268 WAGNER, HAUS, ‘Hy, 1 Talanov, Zh. Eksperim. 1 Teor. Fiz. ~ Pis'ma Rodait. 2, 218 (1965) (English transi.: JETP Letters 2,238 800). ‘yu P. Raizer, Zh, Bxsperim. 1 Teor. Piz. ~ Pis'ma Rodakt. 4, $ (1966) [English transl.; JETP Letters 4, 14966) 8S. K. Akhmanoy, A. P. Sukdorakov, and RV. Kholdloy, Zh. Eksperim. { Teor. Fis. 50, 1537 (1966) nglish transl.; Soviet Phya. ~JETP 23, 1025 (1960)]. Mi. A, Brueckner and S. Joma, Phys. Rev. Letters Af, 76 (1060); Phys. Rev. 264, 182 (1907) og, Kaiser, A. Leubercsu, M. Maier, and J. A, AND MARBURGER Glordmaine, Phys. Letters 22, 60 (1966) "Handbook of Mathematieal Funetions, eited by ML. Abramowite and I. A, Stogun,Nafl. Bur. Stds, Appl Math. Series 55, U. 8. Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C., 1964) SH. Goldstein, Classioal Mechanies (Addison-Wesley Publishing Co., Reading, Mass., 1959), p. 108. "SR. Y. Chiao, J. D. Dodson, D. M. trwin, and J. K. Gustafson, Bull. Am. ‘Phys. Soe. 12, 686 (1967). Np. H. Close, C. R. Giuliano, R, W. Hellwarthy LD. Hess, F. J. McClung, and W. G. Wagner, IEEE 3. Quantum Electron. 2, 553 (1966). PHYSICAL REVIEW VOLUME 175, NUMBER 1 5 NOVEMBER 1968 Theory of Strongly Interacting Quantum Liquids I. Formulation W. L, Menillan” Bell Telephone Laboratories, Murray Hilt, N.J., ond Caventish Laboratory, Cambridge, Brand (Gecelved 28 June 1968) We make use of our uderstanding of the ground state ty and elementary exotations ¥y of the strongly interacting Hose gaa to constrict a theory of strongly interacting mixed and Fermi gases. We consider the overcomplete basis set oMig, where Flea determinant of plane waves, and interpret the off-diagonal pert ofthe hamiionian a a three-point vertex, coupling the Fermi quasiparticles tothe collective modes. This vertex dresses each fer~ tnlon with Sts backflow and induces two-fermion seatering Va the interaction ofthe back flows. "There is no residual (soreened) two-body Interaction inthe problem. Finally we Alscuss the expansion parameter for strong interactions. 1. INTRODUCTION We attompt to develop a theoretical formalism which will enable one to calculate the properties of manybody systems with strong interactions from first principles. We are interested in the case in which the dynamical correlations brought about by a strong two-body interaction dominate the correlations induced by the statistics of the particles. This is the opposite limit to the weak interactions case, i,e., the high-density electron gas? or the low:density hard-sphere Bose gas;* where the statistical correlations dominate. The physical systems that we wish to study include Liguid He®, Liquid Het, the Liquid He? -Het mix- ‘tures and the low-density electron gas (not the solid). The properties that we wish to calculate include the ground-state energy, the correlation functions, the elementary excitation spectrum, and the low-temperature equilibrium and trans~ ort properties. For the weakly interacting Bose gas the kinetic ‘energy per particle (XE) is much Jess than the degeneracy temperature Ty and the fraction of particles in the condensed state n/n is very nearly one, For the strongly interacting Bose gag we have (KE) >> Tp andyy/n <1. Liguid He clearly falls inthe second eategory since, according to the microscopic theory, ©" (RE) 4°K, Ty =2.2°K,® and n/n +1. Por the weakly interacting Fermi gas the Kinetic energy per par= ticle is very nearly equal to three-fifths the Fermi ‘energy Tp and the zero-sound velocity ¢ not much Greater than the Ferm! velocity vps For the Strongly interacting Fermi gas (RE) >> Tp and ¢ 5> vp, Liguid He clearly falls inthe second eate~ gory'since’ (KE)/Tp ~2 and c/vp=2." We be- lieve that it is absird to attempt'a microscopic treatment of a strongly interacting system using theoretical techniques developed for and valid only for the ease of weak interactions. ‘The pur ose of this paper is to reformulate the manybody problem for strong interaction ‘We will take advantage of the progress made in understanding the wave functions of the ground state and elementary exeitations of ligud Hes, ‘We will further take advantage of the fact that statistical effects are secondary so that chang- ing bosons into fermions has only a small effect on certain properties of the system. The plan of the paper is as follows: in Sec. IK we review the properties of the ground state and elementary195 QUANTUM LIQUIDS. 