Math Quest Yr 11 Mathematical Methods (Australia Text Book) VCE 2017 Edition

i
Second edition published 2010 by

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Table of contents
About eBookPLUS v
Chapter 1 Linear functions 1
Exercise 1A Solving linear equations and inequations 1
Exercise 1B Rearrangement and substitution 2
Exercise 1C Gradient of a straight line 3
Exercise 1D Sketching linear functions 5
Exercise 1E Simultaneous equations 7
Exercise 1F Finding the equation of a straight line 9
Exercise 1G Distance between two points and midpoint
of a segment 13
Exercise 1H Linear modelling 16
Chapter review 17
Short answer 17
Multiple choice 19
Extended response 20
Chapter 2 Quadratic functions 22
Exercise 2A Polynomials 22
Exercise 2B Expanding quadratic expressions 22
Exercise 2C Factorising quadratic expressions 23
Exercise 2D Factorising by completing the square 24
Exercise 2E Solving quadratic equations Null Factor
Law 25
Exercise 2F Solving quadratic equations completing
the square 27
Exercise 2G The quadratic formula 29
Exercise 2H The discriminant 32
Exercise 2I Graphs of quadratic functions as power
functions (turning point form) 35
Exercise 2J Graphs of quadratic functions (intercepts
method) 36
Exercise 2K Using technology to solve quadratic
equations 47
Exercise 2L Simultaneous quadratic and linear
equations 48
Chapter review 53
Short answer 53
Multiple choice 54
Chapter 3 Cubic and quartic functions 57
Exercise 3A Expanding 57
Exercise 3B Long division of polynomials 58
Exercise 3C Polynomial values 60
Exercise 3D The remainder and factor theorems 61
Exercise 3E Factorising polynomials 63
Exercise 3F Sum and difference of two cubes 67
Exercise 3G Solving polynomial equations 68
Exercise 3H Cubic graphs intercepts method 71
Exercise 3I Quartic graphs intercepts method 75
Exercise 3J Graphs of cubic functions in power function
form 76
Exercise 3K Domain, range, maximums and minimums 78
Exercise 3L Modelling using technology 79
Exercise 3M Finite differences 80
Chapter review 83
Short answer 83
Multiple choice 85
Exam practice 1 88
Short answer 88
Multiple choice 88
Chapter 4 Relations, functions and transformations 90
Exercise 4A Set notation 90
Exercise 4B Relations and graphs 90
Exercise 4C Domain and range 91
Exercise 4D Types of relations (including functions) 92
Exercise 4E Power functions (hyperbola, truncus and
square root function) 94
Exercise 4F Function notation 95
Exercise 4G Special types of function (including hybrid
functions) 96
Exercise 4H Inverse relations and functions 98
Exercise 4I Circles 99
Exercise 4J Functions and modelling 101
Chapter review 102
Short answer 102
Multiple choice 103
Chapter 5 Exponential and logarithmic functions 106
Exercise 5A Index laws 106
Exercise 5B Negative and rational powers 107
Exercise 5C Indicial equations 108
Exercise 5D Graphs of exponential functions 109
Exercise 5E Logarithms 111
Exercise 5F Solving logarithmic equations 113
Exercise 5G Logarithmic graphs 114
Exercise 5H Applications of exponential and logarithmic
functions 114
Chapter review 118
Short answer 118
Multiple choice 119
Chapter 6 Circular functions 122
Exercise 6A Trigonometric ratio revision 122
Exercise 6B The unit circle 122
Exercise 6C Radians 123
Exercise 6D Symmetry 124
Exercise 6E Identities 126
Exercise 6F Sine and cosine graphs 128
Exercise 6G Tangent graphs 130
Exercise 6H Solving trigonometric equations 131
Exercise 6I Applications 133
Chapter review 135
Short answer 135
Multiple choice 136
Exam practice 2 138
Short answer 138
Multiple choice 139
Chapter 7 Matrices 141
Exercise 7A Addition and subtraction of matrices
Exercise 7B Multiplying matrices 142
Exercise 7C Solving matrix equations 145
Exercise 7D Matrices and transformations 148
Chapter review 155
Short answer 155
Multiple choice 157
141
Exam practice 3 160

Short answer 160
iii
Multiple choice 161

Chapter 8 Rates of change 163
Exercise 8A Identifying rates 163
Exercise 8B Constant rates 163
Exercise 8C Variable rates 165
Exercise 8D Average rates of change 165
Exercise 8E Instantaneous rates 167
Exercise 8F Motion graphs (kinematics) 169
Exercise 8G Relating the gradient function to the original
function 171
Exercise 8H Relating velocity time graphs to
position time graphs 172
Exercise 8I Rates of change of polynomials 174
Chapter review 175
Short answer 175
Multiple choice 177
Chapter 9 Differentiation 179
Exercise 9A Introduction to limits 179
Exercise 9B Limits of discontinuous, rational and hybrid
functions 179
Exercise 9C Differentiation using first principles 181
Exercise 9D Finding derivatives by rule 183
Exercise 9E Antidifferentiation 188
Exercise 9F Deriving the original function from the
gradient function 189
Chapter review 191
Short answer 191
Multiple choice 192
Chapter 10 Applications of differentiation 196
Exercise 10A Rates of change 196
Exercise 10BSketching graphs containing stationary
points 198
Exercise 10C Solving maximum and minimum
problems 207
Exercise 10D Applications of antidifferentiation 210
Chapter review 213
Short answer 213
Multiple choice 214
Exam practice 4 218
Short answer 218
Multiple choice 218
Chapter 11 Introductory probability 220
Exercise 11A Introduction to experimental
probability 220
iv
Exercise 11B Calculating probabilities 220

Exercise 11C Tree diagrams and lattice diagrams 221
Exercise 11D The Addition Law of Probabilities 222
Exercise 11E Karnaugh maps and probability tables 223
Exercise 11F Conditional probability 225
Exercise 11G Transition matrices and Markov chains 226
Exercise 11H Independent events 227
Exercise 11I Simulation 228
Chapter review 229
Short answer 229
Multiple choice 229
Chapter 12 Combinatorics 232
Exercise 12A The addition and multiplication
principles 232
Exercise 12B Permutations 232
Exercise 12C Factorials 232
Exercise 12D Permutations using nPr 233
Exercise 12E Permutations involving restrictions
Exercise 12F Arrangements in a circle 234
Exercise 12G Combinations using nCr 234
Exercise 12H Applications to probability 235
Chapter review 237
Short answer 237
Multiple choice 237
234
Exam practice 5 238

Short answer 238
Multiple choice 238
Solutions to investigations 240
Chapter 3 240
Investigation Graphs in the form y = a(x b)n + c 240
Investigation Modelling the path of a roller-coaster 240
Chapter 5 240
Investigation Investigating logarithmic graphs 1 240
Investigation Investigating logarithmic graphs 2 241
Investigation The Richter scale 241
Chapter 6 241
Investigation Sine and cosine graphs 241
Investigation Tangent graphs 241
Chapter 9 241
Investigation Sneaking up on a limit 241
Chapter 10 242
Investigation When is a maximum not a
maximum? 242
Chapter 12 242
Investigation Pascals triangle 242
Linear functions
MM11 CAS-1
Chapter 1 Linear functions

Exercise 1A Solving linear
equations and inequations
1 a 3x 19 = 13
3x = 13 + 19
3x = 6
x = 63
x=2
b 4x + 25 = 7
4x = 7 25
4x = 32
x = 432
x = 8
c 9x + 19 = 2
9x = 2 19
9x = 21
x = 921
7x = 7
x = 77
x = 1
3x
h 2 1 = 10
5
3x
1 = 102
5
3x
1=5
5
3x
=5+1
5
3x
=6
5
3x = 6 5
3x = 30
x = 303
x = 73
d
3x 1
=5
4
3x 1 = 5 4
3x 1 = 20
3x = 20 + 1
3x = 21
x = 21
3
12 3 x
3
12 3x
12 3x
3x
3x
x
=5
=53
= 15
= 15 12
=3
= 33
x = 1
f
4x 6
7=3
3
4x 6
= 3 + 7 = 10
3
4x 6 = 10 3
4x 6 = 30
4x = 30 + 6
4x = 36
x = 364
7x + 4
8 = 9
3
7x + 4
= 9 + 8
3
7x + 4
= 1
3
7x + 4 = 1 3
7x + 4 = 3
7x = 3 4
7 8 = 77
4
x
8
= 77
7
4
x
8
= 11
4
x
= 11 8
4
x
=3
4
x = 3 4
x = 12
x = 12
1
2 a
2x 9 = 3(2x 11)
2x 9 = 6x 33
2x 6x = 33 + 9
4x = 24
x = 24
4
7x 1
7x 1
7x 51x
44x
x
= 17(3x 13)
= 51x 221
= 221 + 1
= 220
= 220
44
x =5
c x + 11 = 2(x + 12)
x + 11 = 2x + 24
x 2x = 24 11
x = 13
x = 13
1
x = 13
d
3x 7 = 2(35 2x)
3x 7 = 70 4x
x + 11
3
3( x + 11)
9
3(x + 11)
3x + 33
3x 2x
x
2( x + 14)
9
2( x + 14)
=
9
= 2(x + 14)
= 2x + 28
= 28 33
= 5
4 x + 66
3
4(4 x + 66)
12
4(4x + 66)
16x + 264
16x + 9x
25x
x
13 3 x
4
3(13 3 x)
=
12
= 3(13 3x)
= 39 9x
= 39 264
= 225
225
= 25
x = 9
x=6
b
x+2 x5
=
6
3
x + 2 2( x 5)
=
6
6
x + 2 = 2(x 5)
x + 2 = 2x 10
x 2x = 10 2
x = 12
x = 121
x = 12
x = 12
x=9
g
x = 11
x = 10
x=7
e
3x + 4x = 70 + 7
7x = 77
x = 77
7
x + 10
9
5( x + 10)
45
5(x + 10)
5x + 50
5x + 54x
59x
x
2(7 3x)
5
2 9(7 3x)
=
45
= 18(7 3x)
= 126 54x
= 126 50
= 76
76
= 59
6x + 7
5
4(6 x + 7)
20
4(6x + 7)
24x + 28
24x 25x
x
x
5x + 1
+1
4
5(5 x + 1)
20
=
+
20
20
= 5(5x + 1) + 20
= 25x + 5 + 20
= 25 28
= 3
= 31
x=3
MM11 CAS-1
Linear functions
2 x + 29 x + 44
=
+2
3
8
8(2 x + 29)
3( x + 44)
48
=
+
24
24
24
8(2x + 29) = 3(x + 44) + 48
16x + 232 = 3x + 132 + 48
16x + 232 = 3x + 180
16x 3x = 180 232
13x = 52
x = 1352
7x 9
9
7x 9
9
7x 9
7x 9
7x 9
7x + 3x
10x
x
x = 4
21 x
=
18
3
3(21 x) 162
=
9
9
= 3(21 x) 162
= 63 3x 162
= 3x 99
= 99 + 9
= 90
= 1090
x = 9
17 x
49 + 2 x
=
+5
2
5
5(17 x ) 2(49 + 2 x)
50
=
+
10
5
10
5(17 x) = 2(49 + 2x) + 50
85 5x = 98 + 4x + 50
85 5x = 4x + 148
5x 4x = 148 85
9x = 63
x = 639
x = 7
3 a 15 6x 2
6x 2 15
6x 13
13
x
6
13
x
6
11 3 x
b
6
7
11 3x 42
3x 42 11
3x 31
x 31
3
31
3
19 x
+ 3 > 1
4
19 x
> 1 3
4
19 x
> 4
4
19 x < 16
x < 16 19
x < 3
x >3
d
16 4x < 7(1 x)
16 4x < 7 7x
16 4x + 7x < 7
16 + 3x < 7
3x < 7 16
3x < 9
x < 3
e
3x 7 2(35 2x)
3x 7 70 4x
3x + 4x 7 70
7x 7 70
7x 77
x 11
4 x
2( x + 1)
f
3
6
2(4 x)
2( x + 1)
6
6
2(4 x) 2(x + 1)
8 2x 2x + 2
8 2x + 2x + 2
8 4x + 2
6 4x
6
x
4
3
x
2
3
x
2
S = 2w(l + h) + 2lh
S 2lh = 2w(l + h)
S 2lh
w=
2(l + h)
S = 2 r 2 + 2 r H
2 rH = S 2 r 2
k
k = 60, d = 15
d2
60
l= 2
15
4
Fd +
60
15 15
l=
4
15
= 0.267
c D = (n 12 )
D = (3
1
)
2
n = 3, = 2.8
2.8
D = 2.5 2.8
D=7
d E = hf0 W
h = 6.62, f0 = 5000, w = 20 000
E = 6.62 5000 20 000
E = 33 100 20 000
E = 13 100
e v = r 2 y2
w = 2, r = 1.6, y = 1
v = 2 (1.6) 2 12
v = 2 2.56 1
v = 2 1.56
v = 2 1.248 999 6
v = 2.497 999 2
v = 2.498 to 3 DP
3 a A = l2
l = A
l
A = 60
l = 60
l = 7.746
b
kQq
F
1
2
l=
b E = K + mgh
K = 250, m = 2, g = 10, h = 5
E = 250 + 2 10 5
E = 250 + 100
E = 350
S 2 r 2
2 r
2 a l=
kQq
f F = 2
r
Fr 2 = kQq
kQq
r2 =
F
r=
H=
Exercise 1B Rearrangement
and substitution
1 a A=L+P
P=AL
b A = lw
A
l=
w
d
c v=
t
vt = d
d
t=
v
d C = 2 r
C
r=
2
e E = + 2
2 = E
E
=
2
v = rT
v2 = r T
v2
=
rT
Fd =
1
2
mv2
mu2 =
1
2
mv2
1
2
mu2 v
2Fd + mu2 = mv2

v2 =
v =
2Fd + mu 2
m
2 Fd + mu 2
m
V=
4
3
r2
3V = 4 r
3V
r3 =
4
r =
3V
4
r =
3 1000
4
r = 3 238.7324146
r = 6.204
r
v = 1000
Linear functions
v = u + at
vu
a=
t
v = 25, u = 0, t = 6
25 0
a=
6
a = 25
6
A = 15 16
A = 240 m2
a
b
a = 4.167
l
g
T = 2
l
T
=
g
2
2
4
l = 9.8
2
l = 3.972
c 2
1
6.9 0.95
0.0025
c = 2622
w
w
r
A
= 1 +
100
D
1+
P 2l
2
= 560 mm, l = 240 mm
560 2 240
=
2
560 480
=
2
= 802
w = 40 mm
a+b
5 a A=
h
2
a = 9, b = 21, h = 16
9 + 21
A=
16
2
A = 302 16
r
=
100
A
D
r
=
100
A
1
D
1 2
r h
3
1
= ( 12 )2h
3
= (12)h
= 12 h
300
=
12
25
=
cm
v =
100
300
300
c p = 100
1
D
D = $1000, A = 2000
2000
p = 100
1
1000
h
h
Exercise 1C Gradient of a
straight line
1 a m=
Rise
Run
p = 100 ( 2 1)
m=
p = 100 0.4142
p = 41.4%
m=2
b m=
1
f
1
f
u+v
uv
uv
f =
u+v
fu
u f
8 c2 = a2 + b2
42 = (2 3 )2 + b2
16 = (4 3) + b2
16 = 12 + b2
4 = b2
b =2
r = 100
1
D
1 1
7
+ =
u v
1 1
a
+
u v
1
f
25 30
5
v = 25 6
v = 150 cm
A = D 1 +
100
u = 30, f = 25
25 30
v =
30 25
c =
v =
v =
A = 1000 1 +
100
A = 1000(1 + 0.06)2
A = 1000 (1.06)2
A = 1123.6
A = $1123.60
c w=
1 1 1
+ =
f
u v
1 1
1
=
f u
v
u f
1
=
fu
v
fu
v =
u f
K = 6.9, = 0.05
6.9 (1 0.05)
c =
(0.05) 2
4 P = 2(l + w)
l = 16 cm, w = 5 cm
a P = 2(16 + 5)
P = 2 21
P = 42 cm
b P = 2(l + w)
P = 2l + 2w
2w = P 2l
P 2l
w=
2
1
1 1
+ =
f
u v
1 1
1
=
f v
u
v f
1
=
fv
u
fv
u =
v f
6 a A = D 1 +
100
D = $1000, r = 6%
K(1 ) = c 2
K (1 )
c =
2
2A
b
h
A = 2000 cm2, b = 62 cm,
h = 50 cm
2 2000
a=
62
50
4000
a=
62
50
a = 80 62
a = 18 cm
T
l = g
2
T = 4, g = 9.8, = 3.14
K=
a+b
A =
h
2
a+b
A
=
2
h
2A
a+b =
h
2A
a=
b
h
c a=
l
T
=
g 2
MM11 CAS-1
6
3
Rise
Run
m = 62
f
m = 13
2 a m=
m=
y2 y1
x2 x1
20 2
10 1
MM11 CAS-1
m=
18
9
=2
y y1
b m= 2
x2 x1
m=
14 4
64
m=
10
2
m=5
y y1
c m= 2
x2 x1
Linear functions
5 a Positive gradient
try D
m=
y2 y1
x2 x1
m=
63
6 6
m=
32 4
3 10
m=
63
6+6
m=
28
7
m=
3
12
m = 4
y y1
d m= 2
x2 x1
m=
25 31
7 5
m=
6
12
m=
1
2
3 a m = tan
m = tan 50
m = 1.192
b m = tan
m = tan 72
m = 3.078
c m = tan
m = tan 10
m = 0.176
d m = tan
m = tan (30)
m = 0.577
e m = tan
m = tan 150
m = 0.577
f m = tan
m = tan 0
m=0
g m = tan
m = tan 45
m=1
h m = tan
m = tan 89
m = 57.290
4 a m = tan
m = tan 43
m = 0.93
b m = tan
m = tan 69
m = 2.61
c m = tan
m = tan (180 28)
Try B
m = 152
m = 0.53
d m = tan
m = tan 105
m = 3.73
m=
1
6+6
m=
1
12
0
11
m=
5
5
C m=
y2 y1
x2 x1
m=
3 0
02
m=
3
2
m=
3
2
y2 y1
x2 x1
3 1
4 3
2
7
8 No
y y1
E m= 2
x2 x1
m=
x =3
5 5
33
y1 = 5
m=
5+5
33
x2 = 3
m=
10
0
y2 = 5
6 Which has m = 2?
a A Positive
B Negative
C Undefined
D Positive
E Zero
50
2 3
m=
m=
m = undefined
Ans = B
y2 y1
x2 x1
m=
D m=
m=0
Ans = A
d Undefined gradient
try B
y y1
m= 2
x2 x1
6
3
8 No
3 3
m=
5 6
m=
m=
m=1
8 No
y y1
m= 2
x2 x1
3 + 3
5+6
6 0
0 3
B m=
Ans = C
c Zero gradient
try A
m=
m=
b Which has m = 3?
A Undefined
B Positive
C Positive
D Positive
E Positive
y y1
m= 2
x2 x1
1 2
6 6
y2 y1
x2 x1
m = 2
Ans = B
Ans = D
b Negative gradient
try C
m=
m=
m=
1 5
42
m=
6
2
m=3
9 Yes
Ans =
7 Gradient
m=
y2 y1
x2 x1
m=
20
17 0
m=
2
17
8 Gradient of sloping section

Rise
m=
Run
Linear functions
m = 0.85
15
9 a m=2
y y1
m= 2
x2 x1
a0
53
2=
a
2
y = mx + c
m=5
m=
y2 y1
x2 x1
5 =
a 1
82
5 =
a 1
6
a1
a1
a
a
16
x
Exercise 1D Sketching
linear functions
a=22
a=4
b
x = 16 14
= 224 cm
17
m = 300
2=
1
14
=56
= 30
=3+1
= 31
2 The x-coefficient affects the slope or

gradient. The greater the coefficient
of x the steeper the graph towards
the y-axis. The lower the coefficient
of x the flatter the graph towards
the x-axis. When the coefficient is
negative, the graph slopes downward
when moving from left to right.
3
y2 y1
x2 x1
3 =
11 4
a0
3 =
15
a
m = 112 c = 6
h 8x + 3y 2 = 0
3y = 8x + 2
y = 83 x +
m = 83 c =
15
3
a = 5
m = 2
m =
2 =
2(5 a)
10 + 2a
2a
2a
y2 y1
x2 x1
1 5
5a
= 4
= 4
= 4 + 10
=6
a =
6
2
a =3
10 a m =
y2 y1
x2 x1
m=
25
210
1
8.4
No, too steep

b
1
18
<
1
14
Yes
2
3
2
3
i 15 6y + x = 0
6y = x 15
3a = 15
a=
7 a 2y = 8x + 10
y = 4x + 5
m=4c=5
b 3y = 12x 24
y = 4x 8
m = 4 c = 8
c y = 3x 1
y = 3x + 1
m = 3 c = 1
d 16 4y = 8x
4y = 8x 16
y = 2x + 4
m = 2 c = 4
e 21x + 3y = 27
3y = 21x 27
y = 7x 9
m = 7 c = 9
f 10x + 5y = 25
5y = 10x + 25
y = 2x + 5
m=2c=5
g 11y 2x = 66
11y = 2x + 66
y = 112 x 6
c m =3
m =
MM11 CAS-1
5 The number at the end of the

equation is the point where the graph
crosses the y-axis. Hence it is the
y-intercept.
6 a y = mx + c
m=2 c=7
y = 2x + 7
b y = mx + c
m = 3 c = 1
y = 3x + 1
c y = mx + c
m = 5 c = 2
y = 5x 2
d y = mx + c
m = 23 c = 13
y=
2
3
x+
1
3
e y = mx + c
m = 43 c = 12
y=
3
4
1
2
f y = mx + c
c = 12 m = 2
y = 2x + 12
m=
1
6
y=
1
6
x+
15
6
y=
1
6
x+
5
2
c=
5
2
j 2y + 7 + 5x = 0
2y = 5x 7
y = 52 x
m = 52 c = 72
8 a y = mx + c
c=2 m=
=4
1
2
y = 4x + 2
b y = mx + c
c = 5 m =
6
2
= 3
3
2.5
y = 3x 5
c y = mx + c
c = 2 m =
y=
6
5
x2
d y = mx + c
c=5 m=
y=
5
6
x+5
5
6
6
5
7
2
MM11 CAS-1
Linear functions
e y = mx + c
c = 1 m =
=2
1
2
x=
30
9
x=
10
3
y = 2x 1
f y = mx + c
d 7x 5y = 35
5y = 35
If x = 0
y=
If y = 0
c=0 m=
5
1
= 5
y = 5x + 0
y = 5x
9 a y = 6x + 18
y = 18
If x = 0
0 = 6x + 18
If y = 0
6x = 18
x=
18
6
y = 7
7x = 35
x=
f y = 2(x 8)
y = 2x 16
If x = 0
y = 16
0 = 2x 16
If y = 0
2x = 16
x=8
x = 3
35
5
35
7
x=5
11 a 6x + 7y + 42 = 0
7y + 42 = 0
If x = 0
7y = 42
y=
b y = 3x 21
If x = 0
If y = 0
10 a 2x + 3y = 6
If x = 0
3y = 6
y = 21
0 = 3x 21
3x = 21
x=
y=
If y = 0
y = 6
6x + 42 = 0
6x = 42
6x =
6
3
42
6
x = 7
y=2
2x = 6
x=
21
3
If y = 0
42
7
6
2
x=3
x=7
b 5x 2y + 20 = 0
If x = 0 2y + 20 = 0
2y = 20
c y = 2x 3
If x = 0
If y = 0
y = 3
0 = 2x 3
2x = 3
x=
3
2
b 4x + 5y = 20
5y = 20
If x = 0
y=
If y = 0
20
5
y=
If y = 0
y=4
4x = 20
x=
20
2
y = 10
5x + 20 = 0
5x = 20
x=
20
5
x = 4
20
4
x=5
y = 10 5x
or y = 5x + 10
If x = 0
y = 10
0 = 5x + 10
If y = 0
5x = 10
x = 105
x=2
c 6x 3y = 18
3y = 18
If x = 0
y=
If y = 0
18
6
x = 3
e y = 9x + 30
If x = 0
y = 30
If y = 0
0 = 9x + 30
9x = 30
y=
18
3
y=6
6x = 18
x=
c 3x + 4y 16 = 0
4y 16 = 0
If x = 0
4y = 16
If y = 0
16
4
y=4
3x 16 = 0
3x = 16
x = 16
3
x = 163
Linear functions
d y 3x + 6 = 0
If x = 0
y+6=0
y = 6
If y = 0 3x + 6 = 0
3x = 6
x=
6
3
x=2
15 y-intercept 3
A y = 3x 3
B y = 3x + 3
C x + 3y = 9
3y = x + 9
y = 7x 4
If x = 0
y = 4
If y = 0 7x 4 = 0
7x = 4
x=
y = x+3
1
3
No
x+3
No
E 3x + y + 9 = 0
y = 3x 9
Ans is A.
No
1
3
Exercise 1E Simultaneous
equations
1 a y = 2x
If x = 0
If x = 1
y = 4x 6
Let x = 0
Let y = 0
b xy=0
If x = 0
y=0
If x = 1 1 y = 0
y = 1
y=1
y=0
y = 2
y = 6
0 = 4x 6
4x = 6
x = 64
x = 32
Solution from CAS calculator

x = 2.25
y = 11.75
d 3x + y = 4
If x = 0
y = 4
If y = 0 3x = 4
x=
y = 6x + 5
If x = 0
If y = 0
2
3
x1
b y = 3x 5
If x = 0
If y = 0
No
No
No
Yes
y = 5
0 = 3x 5
3x = 5
x = 53
y = 20
Horizontal line through
y = 20
2x + y = 6
If x = 0
y = 6
If y = 0 2x = 6
Ans is D.
12
3
x=4
x- and y-intercepts are 4 and 6.
Ans is E.

x = 3
y = 13
e y = 10x + 1
If x = 0
y=1
If y = 0
0 = 10x + 1
10x = 1
x = 101
No
14 2y = 3x + 12
If x = 0 2y = 12
y=6
If y = 0 0 = 3x + 12
3x = 12
x=
5
6

x = 3
y=6
c 2x + y = 0
If x = 0
y=0
If x = 1 2 + y = 0
y = 2
E y=
4
3
y=5
0 = 6x + 5
6x = 5
x=
13 ax + by = c
A 2x 3y 1 = 0
B 2x + 3y + 1 = 0
C 2x + 3y = x
D 2x + 3y = 1
4
7
D x 3y + 9 = 0
3y = x 9
y =
12 a x + y = 0
If x = 0
y=0
If x = 1 1 + y = 0
y = 1
Yes
No
MM11 CAS-1

x = 8 13
y = 20
c y = 3x + 5
If x = 0
If y = 0
x=
6
2
x = 3
y=5
0 = 3x + 5
3x = 5
x=
5
3
MM11 CAS-1
x=
Linear functions
7
12
y = 4 56
f Using a CAS calculator, complete
the entry line as:
solve(9x + y = 17 and x + y = 14)
Then press ENTER.
This gives the point of
3 109
intersection ,
8 8
Substitute
5
9
x=
5
9
x=
5
9
Add (3) and (4): 18x = 108

x=
x=6
Substitute 6 for x in (2)
6 + y = 11
y = 11 6
y=5
Solution (6, 5)
c 6x 2y = 10
2x + 5y = 8
(1) 5 30x 10y = 50
(2) 2 4x + 10y = 16
Add (3) and (4): 34x = 34
for x in (1)
y = 2
+3
5
9
y=
10
9
+3
y=
10
9
y=
17
9
27
9
Solution ( 95 , 179 )
(1)
2 a y = 3x + 1
y = 2x + 2
(2)
Substitute (2) into (1)
2x + 2 = 3x + 1
2x 3x = 1 2
x = 1
x=1
y=31+1
y=3+1
y=4
Solution (1, 4)
b y = 5x + 5
(1)
y = x 19
(2)
x 19 = 5x + 5
x 5x = 19 + 5
6x = 24
x = 246
x = 4
y = 5( 4) + 5
y = 20 + 5
y = 15
Solution (4, 15)
c y=x+2
(1)
3x 4y = 1
(2)
3x 4(x + 2) = 1
3x 4x 8 = 1
x 8 = 1
x = 1 + 8
x = 7
x = 7
y = 7 + 2
y = 5
Solution (7, 5)
d y = 2x + 3
(1)
5x + 2y = 1
(2)
5x + 2(x + 3) = 1
5x 4x + 6 = 1
9x = 1 6
9x = 5
e 4x 3y = 2
(1)
y = 6x + 7
(2)
4x 3(6x + 7) = 2
4x + 18x 21 = 2
14x 21 = 2
14x = 2 + 21
14x = 23
x=
Substitute
23
14
x=
23
14
for x in (2)
y = 6
y=
69
7
y=
20
7
23
14
+7
49
7
f y = 10 x
(1)
2x + 7y = 5
(2)
2x + 7(10 x) = 5
2x + 70 7x = 5
2x 7x = 5 70
5x = 65
x = 13
y = 10 13
y = 3
Solution (13, 3)
3 a 9x + 10y = 153
3x y = 12
(1) 1
9x + 10y = 153
(2) 10 30x 10y = 120
Add (3) and (4): 39x = 273
x=
4x + 2
19
2
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
19
2
for y in (2)
19
2
= 21
4x + 19 = 21
4x = 21 19
4x = 2
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
273
39
x=
2
4
x=
1
2
Solution ( 12 , 192 )
e 7y x = 11
x + y = 10
Re-arrange (2)
7y x = 11
y + x = 10
Add (1) and (3): 8y = 21
y=
Substitute
x+
90
10
y=9
Solution (7, 9)
b 7x 11y = 13
x + y = 11
7x 11y = 13
(1) 1
(2) 11 11x + 11y = 121
10
5
y=
Substitute
x=7
9 7 + 10y = 153
63 + 10y = 153
10y = 153 63
10y = 90
y=
x=1
2 1 + 5y = 8
2 + 5y = 8
5y = 8 2
5y = 10
y=
65
5
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
34
34
y = 2
Solution (1, 2)
d 3x + y = 8
4x + 2y = 21
12x + 4y = 32
(1) 4
(2) 3
12x + 6y = 63
Add (3) and (4): 10y = 95
95
y = 10
23 20
Solution ( 14
, 7 )
x=
108
18
21
8
21
8
for y in (2)
= 10
x = 10
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
21
8
x=
80
8
x=
59
8
Solution ( 598 , 21
)
8
21
8
21
8
(1)
(2)
(1)
(3)
Linear functions
f x 11y = 15
y + 6x = 9
Re-arrange (2)
x 11y = 15
6x + y = 9
x 11y = 15
(1) 1
(3) 11 66x + 11y = 99
Add (4) and (5)
67x = 84
x=
Add (1) and (2)

2x = 44
x=
(1)
(3)
(4)
(5)
84
67
for x in (2)
y+6
84
67
=9
504
67
=9
y=9
504
67
y=
603
67
y=
99
67
s=
Solution ( 84
, 99 )
67 67
4 Let n = cost of choc. balls
F = cost of fizz-wizzers
Equations:
10n + 8F = 430 cents
6n + 9F = 405 cents
(1) 3 30n + 24F = 1290
(2) 5 30n + 45F = 2025
(4) (3)
21F = 735
F=
8 Let L = cost per day limousine

S = cost per day sedan
Equations:
2L + 3S = 675
(1)
L = 3S
(2)
2 3S + 3S = 675
6S + 3S = 675
9S = 675
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
c=
90
6
675
9
S = 75
Substitute 75 for S in (2)
L = 3 75
L = 225
Limousine costs $225
(Sedan costs $75)
82
2
9 Let s = square panels

c = circular panels
Equations:
13s + 22c = 1205
s + c = 65
Ans is A.
7 Let b = cost of a basketball

c = cost of a cricket ball
Equations:
24b + 16c = 275.60
12b + 32c = 211.00
(1) 1 24b + 16c = 27 560
(2) 2 24b + 64c = 42 200
(4) (3)
48c = 14 640
735
21
S=
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
s = 41
Substitute 41 for s in (1)
e + 41 = 57
e = 57 41
e = 16
Solution 16 emus, 41 sheep.
F = 35
Substitute 35 for F in (2)
6n + 9 35 = 405
6n + 316 = 405
6n = 405 315
6n = 90
n=
44
2
6 Let e = no. of emus

s = no. of sheep
Equations
e + s = 57
2e + 4s = 196
(1) 2
2e + 2s = 114
2e + 4s = 196
(2) 1
2s = 82
(4) (3)
504
67
Solution
Basketball costs $9.45
Cricket ball costs $3.05
x = 22
22 + y = 41
y = 41 22
y = 19
Solution 22 and 19.
84
67
Substitute
y+
(1)
(2)
MM11 CAS-1
10
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(1)
(2)
11x + 2y = 121
10x + 12y = 222
(1) 6 66x + 12y = 726
(1)
(2)
(3)
(2) 1 10x + 12y = 222

56x = 504
(3) (4)
(4)
x=
504
56
x = 9
14 640
48
c = 305 cents
Substitute 305 for c in (2)
12b + 32 305 = 21 100
10x 9 + 12y = 222

n = 15
90 + 12y = 222
Choc. ball costs 15 cents
12y = 222 + 90
Fizz-wizzer costs 35 cents
12b + 9760 = 21 100
y = 132
12
5 Let x = first whole number
12b = 21 100 9760
132
y = 12
y = 2nd whole number
12b = 11 340
Equations
y = 11
b = 1112340
x + y = 41
(1)
Solution (9, 11)
xy=3
(2)
b = 945 cents
Ans is D.
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Exercise 1F Finding the equation of a straight line

Equation 1
( y1)
Gradient of
equation 1
( m1)
a y = 2x + 1
b y = 3x 4
c y=
1
4
dy=
2
5
e y=
9
7
Gradient of
equation 2
( m2)
m1 m2
y = 12 x
12
2 12 = 1
y = 13 x + 2
13
3 13 = 1
x+6
1
4
y = 4x 9
1
4
x3
2
5
y = 52 x + 4
52
9
7
y=
Equation 2
( y2)
7
9
x+1
7
9
2
5
9
7
4 = 1
52 = 1
7
9
= 1
MM11 CAS-1
10
2 a y = 2x + 1,
If x = 0
If y = 0
Linear functions
4 a
y=1
0 = 2x + 1
2x = 1
x=
m1 = 4
m1m2 = 1
4 m2 = 1
m2 = 14
1
2
Gradient = 14
y= x
1
2
If x = 0
y=0
If x = 1
y = 12
m1 = 9
m1m2 = 1
m2 = m1
Lines are perpendicular.

d y=
If x = 0
y = 3
If y = 0
0=
2
5
3 b y = 3x 4,
If x = 0
If y = 0
y = 4
0 = 3x 4
3x = 4
x=
4
3
y = 13 x + 2
If x = 0
y=2
If y = 0
0 = 13 x + 2
1
3
y=
5
2
m2 =
1
9
Gradient =
x3
2
5
m2 =
1
9
x3
2
5
x=
x=
15
2
1
7
m1m2 = 1
1
m2 = 1 = 1
x=3
3 5
2
m1 =
1
9
m2 = 7
Gradient = 7
x+4
If x = 0
y=4
If y = 0
0=
5
2
5
2
m1 = 89
m1m2 = 1
x+4
m2 = m1
x=4
x=2
x=
x=23
x=6
2 4
5
x=
8
5
m2 =
1
8
9
m2 = 1
m2 =
9
8
m1 =
7
2
9
8
m1m2 = 1
m2 = m1
e y=
c y=
1
4
x+6
m2 =
If x = 0
y=0
If x = 1
y=
y=
9
7
7
9
y=1
0=
7
9
If x = 0
y=6
If y = 0
0=
1
4
1
4
x+6
x = 6
7
9
Gradient = 72
x+1
x = 1
x=
1 9
7
x=
9
7
x = 6 4
x = 24
y = 4x 9
If x = 0
If y = 0
9
4
m1 = 1
m1m2 = 1
m2 = m1
m2 =
1
1
m2 = 1
Gradient = 1
5 a y = 5x + 2
m1 = 5
m1m2 = 1
y = 9
0 = 4x 9
4x = 9
x=
m2 = 72
x+1
If x = 0
7
2
m2 = 1
9
7
If y = 0
m2 =
1
m1
m2 =
1
5
2
7
7
1
Linear functions
m2 =
6 a
1
5
Gradient =
1
5
b y=x1
m1 = 1
m1m2 = 1
m2 =
1
m1
m2 =
1
1
m2 = 1
Gradient = 1
c y=
2
3
x+1
m1 =
2
3
m1m2 = 1
m2 =
m2 =
1
m1
1
2
3
m2 = 1
3
2
m2 = 32
Gradient = 32
d y=
7
6
x2
m1 =
7
6
m1m2 = 1
m2 = m1
(1, 2) gradient 3
y y1 = m(x x1)
y 2 = 3(x 1)
y 2 = 3x 3
y = 3x 3 + 2
ii
y = 3x 1
Re-arranging
y 3x + 1 = 0
i
3x y 1 = 0
(4, 1) gradient 5
y y1 = m(x x1)
y 1 = 5(x 4)
y 1 = 5x 20
y = 5x 20 + 1
ii
y = 5x 19
Re-arranging
y 5x + 19 = 0
i
5x y 19 = 0
(3, 2) gradient 1
y y1 = m(x x1)
y 2 = 1(x 3)
y + 2 = x + 3
y = x + 3 2
ii
y = x + 1
Re-arranging
y+x1=0
i
x+y1=0
m2 = 1
m2 =
6
7
Gradient =
e
6
7
6
7
ii
2x + y = 5
y = 2x + 5
m1 = 2
m1m2 = 1
1
m1
m2 =
m2 =
1
2
m2 =
1
2
Gradient =
1
2
y =
3
4
m1 =
3
4
7
4
1
m1
m2 =
1
3
4
m2 = 1
m2 =
Ans.
Ans.
4
3
Gradient = 43
y2=
1
(x
2
+ 3)
y2=
1
2
x+
3
2
y=
1
2
x+
3
2
y=
1
2
x + 72
m=
1
2
m=
1
2
y2=
y=
ii
4
3
4
4
Ans.
Ans.
Ans.
m=
y2 y1
x2 x1
m=
23
86
m=
1
2
m = 12
y y1 = m(x x1)
Ans.
y = 12 x + 3 + 3
ii
y = 12 x + 6
Ans.
Re-arranging
2y = x + 12
2y + x 12 = 0
x + 2y 12 = 0
Ans.
+2
Ans.
i
d
(2, 2) (0, 1)
m=
y2 y1
x2 x1
m=
1 2
02
m=
1+ 2
02
m=
3
2
m=
3
2
Ans.
y y1 = m(x x1)
1
(x
2
1
2
m=
(6, 3) (8, 2)
y y1 = m(x x1)
m1m2 = 1
m2 =
3)
Re-arranging
2y = x + 7
2y x 7 = 0
i
x 2y + 7 = 0
(5, 2) (3, 1)
y y1
m= 2
x2 x1
f 3x 4y = 7
4y = 3x + 7
4y = 3x 7
5 1
5 1
y 3 = 12 x + 3
y2=
1 2
35
m=
y 3 = 12 (x 6)
1
(x
2
m=
y2 y1
x2 x1
m=1
y y1 = m(x x1)
y 1 = 1(x 1)
y1=x1
y=x1+1
ii
y=x
Re-arranging
yx=0
i
xy=0
y y1 = m(x x1)
1
7
6
m=
Ans.
Ans.
11
(1, 1) (5, 5)
1
2
(3, 2) gradient
m2 =
MM11 CAS-1
y 2 =
3
(x
2
2)
y+2=
3
(x
2
2)
y+2=
3
2
x+3
y=
3
2
x+32
y=
3
2
x+1
5)
5
2
5
2
y=
1
2
y=
1
2
x 12
+2
+
4
2
Re-arranging
2y = x 1
2y x + 1 = 0
i
x 2y 1 = 0
Ans.
ii
Ans.
Re-arranging
Ans.
2y = 3x + 2
2y + 3x 2 = 0
3x + 2y 2 = 0
Ans.
12
MM11 CAS-1
Linear functions
m = tan
m = tan 45
m=1
y y1 = m(x x1)
y 3 = 1(x 3)
y+3=x3
y=x33
y=x6
= 71.565
m = tan
(7, 2)
y 6 = 13 (x 3)
y 6 = 13 (x + 3)
y 6 = 13 x 1
(4, 7)
2
5
2
5
y y1 = m(x x1)
y 7 =
2
(x
5
4)
y+7=
2
(x
5
4)
y+7=
2
5
8
5
y=
2
5
8
5
y=
2
5
8
5
y=
2
5
43
5
3x + 6y = 8
(2, 2)
6y = 3x + 8
y=
3
6
x+
8
6
y=
1
2
x+
4
3
m=
1
2
m1 = m2 =
1
2
y y1 = m(x x1)
y2=
1
2
(x 2)
x+3
6x + 7y 2 = 0
7y = 6x + 2
y=
6
7
m=
6
7
x+
y 3 =
(4, 0)
11
1
6
7
7
6
7
6
y0=
7
(x
6
4)
y=
7
(x
6
4)
y=
7
6
x+
35
5
m=
(1)
(2)
6
4
y=
3
4
6
4
y=
3
4
18
4
y=
3
4
9
2
x = 2
2 + 4y = 14
4y = 14 + 2
4y = 12
y = 412
7x 3y 19 = 0
3x + 2y + 5 = 0
7x 3y = 19
3x + 2y = 5
Solve simultaneously
(1) 2 14x 6y = 38
(2) 3
9x + 6y = 15
Add (3) and (4)
23x = 23
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
23
23
x=1
3 1 + 2y = 5
3 + 2y = 5
2y = 5 3
2y = 8
y=
8
2
y = 4
Point of intersection (1, 4)
5x 2y = 3
2y = 5x + 3
y = 52 x
3
4
y = 3
3
4
10
5
x + 4y = 14
5x + 2y = 4
x + 4y = 14
(1) 1
(2) 2 10x + 4y = 8
(4) (3)
11x = 22
x = 2211
2)
x=
14
3
m=2
y = 3x 5
y = 2x + 5
Solve simultaneously
2x + 5 = 3x 5
2x 3x = 5 5
5x = 10
3
(x
4
y+3=
2
7
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
3
2
m = 52
x=2
y=325
y=65
y=1
Point of intersection
(2, 1)
y y1 = m(x x1)
y 1 = 2(x 2)
y 1 = 2x 4
y = 2x 4 + 1
y = 2x 3
y = 13 x + 5
m1 = m2 =
y=
1
2
x=
y = 13 x 1 + 6
m=
x+1+2
Point of intersection is (2, 3)

y y1 = m(x x1)
y y1 = m(x x1)
1
3
x9
1
2
m2 =
y y1 = m(x x1)
2
5
y=
m2 = 1
(3, 6)
m=3
m1m2 = 1
1
m2 =
m1
y=
x+1
m2 =
10 a y = 3x + 1
1
2
m1m2 = 1
1
m2 =
m1
m = tan 71.565
m = 2.999 991 068
m3
y y1 = m(x x1)
y 2 = 3(x 7)
y + 2 = 3x 21
y = 3x 21 2
y = 3x 23
m2 =
y2=
m1 = m2
m2 = 52
y y1 = m(x x1)
y 4 = 52 (x 1)
y + 4 = 52 (x 1)
y + 4 = 52 x +
5
2
y = 52 x +
5
2
y = 52 x
3
2
8
2
12 y = 3x + 4 5x 3y + 40 = 0
a
m=
6
7
Point of intersection; solve

simultaneously
y = 3x + 4
(1)
(2)
5x 3y + 40 = 0
5x 3(3x + 4) + 40 = 0
5x + 9x 12 + 40 = 0
14x + 28 = 0
14x = 28
28
x = 14
x = 2
Linear functions
y = 3 2 + 4
y=6+4
y = 10
Point of intersection (2, 10)
y y1 = m(x x1)
y 10 =
6
7
(x 2)
y 10 =
6
7
(x + 2)
y 10 =
6
7
x+
12
7
y=
6
7
x+
12
7
+ 10
y=
6
7
x+
12
7
y=
6
7
x+
82
7
Gradient m1 =
70
7
2
3
m2 = 1
3
(x
2
2)
y 10 = 32 (x + 2)
y 10 = 32 x 3 + 10
y= x+7
3
2
Point of intersection
2nd point
y y
m= 2 1
x2 x1
m=
9 10
1 2
m=
9 10
1 + 2
m=
1
1
(2, 10)
(1, 9)
= 1
y y1 = m(x x1)
y 10 = 1(x 2)
y 10 = 1(x + 2)
y 10 = x 2
y = x 2 + 10
y = x + 8
(8, 5)
1
4
+ 10
y= x
1
4
y = 18 x +
39
4
1
8
40
4
13 (8, 5) (4, 3) (a, 12)

Gradients between successive
points are the same.
(8, 5)
(4, 3)
y2 y1
m=
x2 x1
3 5
4 8
(0, 4)
y y
m= 2 1
x2 x1
m=
45
0 8
m=
1
8
m=
2
12
m=
1
6
(a, 12)
y2 y1
m=
x2 x1
y y1 = m(x x1)
y = 18 x
For (4, 3)
3
2
m2 = 32
1
4
3 + 5
m=
4+8
y 10 =
y 10 = 18 x
m=
2
3
m1m2 = 1
1
m2 =
m1
m2 =
y 10 = 18 (x + 2)
Passes through point of

intersection at (2, 10)
y y1 = m(x x1)
y 10 = 18 (x 2)
m=
12 3
a4
m=
12 + 3
a4
15
a4
Equating, gives
m=
1
6
15
a4
1(a 4) = 6 15
a 4 = 90
a = 90 + 4
a = 94
14 (2, 7) (6, 9)
y y1 = m(x x1)
97
y7=
(x 2)
62
y7=
2
(x 2)
4
y7=
1
(x 2)
2
2(y 7) = x 2
2y 14 = x 2
2y = x + 12
x + 12 2y = 0
Sub in x = 4 from (4, 8)
4 + 12 2y = 0
16 2y = 0
16 = 2y
y=8
(4, 8) lies on the same line.
(Alternatively, calculate the gradient
of the line joining (2, 7) and (6, 9)
MM11 CAS-1
13
and compare it with the gradient of

the line joining (2, 7) with (4, 8). If
the gradients are the same, the points
lie on the same line.)
15 Let
H = Height of tree
t = time in months after
planting
H = at + b
a = ht/month
b = orig ht.
(1)
34 = 2a + b
(2)
52 = 5a + b
(2) (1)
18 = 3a
a = 183
a=6
Substitute 6 for a in (1)
34 = 2 6 + b
34 = 12 + b
b = 34 12
b = 22
Equation is
H = 6t + 22
H = 22 + 6t
or
Exercise 1G Distance
between two points and
midpoint of a segment
1 a (4, 5)
(1, 1)
d = ( x2 x1 ) 2 + ( y2 y1 ) 2
= (1 4)2 + (1 5)2
= ( 3)2 + (4)2
= 9 + 16
= 25
=5
b (7, 14) (15, 8)

d = ( x2 x1 ) 2 + ( y2 y1 ) 2
= (15 7) 2 + (8 14)2
= 82 + (6) 2
= 64 + 36
= 100
= 10
c (2, 4)
(2, 3)
d = ( x2 x1 ) 2 + ( y2 y1 ) 2
= (2 2)2 + (3 4) 2
= 02 + ( 1)2
= 0 +1
= 1
=1
d (12, 8) (10, 8)
d = ( x2 x1 )2 + ( y2 y1 )2
= (10 12) 2 + (8 8) 2
14
MM11 CAS-1
Linear functions
d (d, 2d)
= (2)2 + (0) 2
=1
(5, 1)
d = ( x2 x1 ) 2 + ( y2 y1 ) 2
= 4+0
= (1 d ) 2 + (5 2d )2
= 4
(1, 5)
=2
a (14, 10)
= 1 2d + d 2 + 25 20d + 4d 2
(8, 14)
2
d = ( x2 x1 ) + ( y2 y1 )
= 5d 2 22d + 26
= (8 14) + (14 10)
d(AB)
= 36 + 16
= ( x2 x1 ) 2 + ( y2 y1 ) 2
= 52
= 7.211
b (6, 7) (13, 6)
2
= (13 6) + (6 7)
= 442
= 21.024 km
5 a
= 49 + 196
d = ( x2 x1 ) + ( y2 y1 )
= 215.93 m
216 m (nearest metre)
2
= (2 11)2 + (2 1) 2
= (2 + 11) 2 + (2 1) 2
= 132 + 12
= 169 + 1
= 170
b d=
d = ( x2 x1 )2 + ( y2 y1 ) 2
= 4 4a + a 2 + 4
= a 2 4a + 8
(0, 6)
d = ( x2 x1 ) 2 + ( y2 y1 )2
= b 2 12b + 61
c (c, 2) (4, c)
d = ( x2 x1 ) 2 + ( y2 y1 ) 2
= (4 c) 2 + (c 2) 2
= 16 8c + c 2 + c 2 4c + 4
= c 2 + c 2 8c 4c + 16 + 4
= 2c 2 12c + 20
= 2(c 2 6c + 10)
4
2
3+5
2
8
2
=4
(2, 4)
= (0 5)2 + (6 b)2
= 25 + 36 12b + b 2
1+ 3
2
=2
y + y2
ym = 1
2
= (2 a) 2 + (3 1)2
= (5)2 + (6 b )2
(320 225) 2 + (148 96) 2
(6, 4) (4, 2)
xm =
x1 + x2
2
6+4
=
2
10
2
=5
y + y2
ym = 1
2
=
4 + 2
2
2
2
(6, 3) (10, 15)

xm =
x1 + x2
2
6 + 10
2
16
2
=8
y + y2
ym = 1
2
( x2 x1 ) 2 + ( y2 y1 ) 2
= 108.3 m
108 m (nearest metre)
6 a (1, 3) (3, 5)
x + x2
xm = 1
2
= 13.038
(a, 1) (2, 3)
b (5, b)
(225 80) 2 + (96 64) 2
= 218
= 14.765
c (11, 1) (2, 2)
( x2 x1 ) 2 + ( y2 y1 ) 2
d=
4
2
=2
(7, 2)
= 361 + 81
= 7 2 + 132
3 a
= 192 + 92
d = ( x2 x1 )2 + ( y2 y1 ) 2
14
2
=7
y + y2
ym = 1
2
3 +1
=
2
= (8 + 14) 2 + (14 10)2

= 62 + 42
(2, 3) (12, 1)
x + x2
xm = 1
2
2 + 12
=
2
3 + 15
2
18
2
=9
(8, 9)
7
a (7, 2) (4, 13)

x + x2
xm = 1
2
7 + 4
2
3
2
= 1 12
ym =
x1 + x2
2
ym =
2 + 13
2
11
2
= 5 12
(1 12 , 5 12 )
(6, 29)
b (0, 22)
x + x2
xm = 1
2
0 + 6
2
6
2
= 3
Linear functions
y1 + y2
2
ym =
22 + 29
2
7
2
= 3 12
c (15, 8)
(4, 11)
x1 + x2
xm =
2
15 + 4
=
2
y +y
ym = 1 2
2
8 + 11
=
2
19
2
=9
1
2
(9 , 9 12 )
3 + 0
2
3
2
= 1 12
13
2
(1 12 ,
8
(6a, 5a)
x1 + x2
xm =
2
2 a + 6a
=
2
8a
2
= 4a
x +x
ym = 1 2
2
a + 5a
ym =
2
=
6a
2
= 3a
(4a, 3a)
ym =
x1 + x2
2
= 1.5
D2 = (1.5, 1.5)
(iii) (13, 8) (3, 7)
x +x
xm = 1 2
2
4
2
xm =
8=
x1 + x2
2
a+7
2
(4.5, 5) (1.5, 3.5)

xm =
x1 + x2
2
4.5 + 1.5
2
3.0
=
2
= 1.5
y +y
ym = 1 2
2
13 + 3
2
16
2
(D3)
8 + 7
2
15
2
= 7.5
D3 = (8, 7.5)
82=a+7
16 = a + 7
a = 16 7 = 9
10 (i)
(D2)
=8
y +y
ym = 1 2
2
a+5
2
b A (a, 0) B (7, 3) M (8, 32 )
a (2a, a)
3
2
10 = a + 5
a = 10 5
a=5
1
)
2
3
2
5=
= 6 12
3f + g
2
A (2, a) B (6, 5) M (4, 5)

y y
a
ym = 1 2
2
40 + 27
=
2
1.5 + 4.5
2
3 f + g
, 2
2
y1 + y2
2
ym =
2 + 5
2
=2
8.5
2
d (3, 40) (0, 27)

x +x
xm = 1 2
2
x +x
xm = 1 2
2
5 + 1
ym =
2
1
2
5 + 3.5
2
15
= 1.5
y +y
ym = 1 2
2
(g, 1)
c (3f, 5)
= 9 12
6c
2
= 3c
(8, 3c)
19
2
= 4.25
D1 = (1.5, 4.25)
(ii) (1.5, 2) (4.5, 5)
x +x
xm = 1 2
2
16
2
=8
x +x
ym = 1 2
2
3c + 3c
ym =
2
(3, 3 12 )
(5, 3c)
(11, 3c)
x1 + x2
xm =
2
5 + 11
=
2
MM11 CAS-1
(D1)
11 (1, 7) (3, 3)
Midpoint:
xm =
x1 + x2
2
1 + 3
2
2
2
=1
y +y
ym = 1 2
2
=
7 + 3
2
4
2
= 2
Line has m = 5 and passes through
(1, 2)
Equation:
y y1 = m(x x1)
y 2 = 5(x 1)
16
MM11 CAS-1
Linear functions
y + 2 = 5x 5
y = 5x 5 2
y = 5x 7
Yes, it would be advisable to sign

up for the service plan as you
would save $40.
a C = 8m + 60
b Cost in $
12 9x 3y = 5
3y = 9x + 5
3y = 9x 5
y=
9
3
y = 3x
5
2
x1 + x2
2
0 + 2
=
2
6
2
Opus:
Let C = cost of a call
m = no. of mins. made
C = 14 + 1 n
C = 14 + n
(1)
Elstra:
C = 2n
(2)
a 10 min call
C = 14 + 10 = $24
Opus
Elstra C = 2 10 = $20
Opus = $24 compared with
Elstra $20.
=3
Midpoint (1, 3)
Line has m = 3 and passes through
(1, 3)
Equation:
y y1 = m(x x1)
y 3 = 3(x 1)
y 3 = 3(x + 1)
y 3 = 3x + 3
y = 3x + 3 + 3
y = 3x + 6
Exercise 1H Linear
modelling
1 Let C = cost of hiring
t = number of hours
a C = 5t + 25
b Cost in $
c If t = 3
c = 5 3 + 25
c = 15 + 25
c = $40.
2 Let C = total cost of a singing
telegram
n = time in mins. sung
P = 32 + 10n
1
100
or P = 0.1n + 32
b Total payment
= 1
y +y
ym = 1 2
2
4 + 10
2
c Charge for a 5 min telegram:

c = 8m + 60 t = 5
c = 8 5 + 60
c = 40 + 60
c = $100.
Let P = Total payment received in $
n = cost per leaflet
a
2
2
Aqua World:
C = 8 + 2.5n
[1]
Fun World:
C = 12 + 1.5n
[2]
(1) = (2)
8 + 2.5n = 12 + 1.5n
2.5n 1.5n = 12 8
1.0n = 4
n=4
or
After 4 rides, Fun World becomes
the cheaper option.
5
3
Gradient = 3
(0, 4) (2, 10)
Midpoint:
xm =
c n = 1650
P = 0.1 1650 + 32
P = 165 + 32
P = 197
Colleens pay is $197.
Let S = Salespersons payment
n = No. of households signed up
Then S = 300 + 20n
or
S = 20n + 300
n = 33
If
S = 20 33 + 300
S = 660 + 300
S = 960
Salesperson receives $960
5 Service plan:
Let
C = total charge
n = no. of hours
C = 215 + 65n
or
C = 65n + 215
Flat rate plan
C = 150n
For 3 hours
Service plan:
C = 65 3 + 215
C = 195 + 215
C = 410
Cost is $410 on service plan
Flat rate plan:
C = 150 3
C = 450
Cost here is $450.
(1)
(2)
b To be cheaper costs equal

