thy

whom thou shalt know as pure,
treasure, to him
*.

Some

texts read

apujya (unworthy

of adoration) fer etputr*.

Sam hit a.

Vasishtha
attentive,

intelligent

755

and celibate and who

nob

will

grieve or revile thee."

As

consumes a room

fire

so-

Brahma (Veda), not

honored [destroys the enquirer]. One shall not proclaim the Veda to him who does not show him honor
according to his

The

ability.

duties of a

Brahmana

studying the
officiating as a priest for
are six vi&.

Veda, teaching, sacrificing,

others, giving alms and accepting

The

of

for

to spiritual

also] to

is

[special duty

gifts.

a Kshatriya are three visf. studying,

His own
himself, and giving alms.

duties

sacrificing

protect

injunctions*

his

subjects

him gain

let

his

according
livelihood

thereby.

Those three

[are

also the occupation] of

a Vais'ya*

besides agriculture, trading, tending cattle, and

lending

at interest.

money
To serve

these

(i. e.

the three superior castes

occupation) of a S'udra.
These (i.e., the S'udras)

crown

to

who

occupation,

one which
of

[arrangement

are unable to live

may

by

adopt one which

is

their

Having resorted to a Vais'ya's

a Brahmana and a Kshatriya, while

living

[cloth], silk,,

prepared

linen
food,

[doth],

There are two readings gastrena and

'with his weapons.'

sell] stones,

skins,

a dyed

roots, perfumes,
from medicinal herbs,

fruits,

treacles, water, the juice extracted

*

lawful

sinful.

is

hempen
woven cloth,

own

not sinful but never

maintaining themselves by trade [shall not

salt,

hairs

of]

but they must not allow the lock on the

remain untied.

Those,

mode

the

have no fixed regulation

about their means of livelihood,

and dresses

is

'S'astrena.

The

latter

means

Soma, weapon,

poisons*, nvilk,

and

iron, tin, lac

preparations

from

milk,

lead.

Now

they quote the following verse as an example

[selling] meat, lac and salt, a Brahmana brcomrs

By

directly outcasted

by selling milk he becomes

[equal

to] a S'udra after three days.

domesticated animals, those with uncloveu

have an abundance of hair, any

Among

hoofs and those that

wild animals, birds, tusked animals [must not be sold]

of grains they declare sesamum [as forbidden.]

Now

they quote the following verse as an example

one applies sesamum to any other purpose save
food, annointing and gifts he will be born again as a
worm and together with his departed manes be plunged
:

If

into excreta.
If

they

fail

they

may

sell

to

gain

sesamum

selves produced

it

by

Rasa (substance
either

in

their livelihood

at

pleasure

for flavouring

salt.

by selling rice
they have them-

tillage.

an equal quantity or

tfasafbut never

if

It is

may be

food)

given

less in

permitted to

exchange for a
barter sesamum,

cooked food, learning and men

Even
(i.e., slaves).
Brahmana shall not take boiled rice from
Kshatriya who lends [money] at an exhorbitant rate

rice,

by exchange a
a.

of interest.

Now
He

they quote the following verses as an example

who purchasing rice at a fair price, sells it for
:

a higher price, is called a Vardhushika (usurer) and

is blamed amongst those who recite the Veda.
an embryo when weighed in the
scales the destroyer of an embryo remains at thetojj

Usury and

and

killing

the usurer sinks

downwards.

I'asishtha

should give at pleasure .gold double and grain

on repayment] unto a sinful [usurer]
[its value

One
tfrble

destitute of

all

religious deeds

[the

case of flavouring;

substances] has been ex-plained by [the regulation about]

Similar is [the case of] flowers, roots and fruits,
grain.
ft
1 '

ney may lend] what is sold by weight [taking] eight

imes [the original value at the time of re-payment].
SI
Now they quote the following verses as an example
:

By

And

the king's will*' shall stop the interest on articles.

the coronation

after

of

[a

new] king the capital

grows again.

Two

hundred, three, four and five, as has be^n

laid down in the Smriti one may take interest monthly,
according to the order of the castes.
Hear the interest for a money-lender declared by the

words
the law

in the

of
is

mashas

five

Yasishtha,

CHAPTER
[THE Brahmanas] who
nor

for

twenty

in

this

not violated.

maintain

sacred

III.

neither study nor teach the Vetda,

fires, become of the conduct of a

Without studying the Rik one does not become a Brahmaua. They quote a sloka from Manu on
S'udra.

this

"

subject.

There

twice-born

person,

who

not having

two

readings rajanumatabhavena and rajatu-mrita*

Dr. Buhler has followed the
followed the first.
second and translated " the king's death shall stop etc/' The succeed-

bhavena.

are

We

have

passage tacitly indicates that interest is stopped on the death of a

In 'that case it is merely a tautology.
The one, that we have
toilowed, clearly lay* down a law that a king can stop the accumulation
ing

kiitg.

of

interest at

any time he

likes.

Vasishtha

75$

studied the V$da, spends his labour on another

[subject],
falls, even while living, to the condition of a S'udra

soon

and

descendants after him.

his

He who

[does not become a Brahmana]

by usury nor those who obey
a S'udra's commands, nor a thief, nor a physician.
lives

by trade

nor he who

lives

The king
failing

Vda

shall punish the

village where Brdhmanas,
observe their sacred duties and study the

to
live

What

by begging,

for

it

feeds the thieves.

four or three (Brahmanas),

who have mastered

V&das^ proclaim must be recognized as the sacred

law, not [the determination] of a thousand inferior

the

persons.

Many thousands
serve their sacred

duties,

Mantram and who

the

their caste,

Brahmanas], who do not ob-

[of

who

are not acquainted with

subsist only

by the name

of

cannot form a Synod.

That sin, which ignorant persons, unacquainted with

the sacred law, preaches, shall fall, multiplied a hundredfold,

on the speakers.

Offerings to the celestials and the departed manes

Gifts made
to a S'rotriya alone.

must daily be given

to a person ]who has not read the

Veda do

not gratify

the celestials.
If

man

an ignorant person lives in one's own house and a

ivastly read in the S'ruti at a distance, gifts should

be given unto the learned

an ignorant wight.

The

there

is

no

sin in

neglecting

sin of neglecting a Brahmana is not committed

a
twice-born person who is ignorant of the Veda.
against
Passing by a burning fire one does not offer libations

into ashes.

'

Vasishtha Samhitd.

759

of
elephant made of woq d, an antelope made
leather, and a Brahmana indisposed to the study of
these three have nothing but the name.
the Veda

An

'

kingdoms where ingorant men eat the food

learned, food meets vvithjiestruction and a great

In those

of

t^e

?vil appears.

any one finds treasure [the owner] of which is not

the king shall take it giving one sixth to the

If

known
finder.

of six

take

a Brahmana,

If

who

given to the performance

finds it the king shall not

sacred duties,

fold

is

it.

by killing an assasin with a view to

personal safety one commits no sin. There are six

They say

that

classes of assasins (dtatdyins).

Now
subject

quote

they

the

following

verses

on

the

An

incendiary, a poisoner, one holding a weapon in

hand, a robber, the taker away of lands, the seducer

his

man's wife ^these six are called assasins

of another

(atat&yins).

One does
kills

not

an assasin

even

if

he

is

become

guilty of

Brahman icide,

if

he

who comes

with the intention of slaying,

a master of the entire Veda together with

the Upanishads.

He, who kills an assasin well-read in the V6da and

hailing from a good family, is not visited, by that deed,
by the guilt of the murderer of a learned Brahmana

[in] that [case] fury recoils

upon

fury.

one who keeps five fires, a Trisuone

who
[knows the texts of] the four sacrifices
parna,
(Ashvamedha, Purushamedha, Sarvamedha and PitriTrinachiketa,

who knows Vajp.sena [branch of the White

Yajur Veda\ one who knows the six Angas, the- son
rn^dha), one

100

Vasisktha Samhita.

760

woman married according

one who knows Ckkandas (Vedic
of a

Brahnra

the

to

metre)/ one

rife,

who sings

Jesthasaman, one who knows the Mantram and the

Brahmana, one who- studies the sacred law treatises,
one whose p-nr^tors, both on the mother's and on the
father's

1'earned

side,

known

are

have been S'rotriyas and

to

men and Snntakas

are the sanctiffers nf the row.

[Four students off the four Ve'das^ one who knows*

Mimansa, one who- knows the Angas, a preceptor of the
sacred law, three
(orders)

pariskad

sisting, at least, of ten

He who

men

leading

constitute a

of the

(a

three

legal

A'sramas

assembly) con-

[members].

having invested a pupil with tire *ncred

thread teaches him the Vedu, is called an A'c'hdryti.
r

He,

who

after

an

teaches a portion of the V^da^'i* called

similarly one who [teaches]

Upadhynya (sub-teacher)
Angas (subsidiary subjects) [of the Vedasr\.
A Brahmana aivd a Vais'ya may take up arms
;

the

self-defence, or in [order to prevent]

castes.

daily

That

(i.e\,

[occupation]

up arms) however
Kshatriya on account

take

to
of

a confusion

in

of the
is

the

of

his

privilege for protect ing-

Having washed
and

sitting with Ins

and

feet

up to the wrist
face directed towards the east or
his-

the north' be shall thrice rinse his

of Brahmatirtha,

the part

harttfe

mouth with water out

of the

ha'nd

above the root

of the thumb, without uttering any sound.

He shall
twice wipe [the mouth].
He shall touch with water
the cavities- fof the head ]
H e shall pour water on his:

head

and on the

left

walking, Stan-ding, lying

hand.

down

He

shall

npt sip water

or bending low,

Brahmana [becomes pure by sipping] water,

from bubbles and foam, that reaches his heart.

free

Vasishtha Saihhitd.

763

phlegm, pus, tears or

blood, is not purified even by another burning.
The body is purified by water, the mind is purified
spirituous liquor, urine,

by

the

truth,

soul

eitcreta,

by learning and austerities and the

understanding is purified by knowledge.

Gold is purified by water only, similarly
sacred to the

Tirtha,
little

tip

lies

deities,

That sacred to human beings

That sacred to the fire
the fingers.

finger.

of

The

silver.

the base of the

at

is

at the

is

in

the

to the departed

manes

[lies] between the fore-finger and the thumb.

One shall honor his morning and evening

meals

middle of the band.

That sacred

"

they please me."