1 267 excitation spectrum of the pure Bose system whieh will be useful for us. In Sec, III we discuss an adaptation of the method of correlated basis func- ‘ions which we find useful for the mixed and pure Fermi systems,and derive an effective hamil- tonian for fermion quasiparticles interacting with the collective modes of the system. In Sec. IV we discuss in detail the problem of one fermion in ‘2 Bose system and show that the fermion-phonon Interaction dresses the fermion with its backflow. InSee. Viwe discuss the two-fermion problem and ‘show that the two-quasiparticle interaction takes place entirely via the phonons: the residual (screened) interaction which one finds for weak interactions is replaced by the interaction of the backflows. Finally in Sec, VI we discuss the ex- pansion parameter for the strongly-interacting sys- tem and show that the diagrammatic treatment of the effective hamiltonian can be simplified. I. THE STRONGLY INTERACTING ‘BOSE LIQUID This study of the mixed and pure fermion systems with strong interactions will be based on the pres tent understanding of the pure Bose system. We ‘will have nothing new to Say about the pure Bose ase and will review here the known properties of the wave functions of the ground stale and elemen- tary excitations. We consider a system of N bosons in a box of volume 0 (with periodic boundary conditions) inter~ acting via a two-body potential. N ene) ri Ge) & ‘The potential 1s assumed to be strongly repulsive for small distances. For the ground-state wave function we adopt the form proposed by Bij] and Jastrow? and used variationally in the microscopic calculations on liquid Het. a) N 1 “ Yor, Hoyo of. E wry] @ ‘There are three reasons for using a wave function of this form. (1) ‘The wave function correlates each pair of particles so that each particle keeps away from the repulsive potential of its neighbors. (2) ‘The long-range correlations can be made con sistent!® with the existence of the collective modes of the Liquid. (8) ‘The wave function works well for liquid Het producing a ground-state energy and two-particle correlation function in reasonably good agreement with experiment, 7 "The asymptotic form of f(r) for both small and large r can be determined. ‘For small y the strong ‘two-body potential dominates the behavior of the wave function and f(r) satisfies the two-body wave 6) ‘The asymptotic solution of (3) for small y is inde pendent of ¢ and depends only on the behavior of Viv). ‘The asymptotic behavior of u(r)=2Inf(r) for large 7 is fixed by the requizement that the zero-point motion of the long-wavelength collective modes be contained in the ground state-wave func tion. Feynman"! has argued that the long-wave~ length collective modes (phonons for the neutral gas, plasmons for the charged gas) are just density fluctuations with wave function ¥q7Pqhor @ where HY, = log +E) yp ) and 9,2 Z,e'T Fs, ®) If this wave function is to be exact for long wave- length the ground-state wave funetion must be pro- portional to the harmonic oscillator wave function in the collective co-ordinates pg- vor o0[-Z p,p,°/N5,] « ) Here is the ligud structure factor which sat- Isto 5,2 /2me, ® for small ¢. Equation (7) is just a product of pair functions with the asymptotic form ub)~me/4e2nto? neutral gas ~ mas, /Banbr changed gas @) for large v. Here n is the particle density, c the sound velocity of the neutral gas, and , the plas~ ma frequency of the charged gas. These two asymptotic conditions are sufficient to determine ‘what is probably a reasonable ground-state wave function for the charged bose gas. ur) (rg +7), (10) where 7y=m0,/@mb, a) and ry (iiey/Ammet)"™ (a2) Feynman and Cohen have argued that (A) is not ‘an accurate wavefunction for short wavelength be- cause it omits the back-flow of the liquid around ‘a given moving particle. For an external particle ‘these authors include a dipolar potential flow pat- fern vr eo BF AZ yeey-r)) to as) whore st) =B-F/Amr? aa)268 we To first order in g this wave function is y Rib Fy Ee» i-a-4), = (CR FAD EF o,' Yg- (15) For the roton in liquid He! this wave function is symmetrized to yield . Eq Feynman and Cohen showed that the elementary excitation spectrum calculated from this wave function is in good agreement with experiment for liquid He*. We conclude that both the ground-state and ele~ ‘mentary exeitation