2 - Fluid Properties

Reservoir Fluids Properties
Dr. Hesham Bahaa - TriStar M.

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Origin Of Petroleum
Animals + Plants
Kitchen
Heat +
Pressure +
Bacteria
Petroleum

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Chemistry Of Hydrocarbons
The common hydrocarbon constituents of most
crude oils are :
Alkanes
( Paraffin's )
Cycloalkanes
( Naphthenes )
Arenes
( Aromatics )

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CnH2n+2
Alkanes ( Paraffin's )
H
H
C
H
Methane
Propane
CH4
C3H8
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Isomers : are different arrangements with different

physical properties .
Isomer
M. Wt.
Boiling
Point , F
N- Pentane
72.15
1
96.92
488.6
385.7
Iso-Pentane
72.15
1
82.12
490.4
369.03
Neo-Pentane
72.15
1
49.10
464.0
321.08
Critical Press. Critical

psia
Temp. ,F

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Cycloalkanes
( Naphthenes )
CH2
CH2
CH2
CnH2n
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
Cyclopentane
Cyclohexane
C5H10
C6H12
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Arenes
C nH n
( Aromatics)
CH3
Benzene
Toluene
C6H6
One H atom is replaced by CH3

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Classification Of Reservoir Fluids

The reservoir fluids are classified according to :
API
GOR
Gas Gravity
Gas Production
Oil Production
API =
141.5
131.5
Sp.Gr.

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M .Wt
29
Pressure path
in reservoir Critical
Point
Dewpoint line
Black Oil
90 0 % Liquid
8
790 0
6
50
20
10
30
le
bb
u
B
in
tL
in
o
p
40
Pressure, psia
Phase Diagram of a Typical Black Oil
Separator
Temperature, F

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Phase Diagram of a Typical Volatile Oil

Pressure path
in reservoir
Dewpoint line
Critical
point
% Liquid
20
Bu
bb
30
le
po
in
t
40
l in
50
60
80 9
0
70
Volatile oil
Pressure
10
Separator
Dew
Dr. Hesham
Bahaa - TriStarF
M.
Temperature,
East
t li
poin
ne
Phase Diagram of a Typical Retrograde Gas

Pressure path
in reservoir
1
Retrograde gas
De
w
% Liquid
20
40
30
ep
oi
nt
lin
e
Critical point
Bu
bb
l
Pressure
po
in
t
lin
e
15
10
5
Separator
Temperature

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Phase Diagram of Typical Wet Gas
Wet gas
De
wp
oin
t
Pressure
lin
Pressure path
in reservoir
1
% Liquid
30
2
25
Bu
bb
l
l i n e po
e int
Critical
point
Separator
Temperature
Dr. Hesham
Bahaa - TriStar M.
East
Phase Diagram of Typical Dry Gas
e
t lin
oi n
Dry gas
Dew
p
Pressure
Pressure path
in reservoir
1
% Liquid
50
25
1
Separator
Dr. Hesham
Bahaa - TriStar M.
Temperature
East
Mole Fraction of Single Phase

Reservoir Fluids
Component
Black
Oil
Volatile
Oil
C1
48.83
C2
Gas
Condensate
Dry
Gas
Wet
Gas
64.36
87.07
95.85
86.67
2.75
7.52
4.39
2.67
7.77
C3
1.93
4.74
2.29
0.34
2.95
C4
1.60
4.12
1.74
0.52
1.73
C5
1.15
2.97
0.83
0.08
0.88
C6
1.59
1.38
0.60
0.12
----
C7+
42.15
14.91
3.80
0.42
----

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Reservoir Fluid Classification

API
GOR , scf/stb
Gas Gravity
Dry Gas
No liquids
0.6-0.65
Wet Gas
60-70
>100,000
0.65-0.85
Condensate
50-70
High Shrinkage Oil
40-50
3000
0.65-0.85
Low Shrinkage Oil
30-40
100-2500
Heavy Oil
10-25
No gas
10
No gas
Tar
3,000-100,000 0.65-0.85

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CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF
FORMATION WATER
Positive ions
Negative ions
9 Aluminum
9 Carbonate
9 Calcium
9 Hydrogen
9 Iron
9 Magnesium
9 Potassium
9 Sodium
9 Chloride
9 Hydroxide
9 Nitrate
9 Sulfate
9 Bicarbonate

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DEFINITIONS
Parts per million ( PPM ) : it is a concentration term which
expresses the number of unit weights of solute per million
unit weights of solution .
PPM = mg / litre
Total dissolved solids ( TDS ) : it is the total amount of matter
dissolved in a given volume of water i.e. it is the sum of the
concentrations of all cations and anions present in the water .