[In the offerings of food to]
[saying]
the departed manes [one should say] " I have dined
well."
[On the occasion of dinners given for attaining]
prosperity [one should say].

"

CHAPIER
THE

four

castes

is

It

perfect."

IV.

marked out by

are

rites.

The

particular initiatory
mouth, the Kshatriya formed his

origin

and

Brahmana was

his

their

arms,

Vais'ya his
He created

was born from his feet.

Brahmana with the Gayatri, the Kshatriya with

thighs, the S'udra

the

the

the Trishtubh, the Vais'ya with the Jagati and the S'udra

without any metre. This indicates [that a S'udra] shall

not receive the sacraments.
[His] refuge shall be in
the [first] three [castes].
Truthfulness, absence of
anger, liberality, abstention from injuring living creatures
and the procreation of the offspring [are duties com>

mon]
the

to

all.

One may

slay an animal

when he worships

manes, the deities and the guests.

On

[offering]

Vdsisktha

764

a Madhuparka

a guest],

[to

one ma) slay an animal

[One

to

[of animals] at a sacrifice

One

is

rites

said.

living

injuring
creatures does

Therefore

destruction

no destruction.

ox or a full-grown
In this
or a Kshatriya guest.

may cook a full-grown

Brahmana

for

he-goat

they offer hospitality.

way

Manu

injure
bliss.

heavenly

procure

all

meat without

procure

and

in

these occasions only

all

so hath

never

can]

living creatures,

not

at a sacrifice,

and manes, on

the deities

for

^ctmhita.

rites

watery
death [of a

Some

and

assumption

[the

relative]

One should perform both

of]

who completed

that

impurity on the

the

second year.

applies also to childrenj that

rule

say
[this
died after teething.
After having burnt the body [the
shall enter water without looking at [the
relatives]
place

of

cremation].

Thereupon they, stationed there, of odd numbers

and facing the south, perform the watery rites with
both hands, right and left. That which is south is the
region of the departed manes.
shall sit fasting,

three

for

on

days,

fast so long] they shall live

[to

Having gone home they

mats.

unable

If

on food bought or given

unsolicited.
It is laid

in [case of]

down

that death impurity lasts for ten days

Sopinda

[relatives].

shall begin with that of

death.

The counting
It

has been

of

days
ordained

Sapinda relationship extends to the seventh generation.

It has been declared
that [impurity on the

that

death

of]

an unmarried

generation and

blood relations]
*

The

means

text

woman

[extends] to the third

Others'* [than the

[lasts] for three days.

shall

has Itara.

perform [obsequies] for married

We

have given the

literal

rendering

that her husband's relatives shall perform the obsequies.

it

WO'ffien.

They

impurity]

for

them

men who

birth of a child for those

or

purity

too [shall observe

husband's

heir

e.,

(/.

women

765

for

long

complete

mother or father on account of their

the

f>>r

relatives),

same on the

of impurity] shall be exacily the

rule

[The

married

(i. e.,

'

Samkita.

th.i

[supplying the] seed.

Now

they quote the following verses as an example

the birth [of a child] the male does not become

On
impure

docs

he

if

menstrual

bio >d

not

tuucu

known

is

[the

to be

there

for

mother],

pure which does not

exist in males.

Brahmaiia becomes
aiter

fifteen

Ksualnya
nights and a S'udra

purified

nights,

after a

after

ten

nigbls,

a Vais'ya after

twenty

month.

[a twice-born persou] eats [the food of] a

If

birth

or

death

impurity
during
into a dreadful hell and be born in the

he

S'udra
enter

shall

womb

of

an

animal.

[A twice-born person], who eats, by appointment 9

cooked food [from a S'udra' s house] during the period
of impurity, shall become a worm after death and lead
his

life.

been declared that [such a sinner] becomes

pure by reciting the Samhita for twelve months'* or
twelve halt rnonthst while fasting. On the death of a
It lias

child

of

less

than

two years, or on a miscarriage, the

Sapindas lasts thrse nights. J Purifica^

immediate [according to Gautama.]
If
[ar
in a foreign land and [his
dies
person]
Sapindas\ hear
[of his death] after ten days the impurity lasts for one

impurity of the
lion

is

This

t This
\

i.e.,

is
is

the penance
tne penance

Three days and

when one commits the sin knowingly,

when one commits a sin unknowingly.
nights.

^amhitd.

Vdsishtha

766
If

night.

journey

and

one,

[his

shall

Gautama

who has

kjllqd the sacredshall

Sapindits\
observe the

duly

Touching a

[says].

perform

of

impurity

dies

lire,

his

on a

obsequies'*
death.
So

sacrificial post,

an ascetic,

a cremation ground, a woman in menses one who has

lately given birth to a child and other impure men one
bathe his head after -sipping water.

shall

CHARIER

A WOMAN

is

never independent

That she has no

masters.

V.

fire

she has males for her

or watery

rite,

is

known

to be untrue.

Now

they quote the following verses as an example

[Her] father protects [a woman] in child-hood, her
husband in her youth and her sons protect her in
old age

woman

Her penance
been spoken

has

Month

after

never

is

for

fit

being

for

independence.

unfaithful

to

her

husband

of in the [section on] secret

month menstrual discharge

penances.
dissipates her

sins.

woman,

[During

nights.

rium

in

her

to

her course, remains

that

eyes,

time]

she

bathe in the

impure for three

not apply collywater, sleep on the

shall

ground, sleep during the day time, touch fire, make a

rope, clean her teeth, eat meat, look at the planets,
laugh, do any work, drink water, out of her joined palms
or

out

is

of a bell-metal,

Shall

also

the

copper or iron vessel.

It

has

make a dummy with the Kusa grass and then burn it. This
l
practice when nothing is heard of a person gone to a

foreign country.

VasisMha Samhitb.

767

teen deciared^that Indra having killed the three-headed

son of Twasthri was seized by sin and corisidered [himAll beings cried out against him
self so affected].
"
O thou slayer of a learned
[saying]
O thou slayer of a learned Brdhnlaria "

women

"

[and said]

Brahmariicide."

of

this

What

shall

41

Choose a boon." They said

my

of

sin

we have

He

Take upon yourselves

44

part

Brdhmana

[for

doing thy
"

the

third

They

said,

He

wish] ?"

May we

ran to

said,

obtain offspring

during our season arid may we live at pleasure \VK!I

bur husbands till the time of giving birth to children."
They having obtained the boon and beihg replied 'So

be
of

it*

took

upon themselves the

Brahmanicide.

third part [of the sin]

murder

Therefore the

Brahmana takes place every month

Therefore one

'discharge].

woman

in

her

evert month, the shape

the

c)f

giiilt

food

one

such

for

a learned

[with their menstrual

not take

shall

courses

of

frorh

puts

ori,

Brahmanicide.

of

The Brahmavadins

[the reciters of the Veda] say

and
ointment
must not be accepted from her,
"Collyrium
for that is the food of women.
They do not like the
:

conduct of those women in that condition and say

"She shall not approach me." Those [Brahmanas iri]
whose [houses] menstruating worn eh sit, those wh'j
preserve no sacred fire, and those in whose family
there

is

no

are

S'rotriya

ail

sinful

arid

equal

t&

S'tidras.

CHAPTER

To
the

live,

according

highest
201

duty

of

to'

all

vi.

regulations,

men,

One,

is

undoubtedly

whose

soul

is

Vasishtha Samhita.

768
contaminated by

and

vile

coadupt, perishes

world

in this

in the next.

Neither austerities, nor the Veda, nor the Agnihotra,

nor gift of sacrificial presents can save one who has
resorted

to

low conduct and deviated [from the path of

duty.]

The Vedas do

not purify him who is devoid of

good conduct, though he may have studied them together
with the six Angas the metres leave this man at death
;

as full-pledged birds leave their nest.

Like unto beautiful doors' [unable to please] a blind
man how can all the Vedas with the six Angas and
3*'

esoteric

sciences

good conduct

Brahmana who

please a

is

devoid of

The sacred metres do not save, from sin, the deceitful

man who behaves deceitfully. If one syllable is studied
completely that Veda purifies duly.f
A man of bad conduct is blamed
suffers

from misery,

becomes

is

in

this

world,

always affected by diseases and

short-lived.

From good conduct proceeds

spiritual

merit,

from

good conduct proceeds wealth, through good conduct

one acquires prosperity and good conduct destroys
inauspicious marks.

Although destitute of
lives a

all

good marks a man, who

has faith and

follows good conduct,

is

free

from

envy,

hundred years.

The Benares

text reads

ddra which Buhler has translated as wife;

darshaniyas must be in the singular.

+ The Benares text differs which Buhler, differing with the

in that cas

tator, translates as follows

"But that Veda, two

studied in the right manner, purifies,

cent

rain

in

the

month

the month of September,

of Isha."

just

as the

Isha

is

syllables of

commenwhich are

clouds give benefi-

another

name

of

Asvina

Vasishtha Samhita.
Eating, acts
austerities

o,f

769

evacuation/ dalliance and

practice

of

be performed secretly by one who is

with the sacred law
intellect,
speech,

shall

conversant

energy, austerities, wealth and age must be most carefully concealed.

A
in the

man

shall

day-time

the south

urine and foeces facing the north

but in the night he shall do it facing

void

doing so his

life will

not be injured.

of that man perishes who passes

a
fire, the '.sun, a cow, a Brahmana, the
against
moon, water and the twi-lights.

The understanding

urine

One

not pass urine in a river, nor on a path,

nor on ashes, nor on a cow-dung, ncr on a ploughed
field,

shall

nor on

one that has been sown, nor on a grass-

plot.

Either in the

shade or

in

either

darkness,

in

the

night or in the day a twice-born person may pass

urine in any position he pleases when he fears for
his

life.

One

shall

perform [the
the purpose]
he

purification]

with water

fetched [for
shall perform bath with
not
the
fetched
[what is]
[for
[for purificapurpose]
tion] a Brahmana shall take earth that is mixed with
:

gravel, from the

bank

[of

river.]

Five sorts of earth must not be

lies in

the water, such as

ant-hell,

on a

lies in

thrown up by

hillock,

used,

viz.,

a temple, what
rats

and

such
is

left

as

on an

by one

after cleaning himself.

