48 Hour Chick

**More Opaque than 33 Hour Chick since body is thicker

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Cranial Half of the Embryo

o Covered with Head fold of amnion

FATE: Amniotic Fold

Head fold of Amnion moves posteriorly over embryo to meet lateral

amniotic body fold from sides to form amniotic fold

Caudal Half of the Embryo

o No covering
o Start of the tail or caudal fold

Establishes caudal boundary of the body

Subcaudal Pocket

Separates embryo from underlying blastoderm

Beginning of fold seen as a concavity facing anterior end

Cephalization
o Rapid growth of anterior portion

Ventraflexion
o Bending

Dextral Torsion

Anterior end twists and bends so that half of the

embryo lies in its left side
Posterior half remains in its original position

o Twisting of the anterior end

o Involves all of the head and cranial and cervical flexures
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Cranial Flexure at midbrain level

o Pronounced already

Cervical flexure (near hindbrain and spinal cord)

o Just indicated

Heart
o Elongated; twisted upon itself
o Ventricle

Lies posterior to atrium

Atrium and Ventricle lie outside body of embryo

3 Fetal Membranes
1. Amnion
a. Encircles anterior portion of embryo
b. Inner Layer ECTODERM
c. Outer Layer SOMATIC MESODERM
d. DERIVED FROM: Ectoderm + Somatic Mesoderm

2. Yolk Sac (LEFT EMBRYO)

a. Double membrane
b. Lying on left side of embryo
c. Contains Blood vessels
d. DERIVED FROM: Endoderm + Splanchnic Mesoderm
3. Chorion (RIGHT EMBRYO)
a. Double membrane
b. Lies on right side of embryo close to amnion
c. DERIVED FROM: Ectoderm + Somatic Mesoderm
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3 Irregular White Lines from Heart to Auditory Vesicle

1. 1st Branchial Groove
a. Most anterior
b. 1st visceral arch
i. Found cranial to branchial groove
ii. Mass of cells
iii. Partially splitted into 2 by Stomodeum
1. Maxillary process
a. anterior
2. Mandibular Process
a. posterior
nd

c. 2 Visceral arch
i. Found between 1st and 2nd groove
2. 2nd Branchial Groove
a. 3rd Visceral arch
i. Found between 2nd and 3rd groove
3. 3rd Branchial Groove
Transverse Section
Section Through Mesencephalon
Mesencephalon
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First cavity of brain to be observed

Section lengthens as it is moved posteriorly

Cranial Flexure
o Reason behind why the section lengthens and reveals a frontal section of the several
divisions of the brain

Isthmus
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Constriction at lengthened section of the brain

Partially separates mesencephalon from hindbrain

Myelencephalon
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Thin roof of brain

At opposite end of mesencephalon

Metencephalon
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Between myelencephalon and isthmus

Mesenchyme
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Loose connective tissue

Between brain and epidermis

Fetal Membranes
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Refer to the 3 fetal membranes description before dis (yolk sac, amnion, chorion)

Extraembryonic Coelom
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Space bounded by mesoderm

Between chorion, yolk sac and amnion

Section through the Diencephalon

Diencephalon
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Lower cavity when brain separates into 2 cavities

Replaces position occupied by mesencephalon previously

Velum transversum
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Depression in dorsal wall of forebrain

Serves as demarcation between diencephalon and telencephalon

Metencephalon
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Poorly defined

Anteriorly delimited by isthmus

Myelencephalon
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Upper larger cavity of 2 brain cavities

Has thin roof

FATE: Posterior choroid plexus

Semilunar Ganglion
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Ganglion of Trigeminal (V) cranial nerve

On each side of body close to myelencephalon

Jugular Ganglion
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Above anterior cardinal veins; lateral to myelencephalon

Ganglion of X cranial nerve

Anterior Cardinal Vein also known as Precardinal Vein

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Space lined by thin wall along side of myelencephalon

When section is moved, it breaks into long spaces towards diencephalon

Further posteriorly, moves dorsal and lies on ventrolateral side of myelencephalon

Notochord
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Mass of valucolated cells

Appear between myelencephalon and diencephalon

Separates into 2
o Due to cranial flexure
o Will become 1 again in succeeding sections
Section through the Otic Vescicles

Otic Vesicle also known as Auditory Vesicle or Otocyst

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Paired vesicles along myelencephalon