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Water Composition Diagram

Stiff Method
15
Na,100
10
15
Cl,100
Ca,10
HCo3,10
Mg,10
So4,10
Fe,10
Co3,10
10

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Properties of Hydrocarbon Gases

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COMPONENTS OF TYPICAL NATURAL GAS

Hydrocarbon
Methane
70 - 98 %
Non-hydrocarbon
Ethane
1 - 10 %
N2
Trace 15 %
Propane
Trace 5 %
CO2
Trace 1 %
Butane
Trace 2 %
Pentane
Trace 1 %
H2S
trace
Hexane
Trace 0.5 %
Helium
trace
Heptanes +
Nil - trace
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9 IDEAL GAS LAW
PV = nRT
9 HYDROCARBONS GAS LAW
PV = ZnRT
TR
Compressibility factor or
gas deviation factor
PR

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GAS DEVIATION FACTOR
For a gas mixture , critical pressure and temperature

are calculated as :
Pc = yi Pci
i=1
Tc = yi Tci
i=1
Then , The reduced pressure and temperature

are calculated as :
Pr =
P
Pc
Tr =
T
Tc
Z factor is estimated from charts using Pr & Tr

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GAS FORMATION VOLUME FACTOR
g =
0.005034 ZT
P
Bbl / SCF
0.0283ZT
P
Cu ft / SCF
g =
T in R , P in Psia

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Gas Compressibility
C =
1 V
V P
1
1 Z
P
Z P
1
P
=
For a typical natural gas ( sp.gr. = 0.66 @ 120 F , 1500 psia ) ,

the gas compressibility is : 765 10-6 psi-1

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Gas Density & Specific Gravity
P M .Wt
ZRT
=
=
=
g
air
A . M .Wt
29

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Gas Viscosity
As temperature increases , the kinetic energy of the gas
molecules increases , resulting in more frequent molecular
collisions and a greater internal friction , this increases the gas
viscosity .
If the temperature is held constant , an increase in gas pressure

causes the gas molecules to move closer together , this
increases the number of collisions and thus the viscosity .
Natural gases exhibit viscosities of 0.01 to 0.05 c.p under

typical oilfield conditions .
Measuring gas viscosity in the lab is a difficult procedures .

Correlations based on gas gravity are commonly used .

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Properties of Hydrocarbon Liquids

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OIL GRAVITY
o =
o
w
API =
141.5
131.5
o is the oil specific gravity @

standard conditions w is the water
density = 62.4 Ib / cu ft or 1 gm/cc

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70
API Gravity Scale
60
Condensate
50
Volatile Oil
40
30
Black Oil
20
Heavy Oil
10
Water
Ultra heavy Oil & Bitumen

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Oil
Gas
Gas
Water
Gas
Oil
Water
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Gas
SOLUTION GAS / OIL RATIO
Rs , SCF / STB
Liberated gas
Two phases
One phase
(liquid & gas )
(liquid )
Pi
BPP

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OIL FORMATION VOLUME FACTOR
o , bbls / stb
Maximum
Two phases
One phase
(liquid & gas )
(liquid )
BPP

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Pi
Estimation of o
Standing Correlation , 1981
g 0.5
o = 0.9759 + 0.00012 R s + 1.25T
o
T = temperature in F
= Specific gravity

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OIL VISCOSITY
Most oils exhibit viscosities of 0.2 to
Oil Viscosity , c.p
30 c.p under typical oilfield conditions

A typical oil viscosity increases about
10% per 1000 psi , while gas viscosity
increases 40% per 1000 psi .
Minimum
BPP

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Pi
t, bbls / stb
t = o + (R sb R s ) g
TWO-PHASE FORMATION
VOLUME FACTOR
Two phases
One phase
(liquid & gas )
(liquid )
BPP
Pi

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Oil Compressibility
1 V
Co =
V P
Co

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oi
o P
Properties of Formation Water

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Water Compressibility
Cw =
1 V
V P
As pressure decreases .
Cw
As gas in solution increases which is a function

of salinity .
As temperature decreases at low temperatures
, and as temperature increases at higher
temperatures .

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Compressibility Range , psi-1

Water
2 - 410-6
Under-saturated Oil
5 100 10-6
Gas @ 1000 psi
900 1300 10-6
Gas @ 5000 psi
50 200 10-6

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Water Formation Volume Factor

Above the bubble point pressure ,
Range is from 1.0 to

1.04 res bbls / STB
the factor increases as the pressure

decreases due to water expansion .
Below the bubble point pressure ,

the factor increases as the pressure
Bw
decreases because the evolution of

dissolved gas only partially offsets
the expansion trend .
Pb
pressure

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Water Viscosity
Water viscosity decreases as
temperature increases , at a
constant pressure .
Pressure and salinity changes do
not appear to affect water
viscosity to any great degree .
Water viscosity is 0.2 cp @ 300
F and 1.8 cp @ 50 F .