The organ must be cleaned by one

earth,

the

hand by
the one (i e

anus by five,
both (i.e., hands and
t'Ae

three,

[right]

feet)

[application

of]

both [feet] by two,

the left hand) by ten and

by seven [applications.]
,

Vasisktha Samhitq,

Such

is

the

purification,

for

a house-holder,

it

dpuble for religious students, treble for hermits an4

quadruple for ascetics.

Eight mouthfuls form the mea.1 of an ascetic, sixteen
that of a hermit, thirty-two that of a house-holder anc\

an unlimited quantity that of a religious student.

An

and a Brahmana who has kindled

ox, a student,

sacred

trie

can

fire,

do. their

eating [much] they cannot do

He

sajd tp be

is

work

if

they eat

without;

it.

destitute

o.f

action

who

is

not atr

tached to penances, charities, offerings to a deity,

observances,,

ligious

and sacred

self-imposed

restraint,

re-.

sacrifices,

duties.

The concentration

of the rriind, austerities,

subjuga-

of the senses, charity, truthfulness, purity, compas-.

tfi,on,

sion, sacred learning,

knowledge,

temporal learning, discriminating

and' faith i,n the existence of God are th.e

characteristic

mar^s

of a

Bjahmana.

Those Brahmanas can save [from evil] whp are.

perfectly self-contro.lled, whose e^rs are filled with
spiritual

who have subdued organs

of sense anc$

who have ceased to injure living

when gifts are given.

action,

who

texts,

beings,

and

close their hands

one who is wicked,, one who,

one
whose
is ungrateful, anpl
anger lasts long, these (our
the fifth is one birth.
are Chanddlas by deeds

One who

is

envious.,

Bearing enmity for a long time, envy, speaking

untruth, vilifying Br,ahmanas, wickedness and cruelty,

know

[them], as the characteristics of a S'udra.

Some become worthy

9f their

proficiency

practice

of

in

austerities.

recipients of
the Veda and

But

that

gifts,

on accQAin^

some through tkc

Brahmana,

whos.$

Vasishtha Samhitd.
does not contain, the, food of a S'udra,

Storqach

is

the worthiest of all recipients.

[A Bra*hmana, whose] limbs are

nourished by

the

food and flavouring substances [given by a] S'udra,

does not meet the path leading upwards, even if he
daily studies

performs
If

in

his

Veda], offers oblations to the

[the

fire

and

sacrifices.

a twice-born person dies with the food of a S'udra

stomach he will become a village-pig [in the next

birth] or be born in [that S'udra's] family.

If after

being fed with a S'udra's food he holds

his sons will belong to the giver of

intercourse

sexual

the food and he shall not ascend the celestial region.

[The learned"] declare him as the worthy recipient

who is endued with Vedic studies, who is of good family,

who

is

of

subdued passiops, who

who

is

in the

stationed

who knows much, who is

All-intelligent,
of
the
females
his
beloved
[of
family], who is religious,
who is a refuge of cows, and who is forgiving by the
fears sin,

practice of penances.
Just as milk, curd, clarified butter and honey, poured
into an

unburnt earthen vessel, perish on

weakness

the

those liquids

who

of the

vessel,

[remain], so a

man, devoid

cows or gold, clothes, a

sesamum, becomes ashes like a wood.
accepts

One

shall not

make

fruit

it.

He

shall

learning,

land or

He

his joiqts or his nails crack.

with brick bats, nor a

at

of

horse,

water with folded palms.

strike a king with his foot or his hand.
One shall not
strike water with water.

shall not drink

5ruits

account of

and neither the vessel nor

fruit

not take

He shall
He shall
strike

not
nqt

dowri

by throwing another

sesamum paste

Vasishtha Samhita.

772

He

folded palms.

shall tfot learn a

language spoken by

MIechhas.

Now
The

they quote the following verses as an example

opinion of the S'ishtas is that a man shall not
:

be unusually active with his hands, nor with his

nor with his eyes, nor with his tongue and limbs.

Those Brahmanas,
the Vedas, with
are

to

all

be known

in

whose

is

he

is

whom no one knows

good or bad, if he is ignorant or deeply learned,

of good or bad conduct.

CHAPTER
THERE
the

the study of

the subsidiary subjects, is hereditary,

as S'ishtas on account of their seeing

perceptibly the revealed texts.

He, indeed, is a Brahmana of

he

families

feet,

are

AVramas

four

house-holder,

the

if
if

VII.

or orders, viz., the student,

hermit

and

the

them a man, who has studied one, two

or

Of
three Vedas

ascetic.

without violating the rules of studentship, may enter

A [perpetual]
any of these whichsoever he pleases.
in case
student shall serve his preceptor until death
;

It is
the preceptor dies he shall serve the sacred fire.
known [in the Veda] that a preceptor is the sacred fire.

[A

religious student] shall be

in

the

fourth,

out a-begging.

sixth

or

He

shall

of controlled

speech,

eat

eighth hour of the day and go

remain under his preceptor,

wear either matted locks or one on the crown

of his

walking, stand while he

He
seated while he lies down.

head, follw the teacher while

is

seated

Having

and remain

on being called by the preceptor to do so.

dedicated [unto the preceptor] all that he has

shall study

Vasishtha Sathhita.

773

received by begging he shaU eat with nis permission.

He shall avoid to sleep on a cot, to clean teeth, to rub

body and

the

oil -.on

to

apply

collyrium.

He

shall

remain standing during the day and seated during the

He

night.

shall

bathe thrice a day.

CHAPTER

house-holder

shall

Having bathed he

joy.

VIII.

be of suppressed anger and

commanded

shall,

by

the

preceptor, take for a wife a young female of his own

Gotra or
caste who does not belong to the same
not
had
and
who
has
intercourse
Paravara,
[with

another man], who is not related within five degree on

the mother's side nor within seven degrees
on the
father's

He

fire.

comes

He

side.

shall

in the

not

shall

oblations

offer

to the nuptial

send away elsewhere a guest

evening.

[guest]

shall

not live

in

who
his

house without recieving food.

If a Brahmana,
coming to his (i.e. a house-holder's)
house for residence, does not take food he shall go
away taking with him all the spiritual merit [of that

house-holder]..

A Brahmana, who lives for one night only, is called

a guest (atithi} in the Smriti, for atithi is he who lives
for a short time only.

Brahmana, who

who comes on

lives

in the

pleasure or business,

same

village or

one

not

[called] an
whether
he
atithi.
comes at the proper
[But a guest],
time or an improper hour, must not live in the house *[of

ahouse-holder] without taking

is

his food.

[A householder] must have

faith

and be

free from

Vasishtha Samhitd.

774
cb'vetoushess
fires

Soma

he

is]

fail

to kindle

[if

he must not

"Capable of maintaining sacfe'a

them if he is capable of
;

drinking
ihg a Sonla sacrifice.

must not abstain from perforni-

[A house-holder]

must be busy with reciting the

and performing sacrifices.

Veda

juice he

children

He

procreating

house by rising to meet

shall ho'no'r visitors to his

them,

by [offering them]
kindly and extolling their

seats,

by speaking

He

virtues'.

them

to

shall

[enter-

tain] all creatures with food according to his ability.

house-holder alone celebrates sacrifices, a house-;

holder alone

austerities,

practices

of nouse-holders

the

is

therefore

the order

most distinguished among the

four.

As

all

rivers

united

so

all

and

orders

rivulets

are

go

to

the ocean

to

be

associate with the house-

to'

holders.

As
so

all

Creatures

live

depending upon

the mendicants live depending upon

all

their

mother

[the

protec-

tion of] the householders.

Brahmana, who daily Carries Water, who always

Wears the sacred thread,

who

avoids the

who

daily

studies

food of outcasts, who

the

visits

..

Veda,-

his wife

proper season, who celebrates sacrifices according

to rules, does not fall from- the region of Brahman.
in the

CHAPTER

VA'NAPRASTHA

IX.

(hermit) shall

put on

bark and deer

village.

He

skin.

shall not tread a

gather wild growing roots and

wear matted locks and

He

shall

not enter

ploughed land.
fruits.

He

He

^a

shall

shall dra\V up'

Vdsishtha S'aihhild.

power and be

his virile

to

coming

He

He

forgiving.

775

honor guests
roots and fruit.

shall

hermitage with alms of

but never receive [presents.]

his

He

shall only give

shall bathe thrice (morning, noon,

according to the

fire

ling

and evening).

regulation

Kind-

Sramanaka

of

He shall live
(Sutra) he shall preserve the sacred Fire.
the root of a tree.
thus
over
six months
for
Living

at

he

keep no

fire

gives [their due]

to

shall

men,

the

[thus]

departed manes and

deities,

shall attain to the endless celestial region.

CHAPTER

He who

and have no house.

RELIGIOUS mendicant

of the

X.

shall depart giving 'a

promise of safety from injury

present

to all creatures.

New

they quote the following verses as an example

twice-born person, who having given a promise of
safety to all creatures wanders about, has nothing to
.'

fear from

creatures.

all

He, who

world without giving a promise

of safety to all living creatures, destroys the born and
the unborn
likewise does one who accepts "presents.
lives in this

Let one renounce

recitation

of]

all

the

the

religious

Veda.

rites

but
the

By discarding

becomes a S'udra and therefore one

shall

not

not

[the

Veda one
renounce

the Veda.

[To

recite]

of] reciting

one syllable (Om)

Brahma (Veda)

to

is

the highest [method

suppress

vital

airs

is

the highest form of penance to live on alms is better

*
than fasting and compassion is preferable to liberality.
;

[An

ascetic]

and no home.
102

shall

He

shave his head, shall

shall

beg food

at

seven

own nothing
houses'

n'ot

Vasishtha Samhitd.

776
selected before,

motionless.

lies

when

He

smokeless and when the pestle

shall wear a single garment, or cover
it.is

body with deer-skin or with grass that has been

He shall live on the naked ground
nibbled at by a cow.
and shall not live long at one place. [He shall live] at
his

outskirt of a village, in a temple, in an

the

or at the root of a tree.

He

the mind.

Living always
about within sight of the village

Now

from

re-births

lives in the forest,

who

organs,

knowledge by

he shall not walk

cattle.

they quote the following verses as an example

Freedom
always

seek

shall

in the forest

empty house

whose mind

has

is

certain

who has conquered

renounced

sensual

all

him who

for

the

sense

gratification,

devoted to the meditation of the Supreme

He shall be of
Self and who is [perfectly] indifferent.

no

visible

shall

is

mark

appear

or rule of conduct.

like a

Though

not

mad he

maniac.