spectrum are well understood for the pare Bose gas with strong interactions and wwe will base our calculation of the properties of the mixed and Fermi gases on this knowledge. IML, CORRELATED BASIS FUNCTIONS In this section we adapt the method of correlated basis functions to treat the many-fermion problem with strong interactions. Consider the case of N fermions in a box of volume 9 with the Hamiltonian (1). For the ease of strong interactions where the dynamical correlations dominate the statistical ones, we expect that the ground-state energy (hence the sound velocity) and the two-particle correlation function will not be Very different for the Fermi and bose gases with the same Hamiltonian. This is verified explicitly by the microscopic calcu~ lations for liquid He*." We might expect that as a reasonable starting point for the calculation we Could take the correlated basis functions Feats, an Where $y is the exact ground state for the N-body Bose problem, and the ¢ are totally antisym~ ‘metric determinants of plane waves where the set (&) labels the occupied states. These wave func ions have the proper symmetry and contain the strong correlations between particles inherent in {yz Now suppose we apply the full Hamiltonian to i, We can forget about antisymmetry of ¢ for the moment and take a product of plane waves since the final result will be the same. With ¥ sexi EF 4 (as) +B) vt - LE epGE,, £7, JE, -%, yom mk nF EF we find p eae ee Se fy: (19) ‘Now taking (2) for 9, the second term is L. MeMILLAN 195 WE, du 6 Ry Fy), Sage ot te a x el-FF,-F21%) (2 where ug is the Fourier transform (assuming that itexists) of u(r). ‘The first term of (19) is diagonal and we could interpret the second term as a two-particle scat- tering process which takes one particle from state fy to slate fy and a second partite from state ) 10 state f, +4. ‘This would lead one to write tGhen anette Hamitconian whieh would epo= duce the eigenvalue spectrum of the original Hamiltonian (1). This eigenvalue spectrum is still complex since it contains both the single particle and collective modes of the system and we have not really simplified our problem at all. Let us re-examine that second term, We can perform the sum over m to find emt &,- #, DPtn m a e (eget @F,)-3) % But pg, for small gis justg, an elementary exet- tation of the pare Bose gas. “This suggests taking the set of wave functions k ¥ 9 fb Hoy (22) where yg is the ground state or an excited state of the Bose gas and interpreting the second term of (19) as a fermion-phonon vertex. This procedure has the great advantage of incorporating into the zeroth-order eigenvalue spectrum both the single- particle excitations and the collective excitations. ‘The collective excitations are nearly identical for the Bose and Fermi systems, so that one really has a very good starting point for the calculation. ‘The disadvantage of this procedure is that the set 4s both over-complete and non-orthogonal. We can correct for the non-orthogonality and we argue below that the overcompleteness 1s not a serious problem for low temperature, Finally we write an effective Hamiltonian for the system Foggy ly tllp_ + 2s) 3 ese. te ae Hy: Dae, ‘cys = BtRt/2m , (24) where the ¢,, create and annihilate fermion quast- particles, = Eaten gluta! + ee where the ay ereate and annihilate elementary ex- Citations of the Bose gas, and lip 1s an effective Hamiltonian for the elementary excitations of tho Bose gas. According to (21) x, is glven In terms45 QUANTUM LiQuIDs. 1 260 of ig by b aPReau os )'/2/am ap nd 095)? (6) ‘which reduces at long wavelengths to ag WR T/amivs )Y? , @n One finds, tho same results using a totally antsym- metric @*, In addition the effective Hamiltonian Ib ‘te same forthe mined Fermi-Boge systom with Ftermtons and Non bosons with ential masses td Intraciions, "To atmarize, wo have decided fo uge an over- complete set of basis functions Wg" = oy, to Seacribe the system and to interfet te St-i- gona! part of te Hamiltonian a8 fermion=pionon terion This lead to an effecive Hamiltonian with Ferm! quasipartielos interacting wit phonons Note the absence of any tvorteriuon sattering po- Milian te effective Hamltontan, In what follows te wil examine te paysleal consoquonces of tis hole and derive a beler formula forthe vertex, ‘We show that the fermion-pionon vertex dresses tach feriton with ia becidiow