14 + n = 2n
14 = 2n n
n = 14
After 14 mins it would be
cheaper to use Opus.
8
PinkCabs:
Let C = cost
n = no. of km travelled
C = 6 + 1.5n
[1]
NoTop taxis
C = 8 + 1.2n
[2]
a For a 15 km journey
PinkCabs: C = 6 + 1.5n
C = 6 + 1.5 15
C = 6 + 22.50
C = 28.5
Cost = $28.50
NoTop: C = 8 + 1.2n
= 8 + 1.2 15
= 8 + 18
C = 26
Cost = $26.00
b For cost to be same for both
companies
(1) = (2)
6 + 1.5n = 8 + 1.2n
1.5n 1.2n = 8 6
0.3n = 2
n=
2
0.3
20
3
n = 6.7 km
= 6 23
Linear functions
Medirank:
C = 860 + 100n
T2 =
(1)
HAB:
C = 560 + 150n
4 R
=
GM
(2)
(1) = (2)
860 + 100n = 560 + 150n
860 560 = 150n 100n
300 = 50n
n=
300
50
n=6
Both health services cost the same
after 6 visits.
10 Nifty:
C = 135 + 50d
(1)
Savus:
C = 65d
(2)
(1) = (2)
135 + 50d = 65d
135 = 65d 50d
135 = 15d
d=
135
15
d=9
Savus would be cheaper for up to
9 days.
Short answer
3(5 x 4) 6(4 x + 3)
1
=
7
5
Multiply by 35
5 3(5x 4) = 7 6 (4x + 3)
15(5x 4) = 42(4x + 3)
75x 60 = 168x + 126
60 126 = 168x 75x
186 = 93x
186
x = 93
x = 2
3(7 x + 8)
= 4x 9
10
3(7x + 8) = 10(4x 9)
21x + 24 = 40x 90
24 + 90 = 40x 21x
114 = 19x
x = 114
19
x=6
3( x + 4) 1 x
4
2
3( x + 4) 2(1 x)
4
4
3x 12 2 2x
12 2 3x 2x
14 x
x 14
m 4 2 R
GmM
4
=
2
R
T2
2
GmM T = m4 2R R2
GmMT 2 = m4 2R3
m=
4 2 R3
GM
T=
= 2 R
R
GM
11 m =
2
5
1
2
y=
2
4
x+
y=
1
2
x2
y=
12 a
c2 = ( 6 )2 + ( 9 )2
c2 = 6 + 9
y-intercept = 2
y-intercept = 3
2
5
x3
y = 3x + 24
If x = 0
y = 24
0 = 3x + 24
If y = 0
3x = 24
x=
c = 15
b 3.873
Rise
6 a m=
Run
6
8
3
4
b m=
=
c m=
=
d m=
m=
24
3
x=8
Rise
Run
x + 8y = 40
8y = 40
If x = 0
7
11
y=
Rise
Run
If y = 0
5
11
40
8
y=5
x = 40
x = 40
y2 y1
x2 x1
3 10
12 4
3 + 10
m=
12 + 4
m=
8
4
y = mx + c
5 a c2 = a2 + b2
Chapter review
m 4 2 R 3
GmM
2
17
MM11 CAS-1
9x 7y 63 = 0
If x = 0 7y 63 = 0
7y = 63
y=
7
8
m = 78
If y = 0
7 (7, 15)
(2, 6)
y2 y1
m=
x2 x1
m=
6 15
2 7
m=
21
9
63
7
y = 9
9x 63 = 0
9x = 63
x=
63
9
x=7
m = 73
8 m = tan
m = tan 77
m = 4.331
9 Undefined (vertical line)

10 a y = 3x 7
m = 3 y-intercept = 7
b
5x + 3y = 30
3y = 5x + 30
y + 6x = 0
If x = 0 y + 0 = 0
y=0
If x = 1 y + 6 = 0
y = 6
y = 53 x + 10
m = 53 y-intercept = 10
c
2x 4y 8 = 0
4y = 2x + 8
13 a
y = 3x + 10
y = 2x 15
(1)
(2)
18
MM11 CAS-1
Linear functions
N + 25 + N = 67
For y = 3x + 10
y = 10
If x = 0
0 = 3x + 10
If y = 0
3x = 10
2N + 25 = 67
2N = 67 25
2N = 42
10
3
x=
m2 =
N = 21
Substitute 21 for N in (2)
For y = 2x 15
y = 15
If x = 0
0 = 2x 15
If y = 0
2x = 15
17 3x 9y = 7
Gradient:
9y = 3x + 7
b
14
(5, 5)
y = 3x
y = 6x 15
3x = 6x 15
3x 6x = 15
9x = 15
Substitute
5
3
x=
15
9
x=
5
3
5
3
y = 5
x1 y1
(4, 8)
y y
m= 2 1
x2 x1
m=
4x 7y = 21
2x + y = 6
(1) 1 4x 7y = 21
(2) 7 14x + 7y = 42
(3) + (4)
10x = 63
x=
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
63
10
63
= 10
63
Substitute 10
for x in (2)
2 ( 1063 ) + y = 6
33
5
3
1
21 (2, 7)
(a, 2)
d=
( x2 x1 ) 2 + ( y2 y1 )2
41 =
(a 2) 2 + (2 7) 2
41 =
(a 2) 2 + (2 + 7) 2
41 =
(a 2)2 + 52
41 = (a 2)2 + 25
(a 2)2 = 41 25
(a 2)2 = 16
a 2 = 16
a 2 = 4
If a 2 = 4 If a 2 = 4
a=4+2
a = 4 + 2
a=6
a = 2
But a is positive
So a = 6
22 Let A = (3, 7), B = (3, 3), C = (6, 3)
(3 3) 2 + (3 7) 2 = 4
m = 77
BC =
(6 3)2 + (3 3)2 = 3
m = 1
y y1 = m(x x1)
y 8 = 1(x 4)
y 8 = 1(x + 4)
y 8 = x 4
y = x 4 + 8
y = x + 4
AC =
(6 3) 2 + (3 7) 2
(1, 4)
y y1 = m(x x1)
y 4 = 76 (x 1)
7(y 4) = 6(x 1)
7y 28 = 6x + 6
( 1063 , 533 )
n = No. of $1 coins
N = No. of $2 coins
n + N = 67
(1)
n = N + 25
(2)
1 8
3 4
4
1
AB =
63
5
63
5
x2 y2
(3, 1)
7
m=
3+ 4
19 m = 76
+y=6
30
5
1
3
7
9
m2 = 3
for x in (1)
m=
m2 = 1
18
y=6
1
3
7
9
For m lines
m1m2 = 1
1
m2 =
m1
(1)
(2)
Solution = ( 53 , 5)
63
5
y=
x+
Gradient of m line = 3
y = 3
15
3
9
1
4
m2 = 4
y y1 = m(x x1)
y 6 = 4(x 8)
y 6 = 4(x + 8)
y 6 = 4x 32
y = 4x 32 + 6
y = 4x 26
n = 46
Solution: 21 $2 coins and 46 $1
coins
y=
m2 = 1
n = 21 + 25
15
2
x=
m1m2 = 1
1
m2 =
m1
16 Let
m=
1
4
xm =
x1 + x2
2
20 =
10k
2
40 = 10k
7y = 6x + 34
k=4
x+
x 5 (8, 6)
1
4
23 (k, 2h) (9k, 6h + 2)

Midpoint: (20, 11)
k=
6
7
34
7
9 + 16
= 25 = 5.
A 3, 4, 5 triangle is a right angle
triangle as 52 = 32 + 42.
7y = 6x + 6 + 28
y=
20 y =
40
10
y1 + y2
2
ym =
11 =
2 h + 6h + 2
2
22 = 8h + 2
22 2 = 8h
24 = 8h
h=
24
8
h = 3
24 Let C = Total charge
t = Hourly rate
Linear functions
C = 75 + 65t
a
b
C = 75 + 65 3.5
C = 75 + 227.50
C = 302.5
Cost = $302.50
Multiple choice
7 x 33
1
= 99
3
Multiply both sides by 3:
D
7x 33 = 99 3
2 3x + 7 = 8
3x = 8 7
3x = 15
a+5
4
12 = a + 5
a = 12 5
a=7
D
(1, 0)
(4, 10)
y y
m= 2 1
x2 x1
=
10 0
4 1
10
5
13
m=
D
K=
A
m=2v=4K=
1
2
2 16 = 16
m=4v=2K=
1
2
44=8
m=8v=
m=8v=1K=
1
2
1
4
15
=1
m=
81=4
v2 = 13
7
m=
2
3
c=
7
3
7
3
5
2
x5
=1
2x + y = 5
y = 2x + 5
3x 6y = 12
6y = 3x + 12
=
1
7
16
16
7
3
6
1
2
(1, 2)
(2, 3)
x+
x2
m=
3 2
2 1
m=
3 + 2
2 1
m=
1
1
m = 1
Equation
y y1 = m(x x1)
y 2 = 1(x 1)
y + 2 = x + 1
y = x + 1 2
y = x 1
y+x+1=0
5
2
y
5
1
m1
y y
m= 2 1
x2 x1
2
3
y=
m = 63
20
2
3
rearranging and 2
2y = 5x 10
2y 5x = 10
5x 2y = 10
dividing by 10
16
Rise
Run
m = 2
5
16
7
16
m2 = 1
rise
run
x
2
x+
m2 = 167
y=
7
16
m2 =
y-intercept = 5
6 P = m1v1 + m2v2
P = 10, m1 = 2, m2 = 6, v1 = 4
10 = 2 4 + 6 v2
10 = 8 + 6v2
6v2 = 10 8
6v2 = 2
v2 =
7x + 5
16
m2 =
14 y = 2x + c
y-intercept is +c,
gradient is positive, so Graph B.
Ans is D.
2
6
y=
2x 3y = 7
3y = 2x + 7
3y = 2x 7
2
3
16y = 7x + 5
x1
6
7
y=
1
2
y=
1
7
Gradient of perpendicular
m1m2 = 1
y-intercept = 23
K=
19
Gradient =
If x = 0 y =
7 m2 = 1
m2 =
12 y = 12x +
1
2
18
m = 76
1
2
mv
3=
11 y =
c2 = a2 + b2
a2 = c2 b2
a = c b
a 5
62
Rise = 6
Run = 7
Slopes up to right
x 52
3=
19
y = 2x 13
(1)
y = 7x + 2
(2)
Solve by substitution
i.e. sub [2] into [1]
or put [1] equal to [2] E
10 m = + 76
x + 14 6(x + 2)
x + 14 6x + 12
14 12 6x x
2 5x
4
17
= 2
x = 153
x = 5
x + 14
2(x + 2)
3
y2 y1
x2 x1
m=
MM11 CAS-1
21 y 7 = 5(x 1)
y 7 = 5x 5
y = 5x 5 + 7
y = 5x + 2
m=5
If x = 1
y=51+2
y=5+2
y=7
22
(2, 1)
d=
23
E
(4, 3)
2
( x2 x1 ) + ( y2 y1 )2
= (4 2) 2 + (3 1) 2
12
6
(11, 3)
(5, 17)
x1 + x2
xm =
2
MM11 CAS-1
20
11 + 5
2
6
2
Linear functions
= 1
Gradient AD = Gradient BC
= 1
Let D have coordinates (x, y)
=3
ym =
y1 + y2
2
3 + 17
2
14
2
1 =
y y
m= 2 1
x2 x1
B
D
12 6
14 8
y6
x 1
m=
16 12
20 14
m = 66
m=
4
6
=
(1)
m=1
m=
2
3
Gradients are not equal.

Arm will not travel exactly in one
direction.
A
B
C
(1, 6)
(0, 0)
(2, 2)
Parallelogram
2 + 1
2
1
2
(5, 12 )
(0, 7)
y +y
ym = 1 2
2
4+0
2
=2
= 4
x1 + x2
2
B
(6, 2)
D
(0, 7)
(4, 2)
ym =
04
2
y1 + y2
2
7 + 2
2
= 42
= 92
= 2
= 4 12
(2, 4 12 )
(2)
(1)
(2)
1 + 7
2
= 82
7
7
A
(4, 2)
C
(4, 1)
(2, 4)
DA (0, 7)
x = 1
1 + y = 7
y=7+1
y=8
1 set of coordinates of D are (1, 8)
3
y1 + y2
2
= 42
xm =
6(x + 2) = y 2
6x + 12 = y 2
6x y = 2 12
6x y = 14
Solve (1) + (2) simultaneously
x+y=7
6x y = 14
Add (1) + (2)
7x = 7
x=
ym =
6+4
2
CD (4, 1)
x +x
xm = 1 2
2
y2
x 2
y2
6=
x+2
x1 + x2
2
=5
6=
y y
m= 2 1
x2 x1
Gradient AB =
(1, 0)
(4, 1)
= 102
1(x 1) = y 6
x + 1 = y 6
x y = 6 1
x y = 7
or x + y = 7
Gradient AB = Gradient CD
=6
y y
Gradient CD = 2 1
x2 x1
Extended response
1 No, the points are not collinear.
(Gradients between pairs of points
are not equal)
A
B
B
C
(8, 6) (14, 12) (14, 12) (20, 16)
xm =
y y
Gradient AD = 2 1
x2 x1
=7
Midpoint (3, 7)
24 D = 5 + 20t
D = 20t + 5
25 f(x) = 6 2x
Range is [4, 12]
4 = 6 2x
2x = 10
x=5
12 = 6 2x
2x = 6
x = 3
The domain is [3, 5]
m=
=1
BC (6, 2)
2
2
b Midpoints joined form a

parallelogram see graph
d Conjecture: Joining the
midpoints of any quadrilateral
will form a parallelogram.
4 a Let C = Total charge
J = No. of jumps
C = 250 + 55J
b
C
100
55J
55J
= 1000
= 250 + 55J
= 1000 250
= 750
J =
750
55
J = 13.636
Can afford 13 jumps
5 a 4 cm (when no force is applied)
b c and e
y2 y1
x2 x1
06
0 1
6
1
=6
y y
Gradient BC = 2 1
x2 x1
2 0
=
20
a AB (4, 2)
x +x
xm = 1 2
2
4 + 6
=
2
= 22
(6, 2)
y +y
ym = 1 2
2
2 + 2
=
2
=0
d Use points (7.5, 10) and (20.5,

40)
(y y1) = m(x x1)
Linear functions
y 10 =
40 10
( x 7.5)
20.5 7.5
30
y 10 =
( x 7.5)
13
30
30 7.5
y=
x
+ 10
13
13
30
95
y=
x
13
13
e See graph
f
Use points (10, 10) and (30, 50)

y y1 = m(x x1)
50 10
y 10 =
( x 10)
30 10
y 10 =
40
( x 10)
20
MM11 CAS-1
21
y 10 = 2x 20
y = 2x 10
g The first spring is stiffer as the
gradient of its graph is steeper.
h The graphs intersect at
(8.75, 27.5). It is not possible
for the springs to have a negative
length, so this point is not
achievable.
22
MM11 CAS-2
Quadratic functions
Chapter 2 Quadratic functions

d v(0.7) = 63.876(0.7)6
247.65(0.7)5
+ 360.39(0.7)4
219.41(0.7)3
+ 53.816(0.7)2
+ 0.4746(0.7)
= 3.8665
And
v(0.5) = 63.876(0.5)6
247.65(0.5)5
+ 360.39(0.5)4
219.41(0.5)3
+ 53.816(0.5)2
+ 0.4746(0.5)
= 2.0484
3.8665 2.0484 = 1.8181
So she is swimming 1.8181 m/s
faster.
Exercise 2A Polynomials
3
1 a x 9x + 19x + 7
Degree = 3
b 65 + 2t
Degree = 1
c 2x 8 + 3x2
Degree = 2
d x6 3x5 + 2x4 + 6x + 1
Degree = 6
e 2
6 + 12 5
3
Degree = 5
2 a
b
c
d
e
Variable = x
Variable = t
Variable = x
Variable = x
Variable = u
3 a Linear (b) 65 2t
b Quadratic (c) 2x 8 + 3x2
c Cubic (a) x3 9x2 + 19x + 7
4 a
b
c
d
e
Exercise 2B Expanding
quadratic expressions
N last term has negative index

P
N 3rd term has fractional index
N First term has negative index
N First term has pronumeral index
5 P(x) = 2x3 3x + 4x2 + 5

a Degree = 3
b Variable = x
c Coefficient of x = 3
d Constant term = 5
e The 4 is the coefficient of the
quadratic term
b (3x + 1)(4x 3)
= 12x2 9x + 4x 3
= 12x2 5x 3
c (5x 7)(5x + 2)
= 25x2 + 10x 35x 14
= 25x2 25x 14
d (8x 3)(6x 1)
= 48x2 8x 18x + 3
= 48x2 26x + 3
6 a T(m) = 5m 2m2 1
T(2) = 5(2) 2(2)2 1
= 10 8 1
=1
b T(2) = 5(2) 2(2)2 1
= 10 8 1
= 19
c T(x + 1) = 5(x + 1) 2(x + 1)2 1
= 5x + 5 2(x2 + 2x + 1) 1
= 5x + 5 2x2 4x 2 1
= 2x2 + x + 2
6
1 a (2x + 6)(x + 5)
= 2x2 + 10x + 6x + 30
= 2x2 + 16x + 30
7 u(t) = 63.876t 247.65t + 360.39t

219.41t3 + 53.816t2 + 0.4746t
a Degree = 6
b Variable = t
c CAS substitution
v(0.2) = 63.876(0.2)6
247.65(0.2)5
+ 360.39(0.2)4
219.41(0.2)3
+ 53.816(0.2)2
+ 0.4746(0.2)
= 0.9937
At 0.2 s the swimmers velocity
was 0.9937 m/s
e (x + 4)(7x 9)
= 7x2 9x + 28x 36
= 7x2 + 19x 36
f (x + 6)(x + 15)
= x2 + 15x + 6x + 90
= x2 + 21x + 90
g (6x 13)(2 3x)
= 12x 18x2 26 + 39x
= 18x2 + 51x 26
h (5 x)(6 x)
= 30 5x 6x + x2
= x2 11x + 30
i (x 9)(9x 1)
= 9x2 x 81x + 9
= 9x2 82x + 9
j (4x + 21)(x 3)
= 4x2 12x + 21x 63
= 4x2 + 9x 63
2 a (2x + 3)2
= 4x2 + 12x + 9
b (3x 5)2
= 9x2 30x + 25
c (6x + 1)2
= 36x2 + 12x + 1
d (7x 6)2
= 49x2 84x + 36
e (x 8)2
= x2 16x + 64
f (x + 13)2
= x2 + 26x + 169
g (2x + 9)2
= 4x2 36x + 81
h (2x + 9)2
= 4x2 + 36x + 81
i (4 3x)2
= 16 24x + 9x2
j (6 x)2
= 36 12x + x2
3 a (2x 6)(2x + 6)
= 4x2 36
b (3x + 5)(3x 5)
= 9x2 25
c (6x + 1)(6x 1)
= 36x2 1
d (2x 9)(2x + 9)
= 4x2 81
e (11x + 3)(11x 3)
= 121x2 9
f (x 12)(x + 12)
= x2 144
g (x + 6)(x 6)
= x2 36
h (7 2x)(7 + 2x)
= 49 4x2
i (1 x)(1 + x)
= 1 x2
j (5x + 1)(5x 1)
= 25x2 1
4 a 2(x + 6)(3x + 5)
= 2(3x2 + 23x + 30)
= 6x2 + 46x + 60
b 3(x 4)(2x + 7)
= 3(2x2 x 28)
= 6x2 3x 84
c 4(x + 2)(2x 5)
= 4(2x2 x 10)
= 8x2 + 4x + 40
d 3(4x 9)(2x 1)
= 3(8x2 22x + 9)
= 24x2 66x + 27
e 8(3x 1)(4x 1)
= 8(12x2 7x + 1)
= 96x2 56x + 8
f 7(2x + 3)(5x 10)
= 7(10x2 5x 30)
= 70x2 + 35x + 210
Quadratic functions
g 4(4 x)(7 x)
= 4(28 11x + x2)
= 112 44x + 4x2
= 4x2 44x + 112
h 5(7x 4)(2 x)
= 5(14x 7x2 8 + 4x)
= 5(7x2 + 18x 8)
= 35x2 90x + 40
i a(2x + 9)(x 6)
= a(2x2 3x 54)
= 2ax2 3ax 54a
j b(8 2x)(x + 4)
= b(8x + 32 2x2 8x)
= b(2x2 + 32)
= 2bx2 32b
5 a (6x 13)(6x + 13)
= 36x2 169
b (5x + 2)(12x 5)
= 60x2 x 10
c 3(7 + 2x)(x 8)
= 3(7x 56 + 2x2 16x)
= 3(2x2 9x 56)
= 6x2 + 27x + 168
d (3x + 11)2
= 9x2 + 66x + 121
e (2x 14)(2x + 14)
= 4x2 196
f (6x 5)2
= 36x2 60x + 25
g (x + 16)(x 9)
= x2 + 7x 144
h (x 4)(x + 4)
= (x2 16)
= x2 + 16
i 4(5x 3)2
= 4(25x2 30x + 9)
= 100x2 + 120x 36
j 5(2x + 7)(2x 7)
= 5(4x2 49)
= 20x2 245
6 a (x 9)(x + 2) + (x + 4)(x 4)
= x2 7x 18 + x2 16
= 2x2 7x 34
b (3x + 7)(2x 1) + (4x 3)
(3x 4)
= 6x2 + 11x 7 + 12x2 25x + 12
= 18x2 14x + 5
c 2(x + 5)2 + 5(2x + 7)(x 3)
= 2(x2 + 10x + 25)
+ 5(2x2 + x 21)
= 2x2 + 20x + 50 + 10x2
+ 5x 105
= 12x2 + 25x 55
d (x 12)(x + 12) 3(x + 1)(x + 5)
= x2 144 3(x2 + 6x + 5)
= x2 144 3x2 18x 15
= 2x2 18x 159
e 4(x 3)(3x + 5) 2(2x + 1)2
= 4(3x2 4x 15)
2(4x2 + 4x + 1)
= 12x2 16x 60 8x2 8x 2
= 4x2 24x 62
f 6(2x 5)(2x + 5) (x 6)(x + 6)
= 6(4x2 25) 1(x2 36)
= 24x2 150 x2 + 36
= 23x2 114
g (x + 3) (x 3)
= x2 ( 3)2
= x2 3
h (3x + 2) (4x
2)
= 12x 3 2 x + 4 2 x 2
= 12x2 +
i
1
(2x
2
1
(8x2
2
2
2x2
+ 1)(4x + 7)
+ 18x + 7)
= 4x + 9x +
7
2
j (5x + 13 )(3x 5)
= 15x2 24x
5
3
7 a (2a + 4)(2a + b)
= 4a2 + 2ab + 8a + 4b
b (x + 2y)(3x 5y)
= 3x2 + xy 10y2
c (6 7c)(2 7c)
= 12 56c + 49c2
= 49c2 56c + 12
d (u + 4v)2
= u2 + 8uv + 16v2
e (6r s)(2r + 5s)
= 12r2 + 28rs 5s2
f (3u 2t)(3u + 2t)
= 9u2 4t2
g 2(h 8k)(h + 8k)
= 2(h2 64k2)
= 2h2 128k2
h 3(m 6n)2
= 3(m2 12mn + 36n2)
= 3m2 + 36mn 108n2
Exercise 2C Factorising
quadratic expressions
1 a 5x2y3 + 20xy2
= 5xy2(xy + 4)
b 8ax2 + 14ax
= 2ax(4x 7)
c 7p2q 21p + 7
= 7(p2q 3p + 1)
d 22r4s3 + 11r2s
= 11r2s (2r2s2 + 1)
e 5x2 + 10x + 75
= 5(x2 + 2x + 15)
f 3x2 18x + 6
= 3(x2 + 6x 2)
2 a x2 + 16x + 63
= (x + 9)(x + 7)
b x2 17x + 66
= (x 11)(x 6)
c 2x2 + 22x + 48
= 2(x2 + 11x + 24)
= 2(x + 8)(x + 3)
d 3x2 6x + 24
= 3(x2 + 2x 8)
= 3(x + 4)(x 2)
e x2 4x + 96
= 1(x2 + 4x 96)
= 1(x + 12)(x 8)
= (x + 12)(8 x)
f 6x2 11x 35
= (3x + 5)(2x 7)
MM11 CAS-2
g 6x2 37x + 45
= (3x 5)(2x 9)
h 40x2 + 46x + 14
= 2(20x2 23x 7)
= 2(4x + 1)(5x 7)
3 a 4x2 9
= (2x + 3)(2x 3)
b 81x2 25
= (9x + 5)(9x 5)
c 2x2 32
= 2(x2 16)
= 2(x + 4)(x 4)
d 18x2 162
= 18(x2 9)
= 18(x + 3)(x 3)
e (x + 1)2 4
= (x + 1 + 2)(x + 1 2)
= (x + 3)(x 1)
f (3x 4)2 1
= (3x 4 + 1)(3x 4 1)
= (3x 3)(3x 5)
= 3(x 1)(3x 5)
g 98 2(x + 3)2
= 2[49 (x + 3)2]
= 2(7 + x + 3)(7 (x + 3))
= 2(x + 10)(4 x)
h 3(5x 8)2 + 27
= 3[(5x 8)2 9]
= 3[(5x 8 + 3)
(5x 8 3)]
= 3(5x 5)(5x 11)
= 15(x 1)(5x 11)
4 a x2 + 14x + 49
= (x + 7)(x + 7)
= (x + 7)2
b 25x2 10x + 1
= (5x 1)(5x 1)
= (5x 1)2
c 2x2 + 12x + 18
= 2(x2 + 6x + 9)
= 2(x + 3)(x + 3)
= 2(x + 3)2
d 3x2 12x + 12
= 3(x2 4x + 4)
= 3(x 2)(x 2)
= 3(x 2)2
e 72x2 + 24x 2
(72x2 24x + 2)
= 2(36x2 12x + 1)
= 2(6x 1)2
f x2 + 2 3x + 3
= (x +
3) (x + 3)
= (x +
3 )2
g 4x2 4 5x + 5
= (2x
5) 2
h 4x2 12 2 x + 18
= (2x 3 2) 2
5 a (x + 3)2 9
= (x + 3 + 3)(x + 3 3)
= (x + 6) x
= x(x + 6)
b (x 3)2 16
= (x 3 + 4)(x 3 4)
= (x + 1)(x 7)
23
MM11 CAS-2
24
Quadratic functions
c 36 (2x + 7)
= (6 + 2x + 7)(6 (2x + 7))
= (2x + 13)(1 2x)
= (2x + 13)(1 + 2x)
d (3x 2)2 81
= (3x 2 + 9)(3x 2 9)
= (3x + 7)(3x 11)
e 2(x + 1)2 8
= 2[(x + 1)2 4]
= 2(x + 1 + 2)(x + 1 2)
= 2(x + 3)(x 1)
f 3 (x 4)2 + 48
= 3[(x 4)2 16]
= 3(x 4 + 4)(x 4 4)
= 3x(x 8)
or = 3x(8 x)
g 50(3x + 2)2 98
= 2[25(3x + 2)2 49]
= 2[(5(3x + 2) + 7)
(5(3x + 2) 7)]
= 2[(15x + 10 + 7)
(15x + 10 7)]
= 2(15x + 17)(15x + 3)
= 2 3(15x + 17)(5x + 1)
= 6(15x + 17)(5x + 1)
h 1 (6 x)2
= (1 + 6 x)(1 (6 x))
= (7 x)(x 5)
i 64 (2 3x)2
= (8 + 2 3x)(8 (2 3x))
= (10 3x)(3x + 6)
= 3(10 3x)(x + 2)
6 a (x + 7)2 + 9(x + 7) + 20
Let y = x + 7
= y2 + 9y + 20
= (y + 5)(y + 4)
= (x + 7 + 5)(x + 7 + 4)
= (x + 12)(x + 11)
b 6(x 3)2 + 13(x 3) + 5
Let t = x 3
= 6t2 + 13t + 5
= (3t + 5)(2t + 1)
= [3(x 3) + 5]
[2(x 3) + 1]
= (3x 9 + 5)(2x 6 + 1)
= (3x 4)(2x 5)
c (2x + 7)2 9(2x + 7) + 8
Let a = 2x + 7
= a2 9a + 8
= (a 8)(a 1)
= (2x + 7 8)
(2x + 7 1)
= (2x 1)(2x + 6)
= 2(2x 1)(x + 3)
d 12(3x 11)2 19(3x 11) 18
Let b = 3x 11
= 12b2 19b 18
= (4b 9)(3b + 2)
= [4(3x 11) 9]
[3(3x 11) + 2]
= (12x 44 9)
(9x 33 + 2)
= (12x 53)(9x 31)
7 a 3x2 24x 27
= 3(x2 8x 9)
= 3(x 9)(x + 1)
b 25x2 + 10x + 1
= (5x + 1)2
c (x 13)2 2(x 13) + 1
a = x 13
= a2 2a + 1
= (a 1)2
= (x 13 1)2
= (x 14)2
2
d x 28x + 196
= (x 14)2
18 x2 6x
e
= 3 2 x2 6x
= 3x ( 2 x 2)
f 60x2 + 40x + 5
= 5(12x2 + 8x + 1)
= 5(6x + 1)(2x + 1)
g 60x2 5x
= 5x (12x 1)
h 9 9x2y2
= 32 (3xy)2
= (3 + 3xy)(3 3xy)
= 3(1 + xy) 3(1 xy)
= 9(1 + xy)(1 xy)
i 4(3x 1)2 (x + 2)2
= [2(3x 1)]2 (x + 2)2
= [2(3x 1) + x + 2]
[2(3x 1) (x + 2)]
= [6x 2 + x + 2] [6x 2 x 2]
= 7x (5x 4)
j 12x2 + 70x + 98
= 2(6x2 35x 49)
= 2(6x + 7)(x 7)
8 a (x + 5)( ? )
= x2 + 14x + 45
= (x + 5)(x + 9)
C
b 6x2 67x 60
= (6x + 5)(x 12)
E
c 6x2 54
= 6(x2 9)
= 6(x + 3)(x 3)
A factor is (x 3).
A
9 P(x) = 5(x + 3)2 + 35(x + 3)
= 5(x2 + 6x + 9) + 35x + 105
= 5x2 30x 45 + 35x + 105
= 5x2 + 5x + 60
Q(x) = 60 5x2 + kx
= 5x2 + kx + 60
Q(x) is identical to P(x), so k = 5
R(x) = 5(x + 3)(x + m)
= 5(x2 + mx + 3x + 3m)
= 5x2 5mx 15x 15m
= 5x2 + (5m 15)x 15m
R(x) is identical to P(x), so
5m 15 = 5
15m = 60
5m = 20 and also
m = 4
m = 4
Exercise 2D Factorising by
completing the square
1 a x2 + 4x 3
= x2 + 4x + 4 3 4
= (x + 2)2 7
= (x + 2 + 7)(x + 2 7)
b x2 + 10x + 20
= x2 + 10x + 25 + 20 25
= (x + 5)2 5
= (x + 5 + 5)(x + 5
5)
c x + 6x + 7
= x2 + 6x + 9 + 7 9
= (x + 3)2 2
= (x + 3 + 2)(x + 3 2)
d x2 + 2x 7
= x2 + 2x + 1 7 1
= (x + 1)2 8
= (x + 1 + 8)(x + 1
8)
= (x + 1 + 2 2)(x + 1 2 2)
e x2 + 8x + 13
= x2 + 8x + 16 + 13 16
= (x + 4)2 3
= (x + 4 + 3)(x + 4 3)
f x2 4x 1
= x2 4x + 4 1 4
= (x 2)2 5
= (x 2 + 5)(x 2
5)
g x 12x + 19
= x2 12x + 36 + 19 36
= (x 6)2 17
= (x 6 + 17)(x 6 17)
h x2 2x 5
= x2 2x + 1 5 1
= (x 1)2 6
= (x 1 + 6)(x 1
6)
i x 8x + 10
= x2 8x + 16 + 10 16
= (x 4)2 6
= (x 4 +
6) (x 4
6)
j x 6x 4
= x2 6x + 9 4 9
= (x 3)2 13
= (x 3 +
13)(x 3
13)
2 a x + 3x + 1
= x2 + 3x +
3
= (x + 2 ) 2
9
4
+1
5
4
= (x + 2 ) 2 (
= (x +
3
2
9
4
5 2
)
2
5
)(x
2
3
2
5
)
2
b x2 + 5x 3
= x2 + 5x +
= (x + 52 ) 2
25
4
5
2
25
4
37
4
= (x + 52 ) 2 (
= (x +
37 2
)
2
37
)(x
2
5
2
37
)
2
41
)
2
c x2 7x + 2
= x2 7x +
= (x 72 ) 2
49
4
7
2
49
4
41
4
= (x 72 ) 2 (
= (x
+2
41 2
)
4
41
)(x
2
7
2
Quadratic functions
6 x2 + 4x + 12
x2 + 4x + 4 + 12 4
= (x + 2)2 + 8
Not a difference of 2 squares,
so cannot be factorised
C
d x2 x 1
1
4
=x x+
= (x
1 2
)
2
1
5
4
= (x 12 ) (
= (x
1
2
1
4
5 2
)
4
5
)
2
1
2
(x
5
)
2
e x2 + 9x + 4
81
4
= x2 + 9x +
= (x + 92 ) 2
9
2
9
2
121
4
65
)
2
f x2 + 11x 6
121
4
= x + 11x +
= (x +
11 2
)
2
= (x +
11 2
)
2
= (x +
11
2
145
)
2
(x +
11
2
145
)
2
= x 3x +
= 2(x +
145 2
)
4
11
4
25
4
= (x + 52 ) 2
17
4
= (x + 52 ) 2 (
= (x +
5
2
25
4
+2
(x +
169
4
13 2
)
2
= (x
13 2
)
2
= (x
13
2
173
)
2
(x
13
2
173
)
2
5
2
17
)
2
1
4
169
4
= (x + 12 ) 2
= (x +
1 2
)
2
= (x +
1
2
17
)(x
2
5
2
17
)
2
1
4
(x +
1
2
13
)
2
3 x + 36x + 1
Need to add 182 = 324
4 x2 17x 8
Need to add ( 172 ) 2 =
289
4
5 x + 6x 2
= x2 + 6x + 9 2 9
= (x + 3)2 11
= (x + 3 11)(x + 3 +
3
2
b (x + 1)(6x 1) = 0
x + 1 = 0 or 6x 1 = 0
x = 1 or
6x = 1
1
6
1
6
or
x = 92
or
x = 6
, 6
0
3
1
,
2
2
x =1
or
x =1
x = 168 or
or
x=
6
2
=3
f (7 + x)(23 x) = 0
7+x =0
or 23 x = 0
x =4
or
c 4x + 13x + 10 = 0
(4x + 5) (x + 2) = 0
4x + 5 = 0
or x + 2 = 0
4x = 5 or
x = 2
x = 54 or
5
,
4
2
x = 2
d 2x + 12x 110 = 0
2(x2 + 6x 55) = 0
2(x + 11)(x 5) = 0
20
x + 11 = 0
or x 5 = 0
x = 11 or
x=5
11, 5
e 3x2 27 = 0
3(x2 9) = 0
3(x + 3)(x 3) = 0
30
x+3=0
or x 3 = 0
x = 3 or
x=3
3, 3
f 32x2 16x + 2 = 0
2(16x2 8x + 1) = 0
2(4x 1)2 = 0
20
4x 1 = 0
4x = 1
1
4
g 12 75x2 = 0
3(4 25x2) = 0
3(2 + 5x) (2 5x) = 0
2 + 5x = 0 or 2 5x = 0
5x = 2 or
5x = 2
x=
12 , 3
11) B
or
x=
e (16x + 8)(2x 6) = 0
16x + 8 = 0
or 2x 6 = 0
16x = 8 or
2x = 6
x = 12
x =
2 a x2 + 6x 72 = 0
(x + 12)(x 6) = 0
x = 12 or x = 6
12, 6
127 , 92
x = 6
x = 12
1 a (x + 6)(2x + 3) = 0
x + 6 = 0 or 2x + 3 = 0
x = 6 or
2x = 3
x = 127
or
6
7
b 2x2 7x 4 = 0
(2x + 1)(x 4) = 0
2x + 1 = 0
or x 4 = 0
c (x 5)(x + 2) = 0
x 5 = 0 or x + 2 = 0
x = 5 or
x = 2
5, 2
d (7x + 12)(9x + 2) = 0
7x + 12 = 0
or 9x + 2 = 0
7x = 12 or
9x = 2
13 2
)
4
13
)
2
17 2
) ]
4
Exercise 2E Solving
quadratic equations Null
Factor Law
1,
173 2
)
4
13

4
6
7
x=0
0, 1
17
]
4
x =
173
4
j x2 + x 3
= x2 + x +
5
2
x =
x=
6, 32
17
)
2
= (x
)2
6
7
25
]
4
+2
x=
17 2
)
4
i x2 13x 1
= x2 13x +
5
2
25
4
d 12x2 + 4x 8
= 4(3x2 x + 2)
9
4
This is not a difference of squares,

so cannot factorise.
No real factors.
h x2 + 5x + 2
= x + 5x +
10)
c 5x2 10x + 15
= 5(x2 + 2x 3)
= 5(x + 3)(x 1)
or = 5(x + 3) (1 x)
+5
= (x 32 ) 2 +
7, 23
h 3x(x 1) = 0
3x = 0
or x 1 = 0
= 2[(x + 52 ) 2 (
145
4
9
4
= 2[x2 + 5x +
= 2[(x +
g x2 3x + 5
2
10)(x 3 +
x = 23
x = 23
or
g (6 7x)(x + 6) = 0
6 7x = 0
or x + 6 = 0
7x = 6 or
x = 6
b 2x2 + 10x + 4
= 2(x2 + 5x + 2)
65 2
)
4
65
)(x
2
x = 7
7 a 3x2 18x 3
= 3(x2 6x 1)
= 3(x2 6x + 9 1 9)
= 3[(x 3)2 10]
= 3(x 3
65
4
= (x + 92 ) 2 (
= (x +
81
4
+4
25
MM11 CAS-2
52 ,
2
5
2
5
x =
2
5
x =
2
5
26
MM11 CAS-2
Quadratic functions
h 15x 3x2 = 0
3x(5 x) = 0
3x = 0 or
5x =0
x = 0 or
x =5
0, 5
3 a x2 + 45 = 14x
x2 14x + 45 = 0
(x 9)(x 5) = 0
x9=0
or x 5 = 0
x=9
or
x =5
5, 9
b 6x2 + 7x = 49
6x2 + 7x 49 = 0
(3x 7)(2x + 7) = 0
3x 7 = 0 or 2x + 7 = 0
3x = 7 or
2x = 7
x=
7
3
x=
or
x=0
x=0
0,
16 ,
x=
1
6
1
6
e 32x = 6x2 + 10
0 = 6x2 + 32x + 10
6x2 + 32x + 10 = 0
2(3x2 + 16x + 5) = 0
2(3x + 1)(x + 5) = 0
20
3x + 1 = 0 or x + 5 = 0
3x = 1 or
x = 5
x = 13 or
x=
6
x = 5
f 27 + 12x2 = 36x
12x2 36x + 27 = 0
3(4x2 12x + 9) = 0
3(2x 3)2 = 0
30
2x 3 = 0
2x = 3
3
2
g 32x2 = 162
32x2 162 = 0
2(16x2 81) = 0
2(4x + 9)(4x 9) = 0
4x = 9 or 4x 9 = 0
4x = 9 or
4x = 9
x = 94
94 ,
or
x=
9
4
h 5x = 8x
5x2 8x = 0
x(5x 8) = 0
x=0
or
5x 8 = 0
x=
5
2
x=
5
,
2
x=
5
3
x=
5 1
,
3 2
x=
13 , 5
x=
8
5
x=
9
4
13
2
13
2
or
x =9
or
20 2 + 33 + 1 cm
= 20 2 + 33 1 cm
1
2
x =
20 2 + 33 5
and width = 4 + 20 2 + 33 5
x = 1
is a solution
x=
or
20 2 + 33 + 5 or
New length = 6 + 20 2 + 33 5
x=2
or
x=
x = 20 2 + 33 5 cm (x > 0)
4 (x 3)(x + 7) = 0
x 3 = 0 or x + 7 = 0
x = 3 or
7
3, 7
D
5 2x2 11x = 13
2x2 11x 13 = 0
(2x 13)(x + 1) = 0
2x 13 = 0 or x + 1 = 0
2x = 13 or
x = 1
d 36x2 = 1
36x2 1 = 0
(6x + 1)(6x 1) = 0
6x = 1 or 6x = 1
or
x=
Write the solution as:

Solve x2 + 10x + 24 = 20 2 + 32
for x.
6x2 + 5
=x
j
13
2
6x + 5 = 13x
6x2 13x + 5 = 0
(3x 5)(2x 1) = 0
3x 5 = 0
or 2x 1 = 0
3x = 5
or
2x = 1
c 1 + 8x = 16x2
16x2 + 8x + 1 = 0
(4x + 1)2 = 0
4x + 1 = 0
4x = 1
x = 16
or
8
5
10 x
i x =
2
2x2 = 10 x
2x2 + x 10 = 0
(2x + 5)(x 2) = 0
2x + 5 = 0
or x 2 = 0
2x = 5
or
x=2
7
2
x = 14
5x = 8
7
2
7
,
3
or
2
5
x =9
5x = 2
x+9=0
5x 2 = 0
(x + 9)(5x 2) = 0
D
7 let length = L
width = L 3
L(L 3) = 40
L2 3L = 40
L2 3L 40 = 0
(L 8)(L + 5) = 0
L 8 = 0 or
L+5=0
L=8
L=5
L = 8 cm (L cannot be negative)
width = 8 3
= 5 cm
8 a New length = 8 cm, new width
= 6 cm new area = 48 cm2.
Since old area was 6 4 = 24 cm2,
the area has increased by 24 cm2,
or doubled.
b New length is 6 + x cm and new
width is 4 + x cm.
Expression for area is
(6 + x)(4 + x) = x2 + 10x + 24
Use CAS to solve. On a calculator
page, complete the entry line as:
Solve (x2 + 10x + 24 = 20 2 + 32, x)
Then press ENTER.
9 T=
5 2
t
8
5t + 30
5 2
t
8
2
20 =
5t + 30 8
160 = 5t 40t + 240

5t2 40t + 240 160 = 0
5t2 40t + 80 = 0
5
t2 8t + 16 = 0
(t 4)2 = 0
t4=0
t=4
It takes 4 hours for T = 20C.
10 n2 + 3n + 2
a If n = 4
= 42 + 3 4 + 2
= 16 + 12 + 2
= 30
b N = n2 + 3n + 2
210 = n2 + 3n + 2
or n2 + 3n + 2 210 = 0
n2 + 3n 208 = 0
(n + 16)(n 13) = 0
n + 16 = 0
or n 13 = 0
n = 16 or
n = 13
n 16 so
n = 13
11 N = W(W + 1)
a W=6
N = 6(6 + 1)
N=67
N = 42
b 272 = W(W + 1)
272 = W 2 + W
or
W 2 + W 272 = 0
(W + 17)(W 16) = 0
W + 17 = 0 or W 16 = 0
W = 17 or
W = 16
W 17 so
W = 16
Width is 16.
12 B = 0.2m2 + 0.5m + 2.5
B = 8.8
8.8 = 0.2m2 + 0.5m + 2.5
0.2m2 + 0.5m + 2.5 8.8 = 0
0.2m2 + 0.5m 6.3 = 0
or
2m2 + 5m 63 = 0
(2m 9)(m + 7) = 0
2m 9 = 0 or m + 7 = 0
2m = 9 or
m = 7
or
m =
m 7
Mass =
9
2
so
9
2
or 4.5 kg
m=
9
2
kg
Quadratic functions
13 a h = 100 5t2
h = 30 gives
30 = 100 5t2
5t2 70 = 0
5
t2 14 = 0
(t 14 )(t + 14 ) = 0
t 14 = 0 or t + 14 = 0
t = 14
or t = 14
t = 14
as t 14
t = 3.7 s
b h = 0 gives
0 = 100 5t2
5
0 = 20 t2
0 = ( 2 t) ( 20 + t)
20 t = 0 or
20 + t = 0
t = 20 t = 20
t=
20 as t 20
t=
20 s = 2 5 s
x2 + 6
5
Using a CAS calculator:
x = 1.998 (accurate to 3 dp)
x2 2
b x=
3
x = 0.562 (accurate to 3 dp), 3.562
15 a x2 9x + 2
9x = x2 + 2
x2 + 2
x=
9
b x2 + 5x 7 = 0
5x = x2 + 7
x2 + 7
x=
5
c x2 4x + 1 = 0
4x = x2 + 1
x2 + 1
x=
4
d 2x2 11x + 8 = 0
11x = 2x2 + 8
2 x2 + 8
x=
11
16 x2 7x + 1 = 0
x2 = 7x 1
x = 7x 1
17 4x2 + x 3 = 0
x = 4x2 + 3
x = 1 (no need for iteration as the
solution is found straight away)
4x2 = 3 x
14 a x =
3 x
4
3 x
x=
4
x = 0.750
x2 + 1
18 x =
b
When b [2, 2], the solution cannot be
found by using fixed point iteration
(given the initial guess is x = 1)
|b| > g2 + 1 (where g is the initial
guess)
x2 =
Exercise 2F Solving
quadratic equations
completing the square
1 a x2 + 8x + 1 = 0
x2 + 8x + 16 + 1 16 = 0
(x + 4)2 15 = 0
(x + 4)2 ( 15)2 = 0
(x + 4 +
x+4+
or
x+4
15)(x + 4
15) = 0
15 = 0
x = 4 15
or
x = 4 + 15
x = 6
or
x = 6 +
33
x+2+
or
x+2
x = 2
33 ) = 0
7 =0
x=5
7 or x = 5 +
x=5 7
f x2 6x + 6 = 0
x2 6x + 9 + 6 9 = 0
(x 3)2 3 = 0
(x 3)2 ( 3 )2 = 0
(x 3 +
3 )(x 3
x3+
or
x3
3 =0
x=3
3 or x = 3 +
x=3
3)=0
3 =0
x2 + 3x +
)2
13
4
(x +
3
2
)2
13
(x +
3
2
6)=0
13
2
=0
3
2
13
2
=0
5)=0
5
x=3 5
e x2 10x + 18 = 0
x2 10x + 25 + 18 25 = 0
(x 5)2 7 = 0
13
)
2
13
2
or x = 32 +
x = 32
13
2
=0
5 =0
13
2
3 13
2
b x2 + 5x + 2 = 0
25
4
5
2
)2
17
4
(x +
5
2
)2
17
(x +
5
2
17
2
25
4
+2
(x +
=0
=0
2
=0
)(x +
5
2
17
2
=0
5
2
17
2
=0
5
2
17
2
)=0
or
17
2
or
x = 52 +
17
2
x = 52
17
2
x=
5 or x = 3 +
3
2
x = 32
x = 52
x=3
=0
)(x +
6 =0
5 = 0 or x 3
3
2
x+
x3+
=0
=0
13
2
9
4
3
2
x+
6 or x = 2 +
9
4
(x +
6 =0
5 ) (x 3
7)=0
7 =0
x2 + 5x +
x = 2 6
d x2 6x + 4 = 0
x2 6x + 9 + 4 9 = 0
(x 3)2 5 = 0
(x 3) ( 5 )2 = 0
(x 3 +
x5+
or
x5
x+
33
6 )(x + 2
7 )(x 5
or
x = 6 33
c x2 + 4x 2 = 0
x2 + 4x + 4 2 4 = 0
(x + 2)2 6 = 0
(x + 2)2 ( 6 )2 = 0
(x + 2 +
(x 5 +
x+
x = 4 15
b x2 + 12x + 3 = 0
x2 + 12x + 36 + 3 36 = 0
(x + 6)2 33 = 0
(x + 6)2 ( 33 )2 = 0
33 )(x + 6
(x 5)2 ( 7 )2 = 0
2 a x2 + 3x 1 = 0
15 = 0
(x + 6 +
27
MM11 CAS-2
5 17
2
c x2 7x + 5 = 0
x2 7x +
(x
7
2
(x
7
2
(x
7
2
49
4
+5
)2
29
4
)2
29
29
2
49
4
=0
=0
2
=0
) (x
7
2
29
)
2
=0
28
MM11 CAS-2
x=
7
2
29
2
or x =
x=
7
2
29
2
Quadratic functions
7
2
29
2
7 29
2
81
4
x 9x +
(x
9
2
89
4
(x
9
2
)2
89
9
2
(x
89
2
=0
) (x
89
2
=0
89
2
or x =
9
2
x=
9
2
x=
9 89
2
9
2
89
2
)=0
9
2
89
2
e x + 11x + 4 = 0
121
4
(x +
(x +
11 2
)
2
(x +
11
2
105
2
105
2
121
4
+4
105
4
11
2
105
2
=0
2
11
2
105
2
x = 112
=0
11
2
) (x +
105
2
=0
=0
x=
105
2
x=
(x
1
2
(x
1
2
1
4
=0
)2 ( 52 )2 = 0
+
5
2
)(x
1
2
5
2
)=0
(x + 2) (x 3) = 0
x+2=0
or
x3=0
x = 2 or
x=3
3 a x2 = 4x + 1
x2 4x 1 = 0
x2 4x + 4 1 4 = 0
(x 2)2 5 = 0
(x 2)2 ( 5 )2 = 0
(x 2 +
5 )(x 2
x2+
or
x2
5 =0
x=2
5 or x = 2 +
5)=0
5 =0
5
x=2 5
b x2 + 2 = 6x
x2 6x + 2 = 0
x2 6x + 9 + 2 9 = 0
(x 3)2 7 = 0
(x 3)2 ( 7 )2 = 0
(x 3 +
(x
9
2
) (
73
2
81
4
=0
=0
73
2
)2 = 0
9
2
)(x
9
2
73
2
=0
9
2
73
2
=0
x=
9
2
73
2
x=
9 73
2
2
)2
65
4
(x +
7
2
)2 (
)=0
9
2
(x +
7
2
(x +
65
2
)(x +
7
2
65
2
)=0
7
2
65
2
)=0
49
4
7
2
65
2
(x +
)=0
7 )(x 3
or x = 72 +
19 ) (x 3
19 = 0
(x +
x=3
19 or x = 3 +
x=3
19
(x
15 2
)
2
201
(x
15
2
(x
15
2
15
2
14 )(x
14 ) = 0
14 = 0 or x
14 = 0
14
6 + x = 0 or
x = 6 or x =
19 ) = 0
6 x=0
6
x= 6
c 3x2 = 36
x2 = 12
x2 12 = 0
x2 ( 12 )2 = 0
(x + 2 3 )(x 2 3 ) = 0
225
4
=0
2
=0
x + 2 3 = 0 or x 2 3 = 0
19
=0
x = 2 3 or x = 2 3
x = 2 3
d 2x2 + 18 = 0
x2 9 = 0
x2 (3)2 = 0
(x + 3)(x 3) = 0
x + 3 = 0 or x 3 = 0
x = 3 or x = 3
x = 3
201
2
201
2
)=0
5 x2 + 16x + 1 = 0
x2 + 16x + 64 + 1 64 = 0
(x + 8)2 63 = 0
E
=0
6 x2
201
2
or
15
2
=0
x2 (2 3 )2 = 0
+6
(x
x
7)=0
65
2
=0
( 6 + x) ( 6 x) = 0
f x2 3(5x 2) = 0
x2 15x + 6 = 0
201
4
) +
23
4
9
4
x = 14
b 6 x2 = 0
( 6 )2 (x)2 = 0
19 = 0
15 2
)
2
+8
x = 14 or x =
x3+
or
x3
225
4
3
2
9
4
Cannot be solved; no solutions.