Now

they quote the following verses as an example :

There is no salvation for him, who is addicted to the

study of the science of words, nor for him

who

is

given

the acceptance of presents in this world, nor for

to

who

is

fond of eating and clothing,

loves a charming residence.

One shall not seek to obtain

nor for

alms by

him

him who

[explaining],

portends and omens, nor by skill in astrology and

palmistry, nor by [the exposition of] the scriptural injunctions, nor by casuistry.
evil

He

shall

not be dt-jected

when he

when he

gets nothing nor

receives

something.
Renouncing all
glad
for
he
shall
seek only as
attachment
earthly possessions

much

He

as will sustain

alone

[ihe road

of]

is

the,

life.

foremost of those conversant with;

emancipation who cares

neither for

hut,,

Vasishtha SamhitS..

nor for

water, -nor

Pushkaras,* nor

for

nor

cldthes,

777
for

three

the

a dwelling, nor for a seat, nor for

for

food.

He

evening what he

shall eat in the

shall get

Brahmana except honey, meat and

house of a

the

in

clarified

Evening and morning the a^petics and pious

butter.

house-holders
shall

ascetic]

shall derive satiation [from eating].

be crooked, shall not have a

centrated mind.
He shall not join

By avoiding

objects.

[An

a village, should not

house and be of con-

live [at his option] in

his senses with

and kindness he

injury

their

shall

be

indifferent to all living creatures.

To

renounce

avarice,
all

envy,

back-biting,

crookedness,

unbelief,

self-praise,

stupefaction, anger,

pride,

conceit,

slandering,

egoism,

and jealousy

is

the duty of

orders.

Brahmana, who

is

pious,

who wears

the

sacred

who

holds in his hand a pitcher filled with water,

who is pure and who renounces, a S'udra's food and
drink, shall not fall from the region of Brahma.
thread,

[A Brahmana]
the

of six rites shall give Bali-offerings to

deities

[presiding]

of

the house.

Having

offered

food unto a S'rotriya [one shall] offer [it] unto a

student and then unto the departed manes. He shall
then feed his guests in due order, the worthiest first,
then

the

advanced
other

maidens,
[in

the

the

infants,

age] members

aged and the

and then the

of his family

members and dependants.

He

shall

throw some

on the ground for the dogs, Chandalas, outcasts

and crows. He may give to a S'udra the residue [of
food

the

food].

The

self-controlled

[house-holder]

,eat jwhat remains.

Three sacred tanks

at the holy shrine of Pushkara,

shall

Vasishtha Samkitd.

778

fresh meal, with

be

shall

Vaisvanara

Brahmana

It

is

known

[in the

the house

enters

Veda] that

the

[in
shape of a]
him
guest. ^Through
they get rain and food
fire

Therefore people know that the

is a
ceremony averting evil.

rain.

through

for such

made.

food

particular

a guest comes after the Vaisvadeva

a guest he shall have a

if

[made]

has been offered

the materials [as for the first]

all

[the

[reception of a guest]

Having fed him one

him

the

to

One

return].

shall

or

outskirt
shall

honor him,

shall

accompany

he gets permission [to

manes
oblations unto the

until

offer

;dark fort-night after the fourth

[day].
invited the Brahmar*as on the day previous [to

during the

Having
the-

one

S'raddjia]

who

house-holders
years,

who do
in

living

feed

all

Srotriyas,

ascetics,

who

occupations,

those

who

white

leprosy, eunuchs, those

except
from

those

who have

who

neglect

suffer

pupils.
their

duties,

from black

shall

those

who have
leprosy, and

deformedjnails.

Now

If

pupils

One

and

qualified

virtuous

are of advanced

house,

suffering

those

are

the

not follow forbidden

the

black teeth,

feed

shall

they quote the following verses as an example

one, conversant with the Mantrams, is afflicted with
:

which desecerate a row, Yama caUs

And he too is a sanctifier of
irreproachable.

bodily [defects]

him

the row.

At a S'rdddha, the remnants [of a meal] shall not

be cleared away until the end of the day. They (i.e.
the manes) for

whom

no watery libations have

been

pffered) drink streams flowing fro,m the sky.

They
not

set.

able.

are

nourished by the remnants till the sun is

of milk become un-ending anc}

The streams

Sam hi hi.

Manu

has -said

that

vessels] and the

members

of the

the

are

fragments

who

family

remainder

the

Both*

779

share

the

[in

of

those

died before receiving the

sacraments.

One

shall

give

the

that

residue,

has fallen on the

water to the
ground, consisting of the wipings and
manes of those who died without offspring and of those

who

died young.

be dedicated unto the manes supported

by both the hands. The wicked-minded Asuras always
seek holes therein.

Food

shall

Therefore one shall not offer food

or he shall stand

the

holding
both kinds have been produced.

One
to the

feed two

shall
deities,

dish

in

empty hands
leavings

[until]

the

at

[Brahmanas]

three at the offering to the

offering

manes

even a very rich man shall

anxious to [feed] a very targe number.

on either occasion

Good

treatment,

purity and [selection

^a large company

How

who

is

not

be

number.

Or one may feed

duct and

or one

[consideration of] time and place,,

of] virtuous Brahmanas [as guests]
therefore one
des'troys these five

shall not invite a large

studied the whole

of

Veda, who

free

Brahmana who has

endued with good con-

even one

from

is

all evil

marks.

can oblation to the deities be made

if

one feeds

a single Brahmana at a S'raddha.

Having collected
in a vessel [a portion of] all sorts of food, placed it in,
a temple one shall then begin the performance of a
S'raddha.

He

shall

throw into the

'that] food or shall give

They

shall,

it

to a

controlling

fire

[a portion o

Brahmacharin.

the

speech, eat the food, SQ

Vasishtha Samhitd.

780
long

continues

it

warm

the nianes eat

qualities of the food are not

The

long as the manes

them)

(i.

<?.,

Afterwards when the

are not satiated.

satisfied

((

may

they

spoken

If

rg the

food must not be spoken of as

the Brahmanas representing

of the

qualities

so

it

of.

say,

Beautiful

is

Pitris are

the

sacrificial

food."

But one, who being invited

fice rejects

it (i.

<?.,

meat)

shall

at a

go

S'raddha or a sacri-

to

hell

as

for

many

years as the beast has hairs.

Three are sanctifying in a S'raddha, a daughter's

son, the eighth Muhartta of the day and sesamum and
three [others] purify

more the

food, viz.> purity,

freedom

from anger and from precipitation.

The
becomes

when the Sun's progress

named Kutapas what is

eighth part of the day,

slow, that period

[then] given to the

of that

woman

at a S'raddha, feed for a

One who

manes endures

The departed manes

intercourse with a

is

for ever.

man,

who

holds

sexual

after offering or having dined

month on

his

semen.

studies after offering food at a S'raddha or

partaking of funeral food, is born in this or that (i. e.

he does not acquire sacred learning
indifferent) family

and becomes short-lived

The

father,

the

[in that birth].

grand father and the great grandthem as the birds [become

father adore a son born to

hopeful on seeing] a Pippala tree.

Even a poor man makes funeral'offerings with honey,

meat, vegetables, milk and porridge both in the rainy
season and under the constellation of Magha.
i

The

ancestors always welcome a descendant who

lengthens the line, who finds pleasure in performing

Vasishtha Samhitd.

who

funeral sacrifices and

is

rich

781
idols

in

and good

Brahmanas.

The manes rejoice at him as husbandmen at good

rain.
The manes possess a descendant in him who
them food

offers

at

Gaya.

One shall make offerings to the manes both on the

full moon days of 0he month of Sravana (July August)
and Agrahayana (November and December) and on the
There is no necessity of restriction
Anvasthaka.*
about time if materials, [sacred] place and [good]

Brahmanas

near

are

kindles the sacred

at

hand.

fires, shall

Brahmana, who
full and new

perform the

moon sacrifices, the [half-yearly] Agrahayana Ishthi,

the Chaturmasya sacrifice, the sacrifices in which animals

Soma

are killed and the

in the

Veda and

mana

is

to

fices

is

the deities, descendants

debt

who

shall

invest

sacri-

to the

departed manes

Rishis.

One becomes
who begets a
student.
One

celebrates sacrifices,

and who leads the

son,

to the

enjoined
A Brah-

He owes

born loaded with three debts.

from

this is

of as a debt.

spoken highly

and religious studentship

free

All

sacrifices.

life

of a religious

Brahmana with

the sacred thread in the

eighth year after conception, a Kshatriya in the eleventh

year after conception and a Vaishya in the twelfth year

The staff of a Brahmana [student]
after conception.

may be [made]
Kshatriya

Palasa wood or Bel wood

that cf

wood
Nyagrodha, and that of a
Udumvara wood. The upper garment of a

of the

Vais'ya of

Brahmana

of

of

[shall be] the skin of a

black antelope; that of

a Kshatriya the skin of a spotted deer that of a

Vais'ya
a cow-skin or that of a he-goat. The wearing cloth of
;

day

The day

following the

Ashtaka or the eighth day i. e., the ninth

Magha and Phalguna,

of the dark halves of Mirgasiras, Pausha,

Vasishiha S'dnihita.

a Brahmana

be white [and] spotless that of 'A

with
madder: that of a Vais'ya dyed
Kshatriya dyed
with turmeric or made of [raw] silk.
The undyed
.

cotton

shall

cloth

Brahmana

for

[is]

all

students].

[religious

beg alms placing

shall

[th'e word] Bhavad

[the word] Bhavad
[the word] Bhavad

a Kshatriya placing
first
middle and a Vais'ya placing
The time for the initiation of a Brahmana
at the end.

(Lord)

in the

does not expire

that

for

year,

until

of

the

completion
of a Vais'ya

After that
twenty-fourth.
has been neglected.
shall not initiate such men, teach them nor officiate

until the

of the

completion

they become men whose

One

the

until

Kshatriya

twenty second year and for that

of the

as

completion of the sixteenth

sacrifices

one

shall

not

contract

alliances
with them. A
man, whose
been neglected, may perform the Uddalaka

matrimonial
has

Savitri

their

at

priests

Savitri

penance.

