Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
ISSN:2319-6890(online),2347-5013(print)
1 Jan.2017
IJER@2017
Page 1
ISSN:2319-6890(online),2347-5013(print)
1 Jan.2017
2
[]
r
t
=1.1019 .
( A)
c
c
t
TE=2 tan1 [1.16925 ]( B)
c
The thickness and mean line distributions for the 4 digit airfoils
are expressed in terms of the t/c ratio, and slope of camber line is
obtained by differentiating the camber line function, yc [6, 1, 7]
=tan 1
2.
Introduction
NACA airfoil profiles are widely used in the aircraft industry for
producing lift on the wing span. The geometry of airfoil dictates
the airfoil performance and determines its relevance for a
specific application. The present analysis deals with the analysis
of pressure distribution over the airfoil surfaces along with the
lift and drag characteristics. They are commonly expressed in
the form of drag polar for the NACA series and represent the
aerodynamic performance at various flow field conditions. The
Reynolds number is often used to characterize the flow
conditions and predict the behavior of airfoils at various
operating flow conditions both for the viscous and in viscid
fluids. Typically the results from the experiments serve as the
emulation tool in the aircraft industry for comparison with actual
performance of the wing. Panel methods are modern numerical
techniques which are quick to execute and predict accurate
results compared to the traditional experimental methods that are
cumbersome procedures and time consuming.
Airfoil geometry
NACA airfoils are designed during the period from 1929 and
1947 by Eastman Jacobs at NASA Langley field laboratory [2,
8]. The airfoil geometry for most of the NACA profiles can be
divided into x-coordinates known along thechord line and y
coordinates known as the ordinates, which represent the mean
line or camber of the profiles. The normalized coordinates are
obtained by the dividing the x and y values with the chord of
airfoil which can be then used for analysis. The profiles of
NACA 4412, NACA 16-006, NACA 0024 and NACA 66-018
are shown below. The individual profiles can be differentiated
using the distinct parameters as leading edge radius, trailing edge
angle. The airfoils have finite thickness at trailing edges which
affect the aerodynamic properties in terms of noise and stalling
behavior. The leading edge radius and trailing edge angle for
NACA MPXX 4 digit airfoils are [1, 3]
IJER@2017
Page 2
d yc
dx
x
c
x
c
x
c
a0
x
x
a1 a 2
c
c
yt t
=
c c
x
c
x
12 P+2 P
c
yc
M
=
c (1P)2
dy c
2M
x
=
P
dx (1P)2
c
[ ]
x
P
c
x
c
x
2 P
c
yc M
=
c P2
x
<P
c
=Ux +
dy c 2 M
x
= 2 P
dx
c
P
[ ]
Where the a0, a1 a2, a3& a4 are the coefficients describe the shape
of airfoil and its distribution of ordinates along the chord line.
NACA 66-018
0.05
0.1
0.05
-0.05
-0.1
-0.05
0.2
0.6
0.8
x/c
NACA 16-006
0.04
0.02
0.1
-0.02
-0.04
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
-0.2
0.2
x/c
0.4
0.6
0.8
x/c
3.
=bx +ay
t^ .
v ij . n^ = j N ij
v ij . t^ = j T ij
Where
N ij
and
(1)
[ a +b ]
v ij . n^ and v ij . t^
products of
flow direction
T
j1
t, j
Tt,N 1 U t i v si
(2)
j N ij N i,N1 U n i 0
N
Oncoming
Vortices
flow
Sources
j1
(3)
IJER@2017
n^
the two panels, i & j the source on the panel j which induce a
velocity on panel i. The perpendicular and tangential velocity
components to the surface at the point I, are given by scalar
-0.1
0
x/c
NACA 0024
0.2
y/c
y/c
0.4
NACA 4412
0.15
y/c
y/c
0.1
ISSN:2319-6890(online),2347-5013(print)
1 Jan.2017
Page 3
ISSN:2319-6890(online),2347-5013(print)
1 Jan.2017
N ij =v PQ . n^ i ( 8)
The above system of linear algebraic equations are solved for the
is
[ ]
T ij =v PQ . t^ i ( 9)
Therefore, the resulting velocity components along with known
source strengths and influence coefficients are added for each
panel in order to obtain pressure distribution over the airfoil
surface. The number of panels used (order) in the simulation
ranged from 50 70 for airfoils in the MATLAB routine foil.m.
Depicted below is the flow chart for the computational panel
method described in previous section.
Start
Input data
v
C pi =1 Ti (5)
U
Where
Assign matrices
Velocity vectors
Velocity components (inc trailing edge)
Influence coefficient
Solution (sources & circulation)
Calculate distance and midpoint for collocation point, for each panel.
Calculate the distance between the centers of successive collocation points on each panel and directional velocity components
jTt, j Tt,N 1 U t i
N
j 1
T
j 1
t, j
Tt,N 1 U t i
(6)
It must be noted that the velocity components induced at any
point P due to sources on panel centered at point Q can be
expressed mathematically as scalar product of vector form
v PQ=v xQ . t^ j + v yQ . n^ j (7)
Calculate
.