4 a x2 14 = 0
x2 ( 14 )2 = 0
x+
e 2(3x + 5) = x2
6x + 10 = x2
x2 6x 10 = 0
x2 6x + 9 10 9 = 0
(x 3)2 19 = 0
(x 3)2 ( 19 )2 = 0
x2 15x +
x 2 + 3x
= 2
4
2
x + 3x = 8
x2 + 3x + 8 = 0
x2 + 3x +
=0
7 65
2
(x 3 +
201
2
201
2
x=75 2
)2 = 0
65
2
15 201
2
2
(x 7 + 5 2 )(x 7 5 2 ) = 0
73
2
=0
65
2
x=
15
2
or x =
x = 7 5 2 or x = 7 + 5 2
7
2
201
2
x7+5 2 =0
or
x75 2 =0
or x =
49
4
15
2
(x 7)2 (5 2 )2 = 0
73
2
(x +
x=
f x2 x 6 = 0
1
4
(x
9
2
73
4
)2
x = 72
11 105
2
x2 x +
9
2
(x +
105
2
(x
+2
x=
g 14x x = 1
x2 + 14x + 1 = 0
x2 14x 1 = 0
x2 14x + 49 1 49 = 0
(x 7)2 50 = 0
(x 7)2 ( 50 )2 = 0
or
or
11
2
81
4
x2 + 7x +
or
x+
d 4 x = 7x
x2 7x + 4 = 0
x2 + 7x 4 = 0
=0
=0
x+
7 =0
or
11 2
)
2
7 or x = 3 +
or
x2 + 11x +
x=3
x2 9x +
=0
=0
=0
89
2
9
2
81
4
7 = 0 or x 3
x=3 7
c 9x 2 = x2
x2 9x + 2 = 0
d x2 9x 2 = 0
2
x3+
=0
20 x 4 = 0
20 x + 5 5 4 = 0
(x
5) 2 9 = 0
Quadratic functions
7 (x 9)2 15 = 0
(x 9)2 ( 15 )2 = 0
(x 9 +
15 )(x 9
x9+
or
x9
15 = 0
x=9
15 or x = 9 +
x=9
15
15 ) = 0
15 = 0
b 3(2x 5)2 + 6(2x 5) 4 = 0

Let a = (2x 5)
3a2 + 6a 4 = 0
Does not factorise so use quadratic
formula:
6 62 4 3 4
23
6 36 + 48
6
6 84
6
6 2 21
=
6
21
= 1
3
Sub back into a = 2x 5
21
2 x 5 = 1
3
21
2x = 4
3
=
x = 2
21
6
c 4x2 2x = 6
4x2 2x 6 = 0
2x2 x 3 = 0
(2x 3)(x + 1) = 0
2x 3 = 0 or x + 1 = 0
2x = 3 or
x = 1
x = 32 or
x = 1
x = 32 , 1
d 5(4x + 3) = (4x +3) 2 + 9
(4x + 3)2 5(4x + 3) + 9 = 0
Let a = 4x + 3
a2 5a + 9 = 0
= (5)2 4 1 9
= 25 36
= 11
< 0, there are no solutions
Exercise 2G The quadratic

formula
1 a x2 + 4x 3 = 0
a = 1 b = 4 c = 3
2
b x 7x + 9 = 0
a = 1 b = 7 c = 9
1
2
x2 7x + 5 = 0
a=
8 a 5x 2x + 3 = 0
= b2 4ac
= (2)2 4 5 3
= 4 60
= 56
< 0, there are no solutions
d 7 3x 6x2 = 0
6x2 3x + 7 = 0
a = 6 b = 3 c = 7
e
15
a=
c 9 4x + x2 = 0
x2 4x + 9 = 0
a = 1 b = 4 c = 9
1
2
b = 7 c = 5
f (x + 1)2 = 0
x2 + 2x + 1 = 0
a=1 b=2 c=1
g (2x 3)2 = 0
4x2 12x + 9 = 0
a = 4 b = 12 c = 9
2
h 5 2(x + 2) = 0
5 2x2 4 = 0
2x2 + 5 4 = 0
2x2 + 1 = 0
a=2 b=0 c=1
i 3x2 10x + 4 + 4x2 11x = 0
7x2 21x + 4 = 0
a = 7 b = 21 c = 4
2
6 x + 4
=0
2
6 x 2 + 4 4
+ =0
2
2
3x2 + 2 = 0
a = 3 b = 0 c = 2
2 a x2 + 9x + 20 = 0
b b 2 4ac
2a
a = 1 b = 9 c = 20
x=
9 81 4 1 20
x=
2 1
x=
9 81 80
2
9 1
2
9 1
x=
2
9 + 1
9 1
or
x=
2
2
x=
x=
8
2
or
10
2
x = 4 or 5
b x2 10x + 16 = 0
b b 2 4ac
2a
a = 1 b = 10 c = 16
x=
(10) (10) 2 4 1 16
x=
2 1
10 100 64
x=
2
10 36
x=
2
MM11 CAS-2
29
10 6
2
10 + 6
10 6
or
x=
2
2
x=
x=
16
2
4
2
or
x = 8 or 2
c 2x2 13x 24 = 0
b b 2 4ac
2a
a = 2 b = 13 c = 24
x=
x=
(13) (13)2 4 2 24
2 2
x=
13 169 192
4
13 361
4
13 19
x=
4
13 + 19
13 19
or x =
x=
4
4
x=
x=
32
4
6
4
or
x = 8 or 1.5
d 4x2 + 13x 3 = 0
b b 2 4ac
2a
a = 4 b = 13 c = 3
x=
x=
13 132 4 4 3
2 4
x=
13 169 48
8
13 121
8
13 11
x=
8
13 + 11
13 11
or
x=
8
8
x=
x=
2
8
or
24
8
x=
1
4
or 3
3 a x2 + 5x + 3 = 0
b b 2 4ac
2a
a=1 b=5 c=3
x=
x=
5 52 4 1 3
2 1
x=
5 25 12
2
x=
5 13
2
x=
5 + 13
5 13
or
2
2
x=
5
2
13
2
x=
5
2
13
2
or
5
2
13
2
MM11 CAS-2
30
Quadratic functions
b x2 + 8x + 5 = 0
2
b b 4ac
x=
2a
a=1 b=8 c=5
x=
8 82 4 1 5
2 1
8 64 20
x=
2
8 44
x=
2
8 2 11
2
x = 4 11
b b 2 4ac
2a
a=1 b=3 c=1
x=
x=
3 3 4 1 1
2 1
x=
3 9 4
2
x=
3 5
2
3
2
5
2
d x + 10x + 12 = 0
x=
12
2
or
x=
(4) (4) 2 4 1 2
2 1
4 16 + 8
2
42 6
2
x = 2 6
h x2 9x 8 = 0
b b 2 4ac
x=
2a
a = 1 b = 9 c = 8
3
2
x=
4 42 4 2k 6k
2 2k
x=
4 16 + 48k 2
4k
x=
4 16(1 + 3k 2 )
4k
x=
4 16 1 + 3k 2
4k
x=
4 4 1 + 3k 2
4k
x=
1 1 + 3k 2
k
x=
1 + 1 + 3k 2
or
k
x=
1 1 + 3k 2
k
l Solve 2kx2 (k + 1)x + 4 = 0 for x.

a = 2k
b = (k + 1)
c=4
(9) ( 9) 2 4 1 8
2 1
x=
10 10 4 1 12
2 1
9 81 + 32
2
x=
x=
10 100 48
2
9 113
2
k + 1 k 2 + 2k + 1 32k
4k
x=
x=
k + 1 k 2 30k + 1
4k
x=
k + 1 + k 2 30k + 1
or
4k
x=
k + 1 k 2 30k + 1
4k
10 52
x=
2
10 2 13
x=
2
x = 5 13
e x2 6x + 2 = 0
b b 2 4ac
2a
a = 1 b = 6 c = 2
x=
x=
(6) (6) 2 4 1 2
2 1
x=
6 36 8
2
x=
6 28
2
9
2
2
113
2
i 2x + 3x + 1 = 0
b b 2 4ac
2a
a = 2 b = 3 c = 1
x=
x=
3 32 4 2 1
2 2
x=
3 9 + 8
4
x=
3 17
4
x=
3
4
((k + 1)) ( k + 1) 2 4 2k 4
2 2k
4 a 2kx2 + 4x + 6k = x2 + 4x 3
2k = 1
k = 12
The previous solution for x was

1 3k 2 + 1
k
Therefore, the solution becomes:
17
4
j 4x2 + 12x 1 = 0
b b 2 4ac
x=
2a
a = 4 b = 12 c = 1
x=
12 12 4 4 1
2 4
x = 3 7
f x2 7x + 6 = 0
x=
12 144 16
8
x=
12 128
8
b b 2 4ac
2a
x=
x=
62 7
x=
2
x=
3 2 2
2
2
2
b b 2 4ac
2a
a = 1 b = 4 c = 2
x=
x=
k Solve 2kx2 + 4x + 6k = 0 for x.

a = 2k
b=4
c = 6k
x = 6 or 1
g x2 4x 2 = 0
x=
12 8 2
8
x=
b b 2 4ac
x=
2a
a = 1 b = 10 c = 12
x=
7 25
x=
2
7+5
75
or
x=
2
2
x=
x=
x=
c x2 + 3x + 1 = 0
x=
(7) (7) 2 4 1 6
x=
2 1
7 49 24
x=
2
x=
44 = 4 11 = 2 11
x=
a = 1 b = 7 c = 6
x=
1 3( 12 ) 2 + 1
12
= 2 2
3
4
= 2 2
7
4
= 2
+1
2 7
4
= 2 7
Or, using a CAS calculator: on a
calculator page, complete the
entry line as:
Quadratic functions
Solve
(2kx2 + 4x + 6k = 0, x)k = 12
Then press ENTER.
x=
x=
1 3k 2 + 1
,
k
k = 12
1 3( 12 ) 2 + 1
12
= 2 7
b 2kx2 (k + 1)x + 4 = 62x2 32x + 4

2k = 62
k = 31
The previous solution for x was
k + 1 k 2 30k + 1
4k
Therefore, the solution becomes:
x=
31 + 1 312 30 31 + 1
4 31
32 961 930 + 1
=
124
32 32
=
124
32 4 2
=
124
8 2
=
31
Or, using a CAS calculator: on a
calculator page, complete the
entry line as:
Solve
(2kx2 (k + 1)x + 4 = 0, x)k = 31
Then press ENTER.
x=
x=
k + 1 k 2 30k + 1
, k = 31
4k
k + 1 (31) 2 30 31 + 1
4 31
8 2
=
31
x=
5 a x2 6x 2 = 0
On a calculator page, complete
the entry line as:
Solve (x2 6x 2 = 0, x)
Then press ENTER.
Solve x2 6x 2 = 0 for x.
x = 6.317, 0.317
2
b x + 3x 9 = 0
the entry line as:
Solve (x2 + 3x 9 = 0, x)
Then press ENTER.
Solve x2 + 3x 9 = 0 for x.
x = 1.854, 4.854
c 2x2 + 7x + 1 = 0
the entry line as:
Solve (2x2 + 7x + 1 = 0, x)
Then press ENTER.

Solve 2x2 + 7x + 1 = 0 for x.
x = 3.637, 0.137
d 9x2 2x 2 = 0
the entry line as:
Solve (9x2 2x 2 = 0, x)
Then press ENTER.
Solve 9x2 2x 2 = 0 for x.
There are no solutions for x.
e x2 8x + 1 = 0
the entry line as:
Solve (x2 8x + 1 = 0, x)
Then press ENTER.
Solve x2 8x + 1 = 0 for x
x = 0.123, 8.123
f 3x2 + x + 9 = 0
the entry line as:
Solve (3x2 + x + 9 = 0, x)
Then press ENTER.
Solve 3x2 + x + 9 = 0 for x
6 a x2 + 6x = 11
the entry line as:
Solve (x2 + 6x = 11, x)
Then press ENTER.
Solve x2 + 6x = 11 for x.
x = 1.472, 7.472
b 2x2 = 7 4x
the entry line as:
Solve (2x2 = 7 4x, x)
Then press ENTER.
Solve 2x2 = 7 4x for x.
x = 1.121, 3.121
c 10x + 2 = 5x2
the entry line as:
Solve (10x + 2 = 5x2, x)
Then press ENTER.
Solve 10x + 2 = 5x2 for x.
x = 0.225, 1.775
d x2 = 8x 6
the entry line as:
Solve (x2 = 8x 6, x)
Then press ENTER.
Solve x2 = 8x 6 for x.
x = 7.162, 0.838
e 5 = 9x 2x2
the entry line as:
Solve (5 = 9x 2x2, x)
Then press ENTER.
MM11 CAS-2
31
Solve 5 = 9x 2x2 for x.

x = 3.851, 0.649
f x2 2 = 7x + 4
the entry line as:
Solve (x2 2 = 7x + 4, x)
Then press ENTER.
Solve x2 2 = 7x + 4 for x.
x = 7.772, 0.772
g 5x2 + 6x + 2 = 0
the entry line as:
Solve (5x2 + 6x + 2 = 0, x)
Then press ENTER.
Solve 5x2 + 6x + 2 = 0 for x.
h x2 + 4x = 8
the entry line as:
Solve (x2 + 4x = 8, x)
Then press ENTER.
7 N = x2 + 2x + 300
850 = x2 + 2x + 300
x2 + 2x + 300 850 = 0
x2 + 2x 550 = 0
2
x = b b 4ac
2a
a = 1 b = 2 c = 550
2
x = 2 2 4 1 550
2 1
x = 2 4 + 2200
2
2204
x=
2
2
46.946
x=
2
+
2
46.946
x=
or
2
x = 2 46.946
2
No solution here as x must be positive
x = 44.946
2
x = 22.473
x 22.5 cm
8 P = 40t 2 7t 5000
P=0
40t 2 7t 5000 = 0
2
t = b b 4ac
2a
a = 40 b = 7 c = 5000
( 7) ( 7) 2 4 40 5000
2 40
7 49 + 800 000
t=
80
7 800 049
t=
80
7
894.45
t=
80
+
7
894.45
t=
or t = 7 894.45
80
80
t=
MM11 CAS-2
32
Quadratic functions
t = 901.45 or 887.45
80
80
t = 11.268 or No solution here
t = 11.3 hours
9 x = 4t 2 + 20t + 5
x=0
0 = 4t 2 + 20t + 5
20 400 + 80
8
20 480
8
20
21.908
t=
8
t = 20 + 21.908 or
8
20
21.908
t=
8
t = 1.908 or 41.908
8
8
t = 0.239 or 5.239
t 0.239
t = 5.2 min
= 1.2
b b 2 4ac
2a
a = 4 b = 24 c = 60
p=
24 (24 )2 4 4 60
2 4
24
5684.89
+ 3015.92
p=
25.13
p = 24 8700.81
25.13
24
93.278
p=
25.13
p = 24 + 93.278 or
25.13
24
93.278
p=
25.13
p cannot be negative.
p = 24 + 93.278
25.13
75.398 + 93.278
=
25.13
So
17.88
=
25.13
= 0.711
Radius = 0.711 m
p=
10 h = 5.2t 1.5t2 1
a t = 0 h = 1
So the bunker is l m deep.
b h=0
0 = 5.2t 1.5t2 1
5.2 (5.2) 2 4 1.5 1

2 1.5
5.2 27.04 6
t=
3
5.2 21.04
t=
3
t = 0.204, 3.262
t = 0.204 seconds
c h=3
3 = 5.2t 1.5t2 1
0 = 1.5t2 + 5.2t 4
t=
5.2 (5.2) 2 4 1.5 4

2 1.5
5.2 27.04 24
t=
3
5.2 3.04
t=
3
t = 1.152, 2.315
The ball has a height of 3 m
at times of 1.15 seconds and
2.32 seconds.
t=
11 a 5x2 + 4x =12
5x2 + 4x 12 = 0
(x + 2)(5x 6) = 0
x + 2 = 0 or 5x 6 = 0
x = 2 or
5x = 6
6
6
5
12 60 = 4 r2 + 24 r
4 r2 + 24 r 60 = 0
t=
x = 5 (x 2)
= 1.2
Rounded down, x 1.0 m

Area paved is now
5(1)2 + 4(1) = 9 m2
Therefore she has an extra 3 m2 of
pavers to use for other projects.
2
t = 20 20 4 4 5
2 4
x = 2 or
6
5
Rounded up, x 1.5 m

Area paved is now
5(1.5)2 + 4(1.5) = 17.25 m2
Therefore she will need to buy an
extra 5.25 m2 of pavers to
complete this project.
c x=
2
t = b b 4ac
2a
a = 4 b = 20 c = 5
t=
b x=
x=
6
5
2
(x 95)2 + 190
95
2 2
=
(x 190x + 9025) + 190
95
13 a y =
2 x 2
+ 4x 190 + 190
95
2 x 2
+ 4x
95
b y=0
=
2 x 2
+ 4x
95
x
= 2x 2
95
x
2x = 0 or
2=0
95
x
x =0
=2
95
x = 190
width = 190 0
= 190 m
c TP = (95, 190)
height = 190 m
0 =
Exercise 2H The
discriminant
1 a x2 + 9x + 2 = 0
= b2 4ac
= 92 4 1 2
= 81 8
= 73
b x2 4x 1 = 0
= b2 4ac
= (4)2 4 1 1
= 16 + 4
= 20
c 5x2 + 6x 7 = 0
= b2 4ac
= 62 4 5 7
= 36 + 140
= 176
d 2x2 3x + 10 = 0
= b2 4ac
= (3)2 4 2 10
= 9 80
= 71
e 3x2 + x + 3 = 0
= b2 4ac
= 12 4 3 3
= 1 + 36
= 37
f x2 2x 6 = 0
= b2 4ac
= (2)2 4 1 6
= 4 24
= 20
g x2 + 15x = 1
x2 + 15x 1 = 0
= b2 4ac
= (15)2 4 1 1
= 225 + 4
= 229
h 9 7x = 4x2
4x2 + 7x 9 = 0
= b2 4ac
= 72 4 4 9
= 49 + 144
= 193
i 3x2 = 5
3x2 + 0x 5 = 0
= b2 4ac
= 02 4 3 5
= 0 60
= 60
2 a 5x2 + x + 2 = 0
= b2 4ac
= 12 4 5 2
= 1 40
= 39
No real solutions.
b x2 + 4x + 4 = 0
= b2 4ac
= 42 4 1 4
= 16 + 16
= 32
Two real solutions.
c 3x2 3x + 1 = 0
= b2 4ac
= (3)2 4 3 1
= 9 12
Quadratic functions
= 3
No real solutions.
3x2 + 6x + 3 = 0
= b2 4ac
= 62 4 3 3
= 36 36
=0
One real solution.
2x2 8x 8 = 0
= b2 4ac
= (8)2 4 2 8
= 64 64
=0
One real solution.
9 x2 + x = 0
x2 + x + 9 = 0
= b2 4ac
= 12 4 1 9
= 1 + 36
= 37
Two real solutions.
5x2 = 2 x
5x2 + x 2 = 0
= b2 4ac
= 12 4 5 2
= 1 + 40
= 41
Two real solutions.
6 6x = x2
x2 + 6x 6 = 0
= b2 4ac
= 62 4 1 6
= 36 + 24
= 60
Two real solutions.
12x = 9x2 + 4
9x2 12x + 4 = 0
= b2 4ac
= (12)2 4 9 4
= 144 144
=0
One real solution.
3 a x2 + ax + 1 = 0
= b2 4ac
= a2 4 1 1
= a2 4
b ax2 + 2x + 3 = 0
= b2 4ac
= 22 4 a 3
= 4 12a
c x2 + 6x + a = 0
= b2 4ac
= 62 4 1 a
= 36 4a
d ax2 + bx + 1 = 0
= b2 4ac
= b2 4 a 1
= b2 4a
e mx2 + 2mx + 1 = 0
= b2 4ac
= (2m)2 4 m 1
= 4m2 4m
= 4m(m 1)
f x2 + (m + 1) x + 3 = 0
= b2 4ac
= (m + 1)2 4 1 3
= m2 + 2m + 1 12
= m2 + 2m 11
g x2 mx (m + 4) = 0
= b2 4ac
= (m)2 4 1 (m + 4)
= m2 + 4 (m + 4)
= m2 + 4m + 16
h (k 1)x2 kx + 2 = 0
= (k)2 4 (k 1) 2
= k2 8 (k 1)
= k2 8k + 8
4 x2 mx + 5 = 0
= b2 4ac
= (m)2 4 1 5
= m2 20
For two distinct solutions
>0
m2 20 > 0
m2 > 20
| m | > 4.47
m > 4.47
or
m < 4.47
Solution D satisfies.
5 a x2 + kx + 4 = 0
= b2 4ac
= k2 4 1 4
= k2 16
i Two distinct solutions
>0
k2 16 > 0
k2 > 16
|k | > 4
k >4
or
k < 4
ii One solution
=0
k2 16 = 0
k2 = 16
|k | = 4
k =4
or
k = 4
k = 4
iii No solutions
< 0
k2 16 < 0
k2 < 16
|k | < 4
4 < k < 4
b x2 4x + k = 0
= b2 4ac
= (4)2 4 1 k
= 16 4k
>0
16 4k > 0
16 > 4k
4k < 16
k <4
ii One solution
=0
16 4k = 0
16 = 4k
k = 164
k=4
iii No solutions
<0
MM11 CAS-2
16 4k
16
4k
k
<0
< 4k
> 16
> 164
k >4
c x2 + 4kx + 4 = 0
= b2 4ac
= (4k)2 4 1 4
= 16k2 16
>0
16k2 16 > 0
16k2 > 16
k2 > 1
|k | > 1
k >1
or
k < 1
ii One solution
=0
16k2 16 = 0
16k2 = 16
k2 = 1
k = 1
k = 1
iii No solutions
<0
16k2 16 < 0
16k2 < 16
k2 < 1
|k | < 1
1 < k < 1
d kx2 18x + 20 = 0
= b2 4ac
= (18)2 4 k 20
= 324 80k
>0
324 80k > 0
324 > 80k
80k < 324
k < 4.05
ii One solution
=0
324 80k = 0
80k = 324
k = 324
80
k = 4.05
iii No solutions
<0
324 80k < 0
324 < 80k
80k > 324
k > 324
80
k > 4.05
2
e x 4x + (k + 1) = 0
= b2 4ac
= (4)2 4 1 (k + 1)
= 16 4k 4
= 12 4k
>0
12 4k > 0
12 > 4k
4k < 12
33
MM11 CAS-2
34
k<
Quadratic functions
ii One solution
12
4
k<3
ii One solution
=0
12 4k = 0
4k = 12
k = 12
4
k=3
iii No solutions
<0
12 4k < 0
12 < 4k
4k > 12
k > 124
k >3
f 6x2 + 4kx + (k + 3) = 0
= b2 4ac
= (4k)2 4 6 (k + 3)
= 16k2 24 (k + 3)
= 16k2 24k 72
>0
16k2 24k 72 > 0
8(2k2 3k 9) > 0
2k2 3k 9 > 0
2 = b2 4ac
= (3)2 4 2 9
= 9 + 72
= 81, which will factorise
and be solved
So (2k + 3) (k 3) > 0
2k + 3 > 0 and k 3 > 0
2k > 3
k>3
k < 32 and
k>3
=0
16k2 24k 72 = 0
8(2k2 3k 9) = 0
2k2 3k 9 = 0
(2k + 3) (k 3) = 0
2k + 3 = 0 or k 3 = 0
2k = 3 or
k=3
k = 1.5
So k = 1.5 or
k=3
iii No solutions
<0
2k2 3k 9 < 0
(2k + 3)(k 3) < 0
2k + 3 < 0
or k 3 < 0
2k < 3 or k < 3
k > 3 or k < 3
1.5 < k < 3
g 4kx2 + 12kx + 9k = 0
= b2 4ac
= (12k)2 4 4k 9k
= 144k2 144k2
=0
>0
No values of k.
ii One solution
=0
All values of k.
iii No solutions
<0
No values of k.
h (k + 4)x2 + 10x + 5 = 0
= b2 4ac
= 102 4 (k + 4) 5
= 100 20k 80
= 20 20k
>0
20 20k > 0
20 > 20k
20k < 20
k < 20
20
k <1
ii One solution
=0
20 20k = 0
20 = 20k
k = 20
20
k =1
iii No solutions
<0
20 20k < 0
20 < 20k
20k > 20
k > 20
20
k >1
i (k 1)x2 (k + 1)x + 2 = 0
= b2 4ac
= [(k + 1)]2 4 (k 1) 2
= k2 + 2k + 1 8k + 8
= k2 6k + 9
>0
k2 6k + 9 > 0
(k 3)2 > 0
k3>0
k>3
k > 3 or
k < 3 from graph
ii One solution
=0
(k 3)2 = 0
k3 =0
k =3
iii No solutions
<0
(k 3)2 < 0
But from graph no values of k.
6
Question
Equation after substitution k = 1
Number of solutions
x2 x + 4 = 0
x2 4x 1 = 0
x2 4x + 4 = 0
x2 18x + 20 = 0
x2 4x = 0
6x2 4x + 2 = 0
4x2 12x 9 = 0
3x2 + 10x + 5 = 0
2x2 + 2 = 0
Reasoning
= k2 16
= 15
= 16 4k
= 12
= 16k2 16
=0
= 324 80k
= 404
= 12 4k
= 16
= 16k2 24k 72
= 32
= 144k2 144k2
=0
= 20 20k
= 40
= k2 6k + 9
= 16
Quadratic functions
Exercise 2I Graphs of
quadratic functions as power
functions (turning point form)
1 a
b
c
d
e
f
2 a
y = (x 5)2
y = (x 5)2 + 0
TP = (5, 0)
y = (x + 7)2 + 3
TP = (7, 3)
y = (x 2)2 7
TP = (2, 7)
y = (x 1)2 + 8
TP = (1, 8)
y = 2(x + 3)2 4
TP = (3, 4)
y = 6(x 2)2 + 2
TP = (2, 2)
y = (x 4)2 + 2
i TP (4, 2)
ii Same width as x2
iii Min. value y = 2
iv y-intercept x = 0
y = (4)2 + 2
y = 16 + 2
y = 18
v
e y = 2(x + 5)2 9
i TP (5, 9)
ii Width compared to
y = x2 thinner.
y = 2(5)2 9
y = 2 25 9
y = 50 9
y = 41
v
f y=
i
ii
iii
iv
b y = (x 2)2 3
i TP (2, 3)
ii In width same as x2
y = (2)2 3
y=43
y=1
v
iii Max. value y = 3

y = 7(3)2 + 3
y = 7 9 + 3
y = 63 + 3
y = 60
v
i y = (x 8)2 9
i TP (8, 9)
ii Width same as y = x2
iii Max. value y = 9
y = (8)2 9
y = 64 9
y = 73
v
TP (4, 4)
Width wider than y = x2
Min. value y = 4
y-intercept x = 0
y = 13 (4)2 + 4
16 + 4
y=
1
3
y=
16
3
y=
28
3
+4
g y=
c y = (x + 5)2 8
i TP (5, 8)
ii Same width as x2
y = (5)2 8
y = 25 8
y = 17
v
(x 4)2 + 4
1
3
MM11 CAS-2
6
5
j y = (1 x)2 + 20
i TP (1, 20)
ii Width same as y = x2
y = (1)2 + 20
y = 1 + 20
y = 21
v
(x + 1)2 12
i TP (1, 12)
ii Width thinner than
y = x2
y = 65 (1)2 12
y=
6
5
y=
6
5
y=
3 a TP (2, 5) y-dilation = 3
1 12
12
54
5
v
b TP (1, 3) y-dilation = 1
d y = (x 1)2 1
i TP (1, 1)
ii Width same as x2
y = (1)2 1
y=11=0
h y = 7(x 3)2 + 3
i TP (3, 3)
ii Width thinner than
y = x2
35
MM11 CAS-2
36
Quadratic functions
c TP (0, 4) y-dilation = 2
d TP (6, 0) y-dilation = 1
6 a
e TP (7, 7) y-dilation = 4
b
c
f TP (0, 2) y-dilation =
1
2
e
4 a TP (2, 4) Min.
y-intercept = 8
y = (x b)2 + c
y = (x 2)2 + 4
b TP (1, 5) Max.
y-intercept = 4
y = (x b)2 + c
y = (x + 1)2 + 5
c TP (2, 5) Min.
y-intercept = 1
y = (x b)2 + c
y = (x 2)2 5
d TP (3, 1) Max.
y-intercept = 8
y = (x b)2 + c
y = (x + 3)2 + 1
e TP (6, 6) Max.
y-intercept = 30
y = (x b)2 + c
y = (x 6)2 + 6
f TP (3, 2) Min.
y-intercept = 7
y = (x b)2 + c
y = (x + 3)2 2
5 a TP (1, 4)
y-dilation = 2
y = (x b)2 + c
y = 2(x 1)2 + 4
y-intercept x = 0
y = 2(1)2 + 4
y=21+4
y=2+4
y=6
TP (2, 3)
y-dilation = 1
y = (x b)2 3
y = 1(x + 2)2 3
y-intercept x = 0
y = 1(2)2 3
y = 1 4 3
y = 4 3
y = 7
y = x2 4x + 9
y = x2 4x + 4 + 9 4
y = (x 2)2 + 5
TP (2, 5)
Min. value y = 5
y = x2 6x + 17
y = x2 6x + 9 + 17 9
y = (x 3)2 + 8
TP (3, 8)
Min. value y = 8
y = x2 12x + 37
y = x2 12x + 36 + 37 36
y = (x 6)2 + 1
TP (6, 1)
Min. value y = 1
y = x2 + 8x + 13
y = x2 + 8x + 16 + 13 16
y = (x + 4)2 3
TP (4, 3)
Min. value y = 3
y = x2 4x 5
y = x2 4x + 4 5 4
y = (x 2)2 9
TP (2, 9)
Min. value y = 9
y = x2 + 7
y = (x + 0)2 + 7
TP (0, 7)
Min. value y = 7
y = x2 + 18x + 0
y = x2 + 18x + 81 81
y = (x + 9)2 81
TP (9, 81)
Min. value y = 81
y = 2x2 12x + 22
y = 2(x2 6x + 11)
y = 2[x2 6x + 9 + 11 9]
y = 2[(x 3)2 + 2]
y = 2(x 3)2 + 4
TP (3, 4)
Min. value y = 4
y = 3x2 + 12x + 15
y = 3(x2 + 4x + 5)
y = 3[x2 + 4x + 4 + 5 4]
y = 3[(x + 2)2 + 1]
y = 3(x + 2)2 + 3
TP (2, 3)
Min. value y = 3
7 a y = 3x2 2x + 1
2
2
3
= 3[ x x +
1
]
3
= 3[( x 2 23 x + 19 ) + 13 91 ]
= 3[( x 13 )2 + 92 ]
1
2
= 3( x )2 +
3
3
So the turning point is ( 13 , 23 )
Or TP = (0.333, 0.667)
b y = 2x2 5x 4
5
= 2[ x 2 + 2 x + 2]
5
25
25
= 2[( x 2 + 2 x + 16 ) + 2 16 ]
5
= 2[( x + 4 ) 2 + 16 ]
= 2( x + 54 ) 2 78
So turning point is ( 54 , 87 )
Or TP is (1.25, 0.875)
c y = 6x2 3x 4
1
= 6[ x 2 2 x 3 ]
1
= 6[( x 2 2 x + 16 ) 3 16 ]
1
35
= 6[( x 4 ) 2 48 ]
1
= 6( x 4 ) 2
35
8
So turning point is ( 14 , 35
8)
Or TP = (0.25, 4.375)
8 TP = (5, 9) Max.
y = (x b)2 + c
y = (x 5)2 + 9
9 y = k (x 2)2 + 1
Increase k, graph gets thinner (C)
10 y = (x + k)2
Increase k, affects x value of TP
Increase k x
Decrease k +x
So shift left (E)
11 y = (x + 1)2 k
TP (1, k)
Because k is negative, increase k
means it becomes more negative.
So lowered (B)
12 y = M(x + h)2 + n
a x-coordinate of TP = h
b y-coordinate of TP = n
c y-dilation factor = M
d Coefficient of x2 in expanded
form.
y = M(x + h)2 + n
y = Mx2 + M2xh + h2 + n
Coefficient of x2 = M
e Coefficient of x in expanded form
= 2Mh.
f Constant term in expanded
version = Mh2 + n
Exercise 2J Graphs of
quadratic functions
(intercepts method)
1 a y = x2 + 9x + 2
y-intercept x = 0
y = 02 + 9 0 + 2
y=2
Quadratic functions
b y = 3x2 + 6x 4
y-intercept x = 0
y = 3 02 + 6 0 4
y = 4
c y = 4x2 + 2x
y-intercept x = 0
y = 4 02 + 2 0
y=0
d y = 6 x2
y-intercept x = 0
y = 6 02
y=6
e y = 5x + 2 4x2
y-intercept x = 0
y = 5 0 + 2 4 02
y=2
f y = 1 x x2
y-intercept x = 0
y = 1 0 02
y=1
2 a y = (x 1)(x 6)
x-intercepts y = 0
0 = (x 1)(x 6)
x 1 = 0 or x 6 = 0
x = 1 or 6
1, 6
b y = (x 3)(x + 2)
x-intercepts y = 0
0 = (x 3)(x + 2)
x 3 = 0 or x + 2 = 0
x = 3 or
x = 2
3, 2
c y = (x + 5)(x + 1)
x-intercepts y = 0
0 = (x + 5)(x + 1)
x + 5 = 0 or x + 1 = 0
x = 5 or
x = 1
5, 1
d y = (x 4)(x 5)
x-intercepts y = 0
0 = (x 4)(x 5)
x 4 = 0 or x 5 = 0
x = 4 or
x=5
4, 5
e y = x(x 2)
x-intercepts y = 0
0 = x(x 2)
x=0
or x 2 = 0
x=0
or
x=2
0, 2
f y = (3 x)(4 x)
x-intercepts y = 0
0 = (3 x)(4 x)
3 x = 0 or
4x=0
x = 3 or
x=4
3, 4
g y = (x + 5)(5 x)
x-intercepts y = 0
0 = (x + 5)(5 x)
x + 5 = 0 or
5x=0
x = 5 or
x=5
5
h y = x(x + 8)
x-intercepts y = 0
0 = x(x + 8)
x = 0
or x + 8 = 0
x=0
or
x = 8
0, 8
i y = (x + 9)2
x-intercepts y = 0
0 = (x + 9)2
(x + 9)2 = 0
x+9=0
x = 9
j y = 3(2 x)(x + 10)
x-intercepts y = 0
0 = 3(2 x)(x + 10)
3 0 2 x = 0 or x + 10 = 0
x = 2 or
x = 10
2, 10
3 a y = (2x 5)(x + 1)
x-intercepts at y = 0
0 = (2x 5)(x + 1)
2x 5 = 0
or x + 1 = 0
2x = 5 or
x = 1
x = 52 or
x = 1
5
,
2
b y = (3x + 1)(x + 2)
0 = (3x + 1)(x + 2)
3x + 1 = 0 or x + 2 = 0
3x = 1 or
x = 2
x = 13 or
x = 2
1
3
, 2
c y = (x 9)(4x 9)
0 = (x 9)(4x 9)
x 9 = 0 or
x = 9 or
x = 9 or
9,
37
Ax + a = 0 or Bx + b = 0
Ax = a or
Bx = b
x = Bb
x = Aa or
a
A
b
B
4 a y = 4x2 2x + 3
0 = 4x2 2x + 3
= b2 4ac
= (2)2 4 4 3
= 4 48
= 44
No solutions and so no
x-intercepts.
b y = x2 + 7x 7
0 = x2 + 7x 7
= b2 4ac
= 72 4 1 7
= 49 28
= 21
Two distinct real solutions.
Use quadratic formula.
a = 1 b = 7 c = 7
x =
b b 2 4ac
2a
x =
7 21
2 1
x =
7 21
2
7
x =2
21
2
So exact values of x-intercepts are

4x 9 = 0
4x = 9
x = 94
9
4
d y = (x + 1)(6 5x)
0 = (x + 1)(6 5x)
(x + 1) = 0 or 6 5x = 0
x + 1 = 0 or 6 5x = 0
x = 1 or
5x = 6
x = 1 or
x = 65
1,
MM11 CAS-2
6
5
e y = (2x + 3)(4x + 1)
0 = (2x + 3)(4x + 1)
2x + 3 = 0
or 4x + 1 = 0
2x = 3 or
4x = 1
x = 23 or
x = 41
3 1
, 4
2
f y = 3x(x + 4)
0 = 3x(x + 4)
3x = 0 or x + 4 = 0
x = 0 or
x = 4
0, 4
g y = (Ax + a)(Bx + b)
0 = (Ax + a)(Bx b)
7
2
21
.
2
2
c y = 2x 9x 1
0 = 2x2 9x 1
= b2 4ac
= (9)2 4 2 1
= 81 8
= 73
Two distinct real solutions.
a = 2 b = 9 c = 17
x=
b b 2 4ac
2a
x=
9 73
4
x=
9
4
73
4
are exact solutions.
d y = 10 3x + 3x2
0 = 10 3x + 3x2
or 0 = 3x2 3x + 10
= b2 4ac
= (3)2 4 3 10
= 9 120
= 111
So no x-intercepts.
5 a y = x2 4x + 3
y-intercept at x = 0
y=3
MM11 CAS-2
38
Quadratic functions
0 = x2 4x + 3
= b2 4ac
= (4)2 4 1 3
= 16 12
=4
So will factorise
0 = x2 4x + 3
0 = (x 3)(x 1)
x 3 = 0 or x 1 = 0
x = 3 or
x=1
TP Form
y = x2 4x + 3
y = x2 4x + 4 + 3 4
y = (x 2)2 1
TP (2, 1)
Minimum value
y-dilation = 1
y = 1
Graph
b y = x2 + 2x + 1
y = 02 + 2 0 + 1
y=1
0 = x2 + 2x + 1
= b2 4ac
= (2)2 4 1 1
=44
=0
Perfect square
0 = x2 + 2x + 1
0 = x2 + 2x + 1
0 = (x + 1)2
x+1=0
x = 1
(0, 1)
TP Form
y = x2 + 2x + 1
y = (x + 1)2 + 0
TP (1, 0)
Minimum TP y = 0
y-dilation = 1
Graph
c y = x2 + 6x + 8
y = 02 + 6 0 + 8
y=8
0 = x2 + 6x + 8
= b2 4ac
= 62 4 1 8
= 36 32
=4
Factorise
0 = x2 + 6x + 8
0 = (x + 4)(x + 2)
x + 4 = 0 or
x+2=0
x = 4 or
x = 2
TP Form
y = x2 + 6x + 8
y = x2 + 6x + 9 + 8 9
y = (x + 3)2 1
TP at (3, 1)
TP Minimum value
y = 1
y-dilation factor 1
Graph
d y = x2 + 12x + 35
y = 02 + 12 0 + 35
y = 35
0 = x2 + 12x + 35
= b2 4ac
= (12)2 4 1 35
= 144 140
=4
Will factorise
0 = x2 + 12x + 35
0 = (x + 7)(x + 5)
x + 7 = 0 or
x+5=0
x = 7 or
x = 5
TP Form
y = x2 + 12x + 35
y = x2 + 12x + 36 + 35 36
y = (x + 6)2 1
TP at (6, 1)
Minimum value y = 1
y-dilation factor = 1
Graph
e y = x2 8x + 12
y = 02 8 0 + 12
y = 12
0 = x2 8x + 12
= b2 4ac
= (8)2 4 1 12
= 64 48
= 16
Will factorise
0 = x2 8x + 12
0 = (x 6)(x 2)
x 6 = 0 or
x2=0
x = 6 or
x=2
TP Form
y = x2 8x + 12
y = x2 8x + 16 + 12 16
y = (x 4)2 4
TP at (4, 4)
Minimum value
y = 4
Graph
f y = x2 + 2x 63
y = 02 + 2 0 63
y = 63
0 = x2 + 2x 63
= b2 4ac
= 22 4 1 63
= 4 + 252
= 256
Perfect, so will factorise
0 = x2 + 2x 63
0 = (x + 9)(x 7)
x + 9 = 0 or
x7=0
x = 9 or
x=7
TP Form
y = x2 + 2x 63
y = x + 2x + 1 63 1
y = (x + 1)2 64
TP at (1, 64)
Minimum value y = 64
Graph
g y = x2 + 3x + 2
y = 02 + 3 0 + 2
y=2
0 = x2 + 3x + 2
= b2 4ac
= 32 4 1 2
=98
=1
Perfect, so will factorise
Quadratic functions
0 = x2 + 3x + 2
0 = (x + 2)(x + 1)
x + 2 = 0 or
x+1=0
x = 2 or
x = 1
TP Form
y = x2 + 3x + 2
y = x2 + 3x + 94 + 2 94
y = (x +
3
2
)2
1
4
TP at ( 32 , 14 )
Graph
h y = x2 5x + 6
y = 02 5 0 + 6
y=6
0 = x2 5x + 6
= b2 4ac
= (5)2 4 1 6
= 25 24
=1
Factorise
0 = x2 5x + 6
0 = (x 3)(x 2)
x 3 = 0 or
x2=0
x = 3 or
x=2
TP Form
y = x2 5x + 6
y = x2 5x + 25
+ 6 25
4
4
y = (x +
5
2
)2
1
4
TP at ( 52 , 14 )
Minimum value
y = 14
x 12 = 0
or x + 1 = 0
x = 12 or
x = 1
TP Form
y = x2 11x 12
y = x2 11x + 121
12 121
4
4
y = (x +
11 2
)
2
169
4
)
TP at ( 112 , 169
4
MM11 CAS-2
39
TP Form
y = x2 16x + 64
y = (x 8)2 + 0
TP at (8, 0)
TP minimum value
y=0
Graph
TP minimum value
y = 169
4
Graph
j y = x2 + 14x + 49
y = 02 + 14 0 + 49
y = 49
0 = x2 + 14x + 49
= b2 4ac
= (14)2 4 1 49
= 196 196
=0
Perfect square
0 = x2 + 14x + 49
0 = (x + 7)2
x+7=0
x = 7
TP Form
y = x2 + 14x + 49
y = (x + 7)2 + 0
TP at (7, 0)
TP minimum value
y=0
Graph
l y = x2 + 8x 153
y = 02 + 8 0 153
y = 153
0 = x2 + 8x 153
= b2 4ac
= 82 4 1 153
= 64 + 612
= 676 (262)
Will factorise
0 = x2 + 8x 153
0 = (x + 17)(x 9)
x + 17 = 0
or x 9 = 0
x = 17 or
x=9
TP Form
y = x2 + 8x 153
y = x2 + 8x + 16 153 16
y = (x + 4)2 169
TP at (4, 169)
Graph
Graph
i y = x2 11x 12
y = 02 11 0 12
y = 12
0 = x2 11x 12
= b2 4ac
= (11)2 4 1 12
= 121 + 48
= 169
Factorise
0 = x2 11x 12
0 = (x 12)(x + 1)
k y = x2 16x + 64
y = 02 16 0 + 64
y = 64
0 = x2 16x + 64
= b2 4ac
= (16)2 4 1 64
= 256 256
=0
Perfect square
0 = x2 16x + 64
0 = (x 8)2
x8=0
x=8
6 a y = 3x2 + 2x 8
y = 3 02 + 2 0 8
y = 8
0 = 3x2 + 2x 8
= b2 4ac
= 4 + 96
= 100
= 102
Will factorise
0 = 3x2 + 2x 8
0 = (3x 4)(x + 2)
3x 4 = 0 or x + 2 = 0
3x = 4 or
x = 2
x = 43 or
x = 2
TP Form
y = 3x2 + 2x 8
y = 3[x2 + 23 x
8
3
MM11 CAS-2
40
x+
Quadratic functions
y = 3[x +
2
3
y = 3[(x +
1 2
) 25
9
3
25
1 2
)
3
3
1
9
8
3
1
9
3x = 5 or
x = 35 or
x=3
x=3
)
TP at ( 13 , 25
3
TP Form
y = 3x2 4x 15
y = 3[x2 43 x 5]
3
y = 3[x2
4
3
x+
Graph
y = 3[(x
2
3
)2
y = 3(x +
2 2
)
3
y = 3(x +
4
9
4
]
9
49
]
9
49
3
TP at ( 23 , 493 )
Graph
Will factorise
0 = 8x2 10x + 3
0 = (4x 3)(2x 1)
4x 3 = 0 or
2x 1 = 0
2x = 1
4x = 3 or
x = 34 or
x = 12
TP Form
y = 8x2 10x + 3
y = 8[x2 108 x + 83 ]
y = 8[x2
10
8
y = 8[(x
5 2
1
) 64
]
8
5 2
1
) 8
8
y = 8(x
x+
25
64
3
8
25
]
64
TP at ( 85 , 18 )
b y = 5x2 + 18x 8
y = 5 02 + 18 0 8
y = 8
0 = 5x2 + 18x 8
= b2 4ac
= (18)2 4 5 8
= 324 + 160
= 484
= 222
Will factorise
0 = 5x2 + 18x 8
0 = (5x 2)(x + 4)
5x 2 = 0 or x + 4 = 0
5x = 2 or
x = 4
x = 52 or
x = 4
Graph
TP Form
y = 5x2 + 18x 8
y = 5[x2 + 185 x 85 ]
y = 5[x2 +
y=
y=
18
5
x+
81
25
5[(x + 95 )2 121
25
5(x + 95 )2 121
5
8
5
TP at ( 95 , 121
)
5
Graph
81
25
d y = 4x2 8x + 3
y = 4 02 8 0 + 3
y=3
0 = 4x2 8x + 3
= b2 4ac
= (8)2 4 4 3
= 64 48
= 16
= 42
Will factorise
0 = 4x2 8x + 3
0 = (2x 3)(2x 1)
2x 3 = 0 or 2x 1 = 0
2x = 3 or
2x = 1
x = 32 or
x = 12
TP Form
y = 4x2 8x + 3
y = 4[x2 2x + 34 ]
y = 4[x2 2x + 1 +
2
y = 4[(x 1)
3
4
1]
1
]
4
y = 4(x 1)2 1
TP at (1, 1)
Minimum value y = 1
Graph
f y = 7x2 + 18x 9
y = 7 02 + 18 0 9
y = 9
0 = 7x2 + 18x 9
= b2 4ac
= 182 4 7 9
= 324 + 252
= 576
= 242
Will factorise
0 = 7x2 + 18x 9
0 = (7x 3)(x + 3)
7x 3 = 0 or x + 3 = 0
x = 3
7x = 3 or
x = 73 or
x = 3
TP Form
y = 7x2 + 18x 9
y = 7[x2 + 187 x 97 ]
81
81
y = 7[x2 + 187 x + 49
97 49
]
y = 7[(x + 97 ) 2
y = 7(x +
c y = 3x2 4x 15
y = 3 02 4 0 15
y = 15
0 = 3x2 4x 15
= b2 4ac
= (4)2 4 3 15
= 16 + 180
= 196
= 142
Will factorise
0 = 3x2 4x 15
0 = (3x + 5)(x 3)
3x + 5 = 0 or x 3 = 0
9 2
)
7
144
]
49
144
7
)
TP at ( 97 , 144
7
7
Graph
e y = 8x2 10x + 3
y = 8 02 10 0 + 3
y=3
0 = 8x2 10x + 3
= b2 4ac
= (10)2 4 8 3
= 100 96
=4
= 22
g y = 15x2 + 48x + 9
y = 15 02 + 48 0 + 9
y=9
Quadratic functions
0 = 15x2 + 48x + 9
0 = 3(5x2 + 16x + 3)
= b2 4ac
= 162 4 5 3
= 256 60
= 196
= 142
Will factorise
0 = 15x2 + 48x + 9
0 = 3(5x + 1)(x + 3)
3 0,
5x + 1 = 0 or x + 3 = 0
x = 3
5x = 1 or
x = 15 or
x = 3
TP Form
y = 15x2 + 48x + 9
48
y = 15[x2 + 15
x + 159 ]
y = 15[x2 +
48
15
y = 15[(x +
y = 15(x +
x+
159
576
225
24 2
)
15
24 2
)
15
576
]
225
441
]
225
441
15
24
TP at ( 15
, 441
) or
15
8 147
, 5
5
Graph
64
9
Graph
TP Form
y = 3x2 + 5x + 2
y = 3[x2 + 53 x + 23 ]
i y = 2x + x 28
y = 2 02 + 0 28
y = 28
0 = 2x2 + x 28
= b2 4ac
= 12 4 2 28
= 1 + 224
= 225
= 152
Will factorise
0 = 2x2 + x 28
0 = (2x 7)(x + 4)
2x 7 = 0 or
x+4=0
2x = 7 or
x = 4
x = 72 or
x = 4
y = 2[x2 +
y = 2[(x
y = 2(x
1
2
x+
1
4
1
4
)
2
1
16
14
225
16
225
8
TP at ( 14 , 225
)
8
8
h y = 9x 2x 7
y = 9 02 2 0 7
y = 7
Graph
0 = 9x2 2x 7
= b2 4ac
= (2)2 4 9 7
= 4 + 252
= 256
= 162
Will factorise
0 = 9x2 2x 7
0 = (9x + 7)(x 1)
9x + 7 = 0 or
x1=0
x=1
9x = 7 or
x = 79 or
x=1
TP Form
y = 9x2 2x 7
= 9[x2 92 x
2
= 9[x
2
9
= 9[(x
1 2
)
9
= 9(x
x+
1 2
)
9
7
]
9
1
81
64
]
81
64
9
7
9
1
]
81
y = 3[x2 +
5
3
y = 3[(x +
5 2
)
6
y = 3(x +
TP Form
y = 2x2 + x 28
y = 2[x2 + 12 x 14]
41
3x + 2 = 0 or x + 1 = 0
3x = 2 or
x = 1
x = 23 or
x = 1
)
TP ( 19 , 64
9
Minimum value y =
MM11 CAS-2
1
]
16
x+
5 2
)
6
25
36
2
3
25
]
36
1
]
36
1
12
TP at ( 56 , 121 )
Graph
k y = 2x2 3x 9
y = 2 02 3 0 9
y = 9
0 = 2x2 3x 9
= b2 4ac
= (3)2 4 2 9
= 9 + 72
= 81
= 92
Will factorise
0 = 2x2 3x 9
0 = (2x + 3)(x 3)
2x + 3 = 0 or
x3=0
2x = 3 or
x=3
x = 32 or
x=3
TP Form
y = 2x2 3x 9
y = 2[x2 32 x
y = 2[x2
y = 2[(x
j y = 3x2 + 5x + 2
y = 3 02 + 5 0 + 2
y=2
0 = 3x2 + 5x + 2
= b2 4ac
= 52 4 3 2
= 25 24
=1
= 12
Will factorise
0 = 3x2 + 5x + 2
0 = (3x + 2)(x + 1)
y = 2(x
3
2
3
4
3
4
x+
9
2
9
16
)2
)2
9
2
81
]
16
81
8
TP at ( 34 , 81
)
8
8
Graph
9
]
16
MM11 CAS-2
42
Quadratic functions
7 a y = x2 8x + 33
y = 02 8 0 + 33
y = 33
0 = x2 8x + 33
0 = 1(x2 + 8x 33)
= b2 4ac
= 82 4 1 33
= 64 + 132
= 196
= 142
Will factorise
0 = 1(x + 11)(x 3)
x + 11 = 0
or
x3=0
x = 11 or
x=3
TP Form
y = x2 8x + 33
y = 1(x2 + 8x 33)
y = 1[x2 + 8x + 16 33 16]
y = 1[(x + 4)2 49]
y = 1(x + 4)2 + 49
TP at (4, 49)
Maximum value y = 49
Graph
c y = x2 18x 45
y = 02 18 0 45
y = 45
0 = x2 18x 45
0 = 1(x2 + 18x + 45)
= b2 4ac
= 182 4 1 45
= 324 180
= 144
= 122
Will factorise
0 = 1(x2 + 18x + 45)
0 = 1(x + 3)(x + 15)
x + 3 = 0 or x + 15 = 0
x = 3 or
x = 15
TP Form
y = x2 18x 45
y = 1(x2 + 18x + 45)
y = 1[x2 + 18x + 81
+ 45 81]
y = 1[(x + 9)2 36]
y = 1(x + 9)2 + 36
TP at (9, 36)
Graph
e y = 4x2 + 12x 5
y = 4 02 + 12 0 5
y = 5
0 = 4x2 + 12x 5
0 = 1(4x2 12x + 5)
= b2 4ac
= (12)2 4 4 5
= 144 80
= 64
= 82
Will factorise
0 = 1(4x2 12x + 5)
0 = 1(2x 5)(2x 1)
2x 5 = 0 or 2x 1 = 0
2x = 5 or
2x = 1
x=
5
2
x=
or
1
2
TP Form
y = 4x2 + 12x 5
y = 4(x2 3x + 54 )
y = 4[x2 3x +
9
4
5
4
94 ]
y = 4[(x 32 ) 2 44 ]
y = 4(x 32 ) 2 + 4
TP at ( 32 , 4)
Maximum value y = 4
Graph
b y = x2 + 2x + 3
y = 02 + 2 0 + 3
y=3
0 = x2 + 2x + 3
0 = 1(x2 2x 3)
= b2 4ac
= (2)2 4 1 3
= 4 + 12
= 16
= 42
Will factorise
0 = 1(x2 2x 3)
0 = 1(x 3)(x + 1)
x 3 = 0 or
x+1=0
x = 3 or
x = 1
TP Form
y = x2 + 2x + 3
y = 1(x2 2x 3)
y = 1[x2 2x + 1 3 1]
y = 1[(x 1)2 4]
y = 1(x 1)2 + 4
TP at (1, 4)
Maximum value y = 4
Graph
d y = x2 + 18x 81
y = 02 + 18 0 81
y = 81
0 = x2 + 18x 81
0 = 1(x2 18x + 81)
= b2 4ac
= (18)2 4 1 81
= 324 324
=0
Will factorise (and a
perfect square)
0 = 1(x2 18x + 81)
0 = 1(x 9)(x 9)
0 = 1(x 9)2
x 9 = 0 as
x=9
TP Form
y = x2 + 18x 81
y = 1(x2 18x + 81)
y = 1(x 9)2 + 0
TP at (9, 0)
Maximum value y = 0
Graph
f y = 8x2 6x + 5
y = 8 02 6 0 + 5
y=5
0 = 8x2 6x + 5
0 = 1(8x2 + 6x 5)
= b2 4ac
= 62 4 8 5
= 36 + 160
= 196
= 142
Will factorise
0 = 1(8x2 + 6x 5)
0 = 1(4x + 5)(2x 1)
4x + 5 = 0 or 2x 1 = 0
4x = 5 or
2x = 1
x = 45 or
x = 12
TP Form
y = 8x2 6x + 5
y = 8(x2 + 34 x 85 )
y = 8[x2 +
3
4
y = 8[(x +
3 2
)
8
3 2
) +
8
y = 8(x +
x+
9
64
5
8
49
]
64
49
8
TP at ( 83 , 49
)
8
Maximum value y =
49
8
9
]
64
Quadratic functions
Graph
8 a y = x2 25
y = 02 25
y = 25
0 = x2 25 (DOPS)
0 = (x + 5)(x 5)
x + 5 = 0 or
x5=0
x = 5 or
x = 5
TP Form
y = x2 25
y = (x + 0)2 25
TP at (0, 25)
Graph
y = (x + 0)2 + 1
TP at (0, 1)
Maximum value y = 1
Graph
0 = ( 3 + x) ( 3 x)
3 + x = 0 or 3 x = 0
3
g y = x2 + 5x
y = 02 + 5 0
y=0
0 = x2 + 5x
0 = x(x + 5)
x = 0 or
x+5=0
x = 0 or
x = 5
TP Form
y = x2 + 5x
y = x2 + 5x + 25 25
4
y = (x +
b y = x2 121
y-intercepts at x = 0
y = 02 121
y = 121
0 = x2 121
0 = (x + 11)(x 11)
x + 11 = 0 or x 11 = 0
x = 11 or
x = 11
TP Form
y = x2 121
y = (x + 0)2 121
TP at (0, 121)
Graph
c y = x2 + 1
y = 02 + 1
y = +1
0 = x2 + 1
0 = (x2 1)
0 = (x + 1)(x 1)
x + 1 = 0 or
x1=0
x = 1 or
x=1
TP Form
y = x2 + 1
43
x + 2 = 0 or
x 2 = 0
x = 2 or
x=2
TP Form
y = 3x2 + 12
y = 3(x + 0)2 + 12
TP at (0, 12)
Graph
d y = 3 x2
y = 3 02
y=3
0 = 3 x2
0 = ( 3) 2 x2
x = 3 or x =
TP Form
y = 3 x2
y = x2 + 3
y = (x + 0)2 + 3
TP at (0, 3)
Maximum value y = 3
Graph
MM11 CAS-2
5 2
)
2
25
4
TP at ( 52 , 25 )
4
4
Graph
e y = 2x2 18
y = 2 02 18
y = 18
0 = 2x2 18
0 = 2(x2 9)
0 = 2(x + 3)(x 3)
x + 3 = 0 or
x 3 = 0
x = 3 or
x=3
TP Form
y = 2x2 18
y = 2(x + 0)2 18
TP at (0, 18)
Graph
f y = 3x2 + 12
y = 3 02 + 12
y = 12
0 = 3x2 + 12
0 = 3(x2 4)
0 = 3(x + 2)(x 2)
h y = x2 8x
y = 02 8 0
y=0
0 = x2 8x
0 = x(x 8)
x = 0 or x 8 = 0
x = 0 or
x=8
TP Form
y = x2 8x
y = x2 8x + 16 16
y = (x 4)2 16
TP at (4, 16)
Graph
i y = 5x2 10x
MM11 CAS-2
44
Quadratic functions
y = 5 02 10 0
y=0
0 = 5x2 10x
0 = 5x(x 2)
5x = 0 or x 2 = 0
x = 0 or
x=2
TP Form
y = 5x2 10x
y = 5(x2 2x)
y = 5[x2 2x + 1 1]
y = 5[(x 1)2 1]
y = 5(x 1)2 5
TP at (1, 5)
Minimum value y = 5
Graph
j y = 4x2 24x
y = 4 02 24 0
y=0
0 = 4x2 24x
0 = 4x(x + 6)
4x = 0 or x + 6 = 0
x = 0 or
x = 6
TP Form
y = 4x2 24x
y = 4(x2 + 6x)
y = 4[x2 + 6x + 9 9]
y = 4[(x + 3)2 9]
y = 4(x + 3)2 + 36
TP at (3, 36)
Graph
TP at ( 72 ,
Maximum value y =
y = 3[x2 7x +
y = 3[(x 72 ) 2
y = 3(x 72 ) 2 +
49
4
49
]
4
147
4
49
]
4
147
4
Graph
x =
b b 2 4ac
2a
4 12
2
4 3.464
x=
2
4 + 3.464
or
x=
2
4 3.464
x=
2
0.536
7.464
or
x=
2
2
x = 0.268 or 3.732
TP Form
y = x2 + 4x + 1
y = x2 + 4x + 4 4 + 1
y = (x + 2)2 3
TP at (2, 3)
Minimum value y = 3
Graph
x=
9 a y = x2 + 2x 7
y=0+07
y = 7
0 = x2 + 2x 7
= b2 4ac
= 22 4 1 7
= 4 + 28
= 32
Will not factorise as 32 is
not a perfect square.
0 = x2 + 2x 7
x =
b b 2 4ac
2a
2 32
2
2 5.657
x=
2
2 + 5.657
or
x=
2
2 5.657
x=
2
3.657
7.657
or
x=
2
2
x = 1.828 or 3.828
TP Form
y = x2 + 2x 7
y = x2 + 2x + 1 7 1
y = (x + 1)2 8
TP at (1, 8)
Minimum value y = 8
Graph
x=
c y = x2 + 8x + 3
x=0
y = 02 + 8 0 + 3
y=3
0 = x2 + 8x + 3
= b2 4ac
= 82 4 1 3
= 64 12
= 52
Will not factorise
y = x2 + 8x + 3
x =
b y = x2 + 4x + 1
x=0
y = 02 + 4 0 + 1
y=1
0 = x2 + 4x + 1
= b2 4ac
= 42 4 1 1
= 16 4
= 12
b b 2 4ac
2a
8 52
2
8 7.211
x=
2
8 + 7.211
or
x=
2
8 7.211
x=
2
15.211
0.789
or
x=
2
2
x = 0.395 or 7.605
TP Form
y = x2 + 8x + 3
y = x2 + 8x + 16 + 3 16
y = (x + 4)2 13
TP at (4, 13)
x=
k y = 21x 3x
y = 21 0 3 02
y=0
0 = 21x 3x2
0 = 3x(7 x)
3x = 0 or
7x=0
x = 0 or
x=7
TP Form
y = 21x 3x2
y = 3x2 + 21x
y = 3(x2 7x)
Solve using quadratic formula.
147
)
4
Quadratic functions
Graph
0 = x2 18x 1
= b2 4ac
= (18)2 4 1 1
= 324 4
= 320
Will not factorise, use formula
d y = 4x2 + 2x + 3
x=0
y = 4 02 + 2 0 + 3
y=3
0 = 4x2 + 2x + 3
= b2 4ac
= 22 4 4 3
= 4 + 48
= 52
x =
b b 2 4ac
2a
2 52
2 4
2 7.211
x=
8
2 + 7.211
or
x=
8
2 7.211
x=
8
5.211
9.211
or
x=
8
8
x = 0.651 or 1.151
TP Form
y = 4x2 + 2x + 3
1
2
x 34 )
y = 4[x2
1
2
x+
y = 4[(x
1 2
13
) 16
]
4
y = 4(x
1
16
3
4
e y = x2 18x 1
y = 02 18 0 1
y = 1
(18) 320
2 1
18 320
2
18 17.888
x=
2
18 + 17.888
or
x=
2
18 17.888
x=
2
35.888
0.112
or
x=
2
2
x = 17.944 or 0.056
x=
1
]
16
13
4
45
3 2.236
2
3 + 2.236
or
x=
2
3 2.236
x=
2
5.236
0.764
or
x=
2
2
x = 2.618 or 0.382
x=
TP Form
y = x2 3x + 1
y = x2 3x + 9 + 1
4
y = (x
9
4
3 2
) 54
2
TP at ( 32 , 54 )
Graph
g y = x2 7x 2
y = 02 7 0 2
y = 2
0 = x2 7x 2
= b2 4ac
= (7)2 4 1 2
= 49 + 8
= 57
x=
b b 2 4ac
2a
x=
(7) 57
2
7 57
2
7 7.549
x=
2
7 + 7.549
or
x=
2
7 7.549
x=
2
14.549
0.549
or
x=
2
2
x = 7.275 or 0.275
x=
f y = x2 3x + 1
y = 02 3 0 + 1
y=1
TP at ( 14 , 134 )
Graph
x=
Graph
1 2
) + 134
4
Maximum value y =
b b 2 4ac
2a
TP Form
y = x2 18x 1
y = 1(x2 + 18x + 1)
y = 1[x2 + 18x + 81
+ 1 81]
y = 1[(x + 9)2 80]
y = 1(x + 9)2 + 80
TP at (9, 80)
x=
y = 4(x2
x =
MM11 CAS-2
0 = x2 3x + 1
= b2 4ac
= (3)2 4 1 1
=94
=5
x =
b b 2 4ac
2a
x=
(3) 5
2 1
x=
3 5
2
TP Form
y = x2 7x 2
y = x2 7x +
y = (x
49
4
49
4
7 2
) 574
2
TP at ( 72 , 574 )
46
MM11 CAS-2
Quadratic functions
Graph
h y = 2x + 7x + 4
y = 2 02 + 7 0 + 4
y=4
0 = 2x2 + 7x + 4
= b2 4ac
= 49 4 2 4
= 49 32
= 17
x =
x=
b b 2 4ac
2a
49
16
x+
y = 2[(x + 72 ) 2
+2
17
]
16
17
8
TP at ( 74 , 178 )
Minimum value y = 178 )
Graph
(9) 141
23
9 141
6
9 11.874
x=
6
9 + 11.874
or
x=
6
9 11.874
x=
6
20.874
2.874
or
x=
6
6
x = 3.479 or 0.479
TP Form
y = 3x2 9x 5
y = 3(x2 3x 5 )
x=
y = 3[(x
y = 3(x
i y = 3x 9x 5
y = 3 02 9 0 5
y = 5
0 = 3x2 9x 5
= b2 4ac
= (9)2 4 3 5
= 81 + 60
= 141
3 2
)
2
9
4
5
3
9
]
4
47
]
12
3 2
) 47
4
2
Minimum value y =
k y = 4x2 5x
y = 4 02 5 0
y=0
0 = 4x2 5x
= b2 4ac
= (5)2 4 4 0
= 25 0
= 25
= 52
will factorise
x(4x 5) = 0
x = 0 or 4x 5 = 0
x = 0 or 4x = 5
x = 0 or x = 5
TP Form
y = 4x2 5x
y = 4(x2 5 x)
TP at ( 32 , 47
)
4
47
4
Graph
y = 4[x2
5
4
y = 4[(x
5 2
)
8
y = 4(x
x+
25
64
25
64
25
64
5 2
25
) 16
8
25
TP at ( 85 , 16
)
25
Graph
y = 2(x + 74 ) 2
x=
y = 3[x 3x +
7 17
4
7 4.123
x=
4
7 + 4.123
or
x=
4
7 4.123
x=
4
11.123
2.877
or
x=
4
4
x = 0.719 or 2.781
TP Form
y = 2x2 + 7x + 4
y = 2(x2 + 7 x + 2)
7
2
b b 4ac
2a
x=
y = 2[x2 +
x=
7 17
2 2
Graph
49
]
16
j y = 3x2 + 17
y = 3 02 + 17
y = 17
0 = 3x2 + 17
= b2 4ac
= 0 4 3 17
= 204
x=
b b 2 4ac
2a
x=
0 204
23
0 204
6
14.283
x=
6
x = 2.380
TP Form
y = 3x2 + 17
y = 3(x + 0)2 + 17
TP at (0, 17)
x=
10 y = (ax + 1)(x + b)
= ax2 + axb + x + b
= ax2 + x(ab + 1) + b
Minimum value
x-intercepts
ax + 1 = 0 x + b = 0
x=
1
a
x = b
Both negative.
Ans is D.
11 y = x2 2kx + p
k, p positive
y-intercept = p
Minimum value
B could be the graph.
12 a y = x2 + 37x + 208
x-intercepts y = 0
0 = x2 + 37x + 208
= b2 4ac
= 372 4 2 208
= 1369 832
= 537
Two x-intercepts.
Quadratic functions
b y = 3x2 4x + 8
x-intercepts y = 0
0 = 3x2 4x + 8
= b2 4ac
= (4)2 4 3 8
= 16 + 108
= 124
Two x-intercepts.
c y = 9x2 + 78x 169
x-intercepts y = 0
0 = 9x2 + 78x 169
= b2 4ac
= (78)2 4 9 169
= 6084 6084
=0
Original expression is a perfect
square.
One solution and so one
x-intercept.
d y = 4x2 + x + 9
x-intercepts y = 0
0 = 4x2 + x + 9
= b2 4ac
= 12 4 4 9
= 1 144
= 143
No solutions.
So no x-intercepts.
e y = x2 12x 35
x-intercepts y = 0
0 = x2 12x 35
= b2 4ac
= (12)2 4 1 35
= 144 140
=4
Two x-intercepts.
f y = 4x2 + 72x + 324
x-intercepts y = 0
0 = 4x2 + 72x + 324
= b2 4ac
= (72)2 4 4 324
= 5184 5184
=0
Expression is a perfect square.
One x-intercept.
13 a y = 5x2 + x + 1
= b2 4ac
= 12 4 5 1
= 1 20
= 19
So no x-intercepts and minimum
value.
Ans is C.
b y = 6x2 2x 1
= b2 4ac
= (2)2 4 6 1
= 4 + 24
= 28
Two x-intercepts and a minimum
value.
Ans is A.
c y = 7x2 x + 2
= b2 4ac
= (1)2 4 7 2
= 1 + 56
= 57
Two x-intercepts
Maximum value. Ans is D.
d y = 4x2 + 8x 4
= b2 4ac
= (8)2 4 4 4
= 64 64
=0
Expression is a perfect square.
One solution and maximum value.
Ans is B.
14 One x-intercept implies that the
turning point is on the x-axis.
Turning point for original equation:
y = 2x2 3x 2
3
= 2 ( x 2 x 1
2
2 3
9
9
= 2 x x + 1
2
16
16
3 25
= 2 x
4 16
3 25
= 2 x
4
8
So turning point is ( 34 , 25
8 )
For the TP to be on the x-axis, the
25
graph needs to be translated up
8
units. new turning point is ( 34 ,0).
Equation is:
2
y = 2 x
4
9
2 3
= 2 x x +
2
16
9
= 2 x2 3x +
8
15 y = 3(x + 2)2 4
Turning point of original is (2, 4)
2 points on original which are 4 units
apart are 2 units either side of axis of
symmetry, so their x-coordinates are
x = 2 2 = 4 and x = 2 + 2 = 0
When x = 4,
y = 3(4 + 2)2 4
= 3 4 4
= 12 4
= 16
Also, when x = 0, y = 16
So the parabola must be translated
16 units up so these points are
x-intercepts.
The rule for the new function is:
y = 3(x + 2)2 4 + 16
= 3(x +2)2 + 12
= 3(x2 + 4x + 4) + 12
= 3x2 12x 12 + 12
= 3x2 12x
Exercise 2K Using
technology to solve
quadratic equations
1 a x2 + 4x + 1 = 0
On a calculator page, complete the
entry line as:
Solve (x2 + 4x + 1 = 0, x)
Then press ENTER.
MM11 CAS-2
47