He

shall

Hve for two months on barley-gfuel,

month on honey collected by

for

one

bees, for eight nights on'

nights on unsolicited food, for

three nights on water and shall' fast for a day and night.
Or he may go to bathe at the terminating bath of a
clarified butter, for six

horse-sacrifice or he

Now

offer a

duties

or

Vratyastoma.

king and a

hunger he may ask

uncultivated

He

of a Snataka.

any body except

with

stricken
Cultivated

for

fi'eld,

shall not"

some [small

covv,

But

pupil.

gift,]

a goat or a

But the injunction'

grain or food.
that a Snataka shaH not be exhausted with hunger.

sheep,
is

the

[are]

beg from

may

He

or

shall
to

for

not be

which a

rope
sun when

gold,

(a.

stay-at-home.

calf is tied.

He

He

shall

shall not cross

not

he rises or sets or sheds heat.

look

One

at

a'

the

shall not

Vas'ishtha

SamkM.

ipass urine or excreta in water, por,.spit into

783

He

it.

pass urine or excreta

after

his

wrapping up

shall

head,

covering the ground with grass that is not used in a

sacrifice, facing the north in the day time, the south at
flight, and the north in the twilight.

Now

they quote the following verses as an example

shall always put on a lower and an
:

The Snatakas

upper garment, [wear] two

carry] a staff and a pitcher

sacrificial
filled

threads [and shall

with water.

being spoken of [as] pure with water>

or with a stick, or with fire. Therefore [a Snataka]
shall clean {his] ,Jvessel with water and with his [right]

[A

is

vessel]

hand.

Manu, the
encircling

it

rites

gatory

one,

beings, designates it as
Having performed the obli-

of created

lord

with

fire.

perfectly acquainted with the rules of

purification, shall sip water.

He shall silently
eat food,facing the east.
swallow the entire mouthful with the four fingers and

He

shall

He shall not make a sound

He may know his wife in the proper

with the thumb.

mouth.

at any other time except on the Parva days.

drink sacred water.

with his

season or

He

shall

Now

they quote .the following verses as an example

The

ancestors of a man,

who commits
wedded wife,

through the mouth of his

montji, on his semen, for

all

intercourse
that

feed,

unnatural intercourse

is

against the sacred law.

It

is

known

that Indra

sanctifying boon
are to be mothers

that

either

cohabit with their husbands.

not ascend a lofty

103

conferred upon

women

the

even those [among them], who

tree,

to-day or to-morrow, may

He (i.e., a Snataka) shall
shall not

descend into a

well,

Samhita.

Vas'ishtha

784

blow the

not

shall

his

fire ,,with

mouth, and shall not

pass between a fire and a Brdhmaiia nor between two

nor between two Brahmanas or he may do so after
fires
having obtained permission. He shall not take meals
1

with his wife, for

it is

said

in

the

Vajasaneyaka,

" His

He

shall

be shorn of manly vigour."

not point out a rain-bow by its [true] name],
bow." He shall call it a jewelled bow.

children

shall

''

Indra's

He

shall

dogs and sticks for cleansing teeth made

He shall not eat [food placed] in his
of Palasa wood.
avoid seats,

he shall not eat [food placed] in a chair. Let him

carry a bamboo-staff and wear two golden ear-rings.
He shall not wear any visible garland save a golden

lap

He

one.

Now

shall avoid assemblies

they quote the following verses as an example

To deny
injunctions

argument as

One

and crowds.

the.

of the

authority of the Vedas, to doubt the

Rishis and to consider one's own

directly authoritative destroys one's soul.

shall not

go to a

sacrifice without

being invited^

he goes, he must not go by the door covered with trees

He shall not ascend an unsafe boat.
or facing the sun.
If

a river by swimming with his arms.

the last part [of the night] and
up
Having
recited [the Veda] he shall not lie down again.
In the
H<*

shall

not cross

risen

Muhurta sacred

some sacred

in

to Prajapati,

a Brahmana

shall

perform

duties.

CHAPTER

XI.

<

Now

therefore the Upafcarman [the rite preparatorv*

Vedie study

[shall

be done] on the full-moon day

of

to]''

the

Vas'ishtha Sa^httd.

month

of

sacred

the

785

S'rdvana or Prausthapaela. Having kindled

fire he shall offer oblations to the deities

Having made oblations to the

sacred metres, having made the Brahmanas utter words
of well bring an. aftr.r having- fed them with curd he

and the sacred metres.

shall

continue the

half,

or

Vedic study

six-months and a

for

four

months and a

and then perform the

half,

study the Veda

dedicatory
the
Angas (supplementary
during the light fortnight and
at
of
the
Ve*ia
[The Veda] shall
pleasure.
subjects)

Thereafter

rite.

he

not be studied during the period

in

towns where a corpse

at

[He may study]

been
line

shall

of

[lies]

pleasure

conjunction
or

Chandalas

twilight)
[live].

which has

[in a place],

besmeared with cow-dung, and around which a

has been drawn.
[He shall not study] near a

cremation-ground, lying down, or after he has eaten or

taken a present at a funeral rite.

Now they

quote a verse as an example from

Whether be

it

gift at a S'raddha,
it,

recite

the

the hand of

p.

fruit,

one

water, sesamum,

shall

not,

Manu

food, or

any

having just accepted

the Smriti that,

Veda for it is said in

Brahmana is his mouth.
;

not recite the Veda] while running,

[One
while a foul smell comes, ascending a ttee, in a boat
or in a camp, after meils, while his hands are moist,
shall

while

the

sound

of

an arrow

[is

heard], on the four-

teenth 'day of each fortnight, on the new moon-day,

on the either day of a fortnight and on an Ashtaka
[day], while he stretches his

feet

out,

while

he makes

leap, leaning against [some thing], on a bed that had

been used in a conjugal intercourse, in a dress- that- he

had ured during a sexual intercourse except it has been

at the ouLskirt of a village, after vomiting,

Vas'ishtha Samhifq.

while passing urine or excreta. One shall not recite the

Rig- Veda or the Yajur-Veda while the sound [of the
chanting] of the Sdman [is audible], nor when a thunderfalls, nor when an earth-quake happens, nor during

bolt

the solar and lunar eclipses, nor when a sound is heard in>
the sky or in the mountains, nor during an earth-quake
or muttering of clouds, nor

and sand

when showers

of stones, blood*

from the sky], nor during twenty-four hours

If meteors,
lightnings and other lumi-

[fall

[after the event].

nous bodies appear [the study of the Veda

[one shall

twenty-four hours* If the teacher dies

and!
not study the Veda] for three nights
;

teacher's

and a night

pupil or wife [dies], during a

likewise [on the death of] a priest or

son,
;

made by a

relation

be

for

stopped]

if

shall

must be embraced

The

marriage.

one

shall

feet

honour an

ofi

day

any

a preceptor

officiating priest,

paternal and maternal uncles, younger

than himself, by rising and saluting them. Similarly,
[he shall honour] the wives of those persons whose feet

a father-in-law,

must be embraced, and the teacher's [wives] and his

One shall say " I am such and such" to one
parents.

who

is

But he

acquainted [with the meaning of the salute-..])

shall not salute him, who does not know the

meaning

The

of a salute.

when

father,

be forsaken, but the mother

is

out-casted,

must

never forsakable unto-

a son.

Now

they quote the following verses as an example

An Acharyaya
Upadhyaya

A charyay a

the

is

ten times more venerable than an

father,

a hundred times more than the

and the mother, a thousand times more

than the father.

A
by

wife,

sinful

sons,

deeds,

and
must

pupils,
first

be

who

are

contaminated

admonished [by being

Vastishtha SamhitS.

787

forsaken.
He, who forsakes them
pointed out] and then
in any other way, becomes [himself] an out-cast.

An

who

officiating priest or a preceptor,

sacrifices,

perform

The

forsaken.

or

to teach

[the

neglects to

Veda]

shall

wife must not take that husband,

be

who,

one. She shall

though not really an outcast, appears like
never speak of him. A woman, by holding intercourse
with a person other [than her husband], becomes arc

The husband may,

outcast.

who

wife,

the

If

treated

therefore,

another

take

has never been enjoyed by another man.

preceptor 's preceptor is near he must be
The S'ruti says
the preceptor himself.

like

just as the

teacher

Scriptural works, raiments and food shall be

accep-

that,

one must treat a teacher 's son

himself.

by a Brahmana. Learning, wealth,,

and
occupation must be respected.
age, relationship,
But each preceding one is more venerable [than the
succeeding one]. If one meets aged men, infants,
sick men, load-carriers, and persons riding on wheels,

ted

[as

presents]

he must give way to each of the

latter.

If

a king and a

Snataka meet, the king must make way for the Snataka,
All must make way for the greatest [man among them.]
Grass, land, fire, water, truth and absence of envy*
none of these is found wanting in the houses of good

men.

CHAPTER

XII.

SHALL now describe what may be eaten and what

may not be eaten. Food given by a hunter, a woman
I

of

immoral character, a mace-bearer, a

thief,

one under

Vas'ishtha Samhitl.

7SS

imprecation, ,.91 eunuch, or by an out-cast

must not be eaten nor that given by a miser, by one who

the ban

of an

has performed the initiatory rite of a S'rauta sacrifice,

by one fettered with a chain, by a sick person, by a
seller

of Soma-p\ants,

by a carpenter or a washerman,

by a seller of spirituous liquor or a spy, by a usurer,

or a cobbler [nor that given] by a S'udra, nor at an
;

[performed by one

inferior sacrifice

who

is]

devoid of

[nor that] given by the paramour of a

married woman, or a husband, who procures a paramour
[to his wife], or by one (i.e., a king) who does not slay

five sacrifices,

a person deserving destruction, or by one who cries out

whether bound or freed; food j^iven by a mult'-ude
of

men

or by harlots should not be eaten.

Now

they quote the following verses as an example

The celestials do not partake of [the offerings] by a

man, who keeps dogs, nor by him whose [only] wife is a
S'udra woman, nor by him who is hen pecked, nor by
him

in

whose house

One
water,

shall
fruits,

[lives] the

not accept

[of

his wife.]

from such [people even]

Kusd

fodder,

paramour

fuel,

parched grain, un-

grass,

solicited drink, house, small fish, millet, perfumes, honey,

and meat.

