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PetroleumWikipedia

Petroleum
FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

Petroleum(fromGreek:petra:"rock"+oleum:
"oil".[1][2][3][4][5][6])isanaturallyoccurring,
yellowtoblackliquidfoundingeological
formationsbeneaththeEarth'ssurface,whichis
commonlyrefinedintovarioustypesoffuels.
Componentsofpetroleumareseparatedusinga
techniquecalledfractionaldistillation.
Itconsistsofhydrocarbonsofvariousmolecular
weightsandotherorganiccompounds.[7]The
namepetroleumcoversbothnaturallyoccurring
Provenworldoilreserves,2013.Unconventionalreservoirssuchas
unprocessedcrudeoilandpetroleumproductsthat
naturalheavyoilandoilsandsareincluded.
aremadeupofrefinedcrudeoil.Afossilfuel,
petroleumisformedwhenlargequantitiesofdead
organisms,usuallyzooplanktonandalgae,areburiedunderneathsedimentary
rockandsubjectedtobothintenseheatandpressure.
Petroleumhasmostlybeenrecoveredbyoildrilling(naturalpetroleumsprings
arerare).Drillingiscarriedoutafterstudiesofstructuralgeology(atthe
reservoirscale),sedimentarybasinanalysis,andreservoircharacterization
(mainlyintermsoftheporosityandpermeabilityofgeologicreservoir
structures)havebeencompleted.[8][9]Itisrefinedandseparated,mosteasily
bydistillation,intoalargenumberofconsumerproducts,fromgasoline
(petrol)andkerosenetoasphaltandchemicalreagentsusedtomakeplastics
andpharmaceuticals.[10]Petroleumisusedinmanufacturingawidevarietyof
materials,[11]anditisestimatedthattheworldconsumesabout95million
barrelseachday.
Concernoverthedepletionoftheearth'sfinitereservesofoil,andtheeffect
thiswouldhaveonasocietydependentonit,isaconceptknownaspeakoil.
Theuseoffossilfuels,suchaspetroleumwillhaveanegativeimpacton
Earth'sbiosphere,damagingecosystemsthrougheventssuchasoilspillsand
releasingarangeofpollutantsintotheairincludinggroundlevelozoneand
sulfurdioxidefromsulfurimpuritiesinfossilfuels.Theburningoffossilfuels
playsthemajorroleinthecurrentepisodeofglobalwarming.

Pumpjackpumpinganoilwellnear
Lubbock,Texas

AnoilrefineryinMinaAlAhmadi,
Kuwait

Contents
1 Etymology
2 History
2.1 Earlyhistory
2.2 Modernhistory
3 Composition
4 Chemistry
5 Empiricalequationsforthermalproperties
5.1 Heatofcombustion
5.2 Thermalconductivity
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroleum

NaturalpetroleumspringinKora,
Slovakia

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5.3 Specificheat
5.4 Latentheatofvaporization
6 Reservoirs
6.1 Crudeoilreservoirs
6.2 Unconventionaloilreservoirs
7 Classification
8 Petroleumindustry
8.1 Shipping
9 Price
10 Uses
10.1 Fuels
10.2 Otherderivatives
10.3 Agriculture
11 Petroleumbycountry
11.1 Consumptionstatistics
11.2 Consumption
11.3 Production
11.4 Export
11.5 Import
11.6 OilImportstotheUSAbycountry2010
11.7 Nonproducingconsumers
12 Environmentaleffects
12.1 Oceanacidification
12.2 Globalwarming
12.3 Extraction
12.4 Oilspills
12.5 Tarballs
12.6 Whales
13 Alternativestopetroleum
13.1 Alternativestopetroleumbasedvehiclefuels
13.2 Alternativestousingoilinindustry
13.3 Alternativestoburningpetroleumforelectricity
14 Futureofpetroleumproduction
14.1 Peakoil
14.2 Unconventionalproduction
15 Seealso
16 Notes
17 References
18 Furtherreading
19 Externallinks

Etymology
ThewordpetroleumcomesfromGreek:(petra)forrocksandGreek:(elaion)foroil.Thetermwas
found(inthespelling"petraoleum")in10thcenturyOldEnglishsources.[12]ItwasusedinthetreatiseDeNatura
Fossilium,publishedin1546bytheGermanmineralogistGeorgBauer,alsoknownasGeorgiusAgricola.[13]Inthe
19thcentury,thetermpetroleumwasoftenusedtorefertomineraloilsproducedbydistillationfromminedorganic
solidssuchascannelcoal(andlateroilshale),andrefinedoilsproducedfromthemintheUnitedKingdom,storage
(andlatertransport)oftheseoilswereregulatedbyaseriesofPetroleumActs,fromthePetroleumAct1863onwards.

History
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroleum

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