Solve x2 + 4x + 1 = 0 for x.
x = 0.268, 3.732
x2 = 11x + 2
entry line as:
Solve (x2 = 11x + 2, x)
Then press ENTER.
Solve x2 = 11x + 2 for x.
x = 11.179, 0.179
x2 + 7x = 2
entry line as:
Solve (x2 + 7x = 2, x)
Then press ENTER.
x = 0.586, 3.414
x2 = 8x 8
entry line as:
Solve (x2 = 8x 8, x)
Then press ENTER.
Solve x2 = 8x 8 for x.
x = 6.828, 1.172
x2 + 12x + 9 = 0
entry line as:
Solve (x2 + 12x + 9 = 0, x)
Then press ENTER.
Solve x2 + 12x + 9 = 0 for x.
x = 0.804, 11.196
3x2 + 5x 1 = 0
entry line as:
Solve (3x2 + 5x 1 = 0, x)
Then press ENTER.
Solve 3x2 + 5x 1 = 0 for x.
x = 0.232, 1.434
2 a 2.3x2 + 0.7x 0.59 = 0

entry line as:
Solve (2.3x2 + 0.7x 0.59 = 0, x)
Then press ENTER.
Solve 2.3x2 + 0.7x 0.59 = 0 for x.
x = 0.377, 0.681
b 0.811x2 5.2x 3.1 = 0
entry line as:
Solve (0.811x2 5.2x 3.1 = 0, x)
Then press ENTER.
Solve
0.811x2 5.2x 3.1 = 0 for x.
x = 5.747, 0.665
c 3.97x2 + 17x + 8.05 = 0
entry line as:
Solve (3.97x2 + 17x + 8.05 = 0, x)
Then press ENTER.
Solve 3.97x2 + 17x + 8.05 = 0 for x.
x = 0.430, 4.712
MM11 CAS-2
48
Quadratic functions
d 5.18x2 = 2.66x + 9
entry line as:
Solve (5.18x2 = 2.66x + 9, x)
Then press ENTER.
Solve 5.18x2 = 2.66x + 9 for x.
x = 1.600, 1.086
e 0.006x2 + 0.923x + 0.361 = 0
entry line as:
Solve
(0.006x2 + 0.923x + 0.361 = 0, x)
Then press ENTER.
Solve 0.006x2 + 0.923x + 0.361 = 0
for x.
x = 0.392, 153.4
f x2 + 500x = 47
entry line as:
Solve (x2 + 500x = 47, x)
Then press ENTER.
x = 0.094, 500.094
3 d = 47.9t 2 + 0.03t 908.7
Use a graphics calculator or the
quadratic formula.
x =
b b 2 4ac
2a
( 0.03) 174106.92
2 47.9
t = 0.03 417.26
95.8
0.03
+ 417.26 or
t=
95.8
0.03 417.26
t=
95.8
417.29
t=
or +417.23
95.8
94.8
t = 4.355 or t = 4.355
t must be positive
t = 4.355 hours
t=
4 N = 0.0751h2 + 0.69h + 200

Use a graphics calculator or the
quadratic formula.
x =
b b 2 4ac
2a
h = 0.69 60.5561
2 0.0751
0.69
7.782
h=
0.1502
h = 0.69 + 7.782 or
0.1502
0.69 7.782
h=
0.1502
h = 7.092 or 8.472
0.1502
0.1502
h = 47.22 or h = 56.40
h 47.22
So h = 56.4 hours
2
5 h = 0.5d + 2d + 5
Use graphics calculator or quadratic
formula.
d=
b b 2 4ac
2a
2 14
2 0.5
2 14
1
d = 2 + 14 or d = 2 14
d must be positive
d = 2 + 14
= 2 + 3.7
= 5.7 m
6 The zeros are the values of x which
make the expression equal to zero.
Harrys expression is
0.48x2 5x 2.3
entry line as:
Solve (0.48x2 5x 2.3 = 0, x)
Then press ENTER.
Solve 0.48x2 5x 2.3 = 0 for x.
x = 0.4413, 10.8580
Sum of the zeros:
0.4413 + 10.8580 = 10.4167
Christines expression is
0.49x2 5x + 1.9
entry line as:
Solve (0.49x2 5x + 1.9 = 0, x)
Then press ENTER.
Solve 0.49x2 5x + 1.9 = 0 for x.
x = 0.3953, 9.8088
Sum of the zeros:
0.3953 + 9.8088 = 10.2041
Harry: 10.4167 10.25 = 0.1667
Christine: 10.25 10.2041 = 0.0459
Christines difference from the goal
of 10.25 was the smaller of the two,
so she was closest
(by 0.1667 0.0459 = 0.1208)
7 a On a calculator page, complete the
entry line as:
Solve (10x2 + 11x = k, k)x = 1.6
Then press ENTER.
10x2 + 11x = k, x = 1.6
10 (1.6)2 + 11 1.6 = k
k=8
b 10x2 + 11x = 1.6
entry line as:
Solve (10x2 + 11x = 1.6, x)
Then press ENTER.
Solve 10x2 + 11x = 1.6 for x.
8 1
x= ,
5 2
Therefore the other solution is
x=
1
2
Exercise 2L Simultaneous
quadratic and linear equations
1 a
i y = x2 + 6x + 5
y = 11x 1
(1)
(2)

x2 + 6x + 5 = 11x 1
x2 + 6x 11x + 5 + 1 = 0
x2 5x + 6 = 0
Factorise (x 3)(x 2) = 0
x 3 = 0 or x 2 = 0
x = 3 or
x=2
Substitute into (2)
If x = 3 y = 11 3 1 = 32
If x = 2 y = 11 2 1 = 21
Solutions (3, 32)(2, 21).
ii Graph
y = 11x 1
If x = 0 y = 11 0 1 = 1
(0, 1)
0 = 11x 1
If y = 0
11x = 1 ( 1 , 0)
11
x=
1
11
y = x2 + 6x + 5
(0, 5)
If x = 0 y = 5
If y = 0 0 = x2 + 6x + 5
0 = (x + 3)(x + 2)
So x + 3 = 0 or x + 2 = 0
(3, 0)
x = 3 or x = 2
(2, 0)
b i y = x2 + 5x 6
y = 8x 8
x2 + 5x 6 = 8x 8
x2 + 5x 8x 6 + 8 = 0
x2 3x + 2 = 0
Factorise (x 2)(x 1) = 0
x 2 = 0 or x 1 = 0
x = 2 or
x=1
Substitute into (2)
If x = 2 y = 8 2 8 = 8
If x = 1 y = 8 1 8 = 0
Solutions (2, 8) (1, 0).
ii Graph
y = 8x 8
If x = 0 y = 8 0 8 = 8
(0, 8)
If y = 0
0 = 8x 8
8x = 8
x=1
(1, 0)
y = x2 + 5x 6
(0, 6)
If x = 0 y = 6
If y = 0 0 = x2 + 5x 6
0 = (x + 6)(x 1)
So x + 6 = 0 or x 1 = 0
x = 6 or
x=1
(6, 0)
(1, 0)
(1)
(2)
Quadratic functions
0 = x2 7x + 10
0 = (x 5)(x 2)
x 5 = 0 or x 2 = 0
x = 5 or
x=2
(5, 0)
(2, 0)
If x = 0
i y = x2 + 9x + 14
(1)
y = 3x + 5
(2)
x2 + 9x + 14 = 3x + 5
x2 + 9x 3x + 14 5 = 0
x2 + 6x + 9 = 0
Factorise (x + 3)(x + 3) = 0
(x + 3)2 = 0
x+3=0
x = 3
Substitute into (2)
y = 3 3 + 5
y = 9 + 5 = 4
Solutions (3, 4)
ii Graph
y = 3x + 5
If x = 0 y = 5
(0, 5)
If y = 0
0 = 3x + 5
3x = 5
x=
5 5
( 3
3
, 0)
y = x + 9x + 14
If x = 0 y = 14
(0, 14)
If y = 0 0 = x2 + 9x + 14
0 = (x + 7)(x + 2)
So x + 7 = 0 or x + 2 = 0
x = 7 or
x = 2
(7,0)
(2, 0)
d i y = x2 7x + 10
(1)
y = 11x + 6
(2)
x2 7x + 10 = 11x + 6
x2 7x + 11x + 10 6 = 0
x2 + 4x + 4 = 0
Factorise (x + 2)(x + 2) = 0
(x + 2)2 = 0
x+2=0
x = 2
Substitute into (2)
y = 11 2 + 6
y = 22 + 6 = 28
Solutions (2, 28)
ii Graph
y = 11x + 6
If x = 0 y = 6
(0, 6)
If y = 0
0 = 11x + 6
11x = 6
x=
y = x2 7x + 10
If y = 0 x = 10
6
11
( 116 , 0)
(10, 0)
i y = x2 2x 3
(1)
y=x6
(2)
x2 2x 3 = x 6
x2 2x x 3 + 6 = 0
x2 3x + 3 = 0
= b2 4ac
= (3)2 4 1 3
= 9 12
= 3
No solutions
Graphs do not intersect.
ii Graph
y=x6
If x = 0 y = 6 (0, 6)
If y = 0 0 = x 6
x=6
(6, 0)
y = x2 2x 3
If x = 0 y = 3 (0, 3)
If y = 0 0 = x2 2x 3
0 = (x 3)(x + 1)
So x 3 = 0 or x + 1 = 0
x = 3 or
x = 1
(3, 0)
(1, 0)
i y = x2 + 11x + 28
(1)
y = 10x + 40
(2)
x2 + 11x + 28 = 10x + 40
x2 + 11x 10x + 28 40 = 0
x2 + x 12 = 0
(x + 4)(x 3) = 0
So x + 4 = 0 or x 3 = 0
x = 4 or
x=3
Substitute into (2)
If x = 4 y = 10 4 + 40
= 40 + 40 = 0
If x = 3 y = 10 3 + 40
= 30 + 40 = 70
Solutions (4, 0) (3, 70).
ii Graph
y = 10x + 40
If x = 0 y = 40
(0, 40)
If y = 0
0 = 10x + 40
10x = 40
x = 4 (4, 0)
y = x2 + 11x + 28
If x = 0 y = 28
(0, 28)
MM11 CAS-2
49
0 = x2 + 11x + 28
0 = (x + 7)(x + 4)
x + 7 = 0 or x + 4 = 0
x = 7 or
x = 4
(7, 0)
(4, 0)
If y = 0
So
g i y = x2 + 5x 36
(1)
y = 15x 61
(2)
x2 + 5x 36 = 15x 61
x2 + 5x 36 15x + 61 = 0
x2 10x + 25 = 0
(x 5)(x 5) = 0
So (x 5)2 = 0
x5=0
x=5
y = 15 5 61
= 75 61
= 14
Solution (5, 14).
ii Graph
y = 15x 61
If x = 0 y = 61 (0, 61)
If y = 0
0 = 15x 61
15x = 61
x=
61
15
61
( 15
, 0)
y = x2 + 5x 36
If x = 0 y = 36 (0, 36)
If y = 0 0 = x2 + 5x 36
0 = (x + 9)(x 4)
x = 9 or 4
h i y = x2 6x 16
y = 4x 17
x2 6x 16 = 4x 17
x2 6x + 4x 16 + 17 = 0
x2 2x + 1 = 0
(x 1)2 = 0
x1=0
x=1
So
y = 4 1 17
= 4 17
= 21
(1)
(2)
MM11 CAS-2
50
Quadratic functions
Solution (1, 21).

ii Graph
y = 4x 17
If x = 0 y = 17
(0, 17)
If y = 0 0 = 4x 17
4x = 17x =
17
4
= 9 16
= 7
No solutions; no intersection.
ii Graph
y = 4x + 6
If x = 0 y = 6
(0, 6)
If y = 0
0 = 4x + 6
( 417 , 0)
y = x2 6x 16
If x = 0 y = 16
(0, 16)
0 = x2 6x 16
If y = 0
0 = (x 8)(x + 2)
(8, 0)
x 8 = 0 or x + 2 = 0
x=8
x = 2
(8, 0)
(2, 0)
3
4
( 43 , 0)
y = x 2x 24
If x = 0 y = 24 (0, 24)
If y = 0 0 = x2 2x 24
0 = (x 6)(x + 4)
So x 6 = 0 or x + 4 = 0
x = 6 or
x = 4
(6, 0)
(4, 0)
i y = x2 7x + 10
y = 4x + 6
x2 7x + 10 = 4x + 6
x2 7x + 10 + 4x 6 = 0
x2 3x + 4 = 0
= b2 4ac
= (3)2 4 1 4
x=
3
2
( 32 , 0)
k i y = x2 + 4x + 21
(1)
y = x + 11
(2)
x2 + 4x + 21 = x + 11
x2 + 4x x + 21 11 = 0
x2 + 3x + 10 = 0
or x2 3x 10 = 0
(x 5)(x + 2) = 0
So x 5 = 0 or x + 2 = 0
x = 5 or
x = 2
Substitute into (2)
If x = 5 y = 5 + 11 = 16
If x = 2 y = 2 + 11 = 9
Solutions (5, 16) (2, 9).
ii Graph
y = x + 11
If x = 0 y = 11
(0, 11)
If y = 0 0 = x + 11
x = 11
(11, 0)
y = x2 + 4x + 21
If x = 0 y = 21
If y = 0
0 = x2 + 4x + 21
0 = (x 7)(x + 3)
So x 7 = 0 or x + 3 = 0
x = 7 or
x = 3
(7, 0)
(3, 0)
l
j
6
4
y = x2 7x + 10
If x = 0 y = 10
(0, 10)
If y = 0 0 = x2 7x + 10
0 = (x 5)(x 2)
So x 5 = 0 or x 2 = 0
x = 5 or
x=2
(5, 0)
(2, 0)
i y = x2 2x 24
(1)
y = 4x + 3
(2)
x2 2x 24 = 4x + 3
x2 2x 4x 24 3 = 0
x2 6x 27 = 0
(x 9)(x + 3) = 0
So x 9 = 0 or x + 3 = 0
x = 9 or
x = 3
Substitute in (2)
If x = 9 y = 4 9 + 3 = 39
If x = 3 y = 4 3 + 3 = 9
Solutions (9, 39) (3, 9).
ii Graph
y = 4x + 3
If x = 0 y = 3
(0, 3)
If y = 0
0 = 4x + 3
4x = 3 x =
4x = 6 x =
(1)
(2)
i y = x2 + 14x 48
(1)
y = 13x 54
(2)
x2 + 14x 48 = 13x 54
x2 + 14x 13x 48 + 54 = 0
x2 + x + 6 = 0
or x2 x 6 = 0
(x 3)(x + 2) = 0
So x 3 = 0 or x + 2 = 0
x = 3 or
x = 2
Substitute into (2)

If x = 3 y = 13 3 54 = 15
If x = 2 y = 13 2 54 = 80
Solutions (3, 15) (2, 80).
ii Graph
y = 13x 54
If x = 0 y = 54 (0, 54)
If y = 0 0 = 13x 54
13x = 54
x=
54
13
54
, 0)
( 13
y = x2 + 14x 48
If x = 0 y = 48
If y = 0
0 = x2 + 14x 48
0 = (x 8)(x 6)
x = 8 or 6
(8, 0)
(6, 0)
m i y = x2 + 4x + 12
(1)
y = 9x + 16
(2)
x2 + 4x + 12 = 9x + 16
x2 + 4x 9x + 12 16 = 0
x2 5x 4 = 0
or x2 + 5x + 4 = 0
(x + 4)(x + 1) = 0
So x + 4 = 0 or x + 1 = 0
x = 4 or
x = 1
Substitute into (2)
If x = 4 y = 9 4 + 16 = 20
If x = 1 y = 9 1 + 16 = 7
Solutions (4, 20) (1, 7).
ii Graph
y = 9x + 16
If x = 0 y = 16
(0, 16)
If y = 0 0 = 9x + 16
9x = 16x =
16
9
( 916 , 0)
y = x2 + 4x + 12
If x = 0 y = 12
(0, 12)
If y = 0 0 = x2 + 4x + 12
or
x2 4x 12 = 0
(x 6)(x + 2) = 0
x 6 = 0 or x + 2 = 0
x=6
x = 2
(6, 0)
(2, 0)
n i y = x2 + 7x + 12
y = 20
(1)
(2)
Quadratic functions

x2 + 7x + 12 = 20
x2 + 7x + 12 20 = 0
x2 + 7x 8 = 0
(x + 8)(x 1) = 0
x + 8 = 0 or x 1 = 0
x = 8 or
x=1
Substitute for x in (1)
If x = 8 y = (8) 7 8 +
12 = 20
If x = 1 y = 1 + 7 + 12 = 20
Solutions (8, 20) (1, 20).
ii Graph
y = 20 Straight line // to x-axis
through y = 20
(0, 20)
y = x2 + 7x + 12
(0, 12)
If x = 0 y = 12
If y = 0 0 = x2 + 7x + 12
(x + 4)(x + 3) = 0
x + 4 = 0 or x + 3 = 0
x = 4
x = 3
(3, 0)
(4, 0)
o i y = x2 4x + 5
(1)
y = 4x + 9
(2)
x2 4x + 5 = 4x + 9
x2 4x + 4x + 5 9 = 0
x2 4 = 0
or
x2 + 4 = 0
x2 = 4
So
No solutions, no point of
intersection.
ii Graph
y = 4x + 9
(0, 9)
If x = 0 y = 9
If y = 0 0 = 4x + 9
4x = 9
x=
9
4
( 94 , 0)
y = x2 4x + 5
If x = 0 y = 5
(0, 5)
If y = 0
0 = x2 4x + 5
or
0 = x2 + 4x 5
0 = (x + 5)(x 1)
x + 5 = 0 or x 1 = 0
x = 5
x=1
(5, 0)
(1, 0)
p i y = x2 4x + 4
(1)
y = 8x 32
(2)
x2 4x + 4 = 8x 32
x2 4x 8x + 4 + 32 = 0
x2 12x + 36 = 0
(x 6)(x 6) = 0
(x 6)2 = 0
x6=0
x=6
y = 8 6 32
= 48 32
= 16
Solution (6, 16)
ii Graph
y = 8x 32
If x = 0 y = 32 (0, 32)
If y = 0 0 = 8x 32
8x = 32x =
32
8
x=4
(4, 0)
y = x2 4x + 4
(0, 4)
If x = 0 y = 4
If y = 0 0 = x2 4x + 4
0 = (x 2)(x 2)
(x 2)2 = 0
x2=0
x=2
(2, 0)
2 a y = x2 + x 6
y = 9x 31
x2 + x 6 = 9x 31
x2 + x + 9x 6 + 31 = 0
x2 + 10x + 25 = 0
= b2 4ac
= (10)2 4 1 25
= 100 100 = 0
Expression x2 + 10x + 25 is a
perfect square i.e. (x + 5)2
So one solution.
b y = x2 16
y = 6x + 11
x2 16 = 6x + 11
x2 16 6x 11 = 0
x2 6x 27 = 0
= b2 4ac
= (6)2 4 1 27
= 36 + 108 = 144
Expression x2 6x 27 will
factorise, so two solutions.
c y = x2 + 3x + 4
y = 7x + 25
x2 + 3x + 4 = 7x + 25
x2 + 3x + 7x + 4 25 = 0
x2 + 10x 21 = 0
(1)
(2)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(2)
MM11 CAS-2
51
= b2 4ac
= 102 4 1 21
= 100 84 = 16
Expression will factorise, so will
have two solutions.
d y = x2 6x + 5
(1)
y = 2x 12
(2)
x2 6x + 5 = 2x 12
x2 6x 2x + 5 + 12 = 0
x2 8x + 17 = 0
= b2 4ac
= (8)2 4 1 17
= 64 68 = 4
No solutions.
3 y = x2 14x + 49
(1)
y = mx + 48
(2)
x2 14x + 49 = mx + 48
x2 x(14 + m) + 1 = 0
But
x=1
1 1(14 + m) + 1 = 0
1 14 m + 1 = 0
12 m = 0
m = 12
4 y = x2 4x + c
y = 7x + 8
x2 4x + c = 7x + 8
x2 4x + 7x + c 8 = 0
x2 + 3x + c 8 = 0
If
x
1+3+c8
14 + c 4
c
If
x
16 12 + c 8
c4
c
The value of c is 4.
(1)
(2)
=1
=0
=0
=4
= 4
=0
=0
=4
5 y = x2 + bx 14
(1)
y = 9x + c
(2)
x2 + bx 14 = 9x + c
x2 + bx + 9x 14 c = 0
If
x = 1
1 b 9 14 c = 0
b c = 22
b + c = 22 (3)
x = 3
9 3b 27 14 c = 0
3b c = 32
(4)
Add (3) and (4)
2b = 10
b = 5
Substitute in (3)
5 + c = 22
c = 22 + 5
= 17
Answer: b = 5
c = 17
6 a Using a CAS calculator, define
f 1(x) = x2 + 5x 3 and
f 2(x) = 2x 2.
Then solve f 1(x) = f 2(x) for x.
MM11 CAS-2
52
Quadratic functions
Substitute each value of x into one

of the equations to get the
corresponding y-values.
The points of intersection are:
3 13
, 5 13 and
3 + 13
, 5 + 13
(1 + 7,1 + 3 7)
c Using a CAS calculator, define
f 1(x) = 3x2 2x + 12 and
f 2(x) = 4x + 8
1 13 4(5 + 13)
,
and
3
3
1 + 13 4(5 13)
,
3
3
d Using a CAS calculator, define

f 1(x) = 5x2 2x 5 and
3
f 2(x) = x 5
4
11 433
,
and (0, 5)
80
20
7 y = 1 x2 + 5
(1)
1
4
(2)
x+2

1 x2 + 5 =
2
1
4
x+2
2x2 + 20 = x + 8
2
2x x + 20 8 = 0
2x2 x + 12 = 0
( 1)
2x2 + x 12 = 0
2
= b 4ac
= 12 4 1 12
= 1 + 96 = 97
Will not factorise
Use quadratic formula to solve
( 4)
2
x = b b 4ac
2a
x = 1 97
4
9.849
x=
4
1 9.849
4
Solution is (2, 2)
Answer: Equation y =
x = 8.849 or 10.849
4
4
x = 2.212 or x = 2.712
substitute into 2
y = 1 (2.212) + 2
9 Let the discriminant, < 0 for the

functions not to intersect.
3
ax
x 2 + 3x 5 =
+a
8
2
3
ax
x 2 + 3x 5 a = 0
8
2
3 2
a
x + 3 x (a + 5) = 0
8
2
= .553 + 2
= 2.553 km
or y = 1 (2.712) + 2
4
= 0.678 + 2
= 1.322 km
8 y = kx2
y = mx + c
c = 2 x = 1 y = 0
0=m12
m = +2
y = 2x 2
y = mx + c
c = 2 x = 1 y = 0
0 = m 1 2
m = 2
y = 2x 2
Take y = kx2 (1) and
y = 2x 2 (2)
kx2 = 2x 2
kx2 2x + 2 = 0
For one solution
b2 4ac = 0
(2)2 4 k 2 = 0
4 8k = 0
So
(1)
(2)
(3)
1 2
x
2
2
y=
1
2
x2 =
y=
1
2
x2
x2
2
(1)
(2)
x 4x + 4 = 0
(x 2)2 = 0
x2 =0
x=2
Substitute into (2)
y=222
y=42
y=2
Solution is (2, 2)
1
2
1 2
x +
2
2
b Using x = a + a 2 + 24, put x = 12

and solve for a using CAS.
solve(a + a 2 + 24 = 12, a )
18 x 2 + 54 x + 3 = 11 + bx
x2
y = 2x 2
1
2
10 a Let y = 0 and solve for x using

CAS.
a
1
solve x 2 + x + 3 = 0, x
8
4
a = 5.
c Substitute a = 5 into
1
a
y = x2 + x + 3
8
4
1 2 5
y = x + x+3
8
4
Equate the equations
1
5
y = x 2 + x + 3 and y = 11 + bx
8
4
to find point of intersection.
x2 = 2x 2
y =
3 3< a < 3 3 +9
x = a + a 2 + 24 otherwise x
will be negative.
1
2
4
8
2x + 2 = 0
Also
x = a a 2 + 24
But it is clear from the diagram
x > 0 and a > 0
y = 2x 2
1
2
a
3
= 3 4 (a + 5)
2
8
Use CAS to solve where < 0 for a.

2
3
a
solve 3 4
2
8
(a + 5) < 0, a
x = a + a 2 + 24 or
k=
x2
2
Points of intersection
(2, 2) (2, 2)
b Using a CAS calculator, define

f 1(x) = 2x2 + 7x 8 and
f 2(x) = 3x + 4
(1 7,1 3 7) and
y=
x = 1 + 9.849 or x =
4
x = 2x 2
2x + 2= 0
x + 4x + 4 = 0
(x + 2)2 = 0
x+2 =0
x = 2
Substitute into (3)
y = 2 2 2
y=42
y=2
(1)
(3)
1
5
x 2 + x bx 8 = 0
8
4
1
5
x2 + b x 8 = 0
8
4
Find the discriminant,

2
1
5
= b 4 8
8
4
= b 4
4
As the arch and metal rod only

touch once, put = 0 and solve for
b using CAS.
Quadratic functions
2
5
solve b 4 = 0, b
4
3
13
b = or b = but b < 0 as the
4
4
straight line in the diagram has a
negative slope.
3
b=
4
d Equate the equations
1
5
y = x 2 + x + 3 and y = 11
8
4
3
x to find point of intersection.
4
1
5
3
x 2 + x + 3 = 11 x
8
4
4
Solve using CAS:
1
5
solve y = x 2 + x + 3
8
4
x, x
4
(8, 5) is point of intersection.

The arch touches the metal rod
5 metres above the ground and
8 metres from the foot of the pole
along the ground.
and y = 11
e Maximum height = 6.125 =

6.13 metres
f Find the x-intercept of the straight
line using CAS.
3
solve x + 11 = 0, x
4
44
2
x=
= 14 metres
3
3
3 x2 6x 14
= x2 6x + 9 14 9
x = 1 or
= (5x) ( 3)
k2 <
3, 1
x =
5
3
2x +
2x = 5
5
2
x=
x=
x=
or
5
2
b x2 14x + 42 = 0
= b2 4ac
= (14)2 4 1 42
= 196 168
= 28
Will not factorise
x =
b b 2 4ac
2a
x=
(14) 28
2 1
x=
14 2 7
2
(x + 3)2 ( 11 )2 = 0
= 25x 3
d (4x 9)(2x 13)
= 8x2 52x 18x + 117
= 8x2 70x + 117
2 a 25x2 + 110x + 121
= (5x + 11)2
b 6x2 + 37x + 6
= (6x + 1)(x + 6)
c 12x2 37x + 21
= (4x 3)(3x 7)
d 36x2 49
= (6x)2 (7)2
= (6x + 7)(6x 7)
(x + 3 +
11) (x + 3
x = 3
11
4 3
3
5
5
2
48
9
= 4 33
c two solutions > 0
9k2 48 > 0
9k2 > 48
k2 >
48
9
k>
48
9
k>
4 3
3
or k <
48
9
or k < 4 3 3
10 a y = 4(x + 1)2 + 2
TP is at (1, 2)
If x = 0 y = 4 (1)2 + 2 = 2
(0, 2)
b y = 6x2 1
y = 6(x + 0)2 1
TP is at (0, 1)
If x = 0 y = 6 02 1 = 1
(0, 1)
6 x2 + 6x 2 = 0
x2 + 6x + 9 2 9 = 0
(x + 3)2 11 = 0
3)
48
3
48
9
k=
5 =0
2x =
or
and k >
k2 =
5)=0
5 = 0 or 2x
48
3
b one solution = 0
9k2 48 = 0
9k2 = 48
5 a 4x2 5 = 0
(2x + 5 )(2x
48
9
4 33 < k <
x = 15
or
x=7 7
k<
b 3x2 40x 75 = 0
0 = (3x + 5)(x 15)
3x + 5 = 0 or x 15 = 0
x = 15
3x = 5 or
Chapter review
x=3
= 2 23 metres = 2.67 metres.
c (5x 3 )(5x +
23)
4 a (4x + 1)(3x 9) = 0
4x + 1 = 0 or 3x 9 = 0
3x = 9
4x = 1 or
So distance AB = 14 23 12
Short answer
1 a (7x + 8)(7x 8)
= (7x)2 82
= 49x2 64
b (2x 9)2
= 4x2 36x + 81
23) (x 3
53
= 9 144
= 135
9 2x2 + 3kx + 6 = 0
= b2 4ac
= (3k)2 4 2 6
= 9k2 48
a no solution < 0
9k2 48 < 0
9k2 < 48
= (x 3)2 ( 23) 2
= (x 3 +
MM11 CAS-2
11) = 0
7 5x 7x + 1 = 0
x =
b b 2 4ac
2a
2
x=
(7) (7) 4 5 1
25
x=
7 29
10
x=
7
10
29
10
8 4x2 3x + 9 = 0
= b2 4ac
= (3)2 4 4 9
11 y = x2 + 8x + 3
y = x2 + 8x + 16 + 3 16
y = (x + 4)2 13
12 a y = (x 6)(x 14)
i y-intercept x = 0
y = (6) (14)
y = 84
ii x-intercepts y = 0
0 = (x 6)(x 14)
x 6 = 0 or x 14 = 0
x = 6 or
x = 14
54
MM11 CAS-2
Quadratic functions
iii TP
y = x2 20x + 84
y = x 20x + 100 + 84 100
y = (x 10)2 16
TP is at (10, 16)
x = 32 or
b y = x + 2x 80
i y-intercept x = 0
y = 80
0 = x2 + 2x 80
Will factorise
0 = (x + 10)(x 8)
x + 10 = 0 or x 8 = 0
x = 10 or
x = +8
iii TP
y = x2 + 2x 80
y = x2 + 2x + 1 80 1
y = (x + 1)2 81
TP is at (1, 81)
Minimum value y 81
y = 3(x
26
3
26
3
y = 3[(x
13 2
)
3
y = 3(x
x+
13 2
)
3
25
]
9
+ 16
25
3
)
TP is at ( 133 , 25
3
5
2
x+
y = 2[(x +
5 2
)
4
5 2
)
4
25
16
3
2
25
]
16
1
]
16
1
8
7 x2 6x + 9 = 0
(x 3)2 = 0
x3 =0
x=3
2
8 (x 5) 7 = 0
(x 5)2 ( 7 )2 = 0
(x 5 +
14 Solve 4kx2 5x + 3k = 0 for x.

a = 4k
b = 5
c = 3k
x=
169
9
y = 2[x2 +
E
3
)
2
13 y = 2x 6
(1)
y = x2 + 7x + 12
(2)
x2 + 7x + 12 = 2x 6
x2 + 7x + 2x + 12 + 6 = 0
x2 + 9x + 18 = 0
(x + 6)(x + 3) = 0
x + 6 = 0 or
x+3=0
x = 6 or
3
Substitute into (1)
If x = 6 y = 2 6 6 = 6
If x = 3 y = 2 3 6 = 0
Solutions (6, 6) and (3, 0)
x + 16)
y = 3[x2
x+
iii TP
y = 3x2 26x + 48
2
5
2
TP is at ( 54 , 8 )
x=6
or
y = 2(x2 +
y = 2(x +
c y = 3x2 26x + 48
i y-intercept x = 0
y = 3 02 26 0 + 48
y = 48
0 = 3x2 26x + 48
0 = (3x 8)(x 6)
3x 8 = 0 or x 6 = 0
x=
x = 1
iii TP
y = 2x2 5x 3
8
3
3 9x2 64
= (3x)2 (8)2
Difference of squares.
B, C
4 36x2 49
= (6x)2 72
= (6x + 7)(6x 7)
C
5 (x 2)2 + 8
Cannot be factorised using
real numbers
E
6 (2x 7)(x + 4) = 0
2x 7 = 0 or x + 4 = 0
2x = 7 or
x = 4
x = 7 or
x = 4
d y = 2x2 5x 3
i y-intercept x = 0
y = 2 02 5 0 3
y = 3
0 = 2x2 5x 3
0 = 1(2x2 + 5x + 3)
0 = 1(2x + 3)(x + 1)
2x + 3 = 0 or x + 1 = 0
x = 1
2x = 3 or
169
]
9
(5) (5)2 4 4k 3k
2 4k
x=
5 25 48k 2
8k
x=
5 + 25 48k 2
or
8k
x=
5 25 48k 2
8k
7 =0
x5
7 =0
x=5
or
or x = 5 + 7
B
9 3x2 = 9 + x
3x2 x 9 = 0
a = 3 b = 1 c = 9
10 Quadratic formula is
b b 2 4ac
A
2a
2x2 + 3x + 4 = 0
= b2 4ac
= (+3)2 4 2 4
= 9 32
= 23
A
>0
C
2
y = 5(x + 2) 1
TP is at (2, 1)
E
y = 3(x 2)2 + 8
TP is at (2, 8) maximum value
y=8
D
(x + 6)(x + 5) = 0
x2 + 11x + 30
y = x2 + 11x + 30
C
y = x2 + bx + 40
x =
11
12
13
14
15
16
y = x2 + bx +
b2
b2
+ 40
4
4
But
2 x 8x + 16
= (x 4)2
x5+
7)=0
b
b2
y = x + + 40
4
2
2
b
b
TP at , 40
2
4
Multiple choice
1 (3x 7)(x + 5)
= 3x2 + 15x 7x 35
= 3x2 + 8x 35
7 )(x 5
x = 7
b
7 =
2
b = 14
b = 14
E
17 D
18 The graphs intersect in 2 places. At
both places, the x-values are
negative.
D
Quadratic functions
19 y = 2x 1
(1)
y = x2 + 8x + 8
(2)
x2 + 8x + 8 = 2x 1
x2 + 8x 2x + 8 + 1 = 0
x2 + 6x + 9 = 0
(x + 3)2 = 0
x + 3 = 0 x = 3
Substitute in (1) y = 2 3 1
y = 7
Solution (3, 7)
A
20 y = P(x Q)2 + 1
From the graph, the turning point has
an x value of 2, therefore Q = 2.
The equation becomes:
y = P(x 2)2 + 1
We can estimate the y-intercept
(about 2.4 from the graph) and
substitute this point (0, 2.4) in
to find P.
2.4 = P(0 2)2 + 1
1.4 = 4P
P = 0.35
Of the possible values for P, this is
closest to
1
.
3
Therefore, Q = 2 and P =
1
.
3
21 y = x
Translation 3 units down
y = x2 3
Translation 2 units right
y = (x 2)2 3
Extended response
1 a 100 = 2l + 2w
b 2l = 100 2w
l = 50 w
c Area = l w
= (50 w) w
= 50w w 2
d
y-int (x = 0)
Area = 50(0) (0)2 = 0 (0, 0)
x-int (y = 0)
0 = 50w w 2
0 = w (50 w)
w = 0 or w = 50 (0, 0) (50, 0)
TP when x = 25 (halfway between
0 and 50)
Area = 50(25) (25)2
= 625
TP: (25, 625)
e Max area = 625 m2
f w = 25 m
l = 50 w
l = 50 25
l = 25 m
g The paddock is a rectangle
measuring 25 m 25 m, hence it
is a square.
2 y = 2x2 + bx + c
a Two points on each parabola.
(1) (2, 0) (0, 0)
(2) (0, 0) (2, 0)
b Parabola 1
2x(x + 2) = 0
2x2 4x = 0
So y = 2x2 4x
Parabola 2
2x(x 2) = 0
2x2 + 4x = 0
y = 2x2 + 4x
c TP
y = 2x2 + 4x
y = 2(x2 2x)
y = 2(x2 2x + 1 1)
y = 2[(x 1)2 1]
y = 2(x 1)2 + 2
Turning point is at (1, 2)
Maximum value y = 2
So h = 2 units.
d Domain parabola 1
2 x 0
Parabola 2 0 x 2
e LHS parabola RHS parabola
(x 3)2 = 0
(x + 3)2 = 0
x+3=0
x3=0
x = 3
x=3
(x + 3)2
(x 3)2
y = x2 + 6x + 9 y = x2 6x + 9
If each graph just touches the
x-axis at (3, 0), (3, 0) the
expression is a perfect square for
each parabola.
There is only one solution to each
quadratic equation.
3 y = ax2 + bx + c
a (0, 1) (1, 0) and (2, 3)
For (0, 1)
1=0+0+c
1=c
For (1, 0)
0=a+b+c
For (2, 3)
3 = 4a + 2b + c
But c = 1
So
0=a+b+1
3 = 4a + 2b + 1
or
1 = a + b
2 = 4a + 2b
(6) 2
2 = 2a + 2b
(7) 1
2 = 4a + 2b
(9) (8)
4 = 2a
a=
4
2
=2
Substitute in (6)
1 = 2 + b
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9)
MM11 CAS-2
55
b = 1 2
b = 3
So equation is y = 2x2 3x + 1
b y = ax2 + bx + c
(0, 1) (1, 4) and (2, 15)
For (0, 1)
1 = c
c = 1
(1)
For (1, 4)
(2)
4=a+b+c
For (2, 15)
15 = 4a + 2b + c
(3)
Substitute (1) into (2) and (3)
4=a+b1
So a + b = 5
(4)
and 15 = 4a + 2b 1
4a + 2b = 16
(5)
(4) by 2
(6)
2a + 2b = 10
(5) by 1
(7)
4a + 2b = 16
(7) (6)
2a = 6
a=
6
2
a=3
Substitute in (4)
a+b=5
3+b=5
b=53
b=2
So equation is y = 3x2 + 2x 1
c y = ax2 + bx + c
(0, 5) (1, 11) and (1, 3)
For (0, 5)
(1)
5=c
For (1, 11)
(2)
11 = a b + c
For (1, 3)
(3)
3 = a + b + c
Substitute (1) into (2) and (3)
11 = a b + 5
6=ab
(4)
And
3 = a + b + 5
8 = a + b
(5)
Add (4) and (5)
2 = 2a
a=
2
2
a = 1
Substitute in (4)
6 = 1 b
b = 1 6
b = 7
Equation is y = x2 7x + 5
d y = 1x2 + bx + c Parabola 1
(0, 0) 0 = c So c = 0
(4, 4)
4 = 16 + 4b + c
4 = 16 + 4b
4b = 4 + 16
MM11 CAS-2
56
Quadratic functions
4b = 20
b=
20
4
b=5
Equation is y = x2 + 5x
Parabola 2
y = x2 + bx + c
For (8, 8)
8 = 64 + 8b + c
For (4, 4)
4 = 16 + 4b + c
From (1)
8b + c = 56
From (2)
4b + c = 12
(3) (4)
4b = 44
(1)
x 4 = 0 or x 2 = 0
x = 4 or
x=2
iii TP
y = x2 6x + 8
y = x 6x + 9 + 8 9
y = (x 3)2 1
TP is at (3, 1)
Minimum value y = 1
y = 3[(x +
y = 3(x +
5 2
)
6
5 2
)
6
361
]
36
361
12
TP is at ( 56 , 361
)
12
12
(2)
(3)
(4)
b = 44
4
b = 11
Substitute in (4)
4 11 + c = 12
44 + c = 12
c = 12 + 44
c = 32
Equation is y = x2 11x + 32
4 a For y = x2 6x + 8
i y-intercept x = 0
y=8
(0, 8)
0 = x2 6x + 8
0 = (x 4)(x 2)
b The TP of first graph had whole

number values.
c y = x2 + 4x + 5
TP y = x2 + 4x = 4 + 5 4
y = (x + 2)2 + 1
TP is at (2, 1)
b
TP x =
2a
4
x=
2 1
For y = 3x2 + 5x 28
i y-intercept x = 0
y = 0 + 0 28
y = 28
(0, 28)
0 = 3x2 + 5x 28
0 = (3x 7)(x + 4)
0 = 3x 7 or
0=x+4
3x = 7
or
x = 4
x=
7
3
x = 4
or
x = 42
iii TP
y = 3x2 + 5x 28
y = 3[x +
5
3
28
3
y = 3[x2 +
5
3
x+
25
36
28
3
25
36
x = 2
Can be ensured if x-value of TP
b
and b is a multiple of 2a.
=
2a
Cubic and quartic functions
MM11 CAS-3
57
Chapter 3 Cubic and quartic functions

Exercise 3A Expanding
1 a x(x + 6)(x + 1)
= x(x2 + 7x + 6)
= x3 + 7x2 + 6x
b x(x 9)(x + 2)
= x(x2 7x 18)
= x3 7x2 18x
c x(x 3)(x + 11)
= x(x2 + 8x 33)
= x3 + 8x2 33x
d 2x(x + 2)(x + 3)
= 2x(x2 + 5x + 6)
= 2x3 + 10x2 + 12x
e 3x(x 4)(x + 4)
= 3x(x2 16)
= 3x3 + 48x
f 5x(x + 8)(x + 2)
= 5x(x2 + 10x + 16)
= 5x3 + 50x2 + 80x
g x2(x + 4)
= x3 + 4x2
h 2x2(7 x)
= 14x2 + 2x3
i (5x) (6x) (x + 9)
= 30x2(x + 9)
= 30x3 270x2
j 7x(x + 4)2
= 7x(x2 + 8x + 16)
= 7x3 56x2 112x
2 a (x + 7)(x + 2)(x + 3)
= (x + 7)(x2 + 5x + 6)
= x3 + 5x2 + 6x + 7x2 + 35x + 42
= x3 + 12x2 + 41x + 42
b (x 2)(x + 4)(x 5)
= (x 2)(x2 x 20)
= x3 x2 20x 2x2 + 2x + 40
= x3 3x2 18x + 40
c (x 1)(x 4)(x + 8)
= (x 1)(x2 + 4x 32)
= x3 + 4x2 32x x2 4x + 32
= x3 + 3x2 36x + 32
d (x 1)(x 2)(x 3)
= (x 1)(x2 5x + 6)
= x3 5x2 + 6x x2 + 5x 6
= x3 6x2 + 11x 6
e (x + 6)(x 1)(x + 1)
= (x + 6)(x2 1)
= x3 x + 6x2 6
= x3 + 6x2 x 6
f (x 7)(x + 7)(x + 5)
= (x + 5)(x2 49)
3 a
= x3 49x + 5x2 245

= x3 + 5x2 49x 245
(x + 11)(x + 5)(x 12)
= (x + 11)(x2 7x 60)
= x3 7x2 60x + 11x2 77x 660
= x3 + 4x2 137x 660
(x + 5)(x 1)2
= (x + 5)(x2 2x + 1)
= x3 2x2 + x + 5x2 10x + 5
= x3 + 3x2 9x + 5
(x + 2)(x 7)2
= (x + 2)(x2 14x + 49)
= x3 14x2 + 49x + 2x2 28x + 98
= x3 12x2 + 21x + 98
(x + 1)(x 1)(x + 1)
= (x + 1)(x2 1)
= x3 x + x2 1
= x3 + x2 x 1
(x 2)(x + 7)(x + 8)
= (x 2)(x2 + 15x + 56)
= x3 + 15x2 + 56x 2x2 30x 112
= x3 + 13x2 + 26x 112
(x + 5)(3x 1)(x + 4)
= (x + 5)(3x2 + 11x 4)
= 3x3 + 11x2 4x + 15x2 + 55x 20
= 3x3 + 26x2 + 51x 20
(4x 1)(x + 3)(x 3)
= (4x 1)(x2 9)
= 4x3 36x x2 + 9
= 4x3 x2 36x + 9
(5x + 3)(2x 3)(x 4)
= (5x + 3)(2x2 11x + 12)
= 10x3 55x2 + 60x + 6x2 33x
+ 36
= 10x3 49x2 + 27x + 36
(1 6x)(x + 7)(x + 5)
= (1 6x)(x2 + 12x + 35)
= x2 + 12x + 35 6x3 72x2 210x
= 6x3 71x2 198x + 35
3x(7x 4)(x 4)
= 3x(7x2 32x + 16)
= 21x3 96x2 + 48x
9x(1 2x)(3x + 8)
= 9x(3x + 8 6x2 16x)
= 9x(6x2 13x + 8)
= 54x3 + 117x2 72x
(6x + 5)(2x 7)2
= (6x + 5)(4x2 28x + 49)
= 24x3 168x2 + 294x + 20x2
140x + 245
= 24x3 148x2 + 154x + 245
(3 4x)(2 x)(5x + 9)
= (3 4x)(10x + 18 5x2 9x)
= (3 4x)(5x2 + x + 18)
= 15x2 + 3x + 54 + 20x3
4x2 72x
= 20x3 19x2 69x + 54
2(7 + 2x)(x + 3)(x + 4)
= 2(7 + 2x)(x2 + 7x + 12)
4 a
5 a
= 2(7x2 + 49x + 84 + 2x3 + 14x2

+ 24x)
= 2(2x3 + 21x2 + 73x + 84)
= 4x3 + 42x2 + 146x + 168
(x + 2)3
= (x + 2)(x + 2)2
= (x + 2)(x2 + 4x + 4)
= x3 + 4x2 + 4x + 2x2 + 8x + 8
= x3 + 6x2 + 12x + 8
(x + 5)3
= (x + 5)(x + 5)2
= (x + 5)(x2 + 10x + 25)
= x3 + 10x2 + 25x + 5x2 + 50x + 125
= x3 + 15x2 + 75x + 125
(x 1)3
= (x 1)(x 1)2
= (x 1)(x2 2x + 1)
= x3 2x2 + x x2 + 2x 1
= x3 3x2 + 3x 1
(x 3)3
= (x 3)(x 3)2
= (x 3)(x2 6x + 9)
= x3 6x2 + 9x 3x2 + 18x 27
= x3 9x2 + 27x 27
(2x 6)3
= (2x 6)(2x 6)2
= (2x 6)(4x2 24x + 36)
= 8x3 48x2 + 72x 24x2 + 144x
216
= 8x3 72x2 + 216x 216
(3x + 4)3
= (3x + 4)(3x + 4)2
= (3x + 4)(9x2 + 24x + 16)
= 27x3 + 72x2 + 48x + 36x2 + 96x
+ 64
= 27x3 + 108x2 + 144x + 64
entry line as:
Expand ((x + 5)(x 11)(x + 2))
Then press ENTER.
Expanding (x + 5)(x 11)(x + 2)
= x3 4x2 67x 110
entry line as:
Expand (3x(x + 6)(x 1))
Then press ENTER.
Expanding 3x (x + 6)(x 1)
= 3x3 + 15x2 18x
entry line as:
Expand (6(x 5)(x + 15)(x + 8))
Then press ENTER.
Expanding
6(x 5)(x + 15)(x + 8))
= 6x3 + 72x2 + 510x 3600
entry line as:
Expand ((x + 5)(x 12)2)
MM11 CAS-3
58
Then press ENTER.