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Sources Of Fluid Properties Data

9 Bottom Hole Samples
By wire line
RFT ( Repeat Formation Tester )
MDT ( Modular Dynamic Tester )
CHDT ( Cased Hole Dynamic Tester )
9 Recombined Sample ( out of the separator )

9 Published Correlations

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Understanding the flow conditions
Representative Sample

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Pressure Distribution Within The Formation
Free Gas
Pb
High draw down

( p ) causes the
formation of free
gas near the
wellbore
PR
Pwf

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Pressure Distribution Within The Formation

PR
Low draw down ( p )

causes a single phase
fluid representative to
the reservoir fluid
Pwf
Pb

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The actuation mechanism

Jar-operated
Clock-operated
Electronic
Bottomhole
Samplers
The size of sample obtained

500-1000 cm3
The working pressure
Up to 10,000 psi
The type of construction
Normal
H2S service

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IMPORTANT NOTES
The sampler should be run with the chamber open at
speeds between 100 to 200 ft / min .
Running speed should be reduced before reaching the

sampling depth .
Upward and downward movements should be made

over a 20 to 30 ft interval to ensure the sampler ports are
clear .
The sampler should be at depth about 30 minutes before

closing , and pulled out about 15 minutes later .

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Gas Sample
Well Fluid
Separator
Stock Tank
Oil Sample
Required recombination ratio ( scf / separator bbl ) =

measured ratio ( scf / stb ) shrinkage from separator
to stock tank ( stb / separator bbl )

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Gas Stream Sampling

Method 1 : filling an
GOR
Number of
cylinders , 20
liter capacity
Less than
1500
Between 1500
& 3000
Above 3000
evacuated container
Method 2 : filling an air-filled
container after purging it with
separator gas .
Method 3 : filling a liquid-filled
container by displacement
with separator gas .

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FIELD
LAB
SAFETY

East

2 - Fluid Properties

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Reservoir Fluids Properties

Dr. Hesham Bahaa - TriStar M.

Dr. Hesham Bahaa - TriStar M.

Dr. Hesham Bahaa - TriStar M.

Isomers : are different arrangements with different

Critical Press. Critical

Dr. Hesham Bahaa - TriStar M.

One H atom is replaced by CH3

Dr. Hesham Bahaa - TriStar M.

Classification Of Reservoir Fluids

Dr. Hesham Bahaa - TriStar M.

Phase Diagram of a Typical Black Oil

Dr. Hesham Bahaa - TriStar M.

Phase Diagram of a Typical Volatile Oil

Phase Diagram of a Typical Retrograde Gas

Dr. Hesham Bahaa - TriStar M.

Phase Diagram of Typical Wet Gas

Phase Diagram of Typical Dry Gas

Mole Fraction of Single Phase

Dr. Hesham Bahaa - TriStar M.

Reservoir Fluid Classification

High Shrinkage Oil

Low Shrinkage Oil

Dr. Hesham Bahaa - TriStar M.

Dr. Hesham Bahaa - TriStar M.

Dr. Hesham Bahaa - TriStar M.

Water Composition Diagram

Dr. Hesham Bahaa - TriStar M.

Properties of Hydrocarbon Gases

Dr. Hesham Bahaa - TriStar M.

COMPONENTS OF TYPICAL NATURAL GAS

9 IDEAL GAS LAW

Dr. Hesham Bahaa - TriStar M.

GAS DEVIATION FACTOR

For a gas mixture , critical pressure and temperature

Then , The reduced pressure and temperature

Z factor is estimated from charts using Pr & Tr

Dr. Hesham Bahaa - TriStar M.

GAS FORMATION VOLUME FACTOR

Dr. Hesham Bahaa - TriStar M.

For a typical natural gas ( sp.gr. = 0.66 @ 120 F , 1500 psia ) ,

Dr. Hesham Bahaa - TriStar M.

Gas Density & Specific Gravity

Dr. Hesham Bahaa - TriStar M.

If the temperature is held constant , an increase in gas pressure

Natural gases exhibit viscosities of 0.01 to 0.05 c.p under

Measuring gas viscosity in the lab is a difficult procedures .

Dr. Hesham Bahaa - TriStar M.

Properties of Hydrocarbon Liquids

Dr. Hesham Bahaa - TriStar M.

o is the oil specific gravity @

Dr. Hesham Bahaa - TriStar M.

API Gravity Scale

Dr. Hesham Bahaa - TriStar M.

SOLUTION GAS / OIL RATIO

(liquid & gas )

Dr. Hesham Bahaa - TriStar M.

OIL FORMATION VOLUME FACTOR

(liquid & gas )

Dr. Hesham Bahaa - TriStar M.

Dr. Hesham Bahaa - TriStar M.

Oil Viscosity , c.p

30 c.p under typical oilfield conditions