cloud of viral, fhonons and tat the effective two fermion seater- Ihe reels from the interaction of the backliows, thar iy through an exchange of virtal phonons, Finaly we exhibit ihe expansion paramter for te Strongly inevacting lau 1V. THE ONE-FERMION PROBLEM ‘The effective Hamiltonian (23) is independent of the concentration of fermions and we discuss here the simplest case of one-fermion and N-1 bosons. ‘The exact ground state 9, of the V boson problem remains an exact eigenstate (the ground state) of the one-fermion (and N-1 bosons) problem, as do all the excited states 9g. These states are totally symmetric in the exchange of any two particles. Note that for these states the fermion participates in the collective motions of the liquid just as if it, ‘were a boson. In addition there are states of the ‘one-fermion problem which have indifferent sym- ‘metry with respect (o interchanges of the fermion and one boson, Consider well Fg, (8) which would describe a moving fermion (particle 1) with the Bose liquid at rest, This is not an eigen- State because, for example, we have left out the backflow of other particles around the fermion. The effective Hamiltonian (23) couples this “bare” for- ‘mion state to a state with one phonon excited, i@-@-F, via a G md R-DF iy y savy ye + Pgbo/ WS, (29) If we take the matrix element of the total Hamil- tonian (1) between these two states we find an im- proved expression for the fermion-phonon vertex ‘which does not depend on the approximation (2) for the ground-state wave function, mE-g-s,) mS, afukeo na tar « ape fug © w0gias, = + (G0) ‘This vertex is just the expression derived above 27) for long-wavelength phonons multiplied by the form factor (1 5,). We could find a better ex- pression for the form factor for large q in the roton region by using the Feynman-Cohen"* wave function (16) for the roton rather than pyle We now want to show that inefuding the fermion- phonon vertex to first order dresses the fermion with its backflow. The wave function of the moving fermion to first order 18 hy Baa which agrees for small & and q with the Feynman- Cohen wave function (15) with classical backflow. We note that there is apparently some arbitrari- ness in the form factor for the fermion-phonon vertex at large q. In the Feynman-Cohen wave function the shape of g(>) for 7 < 2.5 A is really immaterial since the wave function # prevents any pair of particles from approaching this close. ‘This arbitrariness of g(r) for small y is reflected in an arbitrariness in the vertex form factor for large q. In fact if we choose g(r) to be zero for y <2,5 A we find that the Feynman-Cohen wave function in momentum space closely approximates to (81) with the form factor (1 $,). Given an arbi- trariness in the form factor one Would choose it as, small as possible for large q so that one's pertur~ bation theory would converge as rapidly as possible. Our prescription (30), taking matrix elements of the total Hamiltonian between states ¥," and ¥"~@ certainly contains no arbitrariness, but is probably reasonably close to optimum in this respect. In considering the problem of one He® atom in Liquid He Bardeen, Baym and Pines!® (BBP) de- rive the coupling of the impurity atom to the veloc~ ity field of the phonon. ‘They fipd a coupling energy proportional to 5+#(m*-m)/m* where m* is the effective mass of the impurity atom. This result disagrees withour direct calculation of the fermion- phonon vertex in which the coupling energy 18 pro- portional to B+, BBP also find a coupling to the density variations associated with the phonon ‘which is absent in our formulation (assuming iden- tical masses and interactions). The two results are not inconsistent; the differences arise from the different physical pictures used as the basis of calculation, BBP consider an external particle inserted inio Liguid He* and compute its coupling to the phonon field by general arguments. In our ppleture the fermion is an “internal” particle, pro- duced by changing 2 boson into a fermion, which270 we participates in the collective motions of the system in zeroth order. The momentum vector “i” la~ beling the fermion state is then proportional to the relative velocity of the fermion with respect to the background liquid, With this modification the Galilean invariance argument used by BBP pro- duces a coupling energy proportional to