Expanding
(x + 5)(x 12)2
= x3 + 29x2 264x + 720
e On a calculator page, complete the
entry line as:
Expand (x (x + 10)2)
Then press ENTER.
Expanding x(x + 10)2
= x3 20x2 100x
f On a calculator page, complete the
entry line as:
Expand ((x + 13)3)
Then press ENTER.
Expanding
(x + 13)3
= x3 39x2 507x 2197
= x2 x + 6 remainder 11
e
22
3
= x2 + 4x + 3 remainder 3
x2 + 3x 3
= 4x2 8x + 18 remainder 22
k
2 x2 3x + 3
x 2 2x 7 x + 9x + 1
3
x 2 x3 + x 2 9 x 5
(2 x3 4 x 2 )
( x 3 2 x 2 )
3x 2 + 9 x
3x2 9 x
(3 x 2 + 6 x)
(3x 2 6 x)
3x + 1
3x 5
(3x 6)
(3x + 6)
11
= x2 + 3x 3 remainder 11
g
x2 2 x 3
x 3 x 5 x + 3x 8
3
6x + 1
(6 x 18)
l
(2 x3 + 8 x 2 )
2 x 2 + 3x
9x 1
( 9 x 36)
( 2 x 2 + 6 x)
3x 8
(3x + 9)
x + 2 x3 + 4 x 2 + 3 x + 4
2
( x + 2 x )
35
17
2 x 2 + 3x
2x2 9
x + 4 2 x3 + 8 x 2 9 x 1
( x 3 3 x 2 )
19
2
= x + 3x 6 remainder 19
b
x2 + 2x 1
= 2x2 9 remainder 35
= x 2x 3 remainder 17
(2 x 2 + 4 x)
x+4
h
3
(4 x + 20 x)
x + 4x
2
( x 2 x )
6x + 1
(6 x + 12)
11
91
= x2 4x 18 remainder 91
( x + 2 x )
(2 x 1)
18 x 1
(18 x + 90)
x+3
( x + 1)
(4 x 2 + 2 x)
2x + 4
( x 3 + x 2 )
x + 2 x + x + 4x + 1
4 x2 + 4 x
4 x2 + 2 x
x + 1 x3 + x 2 + x + 3
3x 2 2 x + 1
2 x 1 6 x3 7 x 2 + 4 x + 4
(6 x3 3 x 2 )
( x 5 x )
= x + 2x 1 remainder 6
x2 + 1
x 4 x 18
x 5 x 9x2 + 2x 1
= x2 + 1 remainder 2
d
x2 x + 6
2 a
( x 2)
(18 x + 18)
3x 9
(3 x 6)
3x 2 + 3x
18 x 4
(4 x 2 8 x)
( x 3 + 3 x 2 )
(8 x 2 8 x)
4 x2 5x
x + 3 x3 + 6 x 2 + 3x + 1
8 x 2 + 10 x
( x3 2 x 2 )
(4 x3 + 4 x 2 )
x 2 x3 + 2 x 2 5 x 9
x 2 + 3x 6
(3x 2 + 9 x)
4 x 2 8 x + 18
x + 1 4 x 4 x + 10 x 4
3
x2 + 4 x + 3
Exercise 3B Long division

of polynomials
1 a
3 x 2 7 x + 20
x + 2 3 x3 x 2 + 6 x + 5
(3 x3 + 6 x 2 )
2 x2 + 5x 6
3x + 4 6 x3 + 23x 2 + 2 x 31
(6 x3 + 8 x 2 )
7 x 2 + 6 x
15 x 2 + 2 x
(7 x 2 14 x)
(15 x 2 + 20 x)
20 x + 5
(20 x + 40)
35
18 x 31
(18 x 24)
7
= 2x2 + 5x 6 remainder 7
4 x2 7 x 2
2 x + 5 8 x3 + 6 x 2 39 x 13
3
(3 x + 9 x )
( 2 x + 6 x)
4 x 13
( 4 x 10)
0
= x2 x 8 remainder 0
2 x + 1 2 x3 + 9 x 2 + 17 x + 15
(2 x3 x 2 )
(2 x 7 x )
10 x 2 + 17 x
8 x 2 + 34 x
( 8 x + 28 x)
x + 3 5 x + 13 x + 1
= x 4x + 3 remainder 8
2x + 1
(2 x 6)
8
2
(5 x 2 + 15 x)
12 x + 15
(12 x + 6)
6 x 13
(6 x 21)
= x + 5x + 6 remainder 9
2 x 2 + 7 x 1
2 x + 3 4 x3 20 x 2 + 23 x 2
x + x6
(4 x3 6 x 2 )
3x + 2 3x3 + 5 x 2 16 x 23
= 5x 2 remainder 7
f
14 x + 23 x
(2 x3 + 10 x 2 )
(14 x 2 + 21x)
3 x 2 16 x
2 x2 + 0 x
2x 2
(+2 x 3)
(3 x 2 + 2 x)
18 x 23
(18 x 12)
= x2 + x 6 remainder 11
3x2 + 2 x + 1
3x 4 9 x3 6 x 2 5 x + 9
(9 x3 12 x 2 )
( 2 x 2 10 x)
10 x 4
(10 x + 50)
1
4 a
54
x2 x 2
= 2x2 2x + 10
x + 1 x3 + 0 x 2 3x + 1
3
( x + x )
x 2 3x
13
= 3x2 + 2x + 1 remainder 13
x2 5x 2
x + 1 x3 6 x 2 7 x 16
(2 x3 + 4 x 2 )
(5 x 2 5 x)
2 x 16
( 2 x 2)
14
= x2 5x 2 remainder 14
(4 x 2 + 8 x)
9 x + 2
(9 x + 18)
b
x2
16
x + 2 x3 + 2 x 2 + 0 x 7
( x 3 + 2 x 2 )
= 2x2 4x 9 remainder 16
0x2 7
= x2 remainder 7
c
x2 x 2
2 x2 + 4 x 1
2 x + 1 4 x3 + 6 x 2 + 2 x + 0
(4 x3 2 x 2 )
+8 x 2 + 2 x
( x 3 4 x 2 )
5x2 7 x
4 x2 x
x 4 x3 5 x 2 + 2 x + 0
( x3 x 2 )
2 x 2 4 x 9
x 2 2 x3 + 0 x 2 x + 2
( x 2 x)
(6 x 2 8 x)
3x + 9
(3 x 4)
remainder 54
2x + 1
(2 x 2)
6 x2 5x
2 x 2 2 x + 10
x + 5 2 x3 + 8 x 2 + 0 x 4
(3 x3 + 2 x 2 )
11
5x 2
2
(10 x 2 + 5 x)
3 a
8x + 8
( 8 x + 8)
c
x2 + 5x + 6
2 x 7 2 x3 15 x 2 + 34 x 13
( x 2 + x )
x2 4 x + 3
x2 7 x
4 x 15
(4 x 12)
( x3 + x 2 )
(14 x 35 x)
x2 x 8
x 1 x3 + 0 x 2 7 x + 8
2 x + 10 x
14 x 39 x
= 4x2 7x 2 remainder 3
(8 x + 20 x )
59
3 x 2 2 x + 4
x 3 3 x3 + 7 x 2 + 10 x 15
MM11 CAS-3
(+8 x 2 + 4 x)
x2 + 2 x
( x 2 + 4 x)
2x + 0
(2 x + 8)
8
2x + 0
( 2 x 1)
1
MM11 CAS-3
60
5 a
The quotient is 2x2 + 44x + 1369,

the remainder is 42 430.
c On a calculator page, complete the
entry line as:
propFrac
((12x3 + 32x 9)/(3x + 4))
Then press ENTER.
(12x3 + 32x 9) (3x + 4)
x3 + 2 x 2 + 5 x 2
x 1 x 4 + x3 + 3 x 2 7 x + 0
( x 4 x 3 )
2 x3 + 3x 2
(2 x3 2 x 2 )
5x2 7 x
(5 x 2 5 x)
2x + 0
( 2 x + 2)
= x + 2x + 5x 2 remainder 2
x3 + 2 x 2 9 x 18
( x 4 2 x3 )
2 x3 13 x 2
(2 x3 4 x 2 )
9 x 2 + 0 x
( 9 x 2 + 18 x)
18 x + 36
(18 x + 36)
0
= x3 + 2x2 9x 18 remainder 0
6 x3 + 17 x 2 + 53 x + 155
x 3 6 x 4 x3 + 2 x 2 4 x + 0
the remainder is
16 x
3
5235
2(2 x + 7)
53x 2 4 x
2
(53 x 159 x)
155 x + 0
(155 x 465)
465
3
= 6x + 17x + 53x + 155

remainder 465
entry line as:
propFrac
((x3 + 9x2 + 11x + 25)/(x + 15))
Then press ENTER.
(x3 + 9x2 + 11x + 25) (x + 15)
1490
+ x2 6x + 101
x + 15
The quotient is x2 6x + 101, the
remainder is 1490.
b On a calculator page, complete the
entry line as:
propFrac
((2x3 18x2 + 5x 9)/(x 31))
Then press ENTER.
(2x3 18x2 + 5x 9) (x 31)
42430
x 31
+ 2x2 + 44x + 1369
9
160
9
+ 9x3 30x2 + 105x
735
2
The quotient is
the remainder is
(17 x3 51x 2 )
160
721
9x3 30x2 + 105x
17 x3 + 2 x 2
.
9
d On a calculator page, complete the
entry line as:
propFrac
((18x4 + 3x3 + 45)/(2x + 7))
Then press ENTER.
((18x4 + 3x3 + 45) (2x + 7)
(6 x 4 18 x3 )
16 x
x 2 x 4 + 0 x3 13 x 2 + 0 x + 36
9(3 x + 4)
+ 4x2
The quotient is 4x2
2
3
721
735
2
5235
2
Exercise 3C Polynomial
values
1 P(x) = 2x3 3x2 + 2x + 10
a P(0) = 2 03 3 02 + 2 0 + 10
= 10
b P(1) = 2 13 3 12 + 2 1 + 10
= 2 3 + 2 + 10
= 11
c P(2) = 2 23 3 22 + 2 2 + 10
= 16 12 + 4 + 10
= 18
d P(3) = 2 33 3 32 + 2 3 + 10
= 54 27 + 6 + 10
= 43
e P(1) = 2 (1)3 3 (1)2 + 2
1 + 10
= 2 3 2 + 10
=3
f P(2) = 2 (2)3 3 (2)2 + 2
2 + 10
= 16 12 4 + 10
= 22
g P(3) = 2 (3)3 3 (3)2 + 2
3 + 10
= 54 27 6 + 10
= 77
h P(a) = 2 a3 3 a2 + 2 a
+ 10
= 2a3 3a2 + 2a + 10
i P(2b) = 2 (2b)3 3 (2b)2 + 2

(2b) + 10
= 16b3 12b2 + 4b + 10
j P(x + 2)
= 2(x + 2)3 3(x + 2)2 + 2(x + 2)
+ 10
= 2(x + 2)(x + 2)2 3(x + 2)2
+ 2(x + 2) + 10
= 2(x + 2)(x2 + 4x + 4) 3(x2 + 4x
+ 4) + 2(x + 2) + 10
= 2(x3 + 4x2 + 4x + 2x2 + 8x + 8)
3(x2 + 4x + 4) + 2(x + 2) + 10
= 2(x3 + 6x2 + 12x + 8) 3(x2 + 4x
+ 4) + 2(x + 2) + 10
= 2x3 + 12x2 + 24x + 16 3x2
12x 12 + 2x + 4 + 10
= 2x3 + 9x2 + 14x + 18
k P(x 3)
= 2(x 3)3 3(x 3)2 + 2(x 3)
+ 10
= 2(x 3)(x 3)2 3(x 3)2
+ 2(x 3) + 10
= 2(x 3)(x2 6x + 9) 3(x2 6x
+ 9) + 2(x 3) + 10
= 2(x3 6x2 + 9x 3x2 + 18x 27)
3x2 + 18x 27 + 2x 6 + 10
= 2x3 12x2 + 18x 6x2 + 36x
54 3x2 + 18x 27 + 2x 6
+ 10
= 2x3 21x2 + 74x 77
l P(4y)
= 2(4y)3 3(4y)2 + 2(4y) + 10
= 128y3 48y2 8y + 10
2 On a calculator page, complete the
entry line as:
Define p(x) = 16x4 + 3x3 22x + 17
Then press ENTER.
a Complete the entry line as p(11)
Press ENTER.
P(11) = 230 522
b Complete the entry line as p(102)
Press ENTER.
P(102) = 1 735 072 853
c Complete the entry line as
p(2x + 9)
Press ENTER.
P(2x + 9) = 256x4 + 4632x3 +
31 428x2 + 94 726x +
106 982
d Complete the entry line as
p(x3 + 2)
Press ENTER.
P(x3 + 2) = 16x12 + 131x9 + 402x6
+ 526x3 + 253
3 to 7 See table below
8 a P(x) x + 8
Remainder = P(8)
b P(x) (x 7)
Remainder = P(7)
c P(x) (x a)
Remainder = P(a)
P(x)
a x3 + x2 + x + 1
b x3 + 2x2 + 5x + 2
c x3 x2 + 4x 1
d x3 4x2 7x + 3
Rem.
Rem.
Rem.
Rem.
(x 2)
(x + 1)
(x + 2)
P(2)
15
15
10
28
10
28
11
21
11
21
19
19
1 Let P(x) = x3 + 3x2 10x 24

a (x 1)
P(1) = 1 + 3 10 24
= 30
b (x + 2)
P(2) = (2)3 + 3 (2)2 10 2
24
= 8 + 12 + 20 24
=0
c (x 3)
P(3) = 33 + 3 32 10 3 24
= 27 + 27 30 24
= 54 54
=0
d (x + 5)
P(5) = (5)3 + 3 (5)2 10
5 24
= 125 + 75 + 50 24
= 24
e (x 0)
P(0) = 03 + 3 02 10 0 24
= 24
f (x k)
P(k) = k3 + 3k2 10k 24
g (x + n)
P(n) = (n)3 + 3 (n)2 10
n 24
= n3 + 3n2 + 10n 24
h (x + 3c)
P(3c) = (3c)3 + 3 (3c)2 10
3c 24
= 27c3 + 27c2 + 30c 24
2 a P(x) = x3 + 2x2 + 3x + 4
P(3) = 33 + 2 32 + 3 3 + 4
= 27 + 18 + 9 + 4
= 58
b P(x) = x3 4x2 + 2x 1
P(1) = (1)3 4 (1)2 + 2
1 1
= 1 4 2 1
= 8
c P(x) = x3 + 3x2 3x + 1
P(2) = (2)3 + 3 (2)2 3
2 + 1
= 8 + 12 + 6 + 1
= 11
d P(x) = x3 x2 4x 5
P(1) = 1 1 4 5
= 9
e P(x) = 2x3 + 3x2 + 6x + 3
P(5) = 2 (5)3 + 3 (5)2 + 6
5 + 3
P(2)
(x 1)
P(1)
Exercise 3D The remainder

and factor theorems
P(1)
MM11 CAS-3
= 250 + 75 30 + 3
= 202
f P(x) = 3x3 2x2 + x + 6
P(1) = 3 (1)3 2 (1)2
+ 1 + 6
=321+6
=6
g P(x) = x3 + x2 + 8
P(+5) = (5)3 + (5)2 + 8
= 125 + 25 + 8
= 158
h P(x) = x3 3x2 2
P(2) = 23 3 22 2
= 8 12 2
= 6
i P(x) = x3 + 8
P(3) = (3)3 + 8
= (27) + 8
= 27 + 8
= 35
j P(x) = x3 + 2x2
P(7) = 73 + 2 72
= 441
P(x) = x3 + kx + 1
P(2) = (2)3 + kx 2 + 1
= 8 2k + 1
= 7 2k
But
P(2) = 19
19 = 7 2k
2k = 7 + 19
2k = 12
k = 12
3 a
k=6
b P(x) = x3 + 2x2 + mx + 5
P(2) = 23 + 2 22 + m 2 + 5
= 8 + 8 + 2m + 5
= 21 + 2m
But
P(2) = 27
27 = 21 + 2m
2m = 27 21
2m = 6
m= 6
2
m=3
c P(x) = x3 3x2 + 2x + n
P(1) = 13 3 12 + 2 1 + n
=13+2+n
P(1) = n
But
P(1) = 1
1=n
61
d P(x) = ax3 + 4x2 2x + 1

P(3) = a 33 + 4 32 2 3 + 1
= 27a + 36 6 + 1
= 27a + 31
But
P(3) = 23
23 = 27a + 31
27a = 23 31
27a = 54
a = 54
27
a = 2
e
P(x) = x3 bx2 2x + 1
P(1) = (1)3 b (1)2 2
1 + 1
= 1 b + 2 + 1
P(1) = b + 2
But
P(1) = 0
0 = b + 2
b=2
f P(x) = 4x2 + 2x + 7
P(c) = 4c2 + 2c + 7
But
P(c) = 5
5 = 4c2 + 2c + 7
4c2 + 2c + 12 = 0
or 2(2c2 c 6) = 0
2(2c + 3)(c 2) = 0
2 0 2c + 3 = 0 or c 2 = 0
2c = 3
c = 32 or c = 2 Ans is 2.
g P(x) = x2 3x + 1
P(d) = (d )2 3 d + 1
= d 2 + 3d + 1
But
P(d) = 11
11 = d 2 + 3d + 1
0 = d 2 + 3d + 1 11
0 = d 2 + 3d 10
0 = (d + 5)(d 2)
d + 5 = 0 or
d2=0
d = 5 or
d=2
Answers: d = 5, 2
h P(x) = x3 + ax2 + bx + 1
P(5) = 53 + a 52 + b 5 + 1
= 125 + 25a + 5b + 1
P(5) = 126 + 25a + 5b
But
P(5) = 14
14 = 126 + 25a + 5b
or 25a + 5b = 140
(1)
Now
MM11 CAS-3
62
P(1) = (1)3 + a (1)2 + b 1

+1
= 1 + a b + 1
P(1) = a b
But
P(1) = 2
2 = a b
or a b = 2
(2)
( (1) by 1)
25a + 5b = 140 (3)
( (2) by 5)
5a 5b = 10
(4)
Add (3) and (4)
30a = 150
a = 150
30
a = 5
Substitute 5 for a in (2)
5 b = 2
b = 2 + 5
b = 3
b = 3
Answers: a = 5 b = 3
4 a P(x) = x3 + 2x2 11x 12
P(1) = 13 + 2(1)2 11(1) 12
= 1 + 2 11 12
= 20
As P(1) 0, (x 1) is not a factor.
b P(x) = x3 + 2x2 11x 12
P(3) = 33 + 2(3)2 11(3) 12
= 27 + 18 33 12
=0
As P(3) = 0, (x 3) is a factor.
c P(x) = x3 + 2x2 11x 12
P(1) = (1)3 + 2(1)2 11(1) 12
= 1 + 2 + 11 12
=0
As P(1) = 0, (x + 1) is a factor.
d P(x) = x3 + 2x2 11x 12
P(2) = (2)3 + 2(2)2 11(2)
12
= 8 + 8 + 22 12
= 10
As P(2) 0, (x + 2) is not a
factor.
5 P(x) = x3 + 4x2 11x 30
P(2) = (2)3 + 4 (2)2 11 2
30
= 8 + 16 + 22 30
= 38 + 38
=0
So (x + 2) is a factor
P(3) = 33 + 4 32 11 3 30
= 27 + 36 33 30
= 63 63
=0
So (x 3) is a factor
P(5) = (5)3 + 4 (5)2 11 5
30
= 125 + 100 + 55 30
= 155 + 155
=0
6 a P(x) = x3 + 5x2 + 2x 8
P(1) = 1 + 5 + 2 8
=88
=0
P(1) = 0
So x 1 is a factor
P(x) = x3 7x2 x + 7
P(7) = 73 7 72 7 + 7
= 343 343 7 + 7
=0
P(7) = 0
So x 7 is a factor
P(x) = x3 7x2 + 4x + 12
P(2) = 23 7 22 + 4 2 + 12
= 8 28 + 8 + 12
= 28 28
=0
P(2) = 0
So x 2 is a factor
P(x) = x3 + 2x2 9x 18
P(2) = (2)3 + 2 (2)2 9
2 18
= 8 + 8 + 18 18
=0
P(2) = 0
So x + 2 is a factor
P(x) = x3 + 3x2 9x 27
P(3) = (3)3 + 3 (3)2 9
3 27
= 27 + 27 + 27 27
=0
P(3) = 0
P(x) = x3 + x2 + 9x 9
P(1) = 13 + 12 + 9 1 9
= 1 + 1 + 9 9
=0
P(1) = 0
So x 1 is a factor
P(x) = 2x3 + 9x2 x 12
P(4) = 2 (4)3 + 9 42 4 12
= 128 + 144 4 12
= 144 + 144
=0
P(4) = 0
So x 4 is a factor
P(x) = 3x3 + 22x2 + 37x + 10
P(5) = 3 (5)3 + 22 (5)2
+ 37 5 + 10
= 3 (125) + 22 25 + 37
5 + 10
= 375 + 550 185 + 10
=0
P(5) = 0
7 a P(x) = x3 + 2x2 5x 5
P(2) = (2)3 + 2 (2)2 5
2 5
= 8 + 8 + 10 5
=5
b P(x) = 2x3 + 15x2 + 22x 15
P(1) = 2 + 15 + 22 15 0
P(2) = 2 23 + 15 22 + 22
2 15
= 16 + 60 + 44 15 0
P(3) = 2 (3)3 + 15 (3)2
+ 22 3 15
= 54 + 135 66 15
=0
P(3) = 0
C
c P(x) = x3 13x2 + 48x 36
P(1) = 1 13 + 48 36
= 49 49
=0
D
d P(x) = x3 5x2 22x + 56
P(2) = 23 5 22 22 2 + 56
= 8 20 44 + 56
=0
P(2) = 0
So x 2 is a factor
A
8 a P(x) = x3 3x2 + 3x 1
P(1) = 1 3 + 3 1
=0
P(1) = 0
So x 1 is a factor
b P(x) = x3 7x2 + 16x 12
P(1) = 1 7 + 16 12 0
P(2) = 23 7 22 + 16 2 12
= 8 28 + 32 12
=0
P(2) = 0
So x 2 is a factor
For more factors try factors of 12.
c P(x) = x3 + x2 8x 12
P(1) = 1 + 1 8 12 0
P(1) = 1 + 1 + 8 12 0
More likely to get 0 with negative
values.
P(2) = (2)3 + (2)2 8 2 12
= 20 + 20
=0
P(2) = 0
Try other negative factors of 12
for other factors.
d P(x) = x3 + 3x2 34x 120
P(1) = 1 + 3 34 120 0
P(1) = 1 + 3 + 34 120 0
Try other negative values.
P(2) = (2)3 + 3 (2)2 34
2 120
= 8 + 12 + 68 120 0
P(3) = (3)3 + 3 (3)2 34
3 120 0
P(4) = (4)3 + 3 (4)2 34
4 120
= 64 + 48 + 136 120
= 184 + 184
=0
P(4) = 0
So x + 4 is a factor.
Try other negative factors of 120
for other factors of the polynomial.
9 a i P(x) = 6x3 + 7x2 x 2
P(1) = 6(1)3 + 7(1)2 (1) 2
= 6 + 7 + 1 2
=0
3
ii P 1 = 6 1 + 7 1
2
1

2
6
7 1
= + 2
4 2
8
=0
iii P 2 = 6 2 + 7 2
3
2
3
=
48
27
= (x + 2)(x2 + 6x + 5)
= (x + 2)(x + 5) (x + 1)
c
x 2 + 3x + 2
2
28
9
x + 9 x3 + 12 x 2 + 29 x + 18
+
2
3
6x + x 2
( x 2 x)
4 x + 12
(4 x + 12)
0
= (x + 9)(x + 3x + 2)
= (x + 9)(x + 2) (x + 1)
d
x 2 + 7 x + 12
x + 1 x3 + 8 x 2 + 19 x + 12
02
2
( x3 + x 2 )
x + 5 x3 + 14 x 2 + 65 x + 100
7 x + 19 x
( x 3 + 5 x 2 )
9 x 2 + 65 x
12 x + 12
(12 x + 12)
1
2
(9 x 2 + 45 x)
20 x + 100
(20 x + 100)
0
= (x + 1)(x2 + 7x + 12)
= (x + 1)(x + 4)(x + 3)
e
x 2 + 11x + 28
= (x + 3)(x + 4x + 4)
= (x + 3)(x + 2)(x + 2)
= (x + 2)2 (x + 3)
i
x 2 + 9 x + 20
(7 x 2 + 7 x)
( ) = 0 and (2x 1) is a factor.
2x 1 = 0
2x = 1
x= 1
P(x) = (x + 1)(6x2 + x 2)
ii P(x) = (x + 1)(6x2 + x 2)
= (x + 1)(2x 1)(3x + 2)
( 23 ) = 0 and (3x + 2) is a factor.
x + 3 x + 14 x + 61x + 84
( x3 + 3 x 2 )
3x + 2 = 0
3x = 2
x = 2
0
2
= (x + 5)(x + 9x + 20)
= (x + 5)(x + 5)(x + 4)
= (x + 5)2 (x + 4)
j
x 2 + 13 x + 40
11x 2 + 61x
d In general if (ax + b) is a factor,

then P b = 0.
x 2 + 9 x + 18
2
x + 1 x + 10 x + 27 x + 18
13 x 2 + 40 x
(13 x 2 + 0 x)
Exercise 3E Factorising
polynomials
3
( x 3 + 0 x 2 )
28 x + 84
(28 x + 84)
( a)
1 a
x x3 + 13 x 2 + 40 x + 0
(11x 2 + 33x)
40 x + 0
40 x
= (x + 3)(x + 11x + 28)

= (x + 3)(x + 4)(x + 7)
f
x2 + 5x + 6
x + 7 x3 + 12 x 2 + 41x + 42
( x + x )
( x 3 + 7 x 2 )
9 x 2 + 27 x
0
2
= x(x + 13x + 40)

= x(x + 5)(x + 8)
k
x 2 + 7 x + 12
x x3 + 7 x 2 + 12 x
5 x 2 + 41x
(9 x 2 + 9 x)
( x3 + 2 x 2 )
= (x + 7)(x + 5x + 6)
= (x + 7)(x + 3) (x + 2)
g
x2 + 2 x + 1
= x(x + 7x + 12)
= x(x + 3)(x + 4)
x + 2 x3 + 4 x 2 + 5 x + 2
l
x2 + 5x
x + 5 x3 + 10 x 2 + 25 x + 0
2 x2 + 5x
(6 x 2 + 12 x)
12 x
12 x
( x3 + 2 x 2 )
6 x 2 + 17 x
7 x2
= (x + 1) (x2 + 9x + 18)
= (x + 1) (x + 3) (x + 6)
x + 2 x3 + 8 x 2 + 17 x + 10
7 x 2 + 12 x
6 x + 42
(6 x + 42)
x2 + 6 x + 5
x3
(5 x 2 + 35 x)
18 x + 18
(18 x + 18)
(4 x 2 + 12 x)
x2 x
4 x 2 + 16 x
2 x + 18
(2 x + 18)
x + 1 6 x3 + 7 x 2 x 2
( x 3 + 3 x 2 )
(3 x 2 + 27 x)
c P
x + 3 x3 + 7 x 2 + 16 x + 12
3 x 2 + 29 x
=0
b i P(x) = 6x3 + 7x2 x 2
(6 x3 + 6 x 2 )
= (x + 2)(x2 + 2x + 1)
= (x + 2)(x + 1)(x + 1)
= (x + 1)2 (x + 2)
h
x2 + 4 x + 4
( x 3 + 9 x 2 )
63
MM11 CAS-3
( x 3 + 5 x 2 )
(2 x 2 + 4 x)
5 x + 10
(5 x + 10)
x+2
( x + 2)
5 x 2 + 25 x
(5 x 2 + 25 x)
0
64
MM11 CAS-3
= (x + 5) (x2 + 5x)
= (x + 5) x (x + 5)
= x(x + 5)2
m
x2 + 5x
x2 + 6 x + 5
x + 1 x + 7 x + 11x + 5
3
( x3 + x 2 )
x + 1 x3 + 6 x 2 + 5 x
( x 3 + x 2 )
( x 3 2 x 2 )
3x 2 4 x
(6 x 2 + 6 x)
(3 x 2 + 6 x)
(5 x + 5)
(10 x + 20)
= (x + 1) (x2 + 6x + 5)
= (x + 1) (x + 1) (x + 5)
= (x + 1)2 (x + 5)
= (x + 1) (x2 + 5x)
= (x + 1) x (x + 5)
= x(x + 1) (x + 5)
d P(x) = x3 + x2 8x 12
P(1) = 1 + 1 8 12 0
P(1) = 1 + 1 + 8 12 0
Keep trying negative values
P(2) = (2)3 + (2)2 8 2 12
= 8 + 4 + 16 12
=0
x2
x + 6 x + 6x
( x 3 + 6 x 2 )
0
2
= (x + 6) x
= x2 (x + 6)
2 a P(x) = x3 + x2 x 1
P(1) = 1 + 1 1 1
=22
=0
P(1) = 0
So x 1 is a factor
x2 + 2 x + 1
3
2
x 1 x + x x 1
3
( x x )
x 1
( x 1)
0
2
= (x 1) (x + 2x + 1)
= (x 1) (x + 1) (x + 1)
= (x 1) (x + 1) 2
b P(x) = x3 2x2 x + 2
P(1) = 1 2 1 + 2
=0
So x 1 is a factor
x2 x 2
3
2
x 1 x 2x x + 2
2
( x 2 2 x)
6 x 12
( 6 x 12)
= (x + 2) (x2 x 6)
= (x + 2) (x 3) (x + 2)
= (x 3) (x + 2)2
e P(x) = x3 + 9x2 + 24x + 16
P(1) = 1 + 9 + 24 + 16 0
P(1) = 1 + 9 24 + 16
=0
(3 x 2 3 x)
2x 2
(2 x 2)
= (x 1) (x2 + 3x + 2)
= (x 1) (x + 2) (x + 1)
h P(x) = x3 7x 6
P(1) = 1 7 6 0
P(1) = 1 + 7 6 = 0
x2 x 6
x + 1 x3 + 0 x 2 7 x 6
( x 3 + x 2 )
x2 7 x
( x 2 x)
6x 6
(6 x 6)
0
= (x + 1) (x2 x 6)
= (x + 1) (x 3) (x + 2)
8 x 2 + 24 x
(8 x 2 + 8 x)
(16 x + 16)
0
( x + x)
c P(x) = x3 + 7x2 + 11x + 5

P(1) = 1 + 7 + 11 + 5 0
P(1) = 1 + 7 11 + 5 = 0
3x2 x
( x 3 + x 2 )
= (x 1) (x2 x 2)
= (x 1) (x 2) (x + 1)
( x 3 x 2 )
x 2 + 8 x + 16
3
2
x + 1 x + 9 x + 24 x + 16
x2 x
16 x + 16
( 2 x + 2)
x2 + 3x + 2
x 1 x + 2x x 2
3
x2 8x
( x x )
2x + 2
g P(x) = x3 + 2x2 x 2
P(1) = 1 + 2 1 2 = 0
So x 1 is a factor
( x 3 + 2 x 2 )
(2 x 2 2 x)
= (x 2) (x2 3x 10)
= (x 2) (x 5) (x + 2)
x2 x 6
3
2
x + 2 x + x 8 x 12
2 x2 x
10 x + 20
5x + 5
(5 x 2 + 5 x)
6 x 2 + 11x
5x2 + 5x
x 2 3 x 10
x 2 x 5 x 4 x + 20
3
= (x + 1) (x + 8x + 16)
= (x + 1) (x + 4) (x + 4)
= (x + 1) (x + 4)2
f P(x) = x3 5x2 4x + 20
P(1) = 1 5 4 + 20 0
P(2) = 23 5 22 4 2 + 20
= 8 20 8 + 20
P(2) = 0
So x 2 is a factor
i P(x) = x3 + 3x2 4
P(1) = 1 + 3 4 = 0
So x 1 is a factor
x2 + 4 x + 4
x 1 x + 3x + 0 x 4
3
( x 3 x 2 )
4 x2 + 0 x
(4 x 2 4 x)
4x 4
(4 x 4)
0
= (x 1) (x2 + 4x + 4)
= (x 1) (x + 2) (x + 2)
= (x 1) (x + 2)2
j
P(x) = x3 + x2 + x + 6
P(1) = 1 + 1 + 1 + 6 0
P(1) = 1 + 1 1 + 6 0
P(2) = 23 + 22 + 2 + 6 0
P(2) = (2)3 + (2)2 2 + 6
= 8 + 4 2 + 6
=0
P(2) = 8 4 16 + 12 = 0
So x 2 is a factor
x2 + x 6
3
x+2 x + x + x+6
x2 + x
3x + 6
(3 x + 6)
0
2
= (x + 2) (x x + 3)
2
k P(x) = x + 8x + 17x + 10
P(1) = 1 + 8 + 17 + 10 0
P(1) = 1 + 8 17 + 10 = 0
x 2 + 7 x + 10
3
2
x + 1 x + 8 x + 17 x + 10
( x 2 x )
(4 x 2 + 4 x)
x2 8x
4x + 4
( x 2 2 x)
(4 x + 4)
6 x + 12
( 6 x + 12)
0
( x 4 x )
13x 2 12 x
(13 x 2 52 x)
40 x 160
7 x + 17 x
(7 x 2 + 7 x)
10 x + 10
(10 x + 10)
0
= (x + 1) (x2 + 7x + 10)
= (x + 1) (x + 5) (x + 2)
P(x) = x3 + x2 9x 9
P(1) = 1 + 1 9 9 0
P(1) = 1 + 1 + 9 9 = 0
x2 9
x + 1 x3 + x 2 9 x 9
= (x 4) (x2 + 13x + 40)

= (x 4) (x + 8) (x + 5)
o Let P(x) = x4 + 4x3 + 3x2 4x 4
P(1) = 0
(x 1) is a factor
3
x + 5x + 8x + 4
x 1 x 4 + 4 x3 + 3x 2 4 x 4
( x 4 x 3 )
5 x3 + 3x 2
(5 x3 5 x 2 )
8x2 4 x
(8 x 2 8 x)
( x3 + x 2 )
9x 9
( 9 x 9)
0
= (x + 1) (x2 9)
= (x + 1) (x + 3) (x 3)
m P(x) = x3 x2 8x + 12
P(1) = 1 1 8 + 12 0
( x 4 + 3 x3 )
6 x3 6 x 2
(6 x3 18 x 2 )
12 x 2 28 x
(12 x2 36 x)
8 x 24
(8 x 24)
0
Let M(x) = x + 6x + 12x + 8
M(2) = 0
So (x + 2) is a factor.
x2 + 4 x + 4
3
x + 2 x + 6 x 2 + 12 x + 8
3
(40 x 160)
0
P(x) = (x 1)(x + 1)(x2 + 4x + 4)
= (x 1)(x + 1)(x + 2)2
p P(x) = x4 + 3x3 6x2 28x 24
P(3) = 0
(x 3) is a factor
x3 + 6 x 2 + 12 x + 8
4
3
x 3 x + 3 x 6 x 2 28 x 24
x 2 + 13 x + 40
x 4 x + 9 x 12 x 160
3
( x 3 + x 2 )
4 x2 + 8x
n P(x) = x3 + 9x2 12x 160

P(1) = 1 + 9 12 160 0
P(1) = 1 + 9 + 12 160 0
P(4) = +64 + 144 48 160
= 208 208
=0
So x 4 is a factor
( x 2 2 x)
( x 3 + x 2 )
= (x 2) (x2 + x 6)
= (x 2) (x + 3) (x 2)
= (x + 3) (x 2)2
( x 3 + 2 x 2 )
x2 + 4 x + 4
x + 1 x + 5x2 + 8x + 4
x 2 x x 8 x + 12
3
65
x2 x + 3
3
MM11 CAS-3
4x 4
(4 x 4)
0
P(x) = (x 1)(x3 + 5x2 + 8x + 4)

Let M(x) = x3 + 5x2 + 8x + 4
M(1) = 0
( x 3 + 2 x 2 )
4 x 2 + 12 x
(4 x 2 + 8 x)
4x + 8
( 4 x + 8)
0
P(x) = (x 3)(x + 2)(x2 + 4x + 4)
= (x 3)(x + 2)(x + 2)(x + 2)
= (x 3)(x + 2)3
q P(x) = x4 + 6x3 + 8x2 6x 9
P(1) = 0
(x 1) is a factor
x3 + 7 x 2 + 15 x + 9
x 4 x + 6 x3 + 8 x 2 6 x 9
4
( x 4 x 3 )
7 x3 + 8 x 2
(7 x3 7 x 2 )
15 x 2 6 x
(15 x 2 15 x)
9x 9
(9 x 9)
0
MM11 CAS-3
66
Let M(x) = x3 + 7x2 + 15x + 9

M(1) = 0
x2 + 6 x + 9
x + 1 x + 7 x 2 + 15 x + 9
3
( x 3 + 2 x 2 )
6 x 2 + 15 x
(6 x 2 + 6 x)
9x + 9
(9 x + 9)
0
P(x) = (x 1)(x + 1)(x2 + 6x + 9)

= (x 1)(x + 1)(x + 3)2
r P(x) = x4 5x3 17x2 + 21x
= x(x3 5x2 17x + 21)
Let M(x) = x3 5x2 17x + 21
M(1) = 0
So (x 1) is a factor.
x 2 4 x + 21
x 1 x 5 x 17 x + 21
3
( x3 x 2 )
4 x 2 17 x
(4 x 2 + 4 x)
21x + 21
(21x + 21)
0
P(x) = x(x 1)(x2 4x + 21)

= x(x 1)(x 7)(x + 3)
entry line as:
factor (3x2 x2 10x)
Write the answer.
factorising 3x2 x2 10x
= x(3x + 5)(x 2)
b On a calculator page, complete the
entry line as:
factor (4x3 + 2x2 2x)
Write the answer.
factorising 4x3 + 2x2 2x
= 2x(2x 1)(x + 1)
c On a calculator page, complete the
entry line as:
factor (3x3 6x2 24x)
Write the answer.
factorising 3x3 6x2 24x
= 3x(x 4)(x + 2)
d On a calculator page, complete the
entry line as:
factor (2x3 12x2 18x)
Write the answer.
factorising 2x3 12x2 18x
= 2x(x + 3)2
e On a calculator page, complete the
entry line as:
factor (6x3 6x2)
Write the answer.
factorising 6x3 6x2
= 6x2(x 1)
f On a calculator page, complete the

entry line as:
factor (x3 7x2 12x)
Write the answer.
factorising x3 7x2 12x
= x(x + 4)(x + 3)
g On a calculator page, complete the
entry line as:
factor (x3 3x2 + x + 3)
Write the answer.
factorising x3 3x2 + x + 3
= (x 1)(x + 3)(x + 1)
h On a calculator page, complete the
entry line as:
factor (2x3 + 10x2 12x)
Write the answer.
factorising 2x3 + 10x2 12x
= 2x(x 3)(x 2)
i On a calculator page, complete the
entry line as:
factor (6x3 5x2 + 12x 4)
Write the answer.
factorising 6x3 5x2 + 12x 4
= (x + 2)(3x 2)(2x 1)
j On a calculator page, complete the
entry line as:
factor (5x3 + 24x2 36x +16)
Write the answer.
factorising 5x3 + 24x2 36x +16
= (x 2)2(5x 4)
k On a calculator page, complete the
entry line as:
factor
(x5 x4 + 21x3 + 49x2 8x 60)
Write the answer.
factorising
x5 x4 + 21x3 + 49x2 8x 60
= (x 1)(x + 3)(x 5)(x + 2)2
l On a calculator page, complete the
entry line as:
factor
(24x4 53x3 71x2 + 152x + 20)
Write the answer.
factorising
24x4 53x3 71x2 + 152x + 20
= (x 2)2(3x + 5)(8x + 1)
4 a P(x) = 2x3 + 5x2 x 6
P(1) = 2 + 5 1 6
=0
So x 1 is a factor
2x2 + 7 x + 6
x 1 2x + 5x2 x 6
3
(2 x3 2 x 2 )
P(x) = 3x3 + 14x2 + 7x 4

P(1) = 3 + 14 + 7 4 0
P(1) = 3 + 14 7 4
= 14 14
=0
3x 2 + 11x 4
x + 1 3 x + 14 x 2 + 7 x 4
3
(3 x3 + 3x 2 )
11x 2 + 7 x
(11x 2 + 11x)
4x 4
( 4 x 4)
0
= (x + 1) (3x2 + 11x 4)
= (x + 1) (3x 1) (x + 4)
c
P(x) = 3x3 + 2x2 12x 8

P(1) = 3 + 2 12 8 0
P(1) = 3 + 2 + 12 8 0
P(2) = 24 + 8 + 24 8
=0
3x 2 4 x 4
x + 2 3x + 2 x 2 12 x 8
3
(3 x3 + 6 x 2 )
4 x 2 12 x
( 4 x 2 8 x)
4 x 8
(4 x 8)
0
= (x + 2) (3x2 4x 4)
= (x + 2) (3x + 2) (x 2)
d
P(x) = 4x3 + 35x2 + 84x + 45

P(1) = 4 + 35 + 84 + 45 0
P(1) = 4 + 35 84 + 45
= 88 + 80 0
P(3) = 4 (3)3 + 35 (3)2 +
84 3 + 45
= 4 27 + 35 9 + 84
3 + 45
= 108 + 315 252 + 45
=0
4 x 2 + 23 x + 15
x + 3 4 x + 35 x 2 + 84 x + 45
3
(4 x3 + 12 x 2 )
7 x2 x
23 x 2 + 84 x
(7 x 2 7 x)
6x 6
(23 x 2 + 69 x)
15 x + 45
(6 x 6)
(15 x + 45)
0
2
= (x 1) (2x + 7x + 6)
= (x 1) (2x + 3) (x + 2)
0
2
= (x + 3) (4x + 23x + 15)

= (x + 3) (4x + 3) (x + 5)
P(x) = 5x3 + 9x2 + 3x 1

P(1) = 5 + 9 + 3 1 0
P(1) = 5 + 9 3 1
=0
5x + 4x 1
x + 1 5 x3 + 9 x 2 + 3x 1
3
(6 x3 12 x 2 )
11x + 26 x
4x 8
(4 x 8)
(5 x + 5 x )
4 x 2 + 3x
(4 x 2 + 4 x)
x 1
( x 1)
0
2
= (x + 1) (5x + 4x 1)
= (x + 1) (5x 1) (x + 1)
= (5x 1) (x + 1)2
f P(x) = x3 + x2 + 4
P(1) = 1 + 1 + 4 0
P(2) = 8 + 4 + 4
=0
x2 x + 2
3
2
x+2 x +x +4
0
= (x 2) (6x2 11x + 4)
= (x 2) (3x 4) (2x 1)
i P(x) = 10x3 + 19x2 94x 40
P(1) = 10 + 19 94 40 0
P(1) = 10 + 19 + 94 40 0
P(2) = 80 + 76 + 188 40 0
P(2) = 80 + 76 188 40 0
P(4) = 640 + 304 + 376 40
=0
10 x 2 21x 10
3
x + 4 10 x + 19 x 2 94 x 40
(10 x3 + 40 x 2 )
21x 2 94 x
( 21x 2 84 x)
c3
c
(eg)3 = (eg)3
3
2
2
c
a=
b = eg
2
3
f t3 u
216
u3
= t3 3
6
( x 2 x)
2x + 4
(2 x + 4)
0
= (x + 2) (x2 x + 2)
g P(x) = 4x3 + 16x2 + 21x + 9
P(1) = 4 + 16 + 21 + 9 0
P(1) = 4 + 16 21 + 9
=0
4 x 2 + 12 x + 9
x + 1 4 x + 16 x 2 + 21x + 9
3
= (x + 4) (10x 21x 10)

= (x + 4) (5x + 2) (2x 5)
j P(x) = 7x3 + 12x2 60x + 16
P(1) = 7 + 12 60 + 16 0
P(1) = 7 + 12 + 60 + 16 0
P(2) = 56 + 48 120 + 16
= 120 120
=0
So x 2 is a factor
7 x 2 + 26 x 8
3
x 2 7 x + 12 x 2 60 x + 16
(7 x3 14 x 2 )
2 a
b
c
26 x 2 60 x
(26 x 2 52 x)
(4 x + 4 x )
8 x + 16
12 x 2 + 21x
(8 x + 16)
(12 x + 12 x)
9x + 9
(9 x + 9)
0
= (x + 1) (4x + 12x + 9)
= (x + 1) (2x + 3) (2x + 3)
= (x + 1) (2x + 3)2
h P(x) = 6x3 23x2 + 26x 8
P(1) = 6 23 + 26 8 0
P(1) = 6 23 26 8 0
P(2) = 48 92 + 52 8
= 100 100
=0
So x 2 is a factor
e3g3
1 3
c
8
(10 x 40)
x2 + 0 x
1 a x3 + 63
a=x b=6
b 8y3 + z3
= (2y)3 + z3
a = 2y b = z
c (x + 5)3 + 27
= (x + 5)3 + 33
a=x+5 b=3
d 1 64h3
= 13 (4h)3
a = 1 b = 4h
10 x 40
( x 3 + 2 x 2 )
Exercise 3F Sum and

difference of two cubes
67
factorising 24x4 53x3 71x2 + 152x + 20

= (x 2)2(3x + 5)(8x + 1)
6 x 2 11x + 4
3
x 2 6 x 23 x 2 + 26 x 8
(11x 2 + 22 x)
MM11 CAS-3
= (x 2)(7x + 26x 8)
= (x 2)(7x 2)(x + 4)
k On a calculator page, complete the
entry line as:
factor
( x5 x 4 + 21x3 + 49 x 2 8 x 60)
Write the answer.
factorising
( x5 x 4 + 21x3 + 49 x 2 8 x 60)
= (x 1)(x + 3)(x 5)(x + 2)2
l On a calculator page, complete the
entry line as:
factor(24x4 53x3 71x2 + 152x + 20)
Write the answer.
u
= t3
6
u
a=t b=
6
x3 125
= x3 (5)3
= (x 5) (x2 + 5x + 25)
j3 + k3
= (j + k) (j2 jk + k2)
y3 8
= y3 23
= (y 2) (y2 + 2y + 4)
27x3 + y3
= (3x)3 + y3
= (3x + y) (9x2 3xy + y2)
64t3 216u3
= 8(8t3 27u3)
= 8((2t)3 (3u)3)
= 8(2t 3u)(4t2 + 6ut + 9u2)
x3 1
= x3 13
= (x 1)(x2 + x + 1)
x3
+ 8p3
729
x3
+ 23p3
93
3
x
= + (2p)3
9
2
2 xp
x
x
= + 2 p
+ 4 p 2
9
81
9
h 27r3 1
= (3r)3 13
= (3r 1)(9r2 + 3r + 1)
i (3k)3 1
8
= (3k)3
1
23
MM11 CAS-3
68
= (3k)3 1
2
3 a
3k 1
= (3k 1 ) 9k 2 +
+
2
2 4
s3t3 + g6
= s3t3 + (g2)3
= (st)3 + (g2)3
= (st + g2) (s2t2 stg2 + g4)
(a 1)3 + a3
= (a 1 + a) [(a 1)2 (a 1)a
+ a2]
= (2a 1) [a2 2a + 1 a2 + a
+ a2]
= (2a 1) (a2 a + 1)
(x + 2)3 8
= (x + 2)3 23
= (x + 2 2) [(x + 2)2 + (x + 2)2
+ 22]
= x[x2 + 4x + 4 + 2x + 4 + 4]
= x(x2 + 6x + 12)
(2x + 3)2 + 1
a = 2x + 3
= (2x + 3)3 + 13
b=1
= (2x + 3 + 1)[(2x + 3)2 (2x + 3)
1 + 12]
= (2x + 4) [4x2 + 12x + 9 2x 3
+ 1]
= 2(x + 2) (4x2 + 10x + 7)
(w 5)3 w3
= (w 5 w) [(w 5)2 + (w 5)w
+ w2]
= 5[w2 10w + 25 + w2 5w
+ w2]
= 5(3w2 15w + 25)
(2m + p)3 + (3m p)3
= (2m + p + 3m p) [(2m + p)2
(2m + p)(3m p) + (3m p)2]
= 5m[4m2 + 4mp + p2 (6m2 + mp
p2) + 9m2 6mp + p2]
= 5m[4m2 + 4mp + p2 6m2 mp
+ p2 + 9m2 6mp + p2]
= 5m (7m2 3mp + 3p2)
27x3 (x + 3)3
= (3x)3 (x + 3)3
= [3x (x + 3)] [(3x)2 + 3x(x + 3)
+ (x + 3)2]
= (3x x 3) [9x2 + 3x2 + 9x + x2
+ 6x + 9]
= (2x 3) (13x2 + 15x + 9)
(2y + 7)3 + (y 2)3
= [(2y + 7) + (y 2)] [(2y + 7)2
(2y + 7)(y 2) + (y 2)2]
= (2y + 7 + y 2) [4y2 + 28y + 49
(2y2 + 3y 14) + y2 4y + 4]
= (3y + 5) (4y2 + 28y + 49 2y2
3y + 14 + y2 4y + 4)
= (3y + 5) (3y2 + 21y + 67)
(3x + y)3 + (x 4y)3
= [(3x + y) + (x 4y)] [(3x + y)2
(3x + y) (x 4y) + (x 4y)2]
= (3x + y + x 4y) [9x2 + 6xy + y2
(3x2 11xy 4y2) + x2 8xy
+ 16y2]
= (4x 3y) (9x2 + 6xy + y2 3x2
+ 11xy + 4y2 + x2 8xy + 16y2]
= (4x 3y) (7x2 + 9xy + 21y2)
i (2 4p)3 (p + 1)3
a = 2 4p
b=p+1
= [(2 4p) (p + 1)] [(2 4p)2
+ (2 4p)(p + 1) + (p + 1)2]
= [2 4p p 1] [4 16p + 16p2
+ 2p + 2 4p2 4p + p2 + 2p + 1]
= (1 5p) (13p2 16p + 7)
j (5x 9)3 (7 x)3
= [(5x 9) (7 x)] [(5x 9)2
+ (5x 9) (7 x) + (7 x)2]
= (5x 9 7 + x) [25x2 90x + 81
+ 35x 5x2 63 + 9x + 49
14x + x2]
= (6x 16) (21x2 60x + 67)
= 2(3x 8) (21x2 60x + 67)
k x6 + y9 = (x2)3 + (y3)3
= (x2 + y3) [(x2)2 x2 y3 + (y3)2]
= (x2 + y3) (x4 x2y3 + y6)
l 2x3 54
= 2(x3 27)
= 2(x3 33)
= 2(x 3) (x2 + 3x + 9)
m 3a3 + 3
= 3(a3 + 1)
= 3(a3 + 13)
= 3(a + 1) (a2 a + 1)
n 6(x2 + 1)3 + 162
= 6[(x2 + 1)3 + 27]
= 6[(x2 + 1)3 + 33]
= 6(x2 + 1 + 3) [(x2 + 1)2
3(x2 + 1) + 32]
= 6(x2 + 4) [x4 + 2x2 + 1 3x2
3 + 9]
= 6(x2 + 4) (x4 x2 + 7)
4 Let a3 b3 = mx3 ny3
a3 = mx3 (1)
b3 = ny3 (2)
Compare (3x y)(9x2 + 3xy + y2)
to (a b)(a2 + ab + b2).
a = 3x (3)
b = y (4)
Substitute (3) into (1):
(3x)3 = mx3
27x3 = mx3
m = 27
y3 = ny3
n=1
m = 27, n = 1
5 a 3x3 + my3 = ( 3 3 x)3 + ( 3 m y )3
b a = 3 3x , b = 3 m y
c a3 + b3
= (a b)(a2 + ab + b2)( 3 3x )3
+ ( 3 m y )3
3
(x + 2)3 = 27
x + 2 = 3 27
x + 2 = 3
x = 3 2
x = 5
c (x 4)3 1000 = 0
(x 4)3 = 1000
x 4 = 3 1000
x 4 = 10
x = 10 + 4
x = 14
d (x + 7)3 8 = 0
(x + 7)3 = 8
x+7 = 38
x+7 =2
x =27
x = 5
e 2(x 5)3 2 = 0
2(x 5)3 = 2
(x 5)3 = 2
2
(x 5)3 = 1
x 5 = 3 1
x 5 = 1
x = 1 + 5
x =4
f (x + 3)3 + 1 = 0
(x + 3)3 = 1
(x + 3)3 = 1
x + 3 = 31
x+3 =1
x =13
x = 2
g (2x + 3)3 27 = 0
(2x + 3)3 = 27
2x + 3 = 3 27
2x + 3 = 3
2x = 3 3
2x = 0
x =0
2
x =0
h 4(3x 1)3 + 500 = 0
4(3x 1)3 = 500
(3x 1)3 = 500
4
= ( 3 3x 3 m y )[( 3 3 x)2 +
(x 1)3 = 125
x 1 = 3 125
x1=5
x=5+1
x=6
b 3(x + 2)3 + 81 = 0
3(x + 2)3 = 81
(x + 2)3 = 81
(3x 1)3
3x 1
3x 1
3x
3x
x
3x
m y + ( 3 m y)2 ]
= ( 3 3x 3 m y ) [( 3 3 x) 2
+
3mxy + ( 3 m y ) 2 ]
Exercise 3G Solving
polynomial equations
1 a 2(x 1)3 250 = 0
2(x 1)3 = 250
(x 1)3 = 250
2
2
(x
3
= 125
= 3 125
= 5
= 5 + 1
= 4
= 4
3
+ 1) + 18 = 0
2
(x
3
+ 1)3 = 18
2(x + 1)3 = 18 3
= 54
3
(x + 1) = 54
2
(x + 1)3 = 27
x + 1 = 3 27
x + 1 = 3
x = 3 1
x = 4
1
(5 x)3 32 = 0
2
1
(5
2
x)3 = 32
(5 x)3 = 2 32
(5 x)3 = 64
5 x = 3 64
5x =4
x = 4 5
x = 1
x =1
k (x 5)3 = 343
x 5 = 3 343
x5 =7
x =7+5
x = 12
l 4 4 (x + 8)3 = 104
5
j 3x(x 9)3 = 0
3x = 0 or x 9 = 0
x = 0 or x = 9
k (6 x)2 (2 + x) = 0
6 x = 0 or x + 2 = 0
x = 6 or x = 2
l x2(2x + 7) = 0
x = 0 or 2x + 7 = 0
x = 0 or x = 7
2
m x(5x 6) (2x + 3) (6 7x) = 0

x = 0 or 5x 6 = 0 or 2x + 3 = 0
or 6 7x = 0
x = 0,
x = 3 or x = 15
4
3 a
2 a
n (3 4x) (5x 1) = 0
3 = 4x or 5x = 1
4 (x + 8)3 = 100
(x + 8)3 = 125
x + 8 = 3 125
x + 8 = 5
x = 13
(x 1) (x 2) (x 5) = 0
x 1 = 0 x 2 = 0 or x 5 = 0
x = 1, 2, 5
(x + 3) (x + 4) (x + 7) = 0
x + 3 = 0 x + 4 = 0 or x + 7 = 0
x = 3, 4, 7
(x 5) (x + 2) (x 9) (x 1)= 0
x 5 = 0 x + 2 = 0 or x 9 = 0
or x 1 = 0
x = 5, 2, 9, 1
(2x 4) (x + 1) (x 3) (x + 2) = 0
2x 4 = 0 x + 1 = 0 or x 3 = 0
or x + 2 = 0
x = 2, 1, 3, 2
(3x + 12) (x 4) (x + 4) = 0
3x + 12 = 0 x 4 = 0 or x + 4 = 0
x = 4, 4, 4
x = 4, 4
(2 x) (x + 2) (1 x) (1 + x)
2 x = 0 x + 2 = 0 or 1 x = 0
or 1 + x = 0
x = 2, 2, 1, 1
(x + 5) (x 8)2 = 0
x+5=0 x8=0
x = 5, 8
(x 1)3 = 0
x1=0
x=1
x2(x + 1) (x 1) = 0
x2 = 0 or x + 1 = 0 or x 1 = 0
x = 0, 1, 1
, 3 , 76
2
4 (x + 8)3 = 104 4
4(x + 8)3 = 500
(x + 8)3 = 500
6
5
x3 4x = 0
x(x2 4) = 0
x(x + 2) (x 2) = 0
x = 0 or x + 2 = 0 or x 2 = 0
x = 0, 2, 2
x3 16x2 = 0
x(x2 16) = 0
x(x + 4) (x 4) = 0
x = 0 or x + 4 = 0 or x 4 = 0
x = 0, 4, 4
2x4 50x2 = 0
2x2(x2 25) = 0
2
2x (x + 5)(x 5)= 0
2x2 = 0 or x + 5 = 0 or x 5 = 0
x = 0, 5, 5
3x4 + 81 = 0
3(x4 81) = 0
x4 81 = 0
x4 = 81
x = 4 81
x = 3, 3
x3 + 5x2 = 0
x2(x + 5) = 0
x2 = 0 or x + 5 = 0
x = 0, 5
x3 2x2 = 0
x2(x 2) = 0
x2 = 0 or x 2 = 0
x = 0 or 2
4x3 + 8x = 0
4x(x2 2) = 0
4x = 0 or x2 2 = 0
x = 0 or x = 2
12x3 + 3x2 = 0
3x2(4x + 1) = 0
2
3x = 0 or 4x + 1 = 0
x = 0 or x = 1
4
4x3 20x4 = 0
4x3(1 5x) = 0
4x3 = 0 or 1 5x = 0
x = 0 or x = 1
5
x 5x + 6x = 0
x2(x 3) (x 2) = 0
x2 = 0 x 3 = 0 x 2 = 0
x = 0, 3, 2
MM11 CAS-3
69
k x3 8x2 + 16x = 0
x(x2 8x + 16) = 0
x(x 4) (x 4) = 0
x(x 4)2 = 0
x = 0 or x 4 = 0
x = 0 or x = 4
l x3 + 6x2 = 7x
x3 + 6x2 7x = 0
x(x2 + 6x 7) = 0
x(x + 7) (x 1) = 0
x=0 x+7=0 x1=0
x = 0, 7, 1
m 9x2 = 20x + x3
x3 9x2 + 20x = 0
x(x2 9x + 20) = 0
x(x 5) (x 4) = 0
x = 0 x 5 = 0 or x 4 = 0
x = 0, 5, 4
n x3 + 6x = 4x2
x3 4x2 + 6x = 0
x(x2 4x + 6) = 0
b2 4ac = (4)2 4 1 6
= 16 24
= 8
x2 4x + 6 will not factorise
x(x2 4x + 6) = 0
x = 0 or x2 4x + 6 = 0
x = 0 or x cannot be found
x = 0 only
4 a x3 x2 16x + 16 = 0
Let
P(x) = x3 x2 16x + 16
P(1) = 1 1 16 + 16 = 0
So x 1 is a factor
x 2 16
x 1 x x 16 x + 16
3
( x 3 x 2 )
0 16 x + 16
( 16 x + 16)
0
So
(x 1) (x2 16) = 0
(x 1) (x + 4) (x 4) = 0
x 1 = 0 or x + 4 = 0 or x 4 = 0
x = 1, 4, 4
b x3 6x2 x + 30 = 0
P(x) = x3 6x2 x + 30
P(1) = 1 6 + 1 + 30 0
P(1) = 1 6 + 1 + 30 0
P(2) = 8 24 + 2 + 30
= 32 + 32 = 0
x 2 8 x + 15
x + 2 x 6 x 2 x + 30
3
( x3 + 2 x 2 )
8x2 x
( 8 x 2 16 x)
15 x + 30
(15 x + 30)
MM11 CAS-3
70
So
(x + 2) (x2 8x + 15) = 0
(x + 2) (x 5) (x 3) = 0
x + 2 = 0 or x 5 = 0 or x 3 = 0
x = 2, 5, 3
c x3 x2 25x + 25 = 0
P(x) = x3 x2 25x + 25
P(1) = 1 1 25 + 25 = 0
So x 1 is a factor
2
x 25
x 1 x3 x 2 25 x + 25
f x3 4x2 7x + 10 = 0
Let P(x) = x3 4x2 7x + 10
P(1) = 1 4 7 + 10 = 0
So x 1 is a factor
x 2 3 x 10
3
x 1 x 4 x 2 7 x + 10
x2 + 2 x 8
x + 2 x3 + 4 x 2 4 x 16
( x3 + 2 x 2 )
2 x2 4 x
(3 x 2 3 x)
10 x + 10
( 10 x + 10 )
( 3 x 2 + 3 x )
10 x + 10
(10 x + 10)
2
So
(x 1) (x2 3x 10) = 0
(x 1) (x 5) (x + 2) = 0
x 1 = 0 or x 5 = 0 or x + 2 = 0
x = 1, 5, 2
g x4 3x3 7x2 + 15x = 18
x4 3x3 7x2 + 15x + 18 = 0
Let P(x) = x4 3x3 7x2 + 15x
+ 18
P(1) = 0
x3 4 x 2 3 x + 18
4
x + 1 x 3 x 7 x + 15 x + 18
( x 4 + x 3 )
P(x) = (x 1)(x + 3x 10)