Now

they quote the following verses as an example

For the sake

wishes to

save

when he wishes

of a
his

to

Guru

wife

(religious

[and

honour the

guide)

when he

family from starvation,]

deities or guests,

one

may

but he shall never

[presents] from any body
himself
to
his
own
convert
(i.e.,
use) [with them].
satisfy

accept

Food, given by a hunter using the bow, shall not be

It is said [in the
rejected.
V6da\ that at a sacrifice

extending over one thousand years Agastya went out

to hunt.
He had delicious cakes made with the meat

Vashhtha Samhiti.
and

of beasts

fowls.

7*9

They quote some

verses

made

by Prajdpati. Prajapati has ordained that, food, freely

offered and brought, may be eaten although [the giver]
may be a sinful person, provided it has not been asked
as alms beforehand.

one
Particularly a thief's food must not be eaten by
who has faith,* nor that given by a Brahmana, who

many and initiates many.

The manes do not eat for fifteen years [the food]
that man who rejects food [offered voluntarily], nor

sacrifices ^f or

of

does the

fire

carry his offerings.

But alms, albeit offered voluntarily, must not be

accepted from a physician, from a hunter, from a surgeon,
from one who uses a noose, from a eunuch or a

faith-

woman.

less

Residue

of food left by other persons than the

must
not be eaten, nor the residue of one's
preceptor
food
sullied by leavings
nor food sullied
meal
and
own
;

by contact with a dress, hair, or with insects. But if he

likes he may use [such food], after taking out the hair
and the inse-cts, sprinkling it with water, and throwing
ashes on
fit

it,

and

it

has been declared by words

as-

[for taking].

Now

quote the following verses by Prajapati r

they

as an example

The

after

Brdhmanas three instrumentsof purification, namely, ignorance, sprinkling them with

water and commending [them] by word of mouth.
deities created for

One
*
a

There

man who

be

thief

"

shall

is

not cast

away

the

food,

which,

at

another reading which Buhler has followed, " cffered

by

has faith, must certainly be eaten even though the

giver
This seems to be a better reading, but we have followed

the Bengali edition,

V'ufishtha

790

SamhitL

procession with images of deities, at a nuptial ceremony^

or at a sacrifice, is touched by crows or dogs.
Having taken out thereof [the defiled portion of]

food one shall purify the remainder, the liquids by

straining them and the solid food by sprinkling it with

Some

water.

iooked

Stale

pure when they are

become

[articles]

not defiled by touch.

at, if

what

food,

is

naturally bad,

what has been

placed once only in the dish, what has been cooked

again, raw food and [that] insufficiently cooked [must

hot be eaten.] but one may take it, if one likes, after
pouring over it milk, curd and clarified butter.
;

Now

they quote the following verses by Prajdpati as

an example

Oily substances, salt and curries, offered with the

hand, do not benefit the giver, and he, who partakes of

them,

will eat sin.

For

eating garlic, onions, mushrooms,

turnips,
exudations
from
red
of
trees
flowS'leshmataka,
trees,
sap

ing from incisions, food eaten by horses, dogs and crows,

and leavings of a S'udra, a Krichchhati Krichchha

Elsewhere [the penance

taking meat, honey and parti-

[penance must be performed].

is

ordained] by others for

cular kinds

One

of fruits,

shall not drink

of one

whose

bottom

of

flesh

milk of

some wild animals.

cow that is in heat, or

of

calf has died, or that

or a she goat gives

giving birth

and

the

to

young

a boat.

during

the

which a cow-buffalo
first

ten days [after

ones], or water collected at the

One

shall avoid wheat-cakes, fried

grain, porridge, barley-meal,

stale

and other

sorts

of

[bad] food prepared with milk and barley-flour.

Of

five-toed animals, the porcupine, the hedge-hog,

the hare, the tortoise and the iguana

may be

eaten

of

Samhitd.

791

[domestic] animals those O ha,\5ing one jaw only save

camels
of aquatic animals the alligator and the crab
nor those which are mis-shaped
[must not be eaten]
;

nor kine, Gavayas and Sharabhas, nor those

It is said in
that have not been [specially] mentioned.

like

snakes

the Vajasaneya [Samhitd] that, the meat of]

and oxen

is fit

for sacrificial offerings.

milch cows

They make con-

flicting statements about the rhinoceros and the wild boar.

Among birds those which seek food by scratching with

webb-footed one, the Kalavinka, the water-

their feet, the

the

hen,

crow,

the

dove-,

the

the

flamingo, the
blue pigeon,
crane,

vulture,

the

Brahmani duck, the Bhasa, the

the

the

Chataka, the
black partridge, the grey heron,
falcon, the white egret, the ibis, the
osprey,

the

cormorant, the peewit, the flying-fox, those flying about

at night, the wood-pecker, the sparrow, the Renlatka,
the green pigeon, the wagtail, the village-cock, the
parrot, the starling, the cuckoo, those living on flesh,

and. those moving about villages [must not be eaten].

CHAPTER
MAN, formed
mother and
parents have
their

[son].

of blood
his

father

power

to

But one

XIII.

and semen, proceeds .from

as

his cause.

give,
shall

to

sell,

not give,

his

Therefore the

and

to

abandon

or receive

[in

an only son, for he must live to continue

adoption]
his ancestors.
of
A woman shall neither give
the line
nor receive a son save with the permission of her husban-d.
He, who wishes to adopt a son, shall collect his

kinsmen,

announce

104

his

desire

to

the king, shall

make

Vasishtha Samhitd.

$27

1
offerings in the middle of the house, reciting the Maha as a son, a not-remote kinsman,
vyahriti, and take
just

But

his relatives.

the nearest

among

about

remote kinsman, [the adopter]

this

apart with

S'udra.

It

one's

own

l$ins

a fourth part,

said

is

through one he saves many.

If

if

in

the

doubt

arises

shall set

Veda

him

that,

after adoption, a son of

born, [the adopted son] shall obtain

is not engaged itv rites,
procuring

is

he

if

prosperity.

He, who divulges the Veda [to unworthy persons, shall

be excommunicated] by spreading red Kusa grass having

and placing the water-vessel thereon.

Allowing their hair to hang down, and with their sacred
threads on the right side, his relatives shall touch him
tips with

left

who empties

foot

[the

towards [that spot]

They

shall not afterwards

rites.

his

Then turning their left hands

they may go and come at pleasure.

pot].

admit the outcast to sacred

who admit him

Those,

But outcasts,

equals.

if

to religious rites,

become

they have performed the

[necessary] penitential rite, [may be] re-admitted.

Now they quote the following verses an an example

[Some]

shall

come by redemption by

[entering]

into

and laugh [with such a person.]

[People]
He shall walk behind those, who excommunicate him,
like one weeping and sorrowing.
Those, who kill their
shall play

&re.

teachers,

their

mitted either

or their fathers,

may be

read-

or after expiating

being pardoned,
a golden or an earthen pot [with
Having
from a sacred lake or river, they pour [the

their sin.

water]

mothers,

after

filled

water] over him, [reciting]

((

ye waters

are, etc."

[other rites relating to the] read mission of one,

has [thus] bathed, have been explained by [*;hos~
kid down for] the birth of a son.
All
)

Vas'isht'h* Samliita.

CHAPTER

Now

[are]

the

Let

laws.

XIV.
the minister

transact business on the bench.

between two
bt

guilt will
shall

it

there

is

king

a dispute

he sides with one of them,

if

their

[A king]
created beings. If he commits
shall be rectified by the regulations of [the

two] castes.

property of] the

actions.

When

of the

considered as [the king's] own.

be equitable

any crime,
first

parties,

795

to^all

The king
infants, who
shall

[A minor]

the

administer

[shall

are not of age for legal

be [treated] as others

when

he comes of age.

There are three kinds

of proofs,

it

declared in

is

property,
namely
Smriti, which give title to a
documents, witnesses, and possession; [by these] aa
owner may recover his former property.

the

[In all disputes] about roads, fields, different interpretations of gifts, and debts on mortgage, the legal procedure is of three feet (i.e. requires three kinds of evidence).* In a dispute about a house or a field reliance

[may be placed on the evidence] of] neighbours. If the

statements of the neighbours disagree, reliance [shall
be placed on the statement of] the aged villagers or
citizens,

Now

and

of guilds

and corporations,

they quote the following verses as an example

There is a difference of reading: ^Buhler has followed the

Benares text and translated the passage thns "From fields through
which (there is a right of) road (a space sufficient for the road) must be
:

set apart, likewise a space

" for
turning (a cart,

the same description there shall be)

hive translated Arthantareshu

terms of agreements.

a.i

different

Buhier has translated

Tha commentator Krishnapandit means

t-he like."

and

passage O?ree

for)

other thing* (of

feet

about."

intcrpretaions
it

" near

i e.

We

of the

as near other, things.

pleasure-gardens

and

Vas'ishtha

794

What

bought, a p'lfedge, property given to a wife

marriage by her husband's family, and what is

after

is

know

obtained from a sacrifice

all this

as burning

fire.

Whatever has been continuously enjoyed [by another

person] for ten years

the owner.]

[is lost to

make

not justified to

a gift of a pledge,
a boundary, the property of minors, a deposit, a sealed
deposit, women, the property of a king, and the pro-

king

is

perty of a S'rotriya.

by being enjoyed [by others]. The

properties of house-holders [given up by them] go to
the king.
With ministers and citizens a king shall
administer affairs. Whether is a king, who is surrounded

They

are not lost

by many servants, superior

like

[keen-eyed]

vultures

like vultures, is not superior.

a vulture,

Through

he have

nor shall
his

No\v about witnesses

Persons, well-read

[witnesses

be like

shall

servants

like

vultures.

in the S'ruti, beautiful,

good character, and

fitting

servants

not

truthful, are to

men may [be witnesses of all

women witnesses about women
be

who has

originate crimes such as theft,

Therefore let him question his

servants

robbery, murder etc,.

servants beforehand.

of

one who has servants,

to

A king,
A king

for]

possessed
be witnesses. All

men]. One shall make

twice-born persons shall

twice-born

men

S'udras

for

S'udras, and low castes for low castes.

Now they quote the following verses as an example

A son shall not pay money owing [by his father]
:

for

a surety,

money due

money promised

for losses at

play,

or

for a worthless object,

for

spirituous

nor what remains unpaid [on account] of a fine or

liquor/
toll.

Vas'ishtha Safahttd.

795

Speak out, ,O witness, everything truly thy departed

manes hang [in suspense depending on thy answer]
with the utterance of thy words they will rise [into
;

heaven], or

fall

[into hell].