B-7. ‘The energy of the moving fermion is to second~ onder af pee ans we (yay O80 “BE (1 x 9, e where we have used (80) for the fermion-phonon vertex and the Feynman-exeitation spectrum given by (8). ‘The summation in (32) is approxi- mately unity ao that the effective mass of the fermion is 1.5 m which is equal to the effective mass of a sphere moving in a classical fluid of the same mass density. Feynman and Cohen'® found the same effective mass by their vari- ational method. ‘The elementary excitation spectrum of the one- fermion problem consists of the plionon-roton spectrum of the N boson problem plus a single particle fermion branch with an effective mass of order { for emall #, The extra branch in the excitation spectrum was introduced by the lower symmetzy of the wave functions. The use of an ‘overcomplete set has not caused any difficulties, i.e,, introduced any extra states, nor has the non-orthogonality. We believe that the overcom- ploteness and non-orthogonality cause no problems, for the many-fermion problem provided that the system is not highly excited, The fermion-phonon vertex dresses the fermion with its backflow cloud of virtual phonons and leads to an effective mass of order } in agreement with previous results. \. THE TWO-FERMION PROBLEM. We take up now the scattering of two Fermi quas particles in the background liquid of 1-2 bosons. ‘There is no direct two-fermion scattering term in the effective Hamiltonian (23), only a coupling to the phonons, The lowest-order contribution to the scattering is second order in the fermion- phonon vertex and corresponds to the exchange of fone virtual phonon. “We begin with the fermions fn the states f and b". ‘The first application of the fermion-phonon vertex scatters one fermion from the state k to f= q and creates a phonon of ‘momentum ¢. The second application of the ver~ tex absorbs the phonon and scatters the other fermion from state k’to'k’ + q.. There is also the process with # and k” interchanged. The total scattering amplitude is hy Wd py og aq Mg" q Fy Bnd feo, a WO 5 RAG Dd ag (08) L. MeMILLAN 175 ‘This scattering amplitude is just the quantum ‘mechanical analog of the interaction energy of to spheres moving in a classical fluid with over- lapping backflow patterns, The physics of the scattering for the strongly interacting liquid is thus different from the weakly interacting ease ‘where the two-body scattering takes place via a “screened” two-body potential. ‘VI. THE EXPANSION PARAMETER ‘There exists an expansion parameter for the strongly interacting quantum liquid which ean be used to simplify a perturbation series based on the effective Hamiltonian (23), As we shall see, that expansion parameter is the ratio of the Fermi energy Bp to a typical energy for the collective modes, which is the plasma energy for the ‘charged Ifquid or the Debye energy for the phonons ‘of the neutral Liquid, A similar situation exists for ‘electrons and phonons in metals where the expan sion parameter is just the inverse E,/Ep. For ‘metals Migdal" showed that the electronic self- ‘energy varies rapidly with energy and only slowly ‘with momentum, and that one can neglect vertex corrections and use only the bare vertex. These two results allow the equilibrium and transport theory to be put into a compact, manageable form. For the strongly interacting liquid we argue that the fermion self-energy is strongly momentum dependent and weakly energy-dependent and that to lowest order in E/E, one can neglect vertex corrections. "The argument about the self-energy 1s a dimen- sional one, For fermions coupled to phonons the fermion self-energy varies with energy on a scale ‘comparable with the Debye energy and varies with momentum on 2 scale comparable to the Debye ‘momentum. One is interested in the self-energy ‘on the energy shell where the scale of energy is the Fermi energy and the momentum scale is the Fermi ‘momentum. Since the Fermi energy is much less than the Debye energy, the self-energy varies slowly with energy over the important energy range and this energy variation can be neglected. The Debye momentum and the Fermi momentum are compara- bble and the momentum dependence of the self-en- ‘ergy is important. One can verify by direct eal- culation that the first-order correction to the fermion-phonon vertex for long wavelength phonons is of order £ p/E, compared