= (x 1)(x + 5)(x 2)
So x4 + 2x3 13x2 + 10x = 0
x(x 1)(x + 5)(x 2) = 0
x = 0 or x 1 = 0 or x + 5 = 0
or x 2 = 0
x = 0, 5, 1, 2
i 2x3 + 15x2 + 19x + 6 = 0
Let P(x) = 2x3 + 15x2 + 19x + 6
P(1) = 2 + 15 + 19 + 6 0
P(1) = 2 + 15 19 + 6
= 21 + 21 = 0
2 x 2 + 13 x + 6
x + 1 2 x + 15 x 2 + 19 x + 6
3
(2 x3 + 2 x 2 )
4 x3 7 x 2
13 x 2 + 19 x
( 4 x 3 4 x 2)
(13 x 2 + 13x)
3x 2 + 15 x
(2 x 2 + 4 x)
8 x 16
( 3 x 3 x)
x 5x + 6
x + 1 x3 4 x 2 + x + 6
2
( x + x )
5 x 2 + x
(18 x + 18 )
0
Let M(x) = x3 4x2 3x + 18

M(3) = 0
So (x 3) is a factor.
x2 x 6
x 3 x3 4 x 2 3x + 18
( x3 3 x 2 )
x2 3x
( x 2 + 3x )
6 x + 18
( 6 x + 18 )
( 5 x 2 5 x )
6x + 6
(6 x + 6)
So
(x + 1) (x2 5x + 6) = 0
(x + 1) (x 3) (x 2) = 0
x + 1 = 0 or x 3 = 0 or x 2 = 0
x = 1, 3, 2
18 x + 18
So
(x + 2) (x2 + 2x 8) = 0
(x + 2) (x + 4) (x 2) = 0
x + 2 = 0 or x + 4 = 0 or x 2 = 0
x = 2, 4, 2
e x3 4x2 + x + 6 = 0
Let P(x) = x3 4x2 + x + 6
P(1) = 1 4 + 1 + 6 0
P(1) = 1 4 1 + 6 = 0
6x + 6
(6 x + 6)
(8 x 16)
x 1 x3 + 2 x 2 13x + 10
3 x 2 13x
3x 2 7 x
25 x + 25
(25 x + 25)
So
(x 1) (x2 25) = 0
(x 1) (x + 5) (x 5) = 0
x 1 = 0 or x + 5 = 0 or x 5 = 0
x = 1, 5, 5
d x3 + 4x2 4x 16 = 0
Let P(x) = x3 + 4x2 4x 16
P(1) = 1 + 4 4 16 0
P(1) = 1 + 4 + 4 16 0
P(2) = 8 + 16 + 8 16 = 0
x 2 + 3 x 10
( x3 x 2 )
( x3 x 2 )
( x 3 x 2 )
P(1) = 0
P(x) = (x + 1)(x 3)(x2 x 6)

= (x + 1)(x 3)(x + 2)(x 3)
So x4 3x3 7x2 + 15x + 18 = 0
(x + 1)(x + 2)(x 3)2 = 0
x + 1 = 0 or x + 2 = 0
or x 3 = 0
x = 2, 1, 3
h x4 + 2x3 13x2 + 10x = 0
Let P(x) = x4 + 2x3 13x2 + 10x
= x(x3 + 2x2 13x + 10)
So
(x + 1) (2x2 + 13x + 6) = 0
(x + 1) (2x + 1) (x + 6) = 0
x + 1 = 0 or 2x + 1 = 0 or x + 6 = 0
x = 1, 1 , 6
2
j 4x3 + 16x2 9x 9 = 0
Let P(x) = 4x3 + 16x2 9x 9
P(1) = 4 + 16 9 9 0
P(1) = 4 + 16 + 9 9 0
P(3) = 108 + 144 27 9
= 144 + 144 = 0
So x 3 is a factor
4 x 2 + 4 x + 3
x 3 4 x + 16 x 2 9 x 9
3
(4 x3 + 12 x 2 )
4 x2 9 x
(4 x 2 12 x)
3x 9
(3 x 9)
0
So
(x 3) (4x2 + 4x + 3) = 0
(x 3) (2x 1) (2x 3) = 0
x 3 = 0 or 2x 1 = 0 or
2x 3 = 0
x = 3, 12 ,
3
2
k 2x3 9x2 7x + 6 = 0
Let P(x) = 2x3 9x2 7x + 6
P(1) = 2 9 7 + 6 0
P(1) = 2 9 + 7 + 6 0
P(2) = 16 36 + 14 + 6 = 0
2 x 2 5 x + 3
x + 2 2 x 9 x 2 7 x + 6
3
(2 x3 4 x 2 )
5x2 7 x
(5 x 2 10 x)
3x + 6
(3x + 6)
0
So
(x + 2) (2x2 5x + 3) = 0
(x + 2) (2x2 + 5x 3) = 0
1(x + 2) (2x 1) (x + 3) = 0
1 0 x + 2 = 0 2x 1 = 0 or
x+3=0
x = 2,
1
, 3
2
2
l 2x3 + 4x 2x 4 = 0
Let P(x) = 2x3 + 4x2 2x 4
P(1) = 2 + 4 2 4 = 0
So x 1 is a factor
2 x2 + 6 x + 4
x 1 2x + 4x 2x 4
3
(2 x3 2 x 2 )
6 x2 2 x
(6 x 2 6 x)
4x 4
(4 x 4)
0
So
(x 1) (2x2 + 6x + 4) = 0
2(x 1) (x2 + 3x + 2) = 0
2(x 1) (x + 2) (x + 1) = 0
2 0 x 1 = 0 x + 2 = 0 or
x+1=0
x = 1, 2, 1
5 a x3 17x2 56x + 1153 = 0
entry line as:
Solve (x3 17x2 56x + 1153 = 0, x)
Then press ENTER.
Solve (x3 17x2 56x + 1153 = 0)
for x.
x = 8.002, 9.008, 15.994
b x3 + 12x2 49x 588 = 0
entry line as:
Solve (x3 + 12x2 49x 588 = 0, x)
Then press ENTER.
Solve x3 + 12x2 49x 588 = 0 for x.

x = 12, 7, 7
x3 + 17x2 + 65x 1521 = 0
entry line as:
Solve
(x3 + 17x2 + 65x 1521 = 0, x)
Then press ENTER.
Solve x3 + 17x2 + 65x 1521 = 0
for x.
x = 9, 13
x3 48x2 + 768x 4096 = 0
entry line as:
Solve (x3 48x2 + 768x 4096 = 0, x)
Then press ENTER.
Solve x3 48x2 + 768x 4096 = 0
for x.
x = 16
x3 + 6x2 6x + 2 = 0
entry line as:
Solve (x3 + 6x2 6x + 2 = 0, x)
Then press ENTER.
Solve x3 + 6x2 6x + 2 = 0 for x.
x = 6.910
x3 14x2 4x + 13 = 0
entry line as:
Solve (x3 14x2 4x + 13 = 0, x)
Then press ENTER.
Solve x3 14x2 4x + 13 = 0
for x.
x = 1.071, 0.854, 14.217
3x2 + 2x +1 = x3
entry line as:
Solve (3x2 + 2x +1 = x3, x)
Then press ENTER.
Solve 3x2 + 2x +1 = x3 for x.
x = 3.627
2x3 3x2 + 2x + 0.5 = 0
entry line as:
Solve (2x3 3x2 + 2x + 0.5 = 0, x)
Then press ENTER.
Solve 2x3 3x2 + 2x + 0.5 = 0
for x.
x = 1.948, 0.199, 0.646
x4 + 4x3 5x2 + 15 = 0
entry line as:
Solve (x4 + 4x3 5x2 + 15 = 0, x)
Then press ENTER.
Solve x4 + 4x3 5x2 + 15 = 0 for x.
x = 4.894, 1.325
2x4 + 25x3 + 17x = 9
entry line as:
Solve (2x4 + 25x3 + 17x = 9, x)
Then press ENTER.
MM11 CAS-3
71

Solve 2x4 + 25x3 + 17x = 9 for x.
x = 12.556, 0.418
6 x3 7x2 + 2x + 40
Let
P(x) = x3 7x2 + 2x + 40
P(1) = 1 7 + 2 + 40 0
P(1) = 1 7 2 + 40 0
P(2) = 8 28 4 + 40
= 40 + 40 = 0
x + 2 is a factor
So x + 2 = 0 x = 2
2 is a solution = C
7 x3 9x2 + 15x + 25 = 0
x=5
Let
P(x) = x3 9x2 + 15x + 25
P(+5) = 0
x 5 is a factor
x2 4x 5
3
2
x 5 x 9 x + 15 x + 25
( x3 5 x 2 )
4 x 2 + 15 x
( 4 x 2 + 20 x)
5 x + 25
(5 x + 25)
0
So
(x 5) (x2 4x 5) = 0
(x 5) (x 5) (x + 1) = 0
(x 5)2 (x + 1) = 0
x 5 = 0 or x + 1 = 0
x = 5 or 1
There is only 1 other distinct solution
= B.
Exercise 3H Cubic
graphs intercepts method
1 a y = (x 1) (x 2) (x 3)
Positive cubic
y = 1 2 3 = 6
0 = (x 1) (x 2) (x 3)
x = 1, 2, or 3
Graph
b y = (x + 6) (x + 1) (x 7)
Positive cubic
y = (6) (1) (7)
y = 42
0 = (x + 6) (x + 1) (x 7)
x+6=0 x+1=0 x7=0
x = 6, 1, or 7
MM11 CAS-3
72
Graph
y = 9 6
y = 54
0 = (x 3)2 (x 6)
x3=0 x6=0
x = 3, or 6
Graph
c y = (x + 8) (x 11) (x + 1)
Graph
d y = 3(x + 1) (x + 10) (x + 5)
Positive cubic
Positive cubic
y = 8 11 1
y = 88
0 = (x + 8) (x 11) (x + 1)
x + 8 = 0 x 11 = 0 x + 1 = 0
x = 8, 11, or 1
Graph
y = 3 1 10 5
y = 150
0 = 3(x + 1) (x + 10) (x + 5)
3 0 So x + 1 = 0 x + 10 = 0
x+5=0
x = 1, 10, 5
Graph
* (x 3)2 = 0
Means graph is tangential with
x-axis at this point.
2 a y = (2 x) (x + 5) (x + 3)
Negative cubic
d y = (2x 5) (x + 4) (x 3)
Positive cubic
y = (5) (4) (3)
y = 60
0 = (2x 5) (x + 4) (x 3)
2x 5 = 0 x + 4 = 0 x 3 = 0
x=
5
, 4,
2
y = (2) (5) (3)
y = 30
0 = (2 x) (x + 5) (x + 3)
(2 x) = 0 x + 5 = 0 x + 3 = 0
x = 2, 5, or 3
Graph
or 3
Graph
b y = (x + 8) (x 8) (2x + 3)
e y = 4x2 (x + 8)
Positive cubic
y = 4 02 8
y=0
0 = 4x2(x + 8)
4x2 = 0 and x + 8 = 0
*x2 = 0 and x = 8
x = 0 or 8
Graph
Positive cubic
e y = (4x 3) (2x + 1) (x 4)
Positive cubic
y = (3) (1) (4)
y = 12
0 = (4x 3) (2x + 1) (x 4)
4x 3 = 0 2x + 1 = 0 x 4 = 0
y = (8) (8) (3)
y = 192
0 = (x + 8) (x 8) (2x + 3)
x + 8 = 0 x 8 = 0 or
2x + 3 = 0
x = 8, 8, or 3
2
Graph
x = 34 , 12 , or 4
Graph
* Graph tangential at x = 0
f y = (6x 1)2 (x + 7)
Positive cubic
y = (1)2 7
y=17
y=7
0 = *(6x 1)2 (x + 7)
6x 1 = 0 and x + 7 = 0
*x = 1 or x = 7
6
c y = x(x + 1) (x 2)
Graph
Positive cubic
f y = (x 3)2 (x 6)
Positive cubic
y = (3)2 (6)
y = 0 1 2
y=0
0 = x(x + 1) (x 2)
x = 0 or x + 1 = 0 or x 2 = 0
x = 0, 1, 2
* Tangential with x-axis at x

= 1
6
3 a y = x3 + 2x2 x 2
Positive cubic
y = 02 + 2 02 0 2
y = 2
0 = x3 + 2x2 x 2
Let
P(x) = x3 + 2x2 x 2
P(1) = 1 + 2 1 2 = 0
x 2 + 3x + 2
x 1 x + 2x x 2
3
( x 3 x 2 )
3x2 x
(3 x 2 3 x)
2x 2
(2 x 2)
0
P(x) = (x 1) (x2 + 3x + 2)
P(x) = (x 1) (x + 2) (x + 1)
So (x 1) (x + 2) (x + 1) = 0
And x = 1, 2, 1
Graph
x + 1 = 0 or x + 3 = 0 or x + 2 = 0
x = 1, 3, 2
Graph
( x 3 + x 2 )
5 x 2 + 11x
(5 x 2 + 5 x)
6x + 6
(6 x + 6)
0
P(x) = (x + 1) (x2 + 5x + 6)
0 = (x + 1) (x + 3) (x + 2)
( x 3 2 x 2 )
12 x + 24
0
c y = x3 + 7x2 + 14x + 8
Positive cubic
y=0+0+0+8
y=8
0 = x3 + 7x2 + 14x + 8
Let
P(x) = x3 + 7x2 + 14x + 8
P(1) = 1 + 7 + 14 + 8 0
P(1) = 1 + 7 14 + 8 = 0
x2 + 6 x + 8
x + 1 x + 7 x 2 + 14 x + 8
3
( x 3 + x 2 )
6 x 2 + 14 x
x2 + 5x + 6
3
x + 1 x + 6 x 2 + 11x + 6
(12 x + 24)
8x + 8
y=0+0+0+6
y=6
0 = x3 + 6x2 + 11x + 6
Let
P(x) = x3 + 6x2 + 11x + 6
P(1) = 1 + 6 + 11 + 6 0
P(1) = 1 + 6 11 + 6 = 0
x + 1 is a factor
x 2 + x 12
x 2 x x 14 x + 24
3
( x 2 2 x)
(8 x + 8)
Positive cubic
73
x 2 14 x
(6 x 2 + 6 x)
b y = x3 + 6x2 + 11x + 6
MM11 CAS-3
P(x) = (x + 1) (x2 + 6x + 8)
0 = (x + 1) (x + 4) (x + 2)
x + 1 = 0 or x + 4 = 0 or
x+2=0
x = 1, 4, or 2
Graph
P(x) = (x 2) (x2 + x 12)

0 = (x 2) (x + 4) (x 3)
x 2 = 0 or x + 4 = 0 or x 3 = 0
x = 2, 4, or 3
Graph
e y = x3 3x2 25x 21
Positive cubic
y = 0 0 0 21
y = 21
0 = x3 3x2 25x 21
Let
P(x) = x3 3x2 25x 21
P(1) = 1 3 25 21 0
P(1) = 1 3 + 25 21 = 0
x 2 4 x 21
x + 1 x 3 x 25 x 21
3
( x 3 + x 2 )
4 x 2 25 x
( 4 x 2 4 x)
21x 21
(21x 21)
0
d y = x x 14x + 24
Positive cubic
y = 0 0 0 + 24
y = 24
0 = x3 x2 14x + 24
Let
P(x) = x3 x2 14x + 24
P(1) = 1 1 14 + 24 0
P(2) = 8 4 28 + 24 = 0
P(x) = (x + 1) (x2 4x 21)

0 = (x + 1) (x 7) (x + 3)
x + 1 = 0 or x 7 = 0 or
x+3=0
x = 1, 7, 3
Graph
MM11 CAS-3
74
f y = 3x3 + 17x2 + 28x + 12

Positive cubic
y = 0 + 0 + 0 + 12
y = 12
0 = 3x3 + 17x2 + 28x + 12
Let
P(x) = 3x3 + 17x2 + 28x + 12
P(1) = 3 + 17 + 28 + 12 0
P(1) = 3 + 17 28 + 12 0
P(2) = 24 + 68 56 + 12 = 0
3 x 2 + 11x + 6
3
x + 2 3x + 17 x 2 + 28 x + 12
(3 x3 + 6 x 2 )
11x 2 + 28 x
(11x 2 + 22 x)
6 x + 12
(6 x + 12)
0
P(x) = (x + 2) (3x2 + 11x + 6)

0 = (x + 2) (3x + 2) (x + 3)
x + 2 = 0 or 3x + 2 = 0 or
x+3=0
P(x) = (x 2) (6x2 5x 4)
0 = (x 2) (3x 4) (2x + 1)
x 2 = 0 or 3x 4 = 0 or
2x + 1 = 0
x = 2,
4
3
Graph
, 12
Graph
5 y = (x + 2) (x 3) (2x + 1)
Positive cubic
y = 2 3 1
y = 6
0 = (x + 2) (x 3) (2x + 1)
x + 2 = 0 or x 3 = 0 or 2x + 1 = 0
x = 2, 3, 1
h y = 2x3 18x2
Negative cubic
y=00
y=0
0 = 2x3 18x2
0 = 2x2(x + 9)
*2x2 = 0 or x + 9 = 0
x = 0 or x = 9
*Graph just touches x-axis at
x = 0.
Graph
6
7
8
9
10
x = 2, 2 , 3
Graph D
y = (x 2) (x + 2)2
Graph C
(x + 3) (x + 1) (x 2) = 0
y = (x + 3) (x + 1) (x 2)
Graph B
y = (x + b) (x c) (x a)
Graph E
y = (x + 1) (x + 2)2
Has only 2 distinct x-intercepts.
Graph D
a
Graph
4 a y = x3 8x2 5x + 14
Graph
g y = 6x 17x + 6x + 8
Positive cubic
y=00+0+8
y=8
0 = 6x3 17x2 + 6x + 8
Let
P(x) = 6x3 17x2 + 6x + 8
P(1) = 6 17 + 6 + 8 0
P(1) = 6 17 6 + 8 0
P(2) = 48 68 + 12 + 8 = 0
6x2 5x 4
3
x 2 6 x 17 x 2 + 6 x + 8
b y = x3 + 8x2 + 13x 140

Graph
c y = 3x3 3x2 15x 9

Graph
(6 x3 12 x 2 )
5 x2 + 6 x
(5 x 2 + 10 x)
4x + 8
(4 x + 8)
0
Graph touches x-axis at x = 1

d y = 7x3 + 29x2 + 32x + 4
y = (x + 1)(x2 2x + 5)
b y = (x + 1)(x2 2x + 5)
c Find the discriminant for the
quadratic factor, = (2)2 4 1
5 = 4 20 = 16
As < 0, the quadratic factor
has no real solutions so
y = x3 x2 + 3x + 5 has only one
real solution at x = 1.
d Find the discriminant of the
quadratic factor,
= (2k)2 4 1 5 = 4k2 20
i For 2 real solutions, the
quadratic factor must have
1 solution.
=0
Solve 4k2 20 = 0
If k = 5 the cubic will have
two real solutions.
ii For 3 real solutions, the
quadratic factor must have
2 solutions.
>0
Solve 4k2 20 > 0
If k < 5 or k > 5 the cubic
will have three real solutions.
Exercise 3I Quartic
graphs intercepts method
1 a Graph intersects x-axis at 3, 2, 1
and 2.
y-intercept = 3 2 1 2 = 12.
b Graph intersects x-axis at 1 and

2. There is a turning point at
x = 2. y-intercept = (2)2 1 2
= 8.
c Graph intersects x-axis at 5.

There is a point of inflection at
x = 1. y-intercept = 5 (1)3 = 5.
d Graph has a turning point at x = 1.

y-intercept = (1)4 = 1.
e Graph intersects x-axis at 0,
1
,
2
and 3. y-intercept
0 1 3 3 = 0.
f Graph has turning points at x = 2

and 1. y-intercept = (2)2 (1)2
= 4.
g Graph has a turning point at

x=
1
.
3
y-intercept = (1)4 = 1.
h Graph intersects x-axis at 1 and

has a point of inflection at 5.
y-intercept = (5)3 1 = 125
75
or y = x4 + 81
2 Check your answers for question 1

on your CAS calculator.
3 y-intercept = a 3 1 3
45 = a 9
a=
MM11 CAS-3
45
9
a = 5
4 a Equation: y = (x + a)2(x + b)2,
where a = b
y-int 81 = (x + a)2 (x a)2
81 = a2 (a)2
81 = a4
a=3
y = (x + 3)2(x 3)2
Alternatively y = (x + a)3(x + b)
and y-int 81 = (x + a)3(x a)
81 = a3 a
81 = a4
81 = a4
Cant be done
The same occurs for
y = (x + a)(a + b)3
So first equation is correct and
y = (x + 3)2(x 3)2
or, the equation is of the form
y = x4 + 81.
x int
0 = x4 + 81
x4 = 81
x = 4 81
x = 3, 3
y int
y = 81
This also satisfies the
requirements.
Following on from the above
solution, the general equation
y = kx4 + 81 (k > 0), would also
satisfy the requirements.
Another alternative is
y = (x 3)(x + 3)3.
y int:
y = (0 3)(0 + 3)3
= (3)(27)
x = 81
x int: x 3 = 0 or x + 3 = 0
x = 3, 3.
y = (x + 3)(x 3)3 would also
work
Another alternative is the general
equation y = k(x a)(x + a)3,
where k is a positive constant and
ka4 = 81.
Similarly y = k(x + a)(x a)3.
In addition, y = (x 3)2 (x + 3)2
could also have the general
answer of y = k(x a)2(x + a)2,
where k is a positive constant and
ka4 = 81
b The graph has turning points at
x = 3 and a y-intercept of 81.
y = (x + 3)2(x 3)2
or y = (x + 3)(x 3)3
or y = (x 3)(x + 3)3
5 Only c has two intercepts. The others

(a, b, d and e) have 4, 3, 3 and
1 intercepts respectively.
Answer is C.
6 The graph has x-intercepts at b and
c and a turning point at a.
y = (x + b)(x a)2(x c)
Answer is E.
7 y-intercept = (2)(1)(3)2
= (2)(9)
= 18
Answer is D.
8 a
MM11 CAS-3
76
l y = 2x3 2
y = 2(x + 0)3 2
i y-dilation = 2
ii POI = (0, 2)
2 a y = 2(x 2)3 + 2
Graph
y = 2 (0 2)3 + 2
y=2 8+2
y = 14
0 = 2(x 2)3 + 2
2 = 2(x 2)3
(x 2)3 = 2
= 1
x 2 = 3 1
= 1
x = 1 + 2 = 1
POI (2, 2)
Graph
d y = 5(x 1)3 + 5
y = 5(x 1)3 + 5
y = +5 + 5
y = 10
0 = 5(x 1)3 + 5
5 = 5(x 1)3
(x 1)3 = 5
5
=1
x 1 = 31
x1 =1
x=1+1 =2
POI (1, 5)
Graph
Exercise 3J Graphs of
cubic functions in power
function form
1 a y = 2(x 1)3 + 3
i y-dilation = 2
ii POI = (1, 3)
b y = 3(x + 5)3 2
i y-dilation = 3
ii POI = (5, 2)
c y = 2(x 6)3 8
i y-dilation = 2
ii POI = (6, 8)
d y = 7(x + 4)3 + 1
i y-dilation = 7
ii POI = (4, 1)
e y = (x 9)3 + 4
i y-dilation = 1
ii POI = (9, 4)
f y = x3 7
y = 1(x + 0)3 7
i y-dilation = 1
ii POI = (0, 7)
g y = (x + 1)3 1
i y-dilation = 1
ii POI = (1, 1)
h y = 1 (x + 2)3
b y = 3(x + 3)3 + 81
y = 3 (3)3 + 81
y = 81 + 81
y=0
0 = 3(x + 3)3 + 81
81 = 3(x + 3)3
(x + 3)3 =
81
3
= 27
x + 3 = 3 27
x+3 =3
x =33=0
POI (3, 81)
Graph
i y-dilation =
ii POI = (2, 0)
i y = 1 (x 3)3 + 2
4
i y-dilation =
14
ii POI = (3, 2)
j y = 4x3
y = 4(x + 0)3 + 0
i y-dilation = 4
ii POI = (0, 0)
k y = 1 x3
3
i y-dilation = 1
3
ii POI = (0, 0)
y = 8
0 = x3 8
x3 = 8
x = 3 8
x = 2
POI (0, 8)
Graph
f y = x3 1
1
2
e y = x3 8
c y = 4(x 4)3 32
y = 4(4)3 32
y = 288
0 = 4(x 4)3 32
4(x 4)3 = 32
(x 4)3 = 32
4
=8
x4 = 38
x4 =2
x=2+4 =6
POI (4, 32)
y = 1
0 = x3 1
x3 = 1
x = 31
x =1
POI (0, 1)
Graph
g y = (x + 2)3 + 27
3
y = (2) + 27
y = 8 + 27
y = 35
0 = (x + 2)3 + 27
(x + 2)3 = 27
x + 2 = 3 27
x = 3
x = 3 2
x = 5
POI (2, 27)
Graph
x = 3 + 3
x =0
POI (3, 9)
Graph
MM11 CAS-3
l y = 2x3
y=0
0 = 2x3
* Point x = 1, y = 2
x=0
POI (0, 0)
Graph
j y = 1 (x + 1)3 + 2
4
y = 1 (1)3 + 2
4
y=
1
4
+2
m y = 5x3
y=13
4
h y=
1
2
1
4
0 = (x + 1) + 2
(x + 5)3 32
2 = 1 (x + 1)3
4
y=
1
2
(5)3 32
y = 62.5 32
y = 30.5
y = (30 1 )
2
0 = 1 (x + 5)3 32
8 = (x + 1)3
x+1 = 38
x+1 =2
x =21
x =1
POI (1, 2)
Graph
y=0
0 = 5x3
x=0
Point x = 1 y = 5
POI (0, 0)
Graph
32 =
1
2
(x + 5)3
n y = 3x3 3
64 = (x + 5)3
x + 5 = 3 64
x =4
x =45
x = 1
POI (5, 32)
Graph
k y=
1
5
(x + 2)3 + 25
y=
1
5
y=
8
5
(2)3 + 25
+ 25
y = 26 3
5
0 = 1 (x + 2)3 + 25
POI (0, 3)
Graph
x = 31
x =1
i y = 1 (x 3)3 9
3
1
3
y=03
y = 3
0 = 3x3 3
3x3 = 3
x3 = 1
y = (x 3) 9
y=99
y=0
0 = 1 (x 3)3 9
3
9 = 1 (x 3)3
3
27 = 1(x 3)3
27 = (x 3)3
x 3 = 3 27
x 3 = 3
25 =
1
5
(x + 2)3
125 = (x + 2)3
x + 2 = 3 125
x + 2 = 5
x = 5 2
x = 7
POI (2, 25)
Graph
3 a y = (4 x)3 + 1
y = (x + 4)3 + 1
y = [1(x 4)]3 + 1
y = 1(x 4)3 + 1
POI (4, 1)
x-intercept
4 x = 1
x =4+1
x =5
77
MM11 CAS-3
78
Graph
y = 2 (x 1)3
Graph
POI (1, 0)
x-intercept y = 0
x=1
Graph
b y = 3(5 x)3 3
j y = 2(5 2x)3 1
y = 3[1(x 5)]3 3
y = 3[x 5]3 3
POI (5, 3)
x-intercept
(5 x)3 = 1
5x =1
x =51
x =4
Graph
y = 2[2x + 5]3 1
y = 2[2(x 5 )]3 1
2
y = 2(2) [x 5 ]3 1
2
f y = 1 (3 4x)3 2
7
y = 16(x 5 )3 1
2
y = 1 [4(x 3 )]3 2
7
POI ( 5 , 1)
y = 1 64(x 3 )3 2
7
y=
64
7
Graph
(x 3 )3 2
4
POI (
3
,
4
2)
Graph
c y = 2(4x 1)3
y = 2[4(x
1
4
)]3
y = 2 43[x
y = 128(x
POI (
1
,
4
1 3
]
4
1 3
)
4
g y = (4 x) + 3
y = [1(x 4)]3 + 3
y = 1 1(x 4)3 + 3
y = (x 4)3 + 3
POI (4, 3)
Graph
0)
x-intercept y = 0
0 = (x
x=
1 3
)
4
1
4
Graph
h y = (9 5x)3 7
d y = 5(3 2x)3 + 1
y = (5x + 9)3 7
y = 5(2x + 3)3 + 1
3
y = 5[2 (x 32 )] + 1
3
y = 5 23[(x 32 )] + 1
y = [5(x
9 3
)]
5
y = 125(x
9 3
)
5
7
7
POI ( 9 , 7)
y = 40 (x 32 )]3 + 1
x-intercept y = 0
x = 1.79
Graph
8
(6
3
i y=
y=
e y=
2
5
(1 x)3
y=
2
5
[1(x 1)]3
x)3 + 4
8
[1(x
3
6)]3 + 4
y = 8 (x 6)3 + 4
3
POI (6, 4)
(x 1)3 2
c y=
1
4
d y=
1
2
x3 + 4
Exercise 3K Domain, range,

maximums and minimums
1 a
b
c
d
e
f
2 a
Graph
POI ( 32 , 1)
4 y = x3
Dilation = 6
Trans. 4 right
Down 3 units
y = 6(x 4)3 3
5 y = 5(2 x)3 + 9
y = 5[1(x 2)]3 + 9
y = 5 13[x 2]3 + 9
y = 5(x 2)3 + 9
POI (2, 9)
6 a y = 1(x 1)3 + 5
y = (x 1)3 + 5
b y = 1(x + 2)3 + 2
y = (x + 2)3 + 2
c y = 1(x + 3)3 + 4
y = (x + 3)3 + 4
d y = 1(x + 3)3 + 0
y = (x + 3)3
7 a y = 4(x 2)3 + 3
b y = 2(x + 5)3 + 1
Domain [5, 4], range [2, 5]

Domain [2, 6), range [2, 10)
Domain (3, 5), range [0, 5)
Domain (3, 4], range [9, 0]
Range [1.128, 13.129]
b Range [10.392, 10.392]
c Range [0, 2)
d Range (0, 3]
j Range [32, 13.169]
3 A
4 B
5 a f(50) = 0.001(x 10)(x + 20)
(x 40)
= 0.001(40)(70)(10)
= 0.001(28 000)
= 28
b From calculator
A = (7.32,10.39)
B = (27.32, 10.39)
Difference in height = 10.39 10.39
= 20.78
6 (0.971, 1.201)
MM11 CAS-3
79
c y = 1.1014x2 + 16.75x 5.5664
d y = 11.124x2 15.655x + 79.329
3 a y = 1.3747x3 19.138x2
+ 8.5536x + 607.48
Exercise 3L Modelling using

technology
e Range [8, 105.526]
1 a y = 11.436x 23.091
b y = 1.5056x3 6.6906x2
+ 35.465x + 20.615
b y = 4.6273x 9.0455
f Range [4, 0]
c y = 2.5307x3 23.29x2 + 38.808x

+ 59.448
c y = 3.0273x + 6.3182
g Range [6, 0.385]
d y = 2.2988x3 + 32.575x2
14.094x + 30.154
d y = 2.8818x + 48.318
h Range [8.209, 4)
4 a y = 81.855x + 419.36
2 a
i Range [7.035, 48.517]

b y = 8.2459x2 21.777x + 56.371
b y = 12.953x2 47.679x + 613.66
MM11 CAS-3
80
c y = 10.006x3 2.1369x2 + 9.8652x

+ 577.45
5
6
7
8
9
The cubic model

205.629
99
330
a
b $6.78
c Anything can happen with prices
in the sharemarket. The last data
point may be the beginning of a
share price crash!
10 y = 1.05x3 19.31x2 + 98.30x + 220.70
Year 11 estimate: 360 birds
Exercise 3M Finite
differences
1 a Differences
x
y
0
6
b Differences
x
y
100
26
74
26
48
26
26
26
5
30
stepped cell 1 = a0
stepped cell 2 = a1 + a2 + a3
stepped cell 3 = 2a2 + 6a3
stepped cell 4 = 6a3
a0 = 100*
[1]
a1 + a2 + a3 = 26
[2]
[3]
2a2 + 6a3 = 0
[4]
6a3 = 0*
a0 = 100, and a3 = 0
Substitute a3 value into equation
[2] and [3]
2a2 + 6 0 = 0
a2 = 0*
a1 + 0 + 0 = 26
a1 = 26
So y = 0x3 + 0x2 + 26x + 100
y = 26x + 100
c Differences
x
y
1st
2nd
0
4
11
14
0
1
7
25
14
0
2
32
39
14
0
3
71
53
14
4
1st
11
17
11
28
11
39
11
50
61
11
stepped cell 1 = a0
a0 = 6*
[1]
a1 + a2 + a3 = 11
[2]
2a2 + 6a3 = 0
[3]
[4]
6a3 = 0*
a0 = 6, and a3 = 0
Substitute a3 value into [3]
2a2 = 0
a2 = 0*
Substitute a2 and a3 into
equation
[2]
a1 = 11*
So y = 0x3 + 0x2 + 11x + 6
y = 11x + 6
1st
124
67
5
191
stepped cell 1 = a0
a0 = 4* [1]
a1 + a2 + a3 = 11
[2]
[3]
2a2 + 6a3 = 14
[4]
6a3 = 0*
a0 = 4, and a3 = 0
Substitute values into equation [2] and [3]
2a2 + 6 0 = 14
a2 = 7
a1 + 7 + 0 = 11
a1 = 4
So y = 0x3 + 7x2 + 4x 4
y = 7x2 + 4x 4
d Differences
10 d = 6; so d = 16
1 a0 = 16, so a0 = 17
stepped cell 1 = a0
a0 = 17*
[1]
a1 + a2 + a3 = 16
[2]
2a2 + 6a3 = 6
[3]
6a3 = 0
[4]
[4] gives a3 = 0*
So [3] becomes 2a2 = 6
a2 = 3*
Substitute known values into [2]
a1 + 3 + 0 = 16
a1 = 19*
So y = a3x3 + a2x2 + a1x + a0
y = 3x2 19x + 17
e Differences
x
0
y
7
1st
2nd
12
10
18
27
24
26
51
30
77
158
stepped cell 1 = a0
a0 = 7* [1]
a1 + a2 + a3 = 3
[2]
2a2 + 6a3 = 12
[3]
6a3 = 6
[4]
6a3 = 6
So a3 = 1*
Substitute a0 and a3 values into
equation [2] and [3]
2a1 + 6 1 = 12
2a2 = 6
a2 = 3
a1 + 3 + 1 = 3
a2 = 7
So y = 1x3 + 3x2 7x 7
y = x3 + 3x2 7x 7
f Differences
x
0
y
16
x
0
y
26
1st
2nd
20
10
31
13
56
11
81
1st
2nd
3rd
11
14
25
20
45
5
101
a0 = 16*
a1 + a2 + a3 = 1
[1]
[2]
2a2 + 6a3 = 2
[3]
6a3 = 6
[4]
6a3 = 6
So a3 = 1*
2a1 + 6 1 = 2
2a2 = 4
a2 = 2
a1 2 + 1 = 1
a1 = 2
So y = x3 2x2 + 2x + 16
g Differences
x
y
1st
2nd
3rd
0
23
12
4
0
1
11
16
4
0
2
5
20
4
0
3
25
24
4
4
49
28
5
77
a0 = 23* [1]
a1 + a2 + a3 = 12
[2]
2a2 + 6a3 = 4
[3]
6a3 = 0*
[4]
Substitute a0 = 23 and a3 = 0 into
2a2 + 6 0 = 4
a2 = 2
a1 + 2 + 0 = 12
a1 = 10
So y = 2x2 + 10x 23
h Differences
x
y
1st
2nd
3rd
0
a0
b
c
d
1
28
1
6
12
2
27
5
6
12
3
32
1
18
4
31
19
5
12
i Calculate a0 from table.
d = 12
6 c = 12
18 = c
1 b = 18
19 = b
28 a0 = 19
47 = a0*
ii Stepped cells are:
a0 = 47
[1]
a1 + a2 + a3 = 19
[2]
2a2 + 6a3 = 18
[3]
6a3 = 12
[4]
iii Values are:
6a3 = 12
a3 = 2

2a2 + 6 2 = 18
2a2 12 = 18
2a2 = 30
a2 = 15
a1 + 15 + 2 = 19
a1 = 32
So y = 2x3 + 15x2 32x + 47
i Differences
x
y
1st
2nd
0
27
18
18
a0 = 27* [1]
a1 + a2 + a3 = 9
[2]
2a2 + 6a3 = 0
[3]
6a3 = 0*
[4]
2a2 + 6 0 = 0
a2 = 0
a1 + 0 + 0 = 9
a1 = 9
So y = 0x3 + 0x2 + 9x 27
y = 9x 27
j Differences
x
y
1st
2nd
a0
8
15
i Calculate a0 =
c = 4
4 b = 4
8=b
7 a0 = 8
15 = a0
ii Stepped cells are:
a0 = 15 [1]
a1 + a2 + a3 = 8
[2]
2a2 + 6a3 = 4 [3]
6a3 = 0
[4]
2a2 = 4
a2 = 2
a1 2 + 0 = 8
a1 = 10
So y = 2x2 + 10x 15
MM11 CAS-3
k Differences
x
y
1st
0
66
61
81
2nd
3rd
24
63
22
24
58
11
46
24
99
70
94
75
5
19
a0 = 66* [1]
a1 + a2 + a3 = 61 [2]
[3]
2a2 + 6a3 = 2
6a3 = 24 [4]
6a3 = 24
a3 = 4
2a2 + 6 4 = 2
2a2 = 26
a2 = 13
a1 + 13 4 = 61
a1 = 52
So y = 4x3 + 13x2 + 52x 66
l Differences
x
y
1st
43
35
27
19
11
8
5
3
a0 = 43* [1]
a1 + a2 + a3 = 8 [2]
[3]
2a2 + 6a3 = 0
[4]
6a3 = 0*
2a2 + 6 0 = 0
a2 = 0
a1 + 0 + 0 = 8
a1 = 8
So y = 8x + 43
2 a x=0 x=1 x=2 x=3 x=4 x=5
y = 0 y = 1 y = 3 y = 6 y = 10 y = 15
Differences
x
y
1st
2nd
3rd
0
0
1
1
0
1
1
2
1
0
2
3
3
1
0
3
6
4
1
4
10
5
5
15
b Stepped cells are:
a0 = 0
[1]
MM11 CAS-3
82
a1 + a2 + a3 = 1
[2]
2a2 + 6a3 = 1
[3]
[4]
6a3 = 0
2a2 + 6 0 = 1
a2 = 1
2
1
2
a1 +
+0=1
a1 =
1
2
x2 +
1
2
1
2
So y =
c x=7
y = 1 72 +
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
49 +
2a2 = 1
a2 = 1
1
2
a1 +
a0
512
3
1024
6
1224
6
So n =
So n =
+ 0 = 1
1
2
3
2
x2
3
2
1
3
=1
a1 =
1
6
x3 +
1
2
4
9
Calculate a0
0c =1
2f =1
f =1
c = 1
1e =1
1 b = 0
e =0
b = 1
1 a0 = 1
0d =1
d = 1
a0 = 0
Stepped cells are:
a0 = 0
[1]
a1 + a2 + a3 = 1 [2]
2a2 + 6a3 = 1
[3]
[4]
6a3 = 0
2a2 + 6 0 = 1
a2 = 1
a1 =
1
2
x2 +
1
6
A chess board is a square of 8 8

so x = 8
n = 1 83 + 1 82 + 1 8
1
2
= 28
3 x=3 x=4 x=5 x=6
n=0 n=2 n=5 n=9
Differences
x
n
1st
2nd
a1 +
5
+b
2
2 = 5 + b
b=7
5
and b = 7 into (1)
substitute a =
2
5
13 = 4
27+c
2
13 = 10 14 + c
c = 11
This implies:
5 2
y=
x + 7 x +11
2
2=2

2a2 + 6 2 = 3
= 29 1 + 3 1
2
Calculate a0 (from table)

d =2
5c =2
c =3
4b =3
b =1
1 a0 = 1
a0 = 0
Stepped cells are:
a0 = 0
[1]
a1 + a2 + a3 = 1
[2]
[3]
2a2 + 6a3 = 3
[4]
6a3 = 2
a3 = 2 = 1
4 Differences
x
n
0
a0
1st
2nd
3rd
14
16
30
+
+
64
2
192
6
+
+
8
6
8
6
= 204 different squares

5 a Using a CAS calculator, complete
the entry line as:
solve (1 = 2m + c and
23 = 1m + c, m)
m = 8 and c = 15
This implies:
y = 8x 15
b Using a CAS calculator, complete
the entry line as:
solve (6 = 4m + c and
3 = 1m + c, m)
m = 34 and c = 3
This implies:
y=3x+3
4
6 a (2, 13) (6, 37) (4, 57)

y = ax2 + bx + c
(2, 13) 13 = 4a 2b +c
(6, 37) 37 = 36a + 6b + c
(4, 57) 57 = 16a 4b + c
(1) (2) 24 = 32a 8b
(4) 4 6 = 8a 2b
(2) (3) 20 = 20a + 10b
(5) 10 2 = 2a + b
(5) 2 4 = 4a + 2b
(4) + (5) 10 = 4a
5
a=
2
5
substitute a =
into (5)
2
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
b (1, 4) (1, 2) (4, 19)

y = ax2 + bx + c
(1)
(1, 4) 4 = a b + c
(2)
(1, 2) 2 = a + b + c
(4, 19) 19 = 16a + 4b + c (3)
(1) (2) 6 = 2b
b = 3
Substitue b = 3 into (1) and (3)
(1) 4 = a + 3 + c
(4)
1=a+c
(3) 19 = 16a + 4 3 + c
19 = 16a 12 + c
(5)
31 = 16a + c
(4) (5) 30 = 15a
a=2
substitute a = 2 into (4)
1=2+c
c = 1
This implies:
y = 2x2 3x 1
c (4, 8) (0, 8) (4, 24)
y = ax2 + bx + c
(0, 8) 8 = c
(y-intercept)
(4, 18) 8 = 16a + 4b + 8
0 = 16a + 4b
(1)
0 = 4a + b
(4, 24) 24 = 16a 4b + 8
16 = 16a 4b
(2)
4 = 4a b
(1) + (2) 4 = 8a
1
a=
2
1
substitute a =
into (1)
2
1
+b
0=4
2
0=2+b
b = 2
This implies:
1
y = x2 2x + 8
2
d (5, 360) (2, 96) (6, 272)
y = ax2 + bx + c
(5, 360) 360 = 25a 5b + c (1)
(2, 96) 96 = 4a 2b +c (2)
(6, 272) 272 = 36a + 6b +c (3)
(1) (2) 264 = 21a 3b (4)
(4) 3 88 = 7a b
(5)
(2) (3) 176 = 32a 8b
(5) 8 22 = 4a b
(4) (5) 110 = 11a

a = 10
substitute a = 10 into (5)
22 = 4 10 b
22 = 40 b
b = 18
substitute a = 10 and b = 18
into
(2)
96 = 4 10
2 18 + c
96 = 40 36 +c
96 = 76 + c
c = 20
This implies:
y = 10x2 + 18x 20
the entry line as:
solve (3 = 216a + 36b 6c+ d
and 27 = 27a + 9b 3c + d and
33 = 27a + 9b + 3c + d and
3 = 8a + 4b + 2c + d, a)
a = 1, b = 5, c = 8, and d = 15
This implies:
y = x3 5x2 + 8x + 15
the entry line as:
solve (39 = 8a + 4b 2c + d and
6 = a + b + c + d and
141 = 64a + 16b + 4c + d and
118 = 27a + 9b 3c + d, a)
a = 3, b = 4, c = 2 and d = 5
This implies:
y = 3x3 4x2 + 2x + 5
c Using a CAS calculator, complete
the entry line as:
solve (10 = 64a + 16b + 4c+ d
and 90 = 216a + 36b + 6c + d and
302 = 512a + 64b + 8c + d and
2 = 8a + 4b 2c + d, a)
a = 3 , b = 1 , c = 0 and d = 12
4
This implies:
y = 3 x3 + 1 x2 12
4
d Using a CAS calculator, complete

the entry line as:
solve (4 = a + b c + d and
8 = a + b + c + d and
314 = 64a + 16b + 4c + d and
6 = d, a)
a = 5, b = 0, c = 3 and d = 6
This implies:
y = 5x3 + 3x 6
the entry line as:
solve (2 = a + b + c + d + e and
354 = 81a 27b + 9c 3d + e and
1313 = 256a + 64b + 16c + 4d + e
and 79 = 16a + 8b + 4c + 2d + e
and 2 = a b + c d + e, a)
a = 5, b = 1, c = 2, d = 1 and
e = 3
This implies:
y = 5x4 + x3 2x2 + x 3
the entry line as:
solve (73 = 256a 64b + 16c + 4d
+ e and 1 = e and 11 = 16a 8b
+ 4c 2d + e and 13 = 16a 8b
+ 4c 2d + e and 707 = 1296a

+ 216b + 36c + 6d + e, a)
a = 14 , b = 2, c = 1, d = 2 and
e=1
This implies:
y = 1 x4 2x3 + x2 + 2x + 1
4
Chapter review
Short answer
1 a (x 2)2 (x + 10)
= (x2 4x + 4) (x + 10)
= x3 4x2 + 4x + 10x2 40x + 40
= x3 + 6x2 36x + 40
b (x + 6) (x 1) (x + 5)
= (x2 + 5x 6) (x + 5)
= x3 + 5x2 6x + 5x2 + 25x 30
= x3 + 10x2 + 19x 30
c (x 7)3
= (x 7) (x2 14x + 49)
= x3 14x2 + 49x 7x2 + 98x 343
= x3 21x2 + 147x 343
d (5 2x) (1 + x) (x + 2)
= (5 2x) (2 + 3x + x2)
= 10 + 15x + 5x2 4x 6x2 2x3
= 10 + 11x x2 2x3
= 2x3 x2 + 11x + 10
2 a f (x) = x3 + 2x2 16x 3
(x + 2)
x 2 16
x + 2 x3 + 2 x 2 16 x 3
( x 3 + 2 x 2 )
16 x 3
(16 x 32)
MM11 CAS-3
Q = x2 + 2x + 2
Remainder = 9
a P(x) = 3x3 + 2x2 + x 4
P(1) = 3 + 2 + 1 4
= 4
b P(4) = 3 (4)3 + 2 (4)2
44
= 192 + 32 8
= 216
c P(2a) = 3 (2a)3 + 2 (2a)2
+ 2a 4
= 24a3 + 8a2 + 2a 4
P(x) = x3 + 3x2 16x + 5
P(1) = 1 + 3 16 + 5
= 7
P(x) = x3 2x2 29x 42
If (x + 3) is a factor
Then P(3) = 0
P(3) = (3)3 2 (3)2 29 3
42
= 27 18 + 87 42
P(3) = 0
x3 + 4x2 100x 400
Let
P(x) = x3 + 4x2 100x 400
P(1) = 1 + 4 100 400 0
P(1) = 1 + 4 + 100 400 0
P(2) = 8 + 16 + 200 400 0
P(4) = 64 + 64 + 400 400 = 0
x 2 100
x + 4 x3 + 4 x 2 100 x 400
( x 3 + 4 x 2 )
100 x 400
(100 x 400)
29
Q = x2 16 Remainder = 29
b x3 + 3x2 13x 7
(x 3)
x2 + 6x + 5
x 3 x3 + 3x 2 13 x 7
( x 3 3 x 2 )
6 x 2 13 x
(6 x 2 18 x)
5x 7
(5 x 15)
8
2
Q = x + 6x + 5
Remainder = 8
c x3 + x2 + 4x 7
(x + 1)
x2 + 2x + 2
x + 1 x3 + x 2 + 4 x 7
( x 3 x 2 )
2 x2 + 4 x
(2 x 2 + 2 x)
2x 7
(2 x + 2)
9
83
0
2
So P(x) = (x + 4) (x 100)
Factors = (x + 4) (x + 10) (x 10)
7 a 1 125x3
= 13 (5x)3
= (1 5x) (12 + 1 5x + (5x)2)
= (1 5x) (1 + 5x + 25x2)
b (x 2)3 + (x + 3)2
= [(x 2) + (x + 3)] [(x 2)2
(x 2) (x + 3) + (x + 3)2]
= (x 2 + x + 3) [x2 4x + 4
(x2 + x 6) + x2 + 6x + 9]
= (2x + 1) (x2 4x + 4 x2 x
+ 6 + x2 + 6x + 9]
= (2x + 1)(x2 + x + 19)
8 a 5(x + 5)3 + 5 = 0
5(x + 5)3 = 5
(x + 5)3 = 5
5
= 1
x + 5 = 3 1
x + 5 = 1
x = 1 5
x = 6
b (2x + 1) (x 3)2 = 0
2x + 1 = 0 or x 3 = 0
x = 12 or 3
MM11 CAS-3
84
c x3 9x2 + 26x 24 = 0
Let
P(x) = x3 9x2 + 26x 24
P(1) = 1 9 + 26 24 0
P(3) = 27 81 + 78 24 = 0
x2 6x + 8
3
x 3 x 9 x + 26 x 24
c y = 2x3 + x2
12 f : [6, 3] R
y = x2(2x 1)
y=0+0=0
0 = x2(2x 1)
x = 0 or 2x 1 = 0
x = 0 or x = 1
f (x) = (x + 1) (2 x) (x + 5)
Table of values
x 6 5
y 40
18 20 12
10 12 0 32
( x 3 3 x 2 )
Graph
6 x 2 + 26 x
Range [32, 40]

13 Differences
x
y
0
8
1
(6 x 2 + 18 x)
8 x 24
(8 x 24)
0
2
So P(x) = (x 3) (x 6x + 8)
And
0 = (x 3) (x 4) (x 2)
So x 3 = 0 or x 4 = 0 or x 2 = 0
x = 3, 4 or 2
10 a y = x(x 7)(x 2)(x + 4)

x-intercepts at x = 0, 7, 2, 4.
y-intercept = 0 7 2 4 = 0
9 a y = x(x 2) (x + 11)
y = 0 2 11 = 0
0 = x(x 2) (x + 11)
x = 0 or x 2 = 0 or x + 11 = 0
x = 0, 2, 11
Graph
b y = x3 + 6x2 15x + 8
y=0+00+8=8
0 = x3 + 6x2 15x + 8
Let
P(x) = x3 + 6x2 15x + 8
P(1) = 1 + 6 15 + 8 = 0
(x 1) is a factor
x2 + 7 x 8
3
2
x 1 x + 6 x 15 x + 8
3
( x x )
b y = (2x 1)(x + 1)(x + 4)2

x-intercepts at x = 1 , 1, 4.
2
y-intercept = 1 1 42 = 16
c y = x(x + 5)3
x-intercepts at x = 0, 5.
y-intercept = 0 53 = 0
11 y = 18 (x + 1)3 + 8
i y-intercept at x = 0
y = 18 (1)3 + 8
y = 18 + 8 = 7 7
8
7 x 2 15 x
(7 x 2 7 x)
8 x + 8
(8 x + 8)
P(x) = (x 1) (x2 + 7x 8)
So 0 = (x 1) (x + 8) (x 1)
0 = (x 1)2 (x + 8)
x 1 = 0 or x + 8 = 0
x = 1 or 8
Graph
ii x-intercepts at y = 0
0 = 18 (x + 1)3 + 8
8 = 18 (x + 1)3
3
64 = 1(x + 1)
64 = (x + 1)3
x + 1 = 3 64
x+1=4
x =41=3
iii POI (1, 8)
iv Graph
1
2
7
8
17
40
83
14
23
6
6
6
20
43
stepped cell 1 = a0
a0 = 8*
[1]
a1 + a2 + a3 = 1
[2]
[3]
2a2 + 6a3 = 2
[4]
6a3 = 6
[4] gives a3 = 1*
Substitute a3 = 1 into [2]
a1 + a2 + 1 = 1
a1 + a2 = 2
[2]
Substitute a3 = 1 into [3]
2a2 + 6 = 2
a2 = 2*
Substitute into [2]
a1 + a2 + 1 = 2
a1 = 0*
So y = a0 x3 + a2x2 + a1x + a0
y = x3 2x2 + 8
14 Differences
x
r
0
1
1
1
0
1
11
stepped cell 1 = a0
a0 = 1*
[1]
a1 + a2 + a3 = 1
[2]
[3]
2a2 + 6a3 = 1
[4]
6a3 = 0
So
a3 = 0*
[2]
[2] a1 + a2 = 1
[3]
So
2a2 = 1
a2 = 1 *
2
In [2], a1 + 1 = 1
2
a1 = 1 *
So
2
2
So r = a3x + a2x + a1x + a0

r = 1 x2 + 1 x + 1
2
3
4
5
15 (1, 10)(2, 4)( 3, 104)(0, 2)

y = ax3 + bx2 + cx + d
(0, 2) y-intercept d = 2
y = ax3 + bx2 + cx 2
(1, 10) 10 = a + b c 2
8 = a + b c
(1)
(2, 4) 4 = 8a + 4b + 2c 2
2 = 8a + 4b + 2c
1 = 4a + 2b + c
(2)
(3, 104) 104 = 27a + 9b 3c 2
102 = 27a + 9b 3c
34 = 9a + 3b c
(3)
(4)
(1) + (2) 9 = 3a + 3b
(4) 3 3 = a + b
(2) + (3) 35 = 5a + 5b
(5)
(5) 5 7 = a + b
(4) + (5) 10 = 2b
b = 5
substitute b = 5 into (4)
3 = a 5
a=2
substitute a = 2 and b = 5 into (1)
8 = 2 5 c
8 = 7 c
c=1
This implies:
y = 2x3 5x2 + x 2
16 if 2x2 3x3 + 7x + 11 is exactly
divisible by (x +1), then p(1) + 0
Let p(x) = 2x2 3x3 + 7x + 11
p(1) = 2(1)2 3(1)3 + 7(1) + 11
= 2 + 3 7 + 11
=9
p(1) 0
2x2 3x3 + 7x + 11 is not divisible
by x + 1
Multiple choice
1 (x + 5) (x + 1) (x 6)
= (x + 5) (x2 5x 6)
= x3 31x 30
D
2 x3 + 5x2 + 3x 9
P(x) = x3 + 5x2 + 32x 9
P(1) = 1 + 5 + 3 9 = 0
x 1 is a factor
x2 + 6 x + 9
x 1 x3 + 5 x 2 + 3x 9
x3 x 2
6 x 2 + 3x
6 x2 6 x
9x 9
9x 9
= (x 1) (x2 + 6x + 9)
= (x 1) (x + 3)2
C
Quotient is x2 + x + 2
D
Remainder = 9
A
P(x) = x3 3x2 + 7x + 1
P(2) = (2)3 3 (2)2 + 7 2 + 1
= 8 12 14 + 1
= 33
B
x3 7x (x 1)
x2 + x 6
3
x = 11 or 5 or
3
15
16
x2 x
6x + 0
6x + 6
6
17
18
Remainder = 6
A
7 x3 3x2 18x + 40
Let
P(x) = x3 3x2 18x + 40
P(1) = 1 3 18 + 40 0
P(1) = 1 3 + 18 + 40 0
P(2) = 8 12 36 + 40
=0
B
8 x3 + 6x2 15x + 8
Let
P(x) = x3 + 6x2 15x + 8
P(1) = 1 + 6 15 + 8 = 0
x2 + 7 x 8
x 1 x3 + 6 x 2 15 x + 8
x3 x 2
7 x 2 15 x
7 x2 7 x
8x + 8
19
8 x + 8
So
P(x) = (x 1) (x2 + 7x 8)
= (x 1) (x + 8) (x 1)
= (x 1)2 (x + 8)
A
9 64x3 y3
= (4x)3 y3
= (4x y) ((4x)2 + 4xy + y2)
= (4x y) (16x2 + 4xy + y2)
A
10
(x 4)3 2 = 6
(x 4)3 = 6 + 2
(x 4)3 = 8
(x 4)3 = 8
x 4 = 3 8
x 4 = 2
x = 2 + 4
x=2
C
or
5
2
Shape
x2 7 x
7
3
E
12 Factors would be
(x + 3) (x + 1) (x 5) = 0
So (5 x) (3 + x) (1 + x) E
13 POI at (3, 0), intercept at (3, 0)
Answer is B
14 y = 2 (x + 5)3 12
x x
85
11 (x 11) (3x + 5) (7 3x) (2x + 5) = 0

x 11 = 0 or 3x + 5 = 0 or 7 3x = 0
or 2x + 5 = 0
x 1 x + 0x 7 x + 0
3
MM11 CAS-3
20
21
22
POI (5, 12)