ARISES FROM: Invagination of Ectoderm

Dorsal wall of the vesicle of older specimens

o A small invagination
o Forerunner of endolymphatic duct

Anterior Cardinal Vein

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Pair of blood vessels

On ventro-lateral side of otic vesicle

Acoustico facialis ganglion

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Dark cells close to or sometimes attached to otic vesicle and anterior cardinal vein

Lateral to myelencephalon

These are the Ganglia of the VII and VIII cranial nerves

Semilunar Ganglion
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Ganglion of trigeminal (V) cranial nerve

On each side of the body attached to myelencephalon

Root of the ganglion pink structure embedded in myelencephalon attached to ganglion

Superior Ganglion
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Cells on side of myelencephalon

Observed when otic vesicle is no longer present

This is the Ganglion of the glossopharyngeal (IX) nerve

Section through the Optic Cups

Optic Cup
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Double walled structure

Each side of diencephalon

ARISES FROM: Invagination of Optic Vesicles

Presumptive Retina
o Sensory Retina
o Inner thicker layer of cup

Presumptive Pigmeted epithelium

o Pigmented Retina
o Outer thinner layer
o FATE: pigmented layer of the retina

Lens Vesicle
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Sac like cavity within optic cups

ARISES FROM: Invagination of Ectoderm

Optic Stalk
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Connects optic cup with diencephalon

Pharynx
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Cavity that started as a hole below notochord

1st pharyngeal pouch

o Hyomandibular Pouch
o Projects from pharynx
o 1st Branchial Groove

ARISES FROM: pouch projects from pharynx proper dorso-laterally and

invaginates

st

1 closing plate or 1st branchial plate

o Double layered membrane formed

Preoral gut
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Anteriormost part of foregut

Separated from pharynx by oral plate

Extends toward fingerlike diverticulum anterior to future mouth

Carotid Loop
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Extensions of 1st aortic arches

Seen as elongated spaces medial to anterior cardinal veins

Internal Carotid Arteries

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Paired vessels from carotid loops alongside forebrain and medial to optic cups

Dorsal Aorta
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Blood vessels on side of notochord above 1st pharyngeal pouch

First Aortic Arch

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Blood vessels that lie beneath 1st pharyngeal pouches

Posteriorly, 1st aortic arch becomes located within mandibular processes

Posteriorly, Paired aortic arches approach one another and becomes continuous with ventral
aorta

Visceral Arches
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Between 2 pharyngeal pouches

Lateral walls thickened and filled with mesenchymal cells

Mandibular arch also known as 1st Visceral Arch

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More anterior of 2 rounded mesenchymal masses

o Stomodeum is in between the 2 mesenchymal masses

FATE: Jaws

Bears 1st aortic arch

Maxillary Arch
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Rounded or flattened mass on sides of Rathkes pouch

Rathkes Pouch
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Small vesicle between infundibulum and pharynx

ARISES FROM: dorsal evagination of stomodeum

FATE: Hypophysis

Oral Plate or Pharyngeal Membrane

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Thin line separating stomodeum and pharynx

DERIVED FROM: ectoderm and endoderm

Infundibulum
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ARISES FROM: evagination from diencephalons

Extending to foregut

**Later on** Evaginates the posterior (neural) lobe of hypophysis

Diencephalon
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Elongated shape in this section

Stomodeum
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Slit like space

Where rathkes pouch opens

Notochord
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Previously described
Section through Thyroid Rudiment and the 2nd Aortic Arch

Thyroid Rudiment
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Depression on floor of pharynx

2nd Aortic Arch

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Blood vessels that lie beneath 2nd pharyngeal pouches

Contained within 2nd visceral arches (hyoid arches)

Blood vessels extend downward from each dorsal aorta

Ventral ends becomes continuous with the ventral aorta

2nd Pharyngeal Pouch

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2nd outpocketing of pharynx at posterior section of otic vesicle

Ventral Aorta (aortic sac)

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Blood vessels beneath pharynx

Starts where the bases of the 1st aortic arches meet

Ventral ends of 2nd aortic arches continuous with this sac

Ventral ends of developing 3rd aortic arches also continuous

Appearance of 2 layers in its wall is the bulbus cordis

Section through the 3rd Aortic Arch

3rd Pharyngeal Pouch

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Large outpocketing of pharynx

3rd pharyngeal pouch + pharynx = laterally oriented oval cavity

3rd Aortic Arches

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Beneath 3rd pharyngeal pouch

Pair of downward extensions from dorsal aorta

Ventral ends of vessels that is continuous with ventral aorta

3rd visceral arch

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Between 2nd and 3rd pharyngeal pouches

Branchial arches
o Arches posterior to hyoid arch
o In lower vertebrates, they bear gills