Naked, with head, shaven, stricken with hunger and

thirst, and blind shall go the man, who gives false
with a potsherd to

evidence,
his

beg food

at the

door of

enemy.

One
maiden

kills
;

one

about kine

five

about a

ten

kills

one

false [evidence]

by [giving]

kills

by [giving] false [evidence]

a hundred by giving false evidence

about a horse, and a thousand, by giving false evidence

about a man.

People may speak untruth at the time of marriage,

while holding sexual intercourse, when their lives are
in danger, while their entire property is at stake, and
for the sake of a Brahmana.
These five falsehoods are
not sinful.
If

sake of a relative, or for money, men gfve

evidence in a law-suit, they bring down [into

for the

partial
hell]

their

own

ancestors,

although

stationed

in

the

celestial region.

CHAPTER XV.
THE

father throws his debts on [the son] and

immortality, if he sees the face of a living son.
It is

those,

acquires

said in the S'ruti that, endless are the

regions for

who have

has no son.

sons

There

is

may have no male

acquired immortality.

there

a curse

offspring.

is

no region

that

men

Through

In this there

is

for him,

enemies)

(i.e.,

offspring

the rule

who

Agni

Vas*ishtha Samhitt.

796

one c^q^iers the world

a son

Through

grandson one acquires

immortality ;
son's grand-son he acquires the solar region.
There* is a disputed [among the learned
the sonlbelongs to the husband of the wife
say,] the'son belongs to the begetter.'

They quote on both

an example
If

[one

calves on

owner

cows

useless

is

vigilantly

say, ]

the spending of his power.

watch the pro-creation of

strangers might
to

sow seed on your soil.

The adage is that,

the 'begetter.

of successful virile
If

sides the following verses as

The son belongs

one

say]

[and some

man's] bull were to procreate a hundred

another man's cows, they would belong to the

offspring lest

your

some

his

of the

[Some

through a

but through

power has created

amongst many begotten by one

a son, they

this offspring.

[father]

one has

have offspring through that son, thus

all

says the Veda.

Twelve kinds

of sons only are

recognised

by the

ancients.
first is the son begotten [by the husband] himon his own married wife. In his absence the second
begotten on one's own wife or widow [by another

The

self

man] on being
daughter.*
*

This

is

authorized.

brotherless

The

third

is

an appointed

maiden comes back

to

her

is still prevalent in Kashmi/a.

from Rajatarangini " Where it is

a curious fact but the practice

Buhler quotes an

historical incident

princess of Ganda, and wife of king Gayapida, was

by her father Kalyanamalla." He says in the same note
" When I
collated "the passage with the help of a Kasmirian I was
stated Kalyandevi,
called

still living in Srinagar, has changed the

a daughter called Amri, to the corresponding
masculine form,Amirgu inorder^to secure a to .himself through her the

told that a certain

name
same

of his

Brahmana,

only child,

spiritual benefits as

if

he had a son.

Vtsfishth* Samhitd.
*

male ancestors ;'returning she becomes

is

a] verse
" I shall confer

their son.

[There

shaM be

my

The
band

is

whom

she

give

birth

woman.

She

may

the son of a re-married

Punarbhu

of her

to

son/'

fourth

called

on thee a brotherless damsel adorned

The son

with ornaments.

is

797

who

(re-married),

the hus-

leaving

youth and having lived with others

seeks-

the protection of his relatives.

And she [too] is called Punarbhu,

who leaving an
mad husband, -or after the demise
The fifth is the sort
takes another lord.

impotent, outcast, or
of her husband,

whom

son

maiden.

unmarried

of an

an unmarried

[The learned say]

woman

gives
son

birth

lust in her father's residence is the

that,

to

of his

the

through
maternaJ

grand-father.

Now

they quote the following verses as an example

an unmarried

If

of equal

gets a son

through

gotten by
father

and

daughter gives birth to a son be^

caste, the maternal grand'

man

steal (inherit) the

him

he shall

offer

pinda

property [of his grand-father.]

[A son] born secretly in the house is the sixth,

[The learned] declare that these all (i.e., six) are heirs
and kinsmen and preservers from great danger. Now
amongst

who

those,

are not heirs, the

first is

he,

who

is

received with a pregnant bride.

[The son of a maiden,]
who is married pregnant, [is called] a Sahoda (a son
The second is the adopted
received with the bride).

son

whom

The

third

[the

story

a *king:

his
is

of]

He

and mother give [in adoption.]

That is explained by
bought.
Harishchandra indeed was
Sunahs'epa.
father

the

son

himself bought the

son

[giving him] young animals [and wealth.]

of Ajigarth

The

by

fourth

is

Samhiil.
This

the son himself arrived.

is

explained by [the story

of] Sunas'epa.
Sunas'epa, forsooth, [when] tied to the
Then the deities
sacrificial stake, lauded the celestials.
liberated him from the fetters.
The sacrificial priests
u
said,

He

their

request.
"

compact.
his son.

be our son."

[Then]

He

shall

they
be the

He did not comply with

made him make [this]
son of him whom he
1

ViSwamitra was the Hotri and he became

chooses."

is

shall

The

fifth is

an Apaviddha (cast

called so] who, renounced by

his

off

father

son.)
[He
and mother,

received [as a son]. The sixth is the son of a S'udra

woman. These six are kinsmen but not heirs.
is

Now

they quote the following verses as an example

the last-mentioned six sons) shall inherit
(i. e.

These
the

who has no

property of him,

first-mentioned

classes].

[six

The

amongst
take two shares, and a

eldest shall

The

goats, the sheep

belong to the youngest

the furniture, to

about the

tithe of the

and the house

black iron, the utensils and

middle-most.

the

parti-

brothers.

tion [of paternal property]

kine and horses.

heir belonging to the

Now

The daughter

shall

divide the nuptial presents of their mother. If a Brahmana

has sons by wives of the Brahmana, Kshatriya and

Vais'ya

castes,

the

son

of the

Brahmana wife

shall

the son of the Kshatriya wife, two

the other sons shall inherit equal shares.

recieve three shares

shares,

and

And

one of the brothers has earned something* by

shall get two shares. But those

his

if

own [endeavour*] he

* Krishna
pandit thinks that, the Sutra forbids an
is

made with the

appointment which

intention to secure the estate, or a share of the estate of

the natural father from

whom

the

Kshatriya

son inherits also.

But

it

seems equally probable that it is intended to prevent a widow tfom

agreeing to an appointment in order to obtain control ov-er her husband's
estate"

Buhter,

Samhi'td.
\vho have

entered

799
those,

order,

diffe,re^,t

who

are.

eunuchs, insane and out-cast, shall recieve no share but

[they] are entitled to maintenance.

The widow

mad man,

an eunuch or

of

deceased, shall

sleep on the ground, for six months, practising religious

virtues and abstaining from taking pungent food and
salt.
Having bathed after six months, she shall offer

Then her

the Sraddha to her husband.

brother

assemble

shall

preceptors,

kinsmen, and

and

his

for

her deceased

woman, who

the

[is

his

sacrifies

One

insane,

not

very

is

not appoint

shall

and

under

control,

aged

sixteen years

appointing a woman] and she must be

for

age

her

appoint her [to raise offspring

shall

who

or

deceased person's)

(i. e.,

or officiated at

husband].
is

nor one

diseased,

his

who taught him

father,

healthy.

[The male appointed]

in the

muhtirta, sncred

without dallying
treating

unguents from

The

with

She

her.

[the

shall

to

approach [the widow]

like a husband,

Prajapati,

and without abusing or illand

get fodd> dress, baths

her,

shall

former [husband].
sons begotten on a woman, not

estate

of]

her

say that>
appointed^ belong to the begetter. A woman shall not
be appointed for the man, who had seen her with lustful

[learned]

eyes.

appointed
to

Others say that if [a widow] is to be

[under these circumstances] sl>^ shall have

perform a penance.

maiden,

who

has attained

wait for three years.

After three years
puberty,
she may take a husband of the same caste.
shall

Now they
If

is

the

quote as an example^

suitable

given away

[for

age

of a

maiden expires before she

who 'has been waiting

by her father, she,

husband], destroys him, v\ho gives htr away, just

8oo

Vas'ishtk* Samhitd.

as the fee that

is

paid boo late to the teacher

[kills

the

pupil]

Fearing the appearance of the menses, the father

marry his daughter while she still runs about

shall

naked.

she

If

stays

(in

her father's house) after men-

struating, sin visits the father.

As
who is

often

as are the menstrual courses of a

desirous

of,

and

bridegroom of the same

and mother are guilty of

caste, so often

qualified

father

an embryo
If

such

maiden,

solicited in marriage by, a

is

her

[the crime of] killing

the sacred law.

is

the betrothed

of

a maiden

dies

after

she

has

given away to him by words and water but

before she was married with Mantras, she belongs to
her father alone.

been

If

a maiden

has been

not married with Mantras,

away to another man. She

carried

she
is

away by

may be

like a

force

and

lawfully given

maiden.

a damsel has merely been married, at the death

of her husband, by Mantras, and if the marriage has
If

not been

consummated she may be married

wife

whose husband

is

again.

in a foreign country,

[and
has not given birth to a son], shall wait for five
years without cherishing any desire. She shall live

who

and behave

like

widow.

wife

of the

Brdhmana

and
who has issue, [shall wait]
the wife of a
one who has no issue, four years
and
who has no
one
five
has
who
issue,
years
Kshatriya
a wife of the Vais'ya caste who has
issue, three years
and one who has none, two years
offspring, four years
a wife of the S'udra caste who has offspring, three years
and who has none, one year. Of those who are C9nfor five years

caste,

nected [with her husband] by libations of water, funeral

801

VaJishtka Samhita.
*

cake, birth and by gotra (family), each preceding person

more preferable. But if a member of .her family

is

The
certainly not go to a stranger.
to
a
son
of
Sapindas, or those who are of the status
him, shall divide the heritage of him who has no heir
survives, she

shall

first-mentioned

of the

six

On

sorts.

failure

of

them

the property.
the preceptor and the pupil
On failure of these two the king inherits. But a king
shall never take the property of a Brdhmana, for it is
shall

inherit

a dreadful poison.
They do not call poison, poison the property of a
Brahmana is called poison. Poison kills only one man
;

but the property of a Brahmana kills (him,

with his sons and grandsons.
it), together

He

should

versed

make

in the three

it

over to pious men,

who takes

who

are well

Vedas.