A
Domain (7, 7]
D
Range [108.222, 252)
A
D
y = ax2 + bx + c
(1, 0): 0 = a + b + c (1)
(0, 7): 7 = c (2)
(2, 11): 11 = 4a + 2b + c (3)
0=a+b7
7 = a + b (4)
11 = 4a + 2b 7
18 = 4a + 2b (5)
(4) 2: 14 = 2a + 2b (6)
(5) (6): 4 = 2a
a=2
Substitute a = 2 into (4):
7=2+b
b=5
So y = 2x2 + 5x 7
Try each point:
(1, 10) fits
RHS = 2(1)2 + 5(1) 7
=257
= 10
LHS = 10
D
As the intercept is at x = 2, there
must be a (x 2) bracket, and as the
graph only touches the x-axis at this
point it must be (x 2)2. Only
options D and E remain. Both
options have another x-intercept to
the left. This would indicate a
positive graph.
D
As the intercepts are (a, 0) and (b, 0),
the solutions to the brackets must be
x = a and x = b. The brackets from
which these solutions come are
(x a) and (x b). The polynomial is
degree 3 so the solution is
f(x) = (x a)(x b)2.
C
ax3 bx
= x(ax2 b)
= x ( ax b )( ax + b )
Therefore the factors are: x,
ax b , ax + b
E
From the graph, x-intercepts are 3,
1 and 4, therefore the rule is:
y = a(x + 3)(x 1)(x 4)
MM11 CAS-3
86
y-int (0, 24) 24 = a(3)(1)(4)

24 = 12a
a=2
y = 2(x +3)(x 1)(x 4). There
is only one option with a = 2
B
Extended response
1 P(x) = 5x3 3x2 6x 22
P(3) = 5(3)3 3(3)2 6 3 22
P(3) = 135 27 18 22
P(3) = 68
P(x) = 5(x)3 3(x)2 6(x) 22
= 5x3 3x2 + 6x 22
2 If x + 3 is a factor, then P(3) = 0.
P(3) = 2(3)3 15(3)2 + m(3) 21
0 = 54 135 3m 21
0 = 210 3m
3m = 210
m = 70
3 P(x) = x3 2x2 9x + 18
= x2(x 2) 9(x 2)
= (x2 9)(x 2)
= (x 3)(x + 3)(x 2)
y-intercept: when x = 0, y = 18
x-intercepts: when y = 0, x = 3, 3, 2
6 Equation is: y = ( x + 5)3 + 2

Point of inflection: (5, 2)
y-intercept: when x = 0,
y = (2) ( 3) ( 3) = 6
x-intercepts: when y = 0,
0 = (x 2) ( x 3) ( x + 3)
[1]
P(6) = 216 + 36a + 6b + 54 = 0 [2]

81a + 9b = 783
[1]
36a + 6b = 270
[2]
9a + b = 87
[3] = [1] 9
6a + b = 45
[4] = [2] 6
3a = 42
[3] [4]
Use a = 3x 2,
b = x + 5:
(3x 2)3 + (x + 5)3
= [(3x 2) + (x + 5)][(3x 2)2
(3x 2)(x + 5) + (x + 5)2]
= (4x + 3)(9x2 12x + 4 3x2 13x
+ 10 + x2 + 10x + 25)
= (4x + 3)(7x2 15x + 39)
5 y = (2 3x)(4x + 1)(2x 7)
0 = (2 3x)(4x + 1)(2x 7)
x=
x = 2, 3, 3
7 y = (x + 2)2(x 3)(x 4)
y-intercept: when x = 0,
y = (2)2(3)(4)
y = 48
0 = (x + 2)2(x 3)(x 4)
x = 2, 3, 4
Points: (2, 0), (3, 0), (4, 0)
8 a P(x) = x3 + ax2 + bx + 54
P(9) = 729 + 81a + 9b + 54 = 0
4 a 3 + b3 = ( a + b)(a 2 ab + b 2 )
y = x3 2x2 3x + 6
= x2(x 2) 3(x 2)
= (x2 3)(x 2)
= ( x 2)( x 3)( x + 3)
a = 14
Substitute a = 14 into [4]:
84 + b = 45
b = 39
b If x 9 is a factor and x 6 is a
factor, then the product (x 9)
(x 6) is also a factor.
(x 9)(x 6) = x2 15x + 54
Use long division to find the third
factor.
x +1
x 2 15 x + 54 x3 14 x 2 + 39 x + 54
( x3 15 x 2 + 54 x)
3
4 2
y-intercepts: when x = 0,
y = (2)(1)( 7)
y = 14
x 2 15 x + 54
( x 2 15 x + 54)
0
c
The third factor is x + 1.
10 y = x3 x2 19x 13
y = 3x + 7
3x + 7 = x3 x2 19x 13
0 = x3 x2 16x 20
Let P(x) = x3 x2 16x 20
P(1) = 1 1 16 20 0
P(2) = 8 4 32 20 0
P(1) = 1 1 + 16 20 0
P(2) = 8 4 + 32 20 = 0
So x + 2 is a factor.
x 2 3 x 10
x + 2 x x 2 16 x 20
3
x3 + 2 x 2
3 x 2 16 x
3 x 2 6 x
10 x 20
10 x 20
0
Quotient: x 2 3 x 10 = ( x 5)( x + 2)
P(x) = (x + 2)(x + 2)(x 5)
P(x) = (x + 2)2(x 5)
Points of intersection occur at
x = 2 and 5.
Substitute x = 2 and 5 into
y = 3x + 7:
x = 2, y = 13 and x = 5, y = 8
Points of intersection are (2, 13)
and (5, 8).
11 Difference table:
x
0
y
4
16
1st diff
2nd diff
3rd diff
12
9
2
25
30
30
5
0
3
4
5
1
1
First shaded cell: a0 = 4

[1]
Second shaded cell:
a3 + a2 + a1 = 12
[2]
Third shaded cell:
6a3 + 2a2 = 3
[3]
Fourth shaded cell: 6a3 = 1 [4]
1
[4] gives a3 =
[5]
6
Sub. [5] into [3]: 1 + 2a2 = 3
2a2 = 2
a2 = 1
[6]
Sub. [5], [6] into [2]:
1
1 + a1 = 12
6
1
a1 = 12 + 1
6
79
[7]
a1 =
6
x3
79
y=
x2 +
x+4
6
6
12 a y = 0.008(x3 30x2 + 285x
900)
x=0
y = 0.008(03 30 02
+ 285(0) 900)
= 0.008(900)
= 7.2 m
b y=0
0.008( x 3 30x 2 + 285x 900)
=0
x3 30x2 + 285x 900 = 0
P(x) = x3 30x2 + 285x 900
P(1) = 1 30 + 285 900 0
P(2) = 8 120 + 570 900 0
P (3) = 27 270 + 855 900
0
continue to
P(15) = 153 30 152 + 285 15
900
= 3375 6750 + 4275
900
= 7650 7650
=0
x = 15 y = 0
c L2 = 52 + 7.22
= 25 + 51.04
= 76.84
L = 76.84
= 8.77 m
d y = 0.579
(from calculator)
13 a River: y = x3 + x2 4x 4
Highway: y = 5x + 5.
The highway is a straight line.
There is a y-intercept at (0, 5) and
an x-intercept at (1, 0).
The river is a cubic graph. To find
x-intercepts, factorise y. The
y-intercept is (0, 4).
Let P(x) = x3 + x2 4x 4
P(1) = (1)3 + (1)2 4(1)
4
P(1) = 1 + 1 + 4 4 = 0
Therefore (x + 1) is a factor.
MM11 CAS-3
x2 4
3
16
x + 1 x + x 4x 4
20
( x + x )
4
6
20
4 x 4
( 4 x 4)
0
6
18
87
18
10
P(x) = (x + 1)(x2 4)
= (x + 1)(x + 2)(x 2)
x = 1, 2, 2
b Intersection when:
5x + 5 = x3 + x2 4x 4
0 = x3 + x2 9x 9
To solve, try x = 1
Let P(x) = x3 + x2 9x 9
P(1) = (1)3 + (1)2 9(1) 9
P(1) = 1 + 1 + 9 9
=0
so (x + 1) is a factor
x2 9
x + 1 x3 + x 2 9 x 9
28
a0 = 42*
a1 + a2 + a3 = 6
[1]
2a2 + 6a3 = 10
[2]
6a3 = 6
[3]
Rearrange [3]
a3 = 1*
Sub a3 into [2]
2a2 + 6 = 10
2a2 = 16
a2 = 8*
Sub a2 and a3 into [1]
a1 8 + 1 = 6
a1 = 6 + 8 1
a1 = 1*
f (x) = ax3 + bx2 + cx + d
a = 1, b = 8, c = 1, d = 42
f (x) = x3 8x2 + x + 42
b f (3) = 0 (from table)
so (x 3) is a factor
c
x 2 5 x 14
x 3 x3 8 x 2 x + 42
( x 3 + x 2 )
( x 3 3 x 2 )
9 x 9
(9 x 9)
5 x 2 + x
(5 x 2 + 15)
P(x) = (x + 1)(x2 9)
= (x + 1)(x 3)(x + 3)
x = 1, +3, 3
so from y = 5x + 5
y = 5(1) + 5 = 0
y = 5(3) + 5 = 20
y = 5(3) + 5 = 10
pts: (1, 0)(3, 20)(3, 10)
c Distance =
14 x + 42
(14 x + 42)
0
f (x) = (x 3)(x2 5x 14)
f (x) = (x 3)(x 7)(x + 2)
d y-intercept = (3)(7)(2) = 42
x-intercepts are 3, 7, 2.
( x2 x1 )2 + ( y2 y1 ) 2
Between ( 3, 10) and ( 1, 0).
15 a The initial height occurs when t = 0.
When t = 0, H = 0 cm.
b local max = 36 cm
local min = 54.5185
(from graphics calculator)
(1 + 3) 2 + (0 + 10) 2
d=
4 + 100
= 10.198
Between (1, 0) and (3, 20)
(3 + 1) 2 + (20 0) 2
d=
16 + 400
= 20.396
Distance between checkpoints:
10.198 units
14 a
x
42
36
1st
2nd
6
10
3rd
4th
c Let f (t) = t3 14t2 + 53t 40

If height above pole is 0
Then find when f (t) = 0.
Try f (1)
f (1) = 1 14 + 53 40
=0
MM11 CAS-3
88
b f(1) = 2(1)2 4(1) 3

=3
f(3) = 2(32) 4(3) 3
=3
range = [5, 3]
So (t 1) is a factor
2
t 13t + 40
t 1 t 3 14t 2 + 53t 40
(t 3 t 2 )
c x-intercepts, y = 0
0 = 2x2 4x 3
13t + 53t
(13t 2 + 13t )
x=
40t 40
(40t 40)
f (t) = (t 1)(t2 13t + 40)

= (t 1)(t 5)(t 8)
So t = 1, 5, 8 seconds
=
=
EXAM PRACTICE 1
Short answer
1 x2 5 = 3x
x2 3x 5 = 0
x=
=
x=
(3) (3) 4(1)(5)

2(1)
(4) (4) 2 4 2 3
2 2
4 16 + 24
4
4 40
4
4 2 10
4
2 10
2
2 + 10 2 10
,
2
2
3 9 + 20
x=
2
3 29
x=
2
2 Let f: [3, 1] R, where

f(x) = 2x3 + 5x2 4x 3
a If (x 1) is a linear factor then
f(1) = 0 (factor theorem)
f(1) = 2(1)3 + 5(1)2 4(1) 3
=0
f(1) = 0, therefore (x 1) is a linear
factor
b
Multiple choice
1
3 If parallel to y 4x + 3 = 0 then the

graphs have the same gradient.
Transposing: y = 4x 3
Therefore a = 4, y = 4x + b
(2, 1) 1 = 4(2) + b
b = 7
4 f : [1, 3] R, f(x) = 2x2 4x 3

3
a f(x) = 2 x 2 2 x
2
3
= 2 x2 2 x + 1 1
2
Turning point = (1, 5)
4 (5)
2 (1)
m=3
m=
y 4 = 3(x 2)
y = 3x 2
D
entry line as:
Solve (3(2x 1)2 + 2(2x 1) 8 = 0, x)
Then press ENTER.
Solving 3(2x 1)2 + 2(2x 1) 8 = 0
for x gives
1 7
x= ,
E
2 6
entry line as:
Factor (x3 + 2x2 11x 12, x)
Then press ENTER.
Factorising x3 + 2x2 11x 12
= (x 3)(x + 1)(x + 4)
B
In factor form: y = a(x 1)(x 3)(x + 4)
24 = a(0 1)(0 3)(0 + 4)
24 = 12a
a=2
D
To confirm if lines are parallel or
perpendicular all equations need to be
in y = mx + c form.
L1: y = x + 2
L2: y = 4/3 x 1/3
L3: y = 4/3 x + 2/3
3
4
and
4
3
Therefore they are perpendicular

lines.
C
6 General rule is: y = (x a)2(x b). But
as the left intercept is a, therefore
the equation becomes
A
y = (x + a)2(x b)
7 x-intercept of 0, 2 and 3 suggest
brackets of x(x + 2)(x 3). D
8 L(x) = ax + 1
Q(x) = 2x2 x 1
POI (0.5, 0)
0 = a(0.5) + 1
1 = 0.5a
a=2
L(x) = 2x + 1
POI 2x + 1 = 2x2 x 1
0 = 2x2 3x 2
= (2x + 1)(x 2)
1
2
x=2
other POI when x = 2

L(2) = 2 2 + 1
=5
POI: (2, 5)
= 2 ( x 1) 2
2
2(x 1)2 5
and L2 with gradients of
x=
2x2 + 7 x + 3
3
x 1 2x + 5x2 4x 3
= (x 1)(2x2 + 7x + 3)
= (x 1)(2x + 1)(x + 3)
Therefore, a = 2 and b = 1
If lines parallel: m1 = m2
if lines perpendicular: m1 m2 = 1
The only two lines where the
gradients fit one of these criteria is L1
Extended response
1 a If an isosceles triangle then two
sides must be the same length.
A (2, 1) B (1, 5) C (5, 2)
dAB = (2 1) 2 + (1 5) 2
=5
dAC = ( 2 5)2 + (1 2) 2
= 50
=5 2
dBC = (1 5)2 + (5 2) 2
=5
dAB = dBC therefore triangle ABC
is an isosceles triangle.
b Perpendicular bisector of the line AC
bisector requires the midpoint of
2 + 5 1 + 2 3 3
,
AC:
,
2 2 2
2
If perpendicular, the gradients of
AC bisector = 1
1 2
=
mAC
2 5
1
=
7
7
=
therefore m bisector
1
= 7
Equation: y y1 = m (x x1)
3
3
y = 7( x )
2
2
y = 7x + 12
c If this line passes through the

vertex B (1, 5) then this point lies
on the line. Substituting in the
values of (1, 5) into the function.
LHS = 5
RHS = 7 (1) + 12
=5
LHS = RHS therefore the line
passes through the vertex B.
2 a Entering in the values into a
spreadsheet (list) remembering to
include (110, 0)
Qv = 3.44t4 18.03t3 + 31.01t2
+ 55.23t 108.47
b Enter in the values into
list/spreadsheet. Plot these values
on a Data & Statistical Page
Cs = 7.04t3 + 50.63t2 + 129.74t
+ 5.40
c
i Domain Qv: [1, 5] or {x: 1 x 5}

ii Domain Cs: [0, 5] or {x: 0 x 5}
iii
d Using the functions listed, enter in

these two functions into Graphs
and find the point of intersection.
POI: t = 4.02 minutes = 4 minutes
and 1 second.
3 a Longest side = 5 + x
b
x
MM11 CAS-3
89
d B(x) = x3 6x2 + 10x

B(3) = (3)3 6(3)2 + 10(3)
= 27 54 + 30
= 3 m.
The slides are 3 m vertically from
the gate
e pt (1, 5)
B(1) = (1)3 6(1)2 + 10(1)
= 1 6 +10
5+x
A=lw
= x(5 + x)
= 5x + x2
c 150 = 5x + x2
0 = x2 + 5x 150
= (x 10)(x + 15)
= 5 m.
the see sans are located 1m
horizontally and 5 m vertically
from the gate
f Slides: (3, 3)
Seesaws: (1, 5)
dist b/w them
x = 10, 15
= (1 3) 2 + (5 3)2
x = 10 m (x > 0)
= (2) 2 + (2) 2
Width = 10 m
Length = 15 m.
= 4+4
= 8
= 2 2 m.
MM11 CAS-4
90
Relations, functions and transformations
Chapter 4 Relations, functions and transformations

Exercise 4A Set notation
1 A = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14}
B = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13}
C = {4, 5, 6, 7}
D = {6, 7, 8}
a AB=
b A C = {4, 6}
c A C D = {6}
d A B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10,
11, 12, 13, 14}
e C D = {4, 5, 6, 7, 8}
f A\C = {2, 8, 10, 12, 14}
g C\D = {4, 5}
2 A = {3, 2, 1, 0, 1, 2, 3}
B = {0, 1, 2, 3}
C = {3, 2, 3, 4}
a A B C = {2, 3}
b A\B = {3, 2, 1}
c A\(B C ) = {2, 1}
d A\(B C ) = {3, 2, 1, 0, 1}
e A C = {3, 2, 1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4}
3 F = {a, e, i, o, u}
G = {a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i}
H = {b, c, d, f, g, h}
a FGH=
b G H = {b, c, d, f, g, h}
c G \H = {a, e, i}
d H \F = {b, c, d, f, g, h}
e (F H )\G = {o, u}
4 If A B, A B is equivalent to A.
Ans is E.
5 CBA
a A B C is equivalent to A
Ans is C.
b (A\B) C =
Ans is B.
6 a
5 a
b
c
d
e
f
6 a
Discrete
Continuous
Continuous
Discrete
Discrete
Continuous
Discrete
b {(0, 0), (1, 1), (2, 4), (3, 9)}

Discrete
Discrete
Continuous
Discrete
7 R True (T)
b 4 N False (F)
c 6.4217 Q True (T)
d
e
f
g
h
i
j
k
l
5 Q False (F)
1.5 J False (F)
{5, 10, 15, 20} J True (T)
{5, 10, 15, 20} N True (T)
J\N = { 3, 2, 1} False (F)
J N = N True (T)
Q N False (F)
Q J = False (F)
(J Q) R True (T)
Exercise 4B Relations and graphs

1 Graph is B.
2 Dependent variable is y = {1, 2, 3, 4} Ans is A.
3 Rule y = 4 x x {0, 1, 2, 3}
Ans is E.
4 Progressively increasing graph is C.
7 a
Continuous
c (, 2]
d [5, )
e (1, 10]
c Because the variables are continuous

d 12 initial temp = 40C. It takes approx. 11 mins.
f (2, 7)
g (, 2) [1, 3)
8 a P = 300 + 40n
n
h [8, 0) (2, 6]
P 300 340 380 420 460 500 540
i R\[1, 4]
b
j R\(1, 5)
k R\(0, 2]
l R\[2, 1)
c The variables are discrete.
9
t 0
V 0 30
80
150
250
350
3 a {x: 4 x < 2}
= [4, 2)
b {x: 3 < x 1}
(3, 1]
c {y: 1 < y < 3}
(1, 3 )
d y: { 12 < y
( 12 ,
Variables are continuous.
b i 2.5 secs v = 110 km/hr
ii 4.8 sec v = 320 km/hr
10 c = 50 + 6n
a
n
C
15
140
16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
146 152 158 164 170 176 182 188 194 200
c Dots do not join because values are discrete.
Exercise 4C Domain and range

1 a
c
e
g
h
[2, )
b (, 5)
(3, 4]
d (8, 9)
(, 1] f (1, )
(5, 2] [3, )
(3, 1) (2, 4]
2 a [6, 2)
b (9, 3)
1
}
2
1
]
2
e {x: x > 3}
(3, )
f {x: x 3}
(, 3]
g R
(, )
h R+ {0}
[0, )
i R\{1}
(, 1) (1, )
j R\{2}
(, 2) (2, )
k R\{x: 2 x 3}
(, 2) (3, )
l R\{x: 2 < x < 0}
(, 2] [0, )
4 R\{x: 1 x < 2}
a
Ans is D.
b = (, 1) [2, )
5 Domain is 1 x 7
= [1, 7]
6 {(x, y) = 2x + 5} x [ 1, 4]
x = 1
y=3
x=4
y = 13
Range is 3 y 13
B
[3, 13]
7 a {(3, 8), (4, 10), (5, 12), (6, 14),
(7, 16)}
MM11 CAS-4
91
MM11 CAS-4
c
d
e
8 a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
i
9 a
92
i Domain = {3, 4, 5, 6, 7}
ii Range = {8, 10, 12, 14, 16}
{(1.1, 2), (1.3, 1.8), (1.5, 1.6),
(1.7, 1.4)}
i Domain = {1.1, 1.3, 1.5, 1.7}
ii Range = {2, 1.8, 1.6, 1.4}
or = {1.4, 1.6, 1.8, 2}
i Domain = {3, 4, 5, 6}
ii Range = {110, 130, 150, 170}
i Domain = {M, Tu, W, Th, Fr}
ii Range = {25, 30, 35}
(specified only once)
y = 5x 2 2 < x < 6
i Domain = {3, 4, 5}
ii Range = {13, 18, 23}
y = x2 1 x R
i Domain = R
ii Range = [1, )
Domain = R
Range = R
Domain = R
Range = (0, ) or R+
Domain = [2, 2]
Range = [0, 2]
Domain = [1, )
Range = R
Domain = R
Range = (0, 4]
Domain = R
Range = (, 3]
Domain = R\{0}
Range = R\{0}
Domain = R
Range = (, 1]
Domain = R
Range = R
{(x, y): y = 2 x2}
y = (x + 32 )2
1
4
TP at ( 23 , 41 )
Domain = (, )
Range = [ 14 , )
d {(x, y): y = x2 4, x [2, 1]}
Parabola y = x2 translated 4 down
Domain = [4, 4]
d y = x2 + 3 (Parabola)
Domain = [2, 1]
Range = [4, 0]
e {(x, y): y = 2x 5, x [1, 4)}
If x = 0, y = 5
If y = 0, 0 = 2x 5
So 2x = 5, x = 52
Domain = R
1
e y=
x
Domain = R\{0}
x = 1, y = 7
x = 4, y = 3
Domain = [1, 4)
Range = [7, 3)
f {(x, y): y = 2x2 x 6}
If x = 0, y = 6
If y = 0, 0 = 2x2 x 6
0 = (2x + 3)(x 2)
2x + 3 = 0, x 2 = 0
x = 23 or x = 2
y = 2x2 x 6
y = 2(x2 12 x 3)
f y = 10 7x2
y = 7x2 + 10
Domain = R
Exercise 4D Types of
relations (including functions)
1 a
= 2[x2 12 x + 161 3 161 ]

49
]
= 2[(x 18 ) 2 16
Domain = (, )
Range = (, 2]
b {(x, y): y = x3 + 1, x [2, 2]}
Domain = [2, 2]
Range = [7, 9]
c {(x, y): y = x2 + 3x + 2}
If x = 0 y = 2
If y = 0
0 = x2 + 3x + 2 = (x + 2)(x + 1)
x + 2 = 0 or x + 1 = 0
x = 2, 1
= 2(x 18 ) 2
49
8
One x-value produces

2 y-values: one-to-many
TP is at ( 18 , 849 )
b
Domain = (, )
Range = [ 849 , )
or = [6 18 , )
1 y-value produces 2 x-values:

many-to-one
c
10 a y = 10 x
Domain = R
b y= 3 x

many-to-one
d
y = x2 + 3x + 2
= x2 + 3x + 94 + 2
Domain = [0, )
9
4
c y = 16 x 2
1 x-values produces 1 y-value:

one-to-one
1 x-value produces 1 y-value:

one-to-one
f
Vertical line intercepts many

points: not a function
l
Vertical line intercepts 1 point:

function

function
3 A
many-to-many
h

function
Function
e
B

many-to-one
i

function
Function
C y2 = x, y = x
Not a function
1 y-value produces 1 x-value:

one-to-one
j

function
g
D y = 8x 3
Function

many-to-one
k
Vertical line intercepts 2 points:

not a function
h
E Function
2 y-values produces 2 x-values:

many-to-many
function
l
i
Answer is C.
4 a yx+1
1 y-value produces 2 or more

x-values: many-to-one
2 a

function
j
Vertical line intercepts 2 points:

not a function
93

function
1 y-value produces many x-values:

many-to-one
MM11 CAS-4

function
If x = 0, y = 1
If y = 0, x = 1
Ans is B.
b Many-to-many. Ans is D.
c Domain = R
Range = R Ans is B.
MM11 CAS-4
94
5 a
Not a function
b {(3, 2) (1, 1) (0, 1) (1, 3)
(2, 2)}
Is a function
Domain = {3, 1, 0, 1, 2}
Range = {2, 1, 1, 3}
c {(3, 1) (4, 1) (5, 1) (6, 1)}
Point (0, 0)
0>0+2
0 > 2 False
Not a function
i x2 + y2 = 25
Not a function
j y = x + 1 , x 1
0 =0
x = 1, y =
Function
Domain = {3, 4, 5, 6}
Range = {1}
d {(1, 2) (1, 0) (2, 1) (3, 2) (4, 3)}
Not a function
e {(x, y): y = 2, x R}
x = 0, y =
2
+1
x2
The 2 represents a dilation factor of
2 from the x-axis
The 1 represents a vertical shift of
1 unit up
1
c y=
2
4 x
1
y=
2
( x 4)
The negative represents a reflection
in the y-axis
The 4 represents a horizontal shift
of 4 units right
2 units down
d y=2 x+4
2 from the x-axis
of 4 units left
1
e y=
(3 x) 2
b y=
1 =1
x = 3, y = 4 = 2
Function
Domain [1, )
Range [0, )
k y = x3 + x
y = x(1 + x2)
If x = 0, y = 0
If y = 0, 0 = x(1 + x2)
x = 0 only
1
( x 3) 2
of 3 units right
f y = 4 x 5
The negative represents a reflection
in the x-axis
4 from the x-axis
5 units down
=
3
+1
x2
vertical asymptote: x = 0
horizontal asymptote: y = 1
no y-intercepts as vertical
asymptote is along y-axis
x-intercepts: y = 0
3
0 = 2 +1
x
3
1 = 2
x
3
1 = 2
x
x2 = 3
x2 = 3
no x-intercepts
2 a y=
Function
Domain = R
Range = {2}
f {(x, y): x = 3, y J}
Function
Domain = R
Range = R
l x = y2 + 1
or y2 = x 1
y = x 1
Not a function
g y = 1 2x
If x = 0, y = 1 (0, 1)
If y = 0, 0 = 1 2x
2x = 1, x = 12 ( 12 , 0)
Not a function
Exercise 4E Power
functions (hyperbola, truncus
and square root function)
Function
Domain = R
Range = R
h y>x+2
If y = x + 2
If x = 0, y = 2 (0, 2)
If y = 0, 0 = x + 2
x = 2 (2, 0)
3
+1
x5
3 from the x-axis
of 5 units right
1 unit up
1 a y=
b y = 3 x 1 =
end point: (3, 1)
( x 3) 1
reflection in y-axis
y-intercept: x = 0
y = 3 0 1
( x 1) 2 =
( x 1) 2 = 1
x 1 = 1
x = 0, 2 (0, 0) and (2, 0)
= 3 1 (0, 3 1)
x-intercept: y = 0
0 = 3 x 1
1= 3 x
1=3x
x=2
2
2
b g(x)
7
x2
x
x
c f (x )
(2, 0)
3x
x
95
MM11 CAS-4
= x2 2, g(x) = 7
= x2 2
=7+2=9
= 9
= 3
1
= , f (x ) = 3
x
1
=
x
=1
= 13
h(x) = x2 5x + 6, h(x) = 0
0 = x2 5x + 6
0 = (x 3)(x 2)
x 3 = 0 or x 2 = 0
x = 3 or x = 2
e g(x) = x2 + 3x, g(x) = 4
4 = x2 + 3x
0 = x2 + 3x 4
0 = (x + 4)(x 1)
x + 4 = 0 or x 1 = 0
x = 4 or x = 1
f f (x ) = 8 x , f (x ) = 3
d
3 Hyperbola graph.
General rule: y =
2
+5
x 1
y-intercept: x = 0
2
y=
+5
1
=3
(0, 3)
x-intercepts: y = 0
2
+5
0=
x 1
2
5 =
x 1
2
x 1 =
5
2
x= +1
5
3
3
x=
, 0
5
5
c y=
Dilation factor is 1, a = 1
vertical asymptote: y = 3, c = 3
horizontal asymptote: x = 2, b = 2
1
So the equation is: y =
+3
( x 2)
Exercise 4F Function
notation
1 a f (x) = 3x + 1
i f (0) = 3 0 + 1 = 0 + 1 = 1
ii f (2) = 3 2 + 1 = 6 + 1 = 7
iii f (2) = 3 2 + 1 = 6 + 1 = 5
iv f (5) = 3 5 + 1 = 15 + 1 = 16
b g(x) = x + 4
g(0) =
0+4 = 4 =2
ii g(3) =
3 + 4 = 1 = 1
i
iii
g(5) =
iv g(4) =
2=
2
( x 1)2
a f (2) =
10
2
2=52=3
b f (5) =
10
5
(5)
5+4 = 9 =3
4 + 4 = 0 = 0
1
x
g(1) = 4
ii g ( 12 ) = 4
2
( x 1)2
reflection in x-axis
y-intercept: x = 0
2
y = 2
(1)2
=22
=0
(0, 0)
x-intercepts: y = 0
2
0= 2
( x 1) 2
= 8 x
=8x
=8x
=89
= 1
10
3 f (x ) =
x
x
3
(3)2
9
x
x
c g(x) = 4
i
d y =2
a
+c
( x b)
1
1
=41=3
1
1
2
=42=2
iii g( 12 ) = 4
1
=4+2=6
12
iv g( 15 ) = 4
1
=4+5=9
15
d f (x) = (x + 3)2
i f (0) = (0 + 3)2 = 32 = 9
ii f (2) = (2 + 3)2 = 12 = 1
iii f (1) = (1 + 3)2 = 42 = 16
iv f (a) = (a + 3)2 = a2 + 6a + 9
24
e h(x) =
x
i h(2) = 24
= 12
2
h(4) =
24
4
=6
iii h(6) =
24
6
= 4
iv h(12) =
24
12
=2
ii
2 a f (x )
5
3x
x
= 3x 4, f (x) = 5
= 3x 4
=9
=3
d
e
4 a
b
= 2 + 5 = 3
10
f (2x) =
2x
2x
5
=
2x
x
10
f (x 2) = 2 x2
x
10
f (x + 3) =
(x + 3)
x+3
10
=
x3
x+3
10
f (x 1) =
(x 1)
x 1
10
=
x+1
x 1
y = 4x + 1
F : R R, f (x) = 4x + 1
y = x 6 (x 6 = 0, x = 6)
f : [6, ) R, f(x) =
1
c y=
x 1
f : R\{1} R, f (x) =
x6
1
x 1
2
x +1
x + 1 = 0, x = 1
d y=
f : (1, ) R, f (x) =
2
x +1
MM11 CAS-4
96
e y = (x + 2)2, x R+
f: (0, ) R, f (x) = (x + 2)2
f y = x2 + 3x, x 2
f : [2, ) R, f (x) = x2 + 3x
g y = 8 x where x 0
f : (, 0] R, f (x) = 8 x
h y = x2 + x (x 0)
f : [0, ) R, f (x) = x2 +
i Domain {0, 1, 2, 3}
ii Co-domain J
iii Range {7, 4, 1, 2}
Substitute the values of the domain
into the rule to determine the range
values.
b i Domain (0, 10]
ii Co-domain R
3
,
iii Range
10
The graph is a decreasing function.

Substitute 10 from the domain into
the rule to determine the lowest value
of the range.
c i Domain {2, 4, 6, 8, 10}
ii Co-domain N
iii Range {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
Substitute the values of the domain
into the rule to determine the range
values.
d i Domain (, 0)
ii Co-domain R
iii Range (0, )
When any x-value from the domain is
substituted into the rule, a positive
value results. So the range is (0, )
e i Domain R+
ii Co-domain R
iii Range (2, )
f i Domain [3, 3]
ii Co-domain R
iii Range [0, 3]
Top half of circle with
radius = 3 units.
5 a
6 a f (x ) = 3 x
i Maximal domain = R
ii Range = R
b f (x ) = 5 x
i Maximal domain [0, )
ii Range [0, )
c y = x3 + 2
ii Range (, 5]
x2 = 32 , x =
3
2
e y = x4
i Maximal domain [4, )

ii Range [0, )
1
f y=
x3
x 3 = 0, x = 3
i Maximal domain (3, )
ii Range (0, )
Exercise 4G Special types

of function (including hybrid
functions)
function, not one-to-one

f f (x ) = x 3 1
If x = 0, f (x) = 1
If f (x) = 0, 0 = x3 1, x3 = 1
x = 31 = 1
one-to-one function
g y = x2, x 0
1 a {(1, 1), (2, 1), (3, 3), (4, 5)}
one-to-one function
h g(x) =
1 x2
If x = 0, g(x) =
one-to-one function
b {(2, 1), (1, 0), (0, 2), (1, 1)}
1 =1
If g(x) = 0, 0 = 1 x 2
0 = 1 x2, x2 = 1
x = 1 = 1
function, not one-to-one

c {(x, y): y = x2 + 1, x [0, )}
function, not a one-to-one

2 a
i function
ii not a one-to-one function
one-to-one function
d {(x, y): y = 3 4x}

If x = 0, y = 3 (0, 3)
If y = 0, 0 = 3 4x, 4x = 3
x = 34 ( 34 , 0)
i function
c
i Maximal domain R
ii Range R
d y = 5 3x2
i function
ii is a one-to-one function
one-to-one function
i Maximal domain R
e {(x, y): y = 3 2x2}

If x = 0, y = 3
If y = 0, 0 = 3 2x2, 2x2 = 3
i function
e
c
i not a function
ii one-to-many
f
d
i function
ii Not a one-to-one function
g
i Up to 2
ii Beyond 2
Restricted domains (, 2), (2, )
MM11 CAS-4
97
i Up to 0
ii Beyond 0
Restricted domains (, 0), (0, )
j f (x) = (x + 3)2
If x = 0, f (x) = 9
If f (x) = 0, 0 = (x + 3)2
x + 3 = 0, x = 3
Domains
i 3 to 0
ii 0 to 3
Restricted domains [3, 0], [0, 3]
Domains
i Up to 3
ii Beyond 3
Restricted domains (, 3], [3, )
Domains
i Up to 3
ii Beyond 3
Restricted domains (, 3] [3, )
4 y2 = x 1
a y = x 1
i not a function
h
i function
i
i function
j
Domains
i 4 to 2
ii 2 to 0
Domains
i Up to 1
ii 1 to 1
iii Beyond 1
Restricted domains are
(, 1], [1, 1], [1, )
g f (x ) = 1 x 2
To form a one-to-one function we

need to restrict the range
i from 0 to [0, )
ii from 0 to [0, )
is (i) Ans is D.
b Rule for a one-to-one function so
formed is
i y = x 1 or
ii y = x 1
is (i) Ans is E.
x x <1
5 a f (x ) =
x x 1
Graph
i function
k
i function
l
i function
3 a
Restricted domains (, 1],

[1, )
Domains
Domains
i Up to 0
ii Beyond 0
Restricted domains (, 0] and [0, )
h g(x) = 4 x 2 , x [2, 2]
Domains
i 2 to 0
ii 0 to 2
1
i g(x) = 2 , x R\{0}
x
Domains
Ans is B.
b Range 1 to infinity
= (1, ) Ans is C.
1
x<0
6 a f (x ) = x
x + 1 x 0
b Range of f
= (, 0) [1, )
2
x + 1 x 0
7 a g(x) =
2 x x < 0
For y = x2 + 1
If x = 0, y = 1 (0, 1)
If y = 0, 0 = x2 + 1
x2 = 1 No solutions
If x = 2, y = 5 (2, 5)
For y = 2 x
MM11 CAS-4
98
If x = 1, y = 3
y = 2x + 1
(1, 3)
x+2 x0
So f (x) =
2 x + 1 x > 0
10 {(x, y): x2 + y2 = 1, x 0}
Exercise 4H Inverse
relations and functions
1 Sketch each point, then interchange x
and y values. Plot the new points
a
b Range [1, )
c i g(1) (sub into 2 x)
= 2 (1)
=3
ii g(0) = 1
(where x2 + 1 meets y axis)
iii g(1) (sub into x2 + 1)
= 12 + 1
=2
x < 2
x2
2
8 a f (x) = x 4 2 x 2
x+2
x>2
For y = x 2
If x = 4, y = 4
If x = 3, y = 5
For y = x2 4
If x = 0, y = 4
If y = 0, x2 4 = 0
x2 = 4
x = 4
x = 2
For y = x + 2
If x = 2, y = 4
If x = 3, y = 5
Two one-to-one functions

Now transform the equation to find y:
y2 = 1 x2
y = 1 x2
where y =
1 x 2 top half
and y = 1 x 2 bottom half

f : [0, 1] R, f(x) =
Range [0, 1]
1 x2
f : [0, 1] f(x) = 1 x 2
Range [1, 0]
11 f R Z, f(x) = (x 3)2
a If y = (x 3)2 (parabola)
If x = 0, y = (3)2 = 9
If y = 0, 0 = (x 3)2
x3=0
x=3
(Graph just touches x-axis at 3)
b Two one-to-one functions

up to x = 3
above x = 3
f : (, 3] R,
f (x) = (x 3)2
Range [0, )
f : [3, ) R,
f (x) = (x 3)2
Range [0, )
b Range: to zero
then 4 and beyond
(, 0] (4, )
c i f (3) = x 2
= 3 2
= 5
ii f (2) = (2)2 4
= 0 (closed dot)
iii f (1) = (1)2 4
= 3
iv f (2) = 22 4
=0
v f (5) = 5 + 2
=7
12 g: R R, g(x) = x2 + 2x + 1
a Let y = x2 + 2x + 1
If x = 0, y = 1
If y = 0
0 = x2 + 2x + 1
0 = (x + 1)2
x+1 =0
x = 1
TP on x-axis at (1, 0)
2 Copy each graph. Draw in the line

y = x, then reflect each graph across
the line y = x.
a
9
c
x up to zero
y = mx + c
Equation
c = 2, m =
y=x+2
x beyond zero
y = mx + c
Equation
c = 1, m = 2
2
2
=1
b Restricting domains
Up to x = 1
Beyond x = 1
g : (, 1] R,
g(x) = x2 + 2x + 1
g : [1, ) R,
g(x) = x2 + 2x + 1
d y = x3 + 4 is a cubic graph with

POI at (0, 4)
Exercise 4I Circles
1 a x2 + y2 = r2
r = 3, x2 + y2 = 9
b x2 + y2 = r2
r = 1, x2 + y2 = 1
c x2 + y2 = r2
r = 5, x2 + y2 = 25
d x2 + y2 = r2
r = 10, x2 + y2 = 100
e x2 + y2 = r2
r = 6 , x2 + y2 = 6
f x2 + y2 = r2
r = 2 2 , x2 + y2 = 8
g x2 + y2 = r2
y2 = p2 x2
y =
3 Use a graphics calculator to sketch
each graph. Draw in the line y = x.
Reflect each original graph across the
line y = x.
a y = 4x is a straight line passing
through the origin.
p2 x2
p = 3 but top half only

So y =
y =
32 x 2
9 x2
MM11 CAS-4
b x2 + y2 = 16
Centre (0, 0)
Radius 16 = 4
c x2 + y2 = 49
Centre (0, 0)
Radius 49 = 7
d x2 + y2 = 7
Centre (0, 0)
Radius 7
e x2 + y2 = 12
Centre (0, 0)
Radius = 12
43
= 2 3
h y = r 2 x2
r = 4, y = 42 x 2
But we require bottom half only so
y = 16 x 2
b y = x2 + 3 is a parabola with TP at
(0, 3)
2 a Domain = [3, 3]
Range = [3, 3]
b Domain = [1, 1]
Range = [1, 1]
c Domain = [5, 5]
Range = [5, 5]
d Domain = [10, 10]
Range = [10, 10]
e Domain [ 6, 6 ]
Range [ 6,
1
x 1 is a straight line passing
2
through y = 1
1
4
Centre (0, 0)
1
4
Radius =
=
1
2
6]
f Domain [2 2, 2 2 ]
c y=
f x2 + y2 =
Range [2 2, 2 2 ]
g Domain [3, 3]
Range [0, 3]
h Domain [4, 4]
Range [4, 0]
4 a y = 81 x 2
Circle centre (0, 0)
Radius = 9
3 a x2 + y2 = 4
Centre (0, 0)
Radius 4 = 2
Not a function
b y = 4 x2
Centre (0, 0)
Radius = 4 = 2
Top 12 of circle
99
100
MM11 CAS-4
5 a
Range [7, 3]
Is a function
c y = 1 x2
Centre (0, 0)
Radius = 1 = 1
Bottom 12 of circle

Radius = 2
Equation (x 2)2 + y2 = 4 D
b Range [2, 2] B
6 a (x + 3)2 + (y 1)2 = 1
Centre (3, 1) Radius 1 C
b Domain = [4, 2] E
Is a function
d y=
1
9
7 a x2 + ( y + 2)2 = 1
Centre (0, 2)
Radius = 1 = 1
Domain [1, 1]
Range [3, 1]
Centre (0, 0)
1
9
Radius =
Top
1
2
1
3
of circle
g (x + 5)2 + (y 4)2 = 36
Radius = 36 = 6
Domain [11, 1]
Range [2, 10]
Is a function
e y=
1
4
f (x 3)2 + (y 2)2 = 9
Radius = 9 = 3
Domain [0, 6]
Range [1, 5]
x2
1
4
Centre (0, 0), Radius =

Bottom half of circle
1
2
b x2 + (y 2)2 = 4
Radius = 4 = 2
Domain = [2, 2]
Range = [0, 4]
h (x 12 )2 + (y + 32 )2 =
Is a function
f y = 5 x2
Radius = 5
Top 12 of circle
9
4
Circle centre ( 12 , 32 )
2
c (x 4) + y = 9
Radius = 9 = 3
Domain = [1, 7]
Range = [3, 3]
Radius =
9
4
3
2
Domain [1, 2]
Range [3, 0]
Is a function
g y = 10 x 2
Centre (0, 0), Radius

Full circle
Is not a function
h x2 + y2 = 3 3 x 0
Radius 3
( 12 circle
8 x2 + y2 = 36, y2 = 36 x2
10
d (x 2)2 + (y + 1)2 = 16
Radius = 16 = 4
Domain [2, 6]
Range [5, 3]
y = 36 x 2
Domain = [6, 6]
Range = [6, 0]
9 x2 + (y 2)2 = 9
(y 2)2 = 9 x2
y 2 = 9 x2
y =2
3 to 0)
Is not a function
y = 36 x 2
Domain = [6, 6]
Range = [0, 6]
e (x + 3)2 + (y + 2)2 = 25
Radius = 25 = 5
Domain [8, 2]
y = 2 + 9 x2
Domain [3, 3]
Range [2, 5]
y = 2 9 x2
Domain [3, 3]
Range [1, 2]
9 x2
For t = 1.5 to t = 2
d = mt + c m = 0 c = 90
d = 90 (ii)
For t = 2 to 4
10 a 2 cm, 190 13.8 cm

13.8 2 11.8
b
=
3
3
Travelling at 3.93 cm/s,
that is, approximately
4 cm/s.
$40
Over 1 up to 2
$70
Over 2 up to 4
$110
Over 4 up to 6
$160
7 a
60t 0 t 1.5
d (t ) = 90 1.5 t 2
80t 70 2 t 4
b Domain = [0, 4]
Range = [0, 250]
c i Distance after 1 hour
d = 60t = 60 1 = 60 km
ii Distance after 3 hours
d = 80t 70 = 80 3 70
= 170 km
4 5 mins per $1. Meter accepts a max.
of 120 dollar coins.
5 n
a Rule: B =
60
n
B=
12
b
2 a Distance Up Up 100 200 Over

(d)
to to to to 700
km
50 100 200 700
Cost $c 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.70 2.00
Cost is $0.50 for 0 km up to and

incl. 50 km
incl. 100 km
incl. 200 km
incl. 700 km
Cost is $2.00 for over 700 km
Cost function
0.40
0 < d 50
0.60
50
< d 100
c(d ) = 0.80 100 < d 200
1.70 200 < d 700

2.00 d > 700
c No. of 5 min. operations

450
= 90
5
1 dollar per 5 mins. = $90
5 a Tax = $6264 + 30 cents for every
dollar over $21 600.
T = 6264 + 0.3(x 21 600)
= 6264 + 0.3x 6480
= 0.3x 216
b
b
c T = 21 600 0.3x 216
Taxable income x = $32 000
T = 0.3 32 000 216
T = 9600 216
T = $9384
(i) Speed = 60 km/h for 1 12 hours

(ii) Stops for
b Domain (1, 6] Range (10, 30]
Cost
Up to 1
a Let cost c in terms of time t be c(t)

40 0 < t 1
70 1 < t 2
c(t ) =
110 2 < t 4
160 4 < t 6
b
101
A=LW
A = (x + 4)x
A = x2 + 4x
Exercise 4J Functions and

modelling
1 Hours of hire
MM11 CAS-4
1
2
hour
(iii) 80 km/h for 2 hours

a d(t) (see graph for 0 to 1.5)
d = mt + c c = 0
90
m=
= 60
1.5
d = 60t (i)
a Perimeter P
= 2L + 2W
= 2(x + 4) + 2(x 1)
= 2x + 8 + 2x 2
P = 4x + 6
If x = 8 (max. side length is 12)

So A = 82 + 4 8
= 64 + 32
= 96
Domain = (0, 8]
Range = (0, 96]
8 a A = $100 000 + 0.02 100 000
= 100 000 1.02
In t years time, value
P = 100 000 (1.02)t
b t = 10
P = 100 000 (1.02)10
P = 121 899.44
P = $121 899
96
9 N(t) = 15 +
t +3
a
t =0
96
N(t) = 15 +
3
= 15 + 32
= 47
b t = 13
96
N(t) = 15 +
13 + 3
96
= 15 +
16
= 15 + 6
= 21
c N(t) = 23
96
23 = 15 +
t +3
96
= 23 15
t +3
96
=8
t+3
96 = 8(t + 3)
96 = 8t + 24
8t = 96 24
8t = 72
72
t =
8
t =9
It will be 9 weeks
96
d As t increases
gets smaller
t+3
and approaches zero.
N(t) 15, so no.
10 Cost = 600 10 = $6000.
$1 Increase. 50 people less attend.
MM11 CAS-4
102
2 {(x, y): y = 1 x2 x [3, 3]}

a If x = 0, y = 1
If y = 0, 0 = 1 x2
x2 = 1 x = 1
y = 1 + x2
Is not a function
So (a) (b) (e) are functions
1
6 a y=
x
b Domain = [3, 3]
Range = [8, 1]
3 a x cannot be negative
dom = [0, )
b x cannot be 0
dom = R\{0}
c 12 x cannot be negative
dom = (, 12]
4 g(x) = x + 2, x 0
n = 0, T = 600, c = 6000
Now T = an2 + bn + c
T = an2 + bn + 6000
n = 12
T =0
0 = a 144 + 12b + 6000
6000 = 144a + 12b
500 = 12a + b
(1)
n = 10
T = 2000
2000 = 100a + 10b + 6000
4000 = 100a + 10b
400 = 10a + b
(2)
(1) (2)
100 = 2a
A = 50
Sub. in (1)
500 = 12 50 + b
500 = 600 + b
100 = b
a So T = 50n2 + 100n + 6000
or T = 6000 + 100n 50n2
b
c Max. takings at
f y2 x2 = 1
y2 = 1 + x2
f : R\{0} R, f ( x) =
b y=
a g(x)2 = x 2 + 2
=x+2 x0
b Graph g(x)
Domain = [0, )
Range = [2, )
5 a y = 2x2 1
Is a function
b 3x + y = 2
If x = 0, y = 2
If y = 0, 3x = 2, x =
2 x
Domain = (, 2]
f : (, 2] R,
f(x) = 2 x
2 x, x 1
f ( x) = 3, 1 < x < 3 ,
2 x 5, x 3
8 a
2
3
y = 1 x2
y2 = 1 x2
x2 + y2 = 1
semi circle centre (0, 0)
Radius 1 (bottom half)
dT
=0
dn
dT
= 100 100n
dn
100n = 100, n = 1
T = 6000 + 100 50 = $6050
So admission price = $11
Is a function
c x = y2 + 1
y2 = 1 x
y = 1 x
Chapter review
Domain = [1, 1]
Range = [1, 0]
b (x 2)2 + (y + 1)2 = 9
Radius = 9 = 3
Short answer
1 Time (t) hours 1 2
No. cars (n)
30 75 180 330
b Graph not continuous

(n N). The no. of cars is a
discrete variable.
c 120
5
500
Not a function
d x2 + y2 = 10
Radius 10
Not a function
e y3 = x
y= 3 x
Is a function
1
x
Domain = [1, 5]
Range = [4, 2]
9 a x2 + y2 = 100
Radius = 100
= 10
b First one-to-one function

y2 = 100 x2
MM11 CAS-4
103
y = 100 x 2
1st function = 100 x 2
(top half circle)
f : [10, 10] R,
f(x) = 100 x 2
Domain = [10, 10]
Range = [0, 10]
C {(1, 1), (2, 1), (3, 2), (4, 3)}
Rule: y = 2x
x {1, 2, 3, 4} B
4
D y=5x
Second one-to-one function

2nd function = 100 x 2
(bottom half of circle)
f : [10, 10] R
f(x) = 100 x 2
Domain = [10, 10]
Range = [10, 0]
10 x <
1
2
1
2
x1
1<x<2
Continuous relation C
E {1, 3, 5, 7, 9}
(not a set of ordered pairs.)
Answer (A) (C) (D) (E) are relations. E
Interval = [5, 1) (1, 4]
$50
6 R \{2}
$75
13 Not a function B
14 A y =
x
5
$100
C
7
B y = 2 7x
Domain = R\{1} B
8 y = x + 3, x R+
11
C x=5
Range = (3, ) E
12 a Dilation factor of 2 away from
the x-axis, reflection in the y-axis
and vertical translation of 4 units
in the positive direction of the
x-axis.
b Dilation factor of 5 away from the
x-axis and a horizontal
translation of 2 units up.
c Dilation factor of 3 away from the
x-axis, reflection in the y-axis,
vertical translation of 2 units in
the positive direction of the x-axis
9 y=
D y = 10x2 + 3
1
x5
E y = 8
Implied domain = (5, ) A

10 f(x) = 2 (4 x)
C is not a function
15 A
and a horizontal translation of

7 units up.
Range = [0, ) D
Multiple choice
1 A = {2, 1, 0, 1, 2, 3}
B = {1, 0, 2, 4, 6}
AB
= {2, 1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6} A
2 A
B
C
D
E
J Q True
3.142 Q True
R True
{0, 1, 2, 3} N False
(N J) = J True
not one-to-one
B
11 The relation is a many-to-one

function D
12 A y = x2
B x2 + y2 = 3
Relation
C {(x, y): y = 4x}

one-to-one
MM11 CAS-4
104
D {(x, y): y = 5 2x
one-to-one
26 (x + 1)2 + (y 4)2 = 9
Centre (1, 4), Radius = 3
E f(x) = 2 x3
one-to-one
Domain = [4, 2] E
27 Range = [1, 7] C
28 Centre (4, 2), Radius = 5
(x h)2 + (y k)2 = r2
(x 4)2 + (y + 2)2 = ( 5)2
(x 4)2 + (y + 2)2 = 5 B
29 The equation represents only the top
half of a circle with radius of 2 and a
centre at (0, 0). C
Charge (c$)
30 Hours (h)
0<h2
50
2<h3
80
3<h6
100
E
not one-to-one B
16 C is a one-to-one function
17 Domain is [ 5, 5]
so f: [ 5, 5] R, f (x) = x2 8 is the
answer C.
18 f: {x: x = 0, 1, 2} R
f (x) = x 4
= {(0, 4), (1, 3), (2, 2)} A

g(x) = 6 x + x2
g(2) = 6 (2) + (2)2
=6+2+4
= 12 D
f(x) = 3x 5
20
f(2x + 1) = 3(2x + 1) 5
= 6x + 3 5
= 6x 2 E
21 The domains described in A, B, C
and E all include a turning point
will not satisfy the horizontal line
test. D
x +1 x < 0
22 f ( x) = x 2 0 x 2
2 x x > 2
19
Graph A
23 Only the graph shown in E could be
a reflection of the given graph
across the line y = x. E
24 Centre at (2, 1), radius of 2. A
25
Centre (3, 0), Radius 2