M. a = b
Compute Cp, Tij, CL, CD
O/P & plot
IJER@2017
Page 4
End
ISSN:2319-6890(online),2347-5013(print)
1 Jan.2017
NACA 0015 Airfoil pressure distribution
-1 deg
0 deg
1 deg
2 deg
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
1-Cp
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
(x/c)
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
i=
Cli h
(9)
2 (1+a)
r/R= 0.45
r/R = 0.99
0
0
VTt 1
12
4.
IJER@2017
Page 5
ISSN:2319-6890(online),2347-5013(print)
1 Jan.2017
Sl.
No
1
NACA
Airfoil
0015
Thickness
,%
15
Maxim
camber
-
Design lift
coefficient
-
0024
24
4412
12
0.04, 0.4
66018
18
0.06, 0.6
16006
0.06, 0.6
64206
0.04, 0.4
0.2
-5 deg
1 deg
12 deg
1-Cp
Fig 2 & Fig 3 shows the NACA 00XX series profiles which
produce different characteristics at range of angle of attack i.e. -1
deg to 3 deg respectively. The upper (suction) and lower
(pressure) surfaces are both closer in case of NACA 0015 while
NACA lower surface pressure coefficients are lower compared to
upper surface in NACA 0024 as the angle of attack is changed.
Further, with the change in onset flow velocity, i.e with
increasing Reynolds number, the relative values for pressures on
the surfaces show significant variances. Towards the trailing
edge, the pressure gradient suddenly drops where the velocities
at the upper & lower surfaces reach nearly the same limiting
values per the kutta condition.
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
(x/c)
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
3.5
3
2.5
2
1-C
p
2.5
-1deg
0 deg
1 deg
2 deg
1.5
1
1.5
1-C
p
0.5
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
(x/c)
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
5 deg
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
(x/c)
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
2.5
From fig 4 the NACA 4412 profile shows the significant high
drag and low maximum lift coefficient and as the incidence
angle is changed the upper and lower surface pressure values gap
narrow. Further, at higher Reynolds number, or negative AoA [9]
it shows the pressure reversal of upper (suction) and lower
(pressure) surfaces can be observed. Fig 9 shows the comparison
of pressure distribution indicate that the NACA 6 series exhibit
high maximum lift coefficients compared with the 4 digit and
modified 4 digit series.
1.5
1-C
p
0.5
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
(x/c)
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
IJER@2017
Page 6
ISSN:2319-6890(online),2347-5013(print)
1 Jan.2017
2.5
5 deg
1-Cp
1.5
0.5
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
(x/c)
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
2
Cl [-]
1
0
5 deg
13 deg
19 deg
-1
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
Cd [-] Drag coefficient
1.2
1.4
10
5
Cl/Cd[-]
1-Cp
0
-5
-10
-10
-5
5
Angle of attack, [deg]
10
15
20
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
(x/c)
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
25
20
15
NACA 0015
2.5
2
NACA:4412
1.5
NACA:66-018
NACA:0024
1- C p
NACA 0021
5
-15
NACA 0024
-10
0
-5 -5 0
10
15
20
25
-10
-15
0.5
NACA:16-006
0
x/c
The lift and drag characteristics were also computed using panel
method by resolving the resulting force which is inclined at
small angle with the AoA on the suction side of airfoil. The lift
and drag can be expressed as
IJER@2017
NACA 0010
10
C l/ C d [-]
Page 7
ISSN:2319-6890(online),2347-5013(print)
1 Jan.2017
limitations present in the traditional methods developed for the
flows over the non-lifting bodies.
NACA 0010
NACA 0021
6.
1
0
NACA 0024
-1 0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.2
1.4
-2
C d [-] drag
5.
Conclusions
NACA airfoil study on pressure distribution, lift and drag
attributes was performed using the computational panel method
for 2D lifting flows. From the results this method is more useful
when the computational requirements are low and with reduced
time to validation of the results. It also predicts the aerodynamic
characteristics with reasonable accuracy. The number of panels
defined for the airfoil will affect the accuracy of the predicted
values and its flow characteristics parameters. It overcomes the
IJER@2017
Page 8
References
Theory of Wing Sections, Including summary of airfoil data. H. Abbot,
A von Doenhoff. Dover publications Inc. New York.
Aerodynamics for Engineering students, Haughton, Carpenter, 6 th
Edition, Elsevier publications.
Aerodynamics. L J Clancy Sterling Book House.Indian edition 2006.
Computer Program to obtain ordinates for NACA airfoils. Charles L
Ladson, Langley Research Center. Hampton, Virginia.
Theoretical and experimental data for NACA 6A series airfoil sections.
Lawrence K Loftin Jr. Report no 903.
An overview of NACA 6 digit airfoil series characteristics with
reference to airfoils for large wind turbine blades. W.A Timmer. Delft
university The Netherlands. AIAA. Jan 2009.
http://m-lig.ae.illinois.edu/ads/coord_database.html?
http://www.mh-aerotools.de/airfoils/velocitydistributions.htm
Ervin Bossanyi, Wind Energy Handbook, Wiley Eastern Edition,