CHATER

XVI.

THEY

say that, the offspring of a S'udra by a Brahmana woman is a Chandala. That of a Kshatriya by
a Vais'ya woman is Anta-Vyavasayin.
That of a

by a Brahmana woman becomes a Rdmaka.*

a Vaisya] by a Kshatriya woman [is called]
[That
Pukkasa. That begotten on a Brahmana woman by a
Kihatriya becomes a Suta. So^ [the learned] declare.
Vais'ya,

of

* Krishna

Pundit, the commentator,

reads

Ronxk*

for

Ramaka

This indicates, according to some, that the Hindus, of the period, to

which the Vasistha Dhartna Sashtra belongs, had become aware of the
existence of the
is

Buhler,
Pundit,

Ramaka

Roman

empire,

Buhler holds, and so do we, that there

make such an assumption " On the other hand," says

" Romaka is a correction which would
easily suggest itself* to a
who was unable to find a parallel passage in which the word

no reason

,to

occur*"

VaJishtha Samhita.

802

Now
One

they quote the following verse as an example :

--may know by their deeds those, who have beer*

born secretly and are stigmatised for being begotten*

from unions in the inverse order of castes, because they
are shorn of virtue and good conduct.
begotten by Brahmanas, Kshatriyas andi
Vais'yas on women of the next lower, second lower and
third lower castes become Nishadas.
[The so-n of a
[Children]

by a S'udra woman [is] a Parasava. They

condition of a Parasava is that of one,,

Brahrnaiia]

the

that

say

who, albeit living,

dead body is S'ava.

The designation

of

Some

say that a S'udra is a corpse

not be recited near a S'udra.

they quote the following verses as an

These Sudras, who

from Yama-Gita.

are

example
of

sinful

Theremanifestly a cremation ground.

the Vcida shall never be recited near a S-'udra.
are

deeds,
fore,

One
residue
[to

a corpse.

Veda must

therefore, the

Now

is

not give advice unto a S'udra, nor the

food, nor [the residue of] the offerings
nor shall he explain the sacred law to=
deities]
shall

of his

the

him, nor shall

h-e

order him- to performs a religions

rite.

He, who explains the sacred law to him, he, who

orders him to perform a religious rite, goes, together with
that very man, into the dreadful hell [called] Asamvrita.
If

ever a

his body]

worm

wound [on
himself
by
performing
Prajapurify
as
and
a
raimant
sacrificial
give cow, gold
is

produced in

an

he shall

patyam and
presents.

One, who has placed the sacred fire, shall never

approach a S'udra woman for she, belonging to the
;

black

race,

is

like

a bitch, not for religious rites [but far

pleasure.*"

The Bengal

text

is faulty,

VaJishth* Samhitd.

803

CHAPfEfc'xVH.

THE

duty of a king is to protect all beings; by fulfillhe attains success.

Not to protect [them] is a

it

ing
source

learned have spoken of this rule.

Veda] that a Brahmana priest upholds the kingdom, therefore, one shall make gifts to a
It is

of fear

said

the

the

[in

on a house-holder.

in all the rites obligatory

priest

(king's) fear arises also

capacity.

Paying attention

countries,
shall

make

tive

duties.

duties

to

shall

punish

laws

the

all

and

of castes

the four castes (Varna)

He

His

from Don -protection and want of

of

families,

follow

those,

who

of

the

king

their

respecdeviate from

He shall award [punishment] after

the path of duty.
due consideration of the place, time, the duties, learning
etc,,
(of the delinquent) and the seat [of occurence].
extending cultivation, one may cut
that do not bear fruits or flowers, for it is

For the purpose

down

trees,

of

not prohibited by the S'ruti.

of

objects

necessary

for

The measures and weights

domestic purposes

He

must be

king) shall
protected [from being falsified].
not take property for his own use from [the inhabitants
of] his

(i e.

kingdom. The measures and price [of property]

be subject to taxes. On an expedition

shall

only
against the enemy, companies, consisting of ten, shall
There shall be
be able to perform a double duty.
for
water,
distributing
[The king] shall make
places

one hundred men,

at the least,

engage

in battle.

The

be provided for.
Duties
shall be levied on goods sold in the market.
A ferry
shall 'be taken away from a river in which there is

wives

[of soldiers killed] shall

no water.

is
free from taxes, likewise, a
one
who has no protector, one
king,
who has become a religious mendicant; an infant, an

S'rotriya

servant of the

*J4*kthA Samkita.

804
extremely aged
one,

man, a ytoung man (who,

who makes

gifts,

are

exempted

studies),

and

so are widows,

who return to their former (family), mavkns and those

women whose children are dead. He, who swims with
arms [across a river in order to avoid payment
toll], shall pay one hundred times [the amount due],
his

tax shall be paid

dry grass,

forests,

places

Those, who secure their*

pay [something]. But he

and mountains.

of cremation

livelihood

for rivers,

of

No

from them,

may

monthly tax from artizans. On the death

of a king, one shall give what is necessary for the
It is hereby explained that his mother shall
occasion.
shall take a

receive a maintenance.

The king

paternal and maternal unclee

as

as

Well

her other relatives.

maintain the

shall

of the

principal queen,

The wives

deceased] king shall receive food and

of .[the

raiment,

they are reluctant,

or

if

shall

they may depart. [The king

maintain] eunuchs and mad men, [since] their scares
[go to him].

Now
example

No

they quote the following verses of

Manu

as an

is paid on a sum less than a Karshapana

no
[there
tax] on livelihood gained by wit, nor on
an infant, nor on an emissary, nor on what is gained
by begging, nor on the residue of a property left after

duty

is

a robbery, nor on a S'rotriya, nor on a religious men*

dicant, nor on a religious sacrifice.

By

failing

to inflict

punishment on a

thief,

on a

cursed wight, on a wicked person, on one [caught] with

weapons in his hands, on a thief caught with stolen property in his possession, on one covered with wounds and
a cheat, a king shall fast for one night and the priest,
for three nights.
If an innocent man
is punished
[the
;

VaJishtka SaMiita.

805

king shall perform] a KrifhfJiha penance, and the priest

[shall fast] for three nights.

Now

they quote the following verses as an example

destroyer of a learned Brdhmana throws his
:

The

on him, who takes his food an adulterous wife, on

her husband a disciple and a sacrificer, on an [ignorant]
guilt

teacher [and officiating priest]

and a

thief,

[who pardons him].

if
having committed crimes, men are
king,

on the king

purified

by the

they go pure to the celestial region and [become]

as holy as the virtuous.

The
If

he

sin

visits

the king,

who pardons an

him to be

does not cause

Immediate purification

is

Yama
In

for

They

in respect of
are always pure,

the authority (for this statement)

thfy quote a verse proclaimed by Yama.
is

this,

engaged

down

laid

(the violation of) all royal duties.

Now

he becomes

accordance with the regal laws.

guilty in

and

killed,

offender.

in

no sin attaches to kings, to those who are

religious observances and to the ministers,

they are seated on the throne of Indra, and are

always equal to Brahma.

CHAPTER
THERE

is

penance

for a

XVIII.

crime

committed unwittingly
committed intentionally.
;

some
The

[say] also
spiritual

for [a crime]

teacher corrects

the

learned;

the

king

corrects the evil-minded, but

indeed punishes those,

Yama, the son of Vivasvat,

who commit sins secretly.

Of men one, who has

'

slept

at

sun-rise,

shall

stand

So6

Vas*iskiha Saftihiia.

during the day and recite Savitri, and one, who has slept
at sun-set, shall sit whole night [reciting trie
(jayatri,~\
>

One with deformed nails or black teeth shall perform

a Krihcchha penance, extending over twelve days, and
then again enter the domestic mode of life. Having
performed a Krichchha penance for twelve days, one,
whose younger brother has first married, may again enter
the domestic mode of life and take to himself even that

[woman whom

younger brother married.]

his

has taken a wife before

his

Me,

who

elder brother, shall perform

a Krichchha penance and an Atikrichchha penance, and

then marry.

We

now

declare [the necessity of] daily performing

Having performed a Krichchha penance for

a penance.
twelve [days and] nights, one, who has killed

Brahma

gotten)
with the
teacher.
his

sacred

The

'i.e.,

Ve'da,

after being

organ together

with

the

for-

initiated

again

thread, shall receive the

violator of a

(i.e.,

Veda from
cut

shall

step-mother
testes, take them

his
off

in his

wherejoined-hands and proceed towards the south

ever he meets with an impediment there he shall stand
;

till

he

dies

or having

shaved

his

hair

and smeared

body with clarified butter he shall embrace the

image [of a woman.] It is said [in the
liberated [from the sin] after death.
he
becomes
Veda]
The same [penance is laid down for him, who commits
his

heated iron

the offence] with the wife of a

teacher, of a son, or of

a pupil.
By knowing a venerable woman, or a female
friend or wife of a Guru, one shall perform a Krichchha

penance

for a year.

The same penance

for taking food of a Chandala, or of

wards

initiation

[is

laid

an out-cast.

down]
After-

[must be performed once more] but

may be omitted,

the tonsure and the rest

irdii

hold
jus

rite

and

it.

conv

th

the

meaning
a Hquorjtus,

s,

for

thr?

nights,

drink

of a IP
*

called a

'juor]

He

an embryo/

'

Bhrum
novvn

therefore, they shout

the production of

Brdh

ns

unto

i-fi

fire

for

of a lea

rn

he

iudie^a

following

15,]

ying]

']

Death wit
skin

to

Death,

ving]
;

'I

offer

the

ieecl

my

third,

blo<

i<

.it-h

with

;'

d Death with

Samhita

or

:td

battle],

becomes pur

is

which

is i

.ed,

>es smaller.

they quote the follows;

"
saying to an out-cast,

By
a

thou

i-

thief/' a

O thoa,

person commits

great as [that of the of!

any body with such a

Likewise,

h;
.

Brahmana w<

menses,

is

?-:

is dt-

o*.

kilKn

ng

vers>

LVing
die

,ies

tirn<

CO-: 15

ind were after-

Brdhtti.v

of

of

white leprosy; a

s\
i

Property obtained
ing

alii,--:

asst

[he,

such

i.th

who

.iiat,

body, by practis

This

CHAPTER
i

1
<

XIX.

Brahmana womj

to

^r.

is

said in

with

'--

&

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