Bulbus cordis
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First heart cavity to be observed

Presence of endocardium and myocardium

o Presence of this differentiates it from ventral aorta

Dorsal Mesocardium
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DERIVED FROM: Mesoderm

Mesodermal stalk

Attaches the stalk to the dorsal wall of the coelom

Nasal Placode
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DERIVED FROM: Ectoderm

Thickened skin ectoderm

Lateral to telencephalon

1st Somite
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Cell masses lateral to myelencephalon

Each somite composed of:

o Dermatome

Darkly stained cells

Beneath skin of ectoderm

FATE: Dermis of Skin

o Myotome

Lightly stained cells

FATE: Muscle

Anterior Cardinal Veins

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Separates into 2 vessels lateral to foregut

o Postcardinal

Dorsally located

o Common Cardinal Vein

Ventrally located
Section Through Atrium and Ventricle

Spinal Cord
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Section of CNS

Replaces myelencephalon

Descending Aorta
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Fused dorsal aortae

Dorsal intersegmented arteries

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Small blood vessels

Arises at intervals from dorsal aorta

Extends dorsally between spinal cord and somite

Conus Arteriosus
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Chamber of heart at right side

Endocardium and myocardium widely separated

Atrium
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Chamber of heart at left side

Endocardium and myocardium in close contact

FATE: auricles

Ventricle
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Large looped chamber of heart

Connects conus and atrium

Laryngotracheal groove
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Deep V-shaped depression

In floor of foregut

FATE: Larynx, trachea and lung buds

Future Esophagus
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Dorsal portion of gut

Later differentiates from part of foregut dorsal to laryngotracheal groove

Cardinal Veins
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Paired precardinals at ventrally

Separated into 2 vessels

o Posterior cardinal vein (postcardinal)

Dorsally located

o Common Cardinal Vein

Ventrally located

Section Through Sinus Venosus

Sinus Venosus
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Portion of heart attached to foregut

Dorsal mesocardium
o Attaches heart to foregut

Common Cardinal Vein or Duct of Cuvier

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Blood vessel to which sinus venosus is attached

Pleuropericardial Membranes
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Mesenchyme enclosing common cardinal vein

Separates pleural cavities from pericardial region of coelom

Lung buds
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Evagination of ventro-lateral portions of foregut into pleural cavities

Tansverse Septum
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Mesenchyme surrounding sinus venosus from where the dorsal mesocardium connects the
heart to dorsal body wall

Connected with the pleuropericardial membrane

Cranial Liver Diverticulum or Dorsal Diverticulum

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Mass of cells on dorsal side of sinus venosus

Lying in transverse septum ventral to foregut

Liver arises as a diverticulum from the wall of the gut

Caudal Liver Rudiment or Ventral Diverticulum

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Branch or branches on ventral side of cranial liver rudiment

Duodenum
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Cranial liver rudiment becomes continuous with the foregut posteriorly

Section through the Anterior Intestinal Portal

Anterior Intestinal Portal

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Opening of foregut to midgut

Floor of midgut is the yolk

Vitelline Veins or Omphalomesenteric Veins

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Pair of blood vessels

Posterior extensions of sinus venosus

Same vessels on each side of anterior intestinal portal

Peritoneal Cavity
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Big space where internal organs are

Paired Mesonephric Duct

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Small tubules lateral to descending aorta

Mesonephric tubule rudiments

o Undergo cavitation

FATE: mesonephric tubules of the paired mesonephric kidneys

Formed by delamination from Nephrogenic cord (nephrotome)

Section Through Lateral Amniotic Folds

Lateral Amniotic Folds

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Elevated, about to fuse folds

Continuous with lateral body walls

Consists of somatopleure
o FATE: (Inner) Amnion; (Outer) Chorion

Vitelline Blood Vessels

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Small blood vessels embedded within splanchnic mesoderm

Paired Dorsal Aorta

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Big pair of blood vessels below notochord

Descending aorta has yet to be formed

Nephrostome
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Opening of mesonephric tubule to coelom

Vitelline Arteries
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Dorsal Aorta extends to yolk sac as vitelline arteries

Section Through Tail Bud

Tail Bud
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Mass of mesenchymal cells at caudal end of embryo

Covered by skin ectoderm

Hindgut
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Posterior portion of gut where it acquires a floor

Allantoic Rudiment
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Endoderm lined cavity below tailbud

Caudal Intestinal Portal

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Space where floor of allantoic rudiment disappears

Opening of hindgut in yolk