with the bare vertex. ‘Thus we find fhe Same sort of simplifications of the theory for strongly interacting quantum liquids that one has for electrons and phonons in metals. ‘VIL. SUMMARY We have presented a theoretical reformulation of the many-body problem with strong interactions ‘which, we believe, will enable one to carry out a microscopic calculation of the properties of liquid He?, the liguid He’-Het mixtures and the low-den- sity electron gas. It is intended to present such calculations in future papers. The theory was formulated by taking advantage of the fact that one knows how to calculate the ground state and elemen- tary excitation spectrum of the pure Bose system even when the interactions are strong, and byQUANTUM LIQUIDS. 1 noting that many properties of the system are in- sensitive to the statistics of the particles. We then wrote down a set of basis functions for the fermion problem as products of a determinant of plane waves and an eigenstate of the Bose problem. ‘The off dlagonal parts of the Hamiltonian were interpreted as a coupling of the fermions to the elementary excitations of the Bose system. It was then shown that this fermion-phonon interaction dresses a moving fermion with its backflow and that two-fermion scattering takes place via the interaction of the backflows. Finally we discussed “supported in pat by the Sctence Research Council London. “p, Bohm and D. Pines, Phys. Rev. 82, 609 (2969) if, Gell-Alann aod KA. Brucelaier, Phys. Rev. 106, 64 A950), 3, Dogolubov, J. Phys. (SSR) 11, 29 4940) 7D. bee, K. Huang and C. N. Yang, Phyo. Rev. 108 1135 asst. ‘WL. MeMillan, Phys. Rev. 198, At42 (1505) 4, Levesque, ‘Tu Kiet, D. Shi, and L. Vert, Laborstotre de Physique Theoretiqe et Hautes Energtes, Paris University, Report No. THO9, Orsay, 1965 (un published. "D, Sehiif and L. Verlt, Phys. Rov., 160, 208 (967) PHYSICAL REVIEW vouumE 175, an the expansion parameter for strong interactions and outlined some simplifications of the theory which it allows. ACKNOWLEDGMENT ‘The author would like to thank Dr. $.F. Boys for a discussion of his calculations on atomic neon using correlated wave functions which stimulated the present study. “He would also like to thank Professor P, W. Anderson for helpful discussions. °K. R. Atking, Liguld Helium (Cambridge University Press, London, 1955). rx. dastrow, Phys. Rev. 98, 1479 (1955) ML, Reatto and ©. V. Chester, Phys. Rev. 155, 88 ‘agen 4UR, B. Feynman, Phys. Rev. 94, 262 (1954). R. P. Feynman and Mt, Cohen, Phys. Rev. 102, 1189 9560, J, Tardeen, ©. Baym, and D. Pines, Phys. Rev. 156, 207 san). MA. B, Migdal, Zh, Fkaperim. 1 Teor. Fiz. 34, 1498 (2966) (english transl. Soviet Phys. — JETP T, 996 (0958. NUMBER 1 5 NOVEMBER 1968 Stimulated Thermal Rayleigh Scattering in Liquids* ©. W. Cho, tN, D, Foltz, D. H. Rank, and T. A. Wiggins Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802 (Gecelved 5 August 1968) ‘Additional measurements of the critical absorption coefficient and the anti-Stokes shift of light backscattered from absorbing solutions illuminated by a giant-pulse ruby laser are pre= sented. Froquency shifts of less than the predicted value of one-half the incident linewidth are ‘thought to be due to saturation effects and failure to remove completely the incident light from the interferogram of the backseattered Light "The low vat ‘of the eritiosl absorption co- efficient observed in aeveral liquide are discussed and messurements of the nonlinear atten uation of some liquids are presented. INTRODUCTION ‘The stimulated thermal Rayleigh scattering (STRS) was first observed by Rank, Cho, Foltz, and Wiggins in liquids, and in gases by Wiggin: Cho, Dietz, and Foltz, following its theoretical prediction made by Herman and Gray.® It is well Kknownt that the light scattered from the density fluctuations associated with localized thermal fluctuations in a fluid medium gives rise to the spontaneous Rayleigh peak whose frequency is lunshifted from the incident light frequency. . When molecules which absorb at the incident ight frequency are introduced into the medium, the thermal fluctuations ean be greatly enhanced by those molecules which undergo rapid thermall- zation. Te has been shown® that in an intense la- ‘ser light field, the nonlinear gain for the thermal Rayleigh seattering in the medium may reach a value sufficiently high to be competitive with