Equation is (x 3)2 + y2 = 4 D
A = 360 10x 100 + 36x x2

10x x
A = 260 + 16x 2x2
d Domain of A(x)
x must be > 0 to start with
If x = 14
y = 36 14 10 = 36 24
y = 12
So the dimension y x is negative.
If x = 13
y = 36 13 10 = 13
yx=0
So x must be less than 13
So domain (0, 13)
e Graph A = 260 + 16x 2x2
If x = 0, A = 260
If A = 0, 0 = 260 + 16x 2x2
TP A = 2x2 + 16x + 260
A = 2(x2 8x 130)
A = 2[x2 8x + 16 130 16]
A = 2[(x 4)2 146]
A = 2(x 4)2 + 292
TP is at (4, 292) max. TP
31 y = x
reflection in the y-axis y = x

dilation of two units from the x-axis
y = 2 x E
32 T.P. is (3, 1), therefore for the graph
to have an inverse function the
domain needs to be
x 3 or x 3. The solution required
is [a, ), therefore a = 3, so the
E
domain is a 3
33 vertical asymptote is y = 2
horizontal asymptote is x = 1
a
y =
+2
( x 1) 2
So c = 2 and b = 1. B
Extended response
1
a Area in terms of x + y
A=c+d
A = 10y + (y x)x
A = 10y + xy x2
A = 10y + xy x2
(1)
b Perimeter
P = y + 10 + x + y x + x + x + 10
P = 2y + 2x + 20
P = 2(y + x + 10)
(2)
c P = 72 cm
72 = 2y + 2x + 20
So 2y = 72 2x 20
y = 36 x 10
(3)
f Max. area is at TP (4, 292)

A = 292 m2
a Domain = x (, 4)\{2}
b Range = [0, 18]
c Rule for x (, 2)
y=4
d Rule for x (2, 0]
y = mx + c, c = 0
4 = 2m
4
m=
= 2
2
y = 2x
e Rule for x [0, 3]
In the form y = ax2
At (3, 18) y = ax2
18 = a 32
18 = 9a
a = 189 = 2
So y = 2x2
f Rule for x 3
y = mx + c
At (3,18) 18 = 3m + c (1)
At (4, 0) 0 = 4m + c (2)
(1) (2) 18 = m
m = 18
Substitute in (2)
0 = 4 18 + c
0 = 72 + c
c = 72
Rule = y = 18x + 72
x (, 2)
4
x (2, 0]
2 x
g f ( x) =
2
x [0, 3]
2x
18 x + 72 x [3, 4]
3 f: [2, a]R, f (x) = (x 1)2 4
a f (x) = (x 1)2 4
f (2) = (2 1)2 4 = 5
f (1) = (1 1)2 4 = 0
f (0) = (0 1)2 4 = 3
f (1) = (1 1)2 4 = 4
f (3) = (3 1)2 4 = 0
b f (a) = 12 = (a 1)2 4
12 + 4 = (a 1)2
(a 1)2 = 16
a 1 = 4
a = 4 + 1 or 4 + 1
a = 5 or 3
a = 5 (as a must be greater than 2)
c
TP at (1, 4)
y-intercept at 3
x-intercept when y = 0 from a

above x = 1, 3.
d i domain [2, 5]
ii range [4, 12]
4 a
b w = 2 x, L = x
P = 2w + 2L
P = 2(2x) + 2x
P = 4x + 2x
P = 6x
c x cannot be greater than 4, as then
the length becomes greater than
8 m (question puts restriction on
side length) so 0 x 4
d Domain [0, 4]
Range [0, 24]
Range is calculated by substituting
in the endpoints of the domain into
P = 6x.
e P:[0, 4]R, P(x) = 6x
f Area = L w
= x 2x
= 2x2
or A:[0, 4] R, A(x) = 2x2
g A(x) = 2x2
18 = 2x2
x2 = 9
x = 3, x 0
x =3
MM11 CAS-4
105
length = 3 m
width = 6 m
5 a A = cost on plan A ($)
t = time (min)
A = 0.2 + 0.3t
b B = cost on plan B ($)
B = 0.5 + 0.2t
c i A = 0.2 + 0.3 2
= 0.2 + 0.6
= 0.8
= 80 cents
ii B = 0.5 + 0.2t
B = 0.5 + 0.2 2
= 0.5 + 0.4
= 0.9
= 90 cents
d i A = 0.2 + 0.3t
5 = 0.2 + 0.3t
t = 16 minutes
ii B = 0.5 + 0.2t
5 = 0.5 + 0.2t
t = 22.5 minutes
e 0.2 + 0.3t = 0.5 + 0.2t
0.3t 0.2t = 0.5 0.2
0.1t = 0.3
t = 3 minutes
f A = 0.2 + 0.3(4) = $1.40
B = 0.5 + 0.2(4) = $1.30
For t > 3 min, plan B becomes
cheaper. Thomas should choose
plan B.
106
MM11 CAS-5
Exponential and logarithmic functions
Chapter 5 Exponential and logarithmic functions

Exercise 5A Index laws
2
2+5+3
1 a x x x =x
= x10
4 5
3 3
4 5
c (xy) x y = x y x y
= x3 x4 y3 y5
= x7y8
d 3m2p5 (mp2)3 2m4p6
= 3m2p5 m3p6 2m4p6
= 3 2 m2 m3 m4 p5 p6 p6
= 6m9p17
2 a a7b8 a2b5 = a7 2b8 5
= a5b3
12 9
b 2a b (2a)3b4
= 21a12b9 23a3b4
= 21 3a12 3b 9 4
= 22a9b5
= 18u v
d
4 p8 + 7 5 m 4 + 6 2
3
4 p10 m8
3
4 a
=
=
32 x 2 y 2 5 x6 y 3
10 x 7 y
9 5 x2 x6 y 2 y3
10 x 7 y1
9x
6 a
15a8b3 32 a 2b 4
9 a 4b 5 2 2 a 6b 2
x n + 1 y5 z 4 n
y 4 n z3 n
x
n2
( xn y m +3 )2
x2 y
n5
n+2 3m
x
y
x
y 5 3m
x2n y 2m + 6
x2 y
x n + 2 y 3 m x n 5 y 5 3m
= x5 y 6 m 1
94
7 a 2 4 42 8
= 24 (2 2)2 (2 2 2)
= 24 (22)2 23
= 24 24 23
= 211
15
4
= 334
b 37 92 273 81 = 37 (3 3)2
(3 3 3)3 (3 3 3 3)
= 37 (32)2 (33)3 34
= 37 34 39 34
= 324
5k 12 d
6kd 4
b
(2k 3 ) 2 25(k 2 d 3 )3
5k 12 d 25(k 2 d 3 )3
(2k 3 ) 2
6kd 4
5k 12 d 1 25k 6 d 9
22 k 6
6k 1d 4
5 25k12 + 6 6 1d 1+ 9 4
24
125k11d 6
24
c 53 152 32 = 53 (5 3)2 32
= 53 52 32 32
= 5 5 34
d 205 84 125 = (2 2 5)5
(2 2 2)4 (5 5 5)
= (22 5)5 (23)4 53
= 210 55 212 53
= 222 58
3 p 3m 4
= 3 p 31m 4 2
p1m 2
2
6 x6 y5
x4
6 x6 y5
x4
= 5 3 2 2
5 3
2
(2 y )
2 y
x y
x y
34 27 2 34 (3 3 3) 2
=
64 35
(2 3) 4 35
34 (33 )2
24 34 35
34 36
2 34 35
9 xy 4
=
2
6 x6 + 4 5 y5 3 2
4
14u11v9 (3u 2 )3 v
21u 6v5
3x5 y 0
2
14u11v9 33 u 6v
21u 6v5
3x5
2
= x 2 n + 2 n 2 n + 5 y 2 m + 6 + 1 3 + m 5 + 3m
= 3p m
1+10 1 4 3 1 2
3a
b
1
= x 2 n + 2 ( n + 2) ( n 5) y 2 m + 6 +1 (3 m ) (5 3m )
8+ 2 4 6 3+ 4 5 2
a10
a 4b2
= xn + 1 n + 2 y5 4 + n z 4 n 3 + n
15a b
=
4
5 a
= x3 y1 + n z
15a8b3 3ab 2
9a 4b5 2a 3b
3a1b3
a1b1
= x n + 1 ( n 2) y 5 (4 n ) z 4 n (3 n )
15 9 a
= 3a 6
0 0
2 + 6 7 2 + 3 1
5 e f 8e f
20ef 5
= 3a 6b0
15a8b3 2a 3b
9a 4b5 3ab 2
(3 x) 2 y 2 5 x 6 y 3
b
10 x 7 y
= 10e9 f 2
= p11q2
= 10e6 + 4 1 f 4 + 3 5
p13q10
p 2 q8
6 2 p8 p 7 m 4 m6
9 p5m 2
2 6
25 8 e6 e 4 f 4 f 3
=
20e1 f 5
x3 y 9
=
2
(5e3 ) 2 f 4 8e 4 f 3
20ef 5
a 9b 5
4
c (3x5)y11 6x2y2 = 3x5y11 6x2y2
3 x5 y11
=
6x2 y 2
6 p8m4 2 p 7 m6
3 a
9 p5m2
3ab3 a 2b
3ab3 a 5
5 =
ab a
ab a 2b
11 5
d p13q10 (pq4)2 =
= 18u11 + 6 6v9 + 1 5
b 52 57 (53)3 = 59 59
= 518
3
14 27 u11 u 6 v9 v1
21u 6v5
34 + 6 4 5
24
3
= 4
2
8 52
(2 2 2) 52
=
3
2 10
23 (5 2)
23 5 2
2 51 21
3 3 1
= 2
8 a
4
(2 2)
=
27
27
=
11
2 5
(2 )
27
4 8
163
2
27
= 23
=8
(2 2) (2 2 2)
(2 2 2 2)3
(22 )11 (23 )2

(24 )3
2 2
212
b 94 35 27 =
=
=
94 35
27
4
(32 ) 4 35
33
(16 )
16
= 20
(25 ) 4
2
(24 )6
220
224
220
= 24
= 16
27 2
(3 3 3)2
d
=
2 3
(3 )
(32 )3
(33 )2
(32 )3
6
3
= 6
3
= 30
=1
e
=
=
2
22 n 7 n 3 76 n + 2
2n + 2 7 n + 2
35 n 4 16n 93
4n + 1 181 n 63 2 n
(2 )
2
2n + 2
35n 4 24 n 36
2
32 2 n 23 2 n 33 2 n
1 n
(3 3 3) (3 3 3 3)
(3 3)3 35
= 35n 4 + 6 (2 2 n ) (3 2 n )
(33 )2 34
(32 )3 35
= 35n 4 + 6 2 + 2 n 3 + 2 n
36 34
36 35
= 39 n 3 25n 6
24 n (2 n + 2) (1 n ) (3 2 n )
24 n 2 n 2 1 + n 3 + 2 n
= 3
= 31
= 1
3
9 a
35n 4 (24 ) n (32 )3

(2 32 )1 n (2 3)3 2 n
2 n +1
2n 92 n + 1 2n (3 3)2 n + 1
=
(2 3) n 2
6n 2
=
=
2 2n + 1
2 (3 )
(2 3) n 2
5n 5 n + 1
5n (1 5)
=
5n + 1 + 5n
5n (5 + 1)
= 4
6
=2
3
10
362 n 6n + 3
(62 ) 2 n 6n + 3
=
(63 ) n 2
216n 2
64 n 6n + 3
63n 6
4 n + n + 3 (3n 6)
= 6
=
4n + 2
2 3
2n 2 3n 2
= 64 n + n + 3 3n + 6
= 2n ( n 2) 34 n + 2 ( n 2)
= 62 n + 9
= 2n n + 2 34 n + 2 n + 2
= 22 33n + 4
Exercise 5B Negative and

rational powers
3n + 4
= 43
1
63
1 a 6 3 =
12 x 2 4 x
b
6x 2
x2
(2 2 3)
(2 2)
x2
(2 3)
(54 ) 4
(53 )5
(22 3) x 2 (22 ) x
(2 3) x 2
22 x 4 3x 2 22 x
2 x 2 3x 2
516
= 15
5
=5
(22 )n 7 n 3 (7 2 )3n + 1
(2 7) n + 2
= 2n 2 7 6 n 3
(625) 4 (5 5 5 5) 4
=
(53 )5
(53 )5
= 22 n n 2 7 n 3 + 6 n + 2 n 2
6+465
(2 2 2 2)6
=
220
=
(2 2) n 7 n 3 (7 7)3n + 1
(2 7) n + 2
= 22 n ( n + 2) 7 n 3 + 6 n + 2 ( n + 2)
27 81
93 35
38 35
33
= 310
= 59 049
c
2 3
= 222 6 12
= 24
= 16
(3 3) 3
(3 3 3)
22
4n 7 n 3 493n + 1
14n + 2
11
10
= 23 x 2
5
2
(5 )
(53 )3
5
59
= 51
= 15
2 1
= 2 1 5
=
= 23 x 2 30
2 4
107
= 22 x 4 + 2 x x + 2 3x 2 x + 2
(25) 4
(5 5)4
=
3
(125)
(5 5 5)3
MM11 CAS-5
= 22 x 4 + 2 x ( x 2) 3x 2 ( x 2)
3
b
5
32
52
52
32
34
316
c 3 = 12
2
2
212
316
108
MM11 CAS-5
2 a
(2)3 24 (1 2)3 24
=
2 3
23
(1)3 23 24
=
2 3
3 4 3
= 1 2
= 22
( x 2 )3 ( y 4 ) 2 x 6 y 8
= 5
x 5 ( y 2 )3
x y 6
= x
= x
6 + 5
8 6
y 8 + 6
34
x 5 x 6
x 3 x 8
x 0 y 8
4 x 6 y 6
x 0 6 y 86
4
x 6 y 2
=
4
1
=
4 x6 y 2
3 a 9
= (3 )
=3
1
3
b 27 = (33 )
=3
2
3
c 8 = (2 )
= 22
=4
2
3
1
3
1 12
= ( y 4)
Exercise 5C Indicial
equations
2x = 32
2x = 25
x=5
b 5x = 625
5x = 54
x=4
1 a
1
2
1
(52 ) 3 (53 ) 2
= 5
3
2
13
6
E
1
9 3 81 = 9 2 813
1
= (32 ) 2 (34 ) 3
1
= 3 3
1+
7
b x x = x
2
3
4x
4 x
x
x
f
6x =
( xy 3 ) ( x 2 y )
1
6x =
= ( xy 3 ) 3 ( x 2 y ) 2
1
1 1
23
= x y
1
2
x3
5
4
d 2 4
5
12
= 2 4 (22 )
5
23
12
1
216
1
63
3
23n + 1 = 64
23n + 1 = 26
3n + 1 = 6
3n = 5
n= 5
3
b
52n + 3 = 25
52n + 3 = 52
2n + 3 = 2
2 a
1
2
y2
= 16
= 42
=2
= 2
6x = 6
x = 3
= x 3 y1 x1 y 2
= x3
1
102
2
10x = 10
x = 2
x =2
e
1
6
= x6
c
10x =
4
3
= 33
1
6
3x = 243
3x = 35
x = 5
1
d 10x = 100
c
4
3
= 3
2
3
1
2
h ( y 4) y 4 = ( y 4)1 ( y 4) 2
= 53
x3 y 2 ( xy 2 ) 3
x3 y 2 x 3 y 6
=
3 2
3 2
(2 x ) ( y )
2 2 x 6 y 6
( x + 1)2 ( x + 1)2
=
1
x +1
( x + 1) 2
1 12
= 3 2
42
= ( x + 1)
25 125 = 25 125
= ( x + 1)
22
32
13
23
= 53 52
= 3
1
2
1
3
5 a
1
x 2
= x2
5 8
4 12
32
= 2
2
= 94
(32 ) 2 (25 ) 1
34 25
=
(24 )2 (34 )3
28 312
1
2
= 64m10
= x10
= 43 m10
= (3 )
p2
m
4 4 m8
41 m 2
= 4(4 1) m8 2
3
8 3 2
h = 3
27
3
x 1
= 11
x
= x 1 11
(64m6 ) 3
(43 m6 ) 3
=
2
4m
4 m 2
3
2
= 33
1
= 3
3
1
=
27
x 5 ( x 4 ) 2
x 5 ( x 2 ) 3
2 3 = 3 4 2
3
x
x
(x )
(x )
4 34
g 81
m 1
= 2
p
1
4
53
43
= 125
64
( m ) 2 m 3
m 2 m 3
=
( p 2 )1 p 4
p 2 p 4
5
25
= 2
16
4
2
= 2
1
= 7
24
= x 1 y 2
1
=
xy 2
c
3
2
1 2
74
= 1 22
6 5
= 24
4
16 4 2
e = 4
81
3
= 2
3
= 1 23 4 + 3
d 814 = (34 ) 4
= 33
= 27
(23 )
= 2 4 2 1 2 2
23
2n = 1
n =1
2
c
32 n = 27
32 n = 33
2n =3
n = 1
n = 1
d
16n + 3 = 23
(24)n + 3 = 23
24n + 12 = 23
4n + 12 = 3
4n = 9
n =9
4
e
495 3n = 17
(72)5 3n = 71
710 6n = 71
10 6n = 1
6n = 11
n = 11
6
f
364n 3 = 216
(62)4n 3 = 63
68n 6 = 63
8n 6 = 3
8n = 9
n = 98
2x
x1
4 =8
(22)2x = (23)x 1
24x = 23x 3
4x = 3x 3
x = 3
b
274 x = 92x + 1
(33)4 x = (32)2x + 1
312 3x = 34x + 2
12 3x = 4x + 2
7x = 10
x = 10
7
c
163x + 1 = 128x 2
(24)3x + 1 = (27)x 2
212x + 4 = 27x 14
12x + 4 = 7x 14
5x = 18
x = 18
5
3x + 5
1
d
9
=
243
2 3x + 5
(3 )
= 15
3
36x + 10 = 35
6x + 10 = 5
6x = 15
x = 15
6
5
=
2
3 a
4 a
2x 83x 1 = 64
x
2 (23)3x 1 = 26
2x 29x 3 = 26
210x 3 = 26
10x 3 = 6
10x = 9
x= 9
10
b 52x 1253 x = 25
52x (53)3 x = 52
52x 59 3x = 52
5x + 9 = 52
x + 9 = 2
x = 7
x =7
34x 27x + 3 = 81
34x (33)x + 3 = 81
34x 33x + 9 = 34
37x + 9 = 34
7x + 9 = 4
7x = 5
x = 5
7
812 x
2x
d
=9
27 x + 3
c
(34 )2 x
= (32)2x
(33 ) x + 3
38 4 x
33 x + 9
31 7x
1 7x
11x
x
= 34x
= 34x
= 4x
= 1
1
= 11
32x 4(3x) + 3 = 0
(3x)2 4(3x) + 3 = 0
and now let y = 3x
y2 4y + 3 = 0
(y 3)(y 1) = 0
y = 3 or y = 1
3x = 31 or 3x = 1 or 30
x = 1 or x = 0
b 22x 6(2x) + 8 = 0
(2x)2 6(2x) + 8 = 0
and let y = 2x
y2 6y + 8 = 0
(y 4)(y 2) = 0
y = 4 or y = 2
2x = 22 or 2x = 21
x =2
or x = 1
c 3(42x) = 15(4x) 12
3(42x) 15(4x) + 12 = 0
42x 5(4x) + 4 = 0
(4x)2 5(4x) + 4 = 0
and let y = 4x
y2 5y + 4 = 0
(y 4)(y 1) = 0
y = 4 or y = 1
4x = 4 or 4x = 1
4x = 41 or 4x = 40
x = 1 or x = 0
x
d 25 30(5x) + 125 = 0
52x 30(5x) + 125 = 0
(5x)2 30(5x) + 125 = 0
and let y = 5x
y2 30y + 125 = 0
(y 25)(y 5) = 0
y = 25 or y = 5
5x = 25 or 5x = 5
5x = 52 or 5x = 51
x = 2 or x = 1
5 a
MM11 CAS-5
109
32x 12(3x) + 27 = 0
(3x)2 12(3x) + 27 = 0
Let y = 3x
A
7 y2 12y + 27 = 0
Continued from question 6
D
8 Continuing from question 7
(y 9)(y 3) = 0
y = 9 or y = 3
3x = 9 or 3x = 3
3x = 32 or 3x = 31
x = 2 or x = 1
B
9 a 2x = 3
entry line as:
Solve(2x = 3, x)
Then press ENTER.
Solve 2x = 3 for x
x = 1.58 (correct to 2 dp)
b 3x = 8
entry line as:
Solve(3x = 8, x)
Then press ENTER.
Solve 3x = 8 for x
c 10x = 45
entry line as:
Solve(10x = 45, x)
Then press ENTER.
Solve 10x = 45 for x
d 4x = 10
entry line as:
Solve(4x = 10, x)
Then press ENTER.
Solve 4x = 10 for x
10 3x = 10
entry line as:
Solve(3x = 10, x)
Then press ENTER.
Solve 3x = 10 for x
x = 2.10
E
6
Exercise 5D Graphs of
exponential functions
1 a y = 3x
3 2 1
1
27
27
1
9
1
3
y=0
110
MM11 CAS-5
b y = 5x
h y = 0.5x
3 2 1 0
1
125
5 25 125
1
25
1
5
3 2 1
y-intercept = 12
0.5 0.25 0.125
y=0
y=0
2 a y = 2(3x)
c y = 10
3 2 1
1
1000
10 100 1000
1
100
1
10
d y=2
0.22 0.67
18
y=0
Asymptote y = 0,
y-intercept = 2
3 2 1
1
2
1
4
1
8
Domain R
Range (0, )
b y = 0.5(4x)
x
y
0.03 0.125 0.5
y=0
3 2 1
64 16
1
4
1
16
1
64
Asymptote y = 0,
y-intercept = 0.5
c y=
1
(2x)
4
y=0
0.06 0.125 0.25 0.5
y=0
3 2 1
1 1 1
y 27
9
3 1 3 9 27
y=0
3 2 1
d y = 2x + 3
Asymptote y = 3
When x = 0, y = 20 + 3
=1+3
=4
y-intercept = 4
Asymptote y = 0,
y-intercept = 0.25
d y = 4 ( 13 ) x
y=3
2 1
36 12
1
y 27 9 3 1 13 19 27
y=0
1.33 0.44
g y = 3x
Domain R
Range (0, )
y=0
f y = 3x
c y = 51 x
Asymptote y = 0
When x = 0, y = 51 0
=5
y-intercept = 5
y=0
e y = 4x
b y = 3x + 2
Asymptote y = 0
When x = 0, y = 30 + 2
= 32
=9
y-intercept = 9
y=0
y=0
Domain R
Range (0, )
y=0
Domain R
Range (3, )
e y = 3x 3
Asymptote y = 3
When x = 0, y = 30 3
=13
= 2
y-intercept = 2
Asymptote y = 0,
y-intercept = 4
3 a y = 2x 1
Asymptote y = 0
When x = 0, y = 20 1
= 21
= 12
y = 3
Domain R
Range (3, )
f y = 2x + 3 1
Asymptote y = 1
When x = 0, y = 23 1
=7
y-intercept = 7
b f (x) = 23x
MM11 CAS-5
111
7 a 2x = 10
x = 3.32
b 10x = 20
y=0
y = 1
c f (x) = 3 2x
Domain R
Range (1, )
x = 1.30
c 3x = 12
g y = 6x + 3
Asymptote y = 3
When x = 0, y = 60 + 3
=1+3
=4
y-intercept = 4
y=0
x = 2.26
d 2x = x + 3
d f (x) = 5 32x
y=3
Domain R
Range (3, )
h y = 102 x + 5
Asymptote y = 5
When x = 0, y = 102 + 5
= 105
y-intercept = 105
x = 2.44, 2.86
e 3x = x + 4
y=0
x
f ( x) = 2 5 2
x = 1.56, 3.99
Exercise 5E Logarithms
1 a
b
y=5
y=0
Domain R
Range (5, )
4 a y = 3x 2
When x = 2,
When x = 3,
f ( x) = 2
x
23
y = 30
= 1 as required
y = 31
= 3 as required
b Asymptote y = 3
When x = 1, y = 21 3
y = 20 3
=13
= 2 as required
E
5 a f (x) = 22x
y=0
23 = 8
log2 (8) = 3
35 = 243
log3 (243) = 5
50 = 1
log5 (1) = 0
0.01 = 102
log10 (0.01) = 2
bn = a
logb (a) = n
24 = 161
log2
y=0
6 4 23x + 3
( 161 ) = 4
2 a log4 (16) = 2
16 = 42
b log10 (1 000 000) = 6
1 000 000 = 106
1
c log 2 ( 2 ) = 1
1
2
= 21
d log3 (27) = 3
27 = 33
e log5 (625) = 4
625 = 54
f log2 (128) = 7
128 = 27
g log 3 ( 19 ) = 2
1
9
= 32
MM11 CAS-5
112
h logb (a) = x
a = bx
g log2 ( 13 ) + log2 (9) = log2 ( 13 9)
3 log5 (25) = log5 52

= 2 log5 5
=2
4
83 = 512
log8 (512) = 3
5 log2 (10 000) = 4

10 000 = 104
= log2 (3)
1
h log4 (25) + log4 ( 5 ) = log4 (25 15 )
C
A
6 a log2 (16) = log2 24

= 4 log2 2
=4
b log3 (81) = log3 34
= 4 log3 3
=4
c log5 (125) = log5 53
= 3 log5 5
=3
d log 2 ( 14 ) = log2 22
= 2 log2 2
= 2
e log10 (1000) = log10 103
= 3 log10 10
=3
f log10 (0.000 01) = log10 105
= 5 log10 10
= 5
g log2 (0.25) = log2 14
= log2 22
= 2 log2 2
= 2
1
h log 3 ( 243
) = log3 35
= 5 log3 3
= 5
i log2 (32) = log2 25
= 5 log2 2
=5
1
j log 2 ( 64
) = log2 26
= 6 log2 2
= 6
k log3 (3) = undefined
l logn (n5) = 5 logn (n)
=5
7 a log2 (8) + log2 (10) = log2 (8 10)
= log2 (80)
b log3 (7) + log3 (15) = log3 (7 15)
= log3 (105)
c log10 (20) + log10 (5) = log10(20 5)
= log10(100)
= log10(102)
= 2 log10(10)
=2
d log6 (8) + log6 (7) = log6 (8 7)
= log6 (56)
e log2 (20) log2 (5) = log2 (20 5)
= log2 (4)
= log2 (22)
= 2 log2 2
=2
f log3 (36) log3 (12)
= log3 (36 12)
= log3 (3)
=1
= 64
= log4 (5)
i log3 (8) log3 (2) + log3 (5)
= log3 (8 2) + log2 (5)
= log3 (20)
= 32
d
8 a 3 log10 (5) + log10 (2)

= log10 (53) + log10 (2)
= log10 (125) + log10 (2)
= log10 (125 2)
= log10 (250)
b 2 log2 (8) + 3 log2 (3)
= log2 (82) + log2 (33)
= log2 (64) + log2 (27)
= log2 (64 27)
= log2 (1728)
c log5 (12) 2 log5 (2)
= log5 (12) log5 (22)
= log5 (12) log5 (4)
= log5 (12 4)
= log5 (3)
d 4 log10 (2) 2 log10 (8)
= log10 (24) log10 (82)
= log10 (16) log10 (64)
= log10 (16 64)
= log10 ( 14 )
e
1
log2
3
(27)
1
2
=
=
=
b
2 log3 (5)
3 log 3 (5)
2
3
log 2 (81) log 2 (92 )

=
log 2 (9)
log 2 (9)
=
2 log 2 (9)
log 2 (9)
=2
c
2 log10 (8) 2 log10 (23 )

=
log10 (16)
log10 (24 )
3 log10 ( x)
1
2 log10 ( x )
3
1
2
=6
2 log 2 ( x + 1)3
log 2 ( x + 1)
=
3 2 log 2 ( x + 1)
log 2 ( x + 1)
=32
=6
10 log10 (xy) = log10 (x) + log10 (y)
E
11 log5 (xy) = y log5 (x)
B
12 13 log2 (64) + log2 (5)
1
= log 2 (64 3 ) + log2 (5)

1
= log 2 (43 ) 3 + log2 (5)

= log2 (4) + log2 (5)
= log2 (4 5)
= log2 (20)
D
= log3 (16 2 ) + log3 (42)

= log3 (4) + log3 (16)
= log3 (4 16)
= log3 (64)
h 2 log10 (x + 3) log10 (x 2)
= log10 (x + 3)2 log10 (x 2)
( x + 3)2
= log10
x2
=3
log10 ( x ) log10 ( x3 )
=
1
log10 ( x ) log10 ( x 2 )
3
= 1
f log2 (x 4) + 3 log2 (x)
= log2 (x 4) + log2 (x3)
= log2 [(x 4)x3]
= log2 (x4 4x3)
g 12 log3 (16) + 2 log3 (4)
log 3 (25)
log3 (5 )
=
log 3 (125) log 3 (53 )
log3 ( x 6 ) 6 log 3 ( x)
=
log 3 ( x 2 ) 2 log 3 ( x)
= 62
= log2 (27 ) log2 (36 )

= log2 (3) log2 (6)
= log2 (3 6)
= log2 ( 12 ) = log2 (21)
9 a
3 3 log5 (3)
2 2 log 5 (3)
= 94
1
2
3 log 5 (27) 3 log5 (33 )

=
2 log 5 (9) 2 log 5 (32 )
=
log2 (36)
1
3
2 3 log10 (2)
4 log10 (2)
13
log 4 ( x5 ) 5 log 4 ( x)
=
log 4 ( x 2 ) 2 log 4 ( x)
5
2
C
14 a log3 (27) + 1 = log3 (33) + 1
= 3 log2 (3) + 1
=3+1
=4
b log4 (16) + 3 = log4 (42) + 3
= 2 log4 (4) + 3
=2+3
=5
c 3 log5 (2) 2
= log5 (23) 2
= log5 (8) 2 log5 (5)
= log5 (8) log5 (52)
= log5 (8) log5 (25)
= log5 (8 25)
8
)
= log5 ( 25
d 2 + 3 log10 (x)
= 2 log10 (10) + log10 (x3)
= log10 (102) + log10 (x3)
= log10 (100) + log10 (x3)
= log10 ( 100 x3)
e 4 log3 (2) 2 log3 (6) + 2
= 4 log3 (2) 2 log3 (6) + 2 log3 (3)
= log3 (24) log3 (62) + log3 (32)
= log3 (16) log3 (36) + log3 (9)
= log3 (16 36 9)
= log3 (4)
f 12 + 3 log10 (x2)
= 12 log10 (10) + 3 log10 (x2)

1
= log10 (10 2 ) + log10 (x2)3

6
= log10 ( 10) + log10 (x )

= log10 ( 10 x6 )
= log10 ( 10 x 6 )
15 a log2 (16)
= log2 (24)
= 4 log2 (2)
=4
b log3 (81)
= log3 (34)
= 4 log3 (3)
=4
c log10 (0.001)
= log10 (103)
= 3 log10 (10)
= 3
d log2 (9)
= 3.17
e log3 (4) + log2 (7)
= 4.07
Exercise 5F Solving
logarithmic equations
1 a log2 (4) = x
log2 (4) = log2 (22)
= 2 log2 (2)
=2
x=2
b log9 (1) = x
log9 (1) = 0
x=0
c log10 ( 101 ) = x
f log3 (81) = 2x
log3 (81) = log3 (34)
= 4 log3 (3)
=4
2x = 4
x =2
g log10 (1000) = 2x 1
log10 (1000) = log10 (103)
= 3 log10 (10)
=3
2x 1 = 3
2x = 4
x =2
2 a log2 (x) = 3
x = 23
x =8
b log3 (x) = 2
x = 32
x =9
c log5 (x) = 4
x = 54
x = 625
d log10 (x) = 1
x = 101
x = 10
e log8 (x) = 1
x = 81
x = 18
f log3 (x) = 3
x = 33
1
x = 27
log10 ( 101 ) = log10 (101)
= 1 log10 (10)
= 1
x = 1
d log3 ( 19 ) = x
log3 ( 19 ) = log3 (32)

= 2 log3 (3)
= 2
x = 2
e 2 log2 (8) = x
2 log2 (8) = 2 log2 (23)
= 3 2 log2 (3)
=6
x =6
3x = 6
1
2
3x =
x=
6
3
k log3 (5) log3 (4)

= log3 (x) log3 (8)
log3 ( 54 ) = log3 ( 8x )
x3 = 53
x =5
c 3 logx (16) = 6
logx (16) = 2
x2 = 16
x2 = 42
x =4
1
d 2 logx ( 100
) =4
1
) = 2
logx ( 100
x2 = 102
x = 10
e 12 logx (64) = 3
logx (64) = 6
x6 = 64
x6 = 26
x =2
f 5 logx (625) = 10
logx (625) = 2
x2 = 625
x2 = 252
x = 25
g logx + 1 (27) = 3
(x + 1)3 = 27
(x + 1)3 = 33
x+1 =3
x =2
1
h log3x 1 ( 32
)=5
(3x 1)5 =
(3x 1)5
3x 1
3x
1
32
5
=2
=2
=3
=1
4 a log7 (343) = x
7x = 343
7x = 73
x=3
b log8 (x) = 4
x = 84
= 4096
c logx (3) =
1
2
x2 = 3
x =9
d
log3 (x) 2
log3 (x) 2 log3 (3)
log3 (x) log3 (32)
log3 (x) log3 (9)
log3 x
5 = x
8
4
x = 58
= 10
3 a logx (36) = 2
x2 = 36
x2 = 62
x =6
b log x (125) = 3
x3 = 125
1
x2 = 100
log3x 1 ( 321 ) = 5
g log3 (x 3) = 3
(x 3) = 33
x 3 = 27
x = 30
h log2 (3x + 1) = 4
(3x + 1) = 24
3x + 1 = 16
3x = 15
x =5
i log10 (2x) = 1
(2x) = 101
2x = 10
x =5
j 2 log6 (3x) = 1
log6 (3x) = 12
113
MM11 CAS-5
C
5 a
E
= log3 (x 8)
= log3 (x 8)
= log3 (x 8)
= log3 (x 8)
= log3 (x 8)
x
9
=x8
x
9
=8
8x
9
=8
x =8
x =9
2x = 11
log10 (2x) = log10 (11)
x log10 (2) = log10 (11)
9
8
MM11 CAS-5
114
x=
log10 (11)
log10 (2)
1.0414
0.3010
= 3.459
b
2x = 0.6
log10 (2x) = log10 (0.6)
x log10 (2) = log10 (0.6)
log10 (0.6)
x=
log10 (2)
0.2218
0.3010
= 0.737
c
3x = 1.7
log10 (3x) = log10 (1.7)
x log10 (3) = log10 (1.7)
log10 (1.7)
x=
log10 (3)
0.2304
0.4771
= 0.483
d
5x = 8
log10 (5x) = log10 (8)
x log10 (5) = log10 (8)
log10 (8)
x=
log10 (5)
(2 x) =
2x =
2 x = 0.1381
x = 2.138
0.9031
0.6990
= 1.292
e
0.7x = 3
log10 (0.7x) = log10 (3)
x log10 (0.7) = log10 (3)
log10 (3)
x=
log10 (0.7)
0.4771
0.1549
= 3.080
f
10x 1 = 18
log10 (10x 1) = log10 (18)
(x 1) log10 (10) = log10 (18)
x 1 = log10 (18)
x 1 = 1.2552
x = 2.255
g
22x + 1 = 5
log10 (22x + 1) = log10 (5)
(2x + 1) log10 (2) = log10 (5)
log10 (5)
2x + 1 =
log10 (2)
0.6990
0.3010
2x + 1 = 2.3222
2x = 1.3222
x = 0.661
h
102x = 7
log10 (102x) = log10 (7)
(2x) log10 (10) = log10 (7)
2x = log10 (7)
2x = 0.8451
x = 0.423
i
82 x = 0.75
log10 (82 x) = log10 (0.75)
(2 x) log10 (8) = log10 (0.75)
0.1249
0.9031
4x = 5
log10 (4x) = log10 (5)
log10 (5)
x =
log10 (4)
x = 1.16
B
0.62x 1 = 2
7
log10 (0.62x 1) = log10 (2)
(2x 1) log10 (0.6) = log10 (2)
log10 (2)
(2x 1) =
log10 (0.6)
0.301
0.222
2x 1 = 1.356
2x = 0.356
x = 0.18
2x 1 =
log10 (0.75)
log10 (8)
Exercise 5G Logarithmic
graphs
1 a log2 (2x)
= xlog2 (2)
=x
b 10log10 (b )
=b
c 3 log5(5 y)
= 3 y log5 (5)
= 3y
d 5 20log 20 ( x )
=5x
= 5x
2 a
3 The smaller a in the graph of

y = loga x, the steeper the graph.
Larger values of a produce flatter
graphs.
4 a f (x) = 3x
entry line as:
Define f(x) = 3x
Press ENTER.
Complete the entry line as:
Solve(f(y) = x, y)
Press ENTER.
Write the solution as
log10 ( x)
for x > 0
f 1 ( x) =
log10 (3)
= log3 (x) for x > 0

b f(x) = 4x
entry line as:
Define f(x) = 4x
Press ENTER.
Solve(f(y) = x, y)
Press ENTER.
Write the solution as
log10 ( x)
for x > 0
f 1 ( x) =
2log10 (2)
1
log2 (x) for x > 0
2
c f(x) = log5 (x)
entry line as:
Define f(x) = log5 (x)
Press ENTER.
Solve(f(y) = x, y)
Press ENTER.
Write the solution as f 1(x) = 5x
=
Exercise 5H Applications of
exponential and logarithmic
functions
c
2x + 1 =
1 a P(t) = 10 000 (2 t) where t is in

months.
b i P(3) = 10 000 (23)
= 80 000
ii P(6) = 10 000 (26)
= 640 000
c
100 000 = 10 000 (2t)
2t = 10
log10 (2t) = log10 (10)
t log10 (2) = 1
1
t =
log10 (2)
1
0.301
= 3.32 months.
=
2 a N = 15 000 (20.01t)
When t = 0.
N = 15 000 (20.01 0)
= 15 000 (20)
= 15 000 population in 1980
b i When t = 5,
N = 15 000 (20.01 5)
= 15 000 (20.05)
ii When t = 10,
N = 15 000 (20.01 10)
= 15 000 (20.1)
c When t = 35
N = 15 000 (20.01 35)
= 15 000 (20.35)
= 19 118 predicted population in
2015
d
20 000 = 15 000 (20.01t)
20.01t = 1.333
log10 (20.01t) = log10 (1.333)
0.01t log10 (2) = log10 (1.333)
0.01t =
log (1.333)
10
log (2)
10
0.01t = 0.415
t = 41.5
42 years
1980 + 42 = 2022
3 a When t = 0,
W = 3 log10 (8 0 + 10)
= 3 log10 10
= 3 kg
b i When t = 1,
W = 3 log10 (8 1 + 10)
= 3 log10 18
= 3.77 kg
ii When t = 5,
W = 3 log10 (8 5 + 10)
= 3 log10 (50)
= 5.10 kg
iii When t = 10,
W = 3 log10 (8 10 + 10)
= 3 log10 (90)
= 5.86 kg
c
n=
4 a
7 = 3 log10 (8t + 10)

2.333 = log10 (8t + 10)
8t + 10 = 102.333
8t + 10 = 215.278
8t = 205.278
t = 25.66
26 weeks
5 n
A = P(1 + 100
)
A = P(1.05)n
b A = 10 000 (1.05)10
= $16 288.95
c
26 500 = 10 000 (1.05)n
1.05n = 2.65
log10 (1.05n) = log10(2.65)
n log10 (1.05) = log10(2.65)
( 52 ) 0.1 0
= 25 000 ( 52 ) 0
= $25 000 price of car when new

b When t = 6
V = 25 000 ( 52 ) 0.1 6
= 25 000
( 52 ) 0.6
= $14 427
10 000 = 25 000 ( 52 ) 0.1t
( 52 ) 0.1t = 0.4
log10 ( 52 ) 0.1t = log10 (0.4)
0.1t log10 ( 52 ) = log10 (0.4)
0.1t =
log10 (0.4)
log10 25
0.1t = 1
t = 10 years
6 a T = 90(30.5t)
When t = 0,
T = 90 (30.05 0)
= 90 (30)
= 90C initial temperature
b i When t = 3,
T = 90 (30.05 3)
= 90 (30.15)
= 76.3C
ii When t = 6,
T = 90 (30.05 6)
= 90 (30.30)
= 64.7C
c
45 = 90(30.05t)
0.05t
3
= 0.5
log10(30.05t) = log10 (0.5)
0.05t log10 (3) = log10 (0.5)
log10 (0.5)
0.05t =
log10 (3)
0.05t = 0.631
t = 12.62 mins
or 12 mins 37 s
7 a N = 120(1.1t)
When t = 0,
N = 120 (1.10)
= 120 initial population of deer
b i When t = 2,
N = 120 (1.12)
= 145
ii When t = 4,
N = 120 (1.14)
= 176
iii When t = 6,
N = 120 (1.16)
= 213
c
3 120 = 120(1.1t)
3 120
1.1t =
120
1.1t = 3
log10(1.1t) = log10 (3)
t log10(1.1) = log10 (3)
log10 (3)
t=
log10 (1.1)
( 52 ) 0.1t
When t = 0
V = 25 000
115
log10 (2.65)
log10 (1.05)
= 19.97
20 years
5 a V = 25 000
MM11 CAS-5
t = 11.5 years
e The population cannot increase

indefinitely owing to limiting
factors such as food, predators,
disease and space.
8 a W = 80(20.015t)
When t = 0,
W = 80 (20.015t 0)
= 80 (20)
= 80 kg before recycling
b i When t = 10,
W = 80 (20.015 10)
= 80 (20.015)
= 72.1 kg
ii When t = 40,
W = 80 (20.015 40)
= 80 (20.6)
= 52.8 kg
c
40 = 80(20.015t)
0.015t
2
= 0.5
log10 (20.015t) = log10 (0.5)
0.015t log 10 (2) = log10 (0.5)
log10 (0.5)
0.015t =
log10 (2)
0.015t = 1
t = 66.7
67 weeks
ii In 10 years or 520 weeks, the

model predicts negligible
rubbish which is unrealistic.
9 a N = 40 log10 (500t + 1)
i When t = 1,
N = 40 log10 (501)
= 108 hectares
ii When t = 2,
N = 40 log10 (500 2 + 1)
= 40 log10 (1001)
= 120 hectares
iii When t = 10,
N = 40 log10 (500 10 + 1)
= 40 log10 (5001)
= 148 hectares
b 155 = 40 log10 (500t + 1)
log10 (500t + 1) = 3.875
500t + 1 = 103.875
500t + 1 = 7498.9
500t = 7497.9
t = 15 hours
MM11 CAS-5
116
10 a d = 50 + log10 (15n)
i When n = 1,
d = 50 + log10 (15)
= 51.18 metres
ii When n = 3,
d = 50 + log10 (15 3)
= 50 + log10 (45)
= 51.65 metres
iii When n = 6,
d = 50 + log10 (15 6)
= 50 + log10 (90)
= 51.95 metres
iv When n = 10,
d = 50 + log10 (15 10)
= 50 + log10 (150)
= 52.18 metres
b
10 t
13 a V = 5000 (1 + 100
)
V = 5000 (1.1)t is the required rule.

b When t = 6,
V = 5000 (1.1)6
= $8857.81
c
10 000 = 5000 (1.1t)
1.1t = 2
log10 (1.1t) = 2
t log10 (1.1) = log10 (2)
log10 (2)
t=
log10 (1.1)
t = 7.27 years
Number of years to double value = 8
c 53 = 50 + log10 (15n)
log10 (15n) = 3
15n = 103
15n = 1000
n = 66.67
67th competition
11 a P = 400(100.08t)
When t = 0,
P = 400(100)
= 400
b i When t = 5,
P = 400 (100.08 5)
= 400 (100.40)
= 1005
ii When t = 15,
P = 400 (100.08 15)
= 400 (101.2)
= 6340
iii When t = 25,
P = 15 000 + 924 log10
[10(25 19)]
= 15 000 + 924 log10 (60)
= 16 643
iv When t = 40
P = 15 000 + 924 log10
[10(40 19)]
= 15 000 + 924 log10 (210)
= 17 146
c
10 000 = 400 (100.08t)
100.08t = 25
log10 (100.08t) = log10 (25)
0.08t log10 10 = log10 (25)
0.08t = log10 (25)
0.08t = 1.398
t = 17.48 months
12 a h = 5
14 a
b the graph looks linear but has a slight curve

P
750
c 1997 =
P1996 700
= 1.071
P1998 804
d
=
P1997 750
= 1.072
P1999 870
=
P1998 804
= 1.082
P2000 925
=
P1999 870
= 1.063
annual percentage growth is approximately 7%.
e
Year
Population (P)
log 10 (P)
1996
700
2.85
1997
750
2.88
1998
804
2.91
1999
870
2.94
( 107 ) n
h = 5(0.7)n is the required rule.

b i When n = 4,
h = 5 (0.7)4
= 1.20 m
ii When n = 8,
h = 5 (0.7)8
= 0.29 m
yes, the points are approximately collinear.

g using the CAS calculator:
gradient = 0.031
y-int = 2.845
h
y = 0.031x + 2.845
log10 (P) = 0.031t + 2.845
2000
925
2.97
i log10 (P) = 0.031t + 2.845

= 0.031t log10(10) + 2.845log10 10
= log10 (100.031t) + log10 (102.845)
log10 (P) = log10 (100.031t 102.845)
P = 100.031t 102.845
= 700 100.031t
P = 700 (1.07) t
1.07 this means a growth of 7% which was estimated
earlier in (d).
j 2001 t = 5
P = 700 (1.07)5
= 981.8
= 982
2002 t = 6
P = 700 (1.07)6
= 1050.5
= 1051
k
2000 = 700 (1.07)t
20
= (1.07)t
7
20
log10 = log10 (1.07)t
7
0.4559 = t log10 (1.07)
0.4559
t=
log10 (1.07)
= 15.52
during 2011, the population would be predicted to
reach 2000.
l P = 925(0.9)x, where x is the number of years after 2000.
600 = 925(0.9)x
0.649 = (0.9)x
log10 (0.649) = log10 (0.9)x
log10 (0.649) = x log10 (0.9)x
log10 (0.649)
x=
log10 (0.9)
= 4.12
during 2004 the population fell below 600.
15 a
MM11 CAS-5
117
yes, the points are approximately collinear.

g using the CAS calculator:
gradient = 0.099
y-int = 4.65
h
y = 0.099x + 4.65
log10(V) = 0.099t + 4.65
i log10V = 0.099t + 4.65
= 0.099t log10 (10) + 4.65 log10 (10)
= log10 (100.099t) + log10 (104.65)
log10V = log10 (100.099t 104.65)
V = 100.099t 104.65
= 45 000 (0.80)t
45 000 (0.79)t
j annual rate of depreciation is 21%, which is almost the
same as was estimated earlier (20%)
k 2010 t = 5
V = 45 000 (0.79)5
= 13 846.8
= 13 847
2011 t = 6
V = 45 000 (0.79)6
= 10 938.9
= 10 939
l
7000 = 45 000 (0.79)t
7
= (0.79)t
45
7
log10 = log10(0.79)t
45
log10 (0.156) = t log10 (0.79)
log10 (0.156)
t=
log10 (0.79)
16 a
=7.89
during 2012 the value will reach $7000
b a negative exponential graph

V2006 35 500
c
=
V2005 45 000
= 0.789
V2007 28 000
=
P2006 35 500
V2008
V2007
the graph looks like a positive exponential

b
0
0.183 0.716
log10(R) 0.410 0.140
1.943
2.352 2.563 2.837 3.637
log10(T)
= 0.789
22 500
=
28 000
= 0.804
V2009 18 000
=
P2008 22 500
= 0.8
d the estimated rate of depreciation is 20%.
e
Year(t)
2005
2006
2007
2008
Value(V) 45 000 35 500 28 000 22 500
4.653
4.550
4.447
4.352
log10(V)
2009
18 000
4.255
yes, the points are collinear
MM11 CAS-5
118
d Using the CAS calculator

gradient = 1.503
= 1.50.
e y-int = 2.5614
f log10 (T) = 1.50 log10 (R) + 2.5614
g log10 (T) = 1.50 log10 (R) + 2.5614
= log10 (R1.50) + 2.5614 log10 10
= log10 (R1.50) + log10 (102.5614)
log10 (T) = log10 (R1.50 102.5614)
T = R1.50 102.5614
= 364.3 R1.50
365.25 R1.50
h R = 0.9510
T = 365.25 9.5101.50
= 10711.8
There is a difference compared to
the actual result as this is
calculated from a line of best fit
and there are reminding errors.
i T2 = 365.252(R1.50)2
= 133407.5625 R3
K = 133407.5625
Chapter review
Short answer
1
1 (16 x 6 y10 ) 2 3 (27 x3 y 9 )

1
= (42 x 6 y10 ) 2 (27 x3 y 9 ) 3

1
= (4 x 3 y 5 ) (33 x3 y 9 ) 3
1
9
+1
= 1 19 is the y-intercept
b Asymptote y = 1
c The graph of f (x) = 3x 2 + 1 is
the graph of f (x) = 3x translated
2 units right and 1 unit up.
y=1
(3 x + 6)
= 22
5
(3 x + 6)
=4
5
3x + 6 = 20
3x = 14
x = 143 or 4 23
d Domain R
Range (1, )
5 a y = 3 2x 3
x=0
y=313
y=0
b Asymptote shifted down 3 from
y = 0, so y = 3
c Another point, let x = 1
y = 3 21 3
=63
=3
d
= 4 x 3 y 5 3x1 y 3
=
8 a log6 (x) = 3
x = 63
x = 216
b 2 logx (125) = 6
logx (125) = 3
x3 = 125
x3 = 53
x=5
c log2 (3x + 6) log2 (5) = 2
(3x + 6)
log2
=2
5
y = loge (7x 6) + 3
y 3 = loge (7x 6)
7x 6 = ey3
7x = ey3 + 6
e y 3 + 6
x =
7
10 a f (x) = 3x
i y-int: (0, 1)
ii asymptote: y = 0
9
4 x 3 y 5
3 x1 y 3
4 y2
3x 4
2 a
4x3 = 500
x3 = 125
x=5
b
8x + 1 22x = 43x 1
(23)x + 1 22x = (22)3x 1
23x + 3 22x = 26x 2
25x + 3 = 26x 2
5x + 3 = 6x 2
x =5
=
3 a 9x 3x 6 = 0
(3x)2 3x 6 = 0
(3x + 2)(3x 3) = 0
or
3x 3 = 0
3x + 2 = 0
x
3x = 3
3 = 2
x=1
no solution
b 2x + 2x+1 = 3
2x + 21(2x) = 3
2x 2x + 2(2x) 2x = 3 2x
(2x)2 + 2 = 3(2x)
(2x)2 3(2x) + 2 = 0
(2x 2)(2x 1) = 0
2x 1 = 0
2x 2 = 0 or
x
2x = 1
2 = 2 or
x = 1 or
x=0
x = 1, 0.
4 a
x2
f (x) = 3
+1
f (0) = 30 2 + 1
= 32 + 1
e domain R
range (3, )
1
6 a log3 ( 27
) = log3 (33)
= 3 log3 (3)
= 3
b log10 (x) + log10 (y)
= 2 log10 (x + 1)
log10 (y) = 2 log10 (x + 1) log10 (x)
log10 (y) = log10 (x + 1)2 log10 (x)
( x + 1) 2
log10 (y) = log10
x
( x + 1) 2
x
7 a 3 log4 (5) 2 log4 (6)
= log4 (53) log4 (62)
= log4 (125) log4 (36)
y =
= log4 ( 125
36 )
b
2 log5 ( x 2 ) 2 2 log 5 ( x)
= 1
1
3 log 5 ( x )
3 log 5 ( x )
22
1
3
=223
= 12
b i x-int (1, 0)
ii asymptote y = 0
11 N = 1500(20.4t)
a t = 0, N =1500
b i
t=5
N = 1500(20.4 5)
= 1500 22
= 1500 4
= 6000
ii t = 10
N = 1500(20.4 10)
= 1500 24
= 1500 16
= 24 000
c 9 000 = 1500(20.4t)
9 000
= 20.4t
1500
log10(6) = log1020.4t
3 = 0.4t
t = 646
12 a f(x) = 2 loge (x + 3) +1
y-int, x = 0
y = 2 loge (3) + 1
(0, 2 loge (3) + 1)
x-int, y = 0
0 = 2 loge(x + 3) + 1
1 = 2 loge(x + 3)
1
= loge(x + 3)
2
x + 3 = e 2
1
x = e 3 (e 2 3,0)
1
1
2
a = e 2 3
b = 2 loge(3) + 1
1
12
x-int: (e 3,0)
y-int: (0, 2 loge (3) + 1)
asymptote: x = 3
Multiple choice
1
(2 xy 3 ) 2 3x5 y 2
4y
7 x3
4 x 2 y 6 3 x5 y 2
4y
7 x3
4 3 x 2 x5 y 6 y 2
7 4 x3 y
3x 7 y8
7 x3 y1
3x 4 y 7
7
B
5m 4 p 2 (5m 2 p 6 )3
2
2 m3 p
3m7 p
5m 4 p 2
3m7 p
2m3 p (5m 2 p 6 )3
5m 4 p 2
3m7 p
3
2m p 125m6 p18
5 3 m 4 m7 p 2 p1
=
2 125 m3 m6 p1 p18
3m11 p3
50m9 p19
3m 2
=
50 p16
252 x
(52)2 x
54 2x
4 2x
2x
x
B
42x 17(4x) + 16 = 0
(4x)2 17(4x) + 16 = 0
Let y = 4x
y2 17y + 16 = 0
( y 16)( y 1) = 0
y = 16
or
y =1
4x = 16
or 4x = 1
4x = 42
or 4x = 40
x =2
or
x =0
E
6 The graph is a translation of the
graph of y = 3x, 2 units down.
Thus required rule is
y = 3x 2
C
7 The graph of y = 2x + 3 1 is the
graph of y = 2x, translated 3 units left
and 1 unit down.
5
A
8 Domain R
D
9 Range (1, )
E
10 5x = 250
log5 250 = x
C
11 log7 (49) + 3 log2 (8) 4
= log7 (72) + 3 log2 (23) 4
= 2 log7 (7) + 3 3 log2 (2) 4
=2+94
=7
B
log 3 (25) log 3 (52 )
=
12
log 3 (5)
log 3 (5)
13
1
3 3
4
= 52 3
5
4 1
= 52 1
5
5
= 52 1
4
1
=
5 4
1
20
21 2 loga (x) loga (x + 2) = 1 + loga (y)

loga (x2) loga (x + 2)
= loga a + loga y
x2
log a
= loga (ay)
x + 2
ay =
y=
log 7 ( x 4 ) log 7 ( x 4 )
=
13
1
log 7 ( x ) log 7 ( x 2 )
43 2x = 12
log10 (43 2x) = log10 (12)
(3 2x) log10 (4) = log10 (12)
0.602 (3 2x) = 1.079
1.806 1.204x = 1.079
1.204x = 0.727
x = 0.604
C
18 y = log2 (x)
y = log2 (4)
y = 2log2 (2)
y=2
B
19 Must pass through (1, 0) and be a
reflection across y = x
C
20 y = ekx + P
The P indicates a shift up P units
1
k indicates a dilation factor of
k
from the y-axis
The graph is positive and the
horizontal asymptote is at
y=P
D
17
=2
5
4
1
2
5
4
1
2
5
4
5
2
log 7 ( x)
log 7 ( x)
2
1
119
14 log5 (x) = 4
x = 54
x = 625
D
15
2 logx (343) = 6
logx (343) = 3
343 = x3
73 = x3
x =7
B
16 log3 (2x 1) + log3 (2) = 2
log3 2 (2x 1) = 2
log3 (4x 2) = 2
4x 2 = 32
4x 2 = 9
4x = 11
x = 114
2 log 3 (5)
=
log 3 (5)
C
64
)
3 52 ( 125
= 125
= 53
= 53
=3
=1
= 12
MM11 CAS-5
x2
a ( x + 2)
x2
x+2
5eax = 2
2
eax =
5
eax = 0.4
loge eax = loge (0.4)
ax = loge (0.4)
log e (0.4)
x=
C
a
23 loge (x + 1) = 1 x
solving loge (x + 1) = 1 x for x
gives x = 0.557
D
= 0.56
22
MM11 CAS-5
120
24 3e2x = 4
Solving 3e2x = 4 for x
gives x = 0.144
D
25 log5 (6) = 1.113
D
using CAS.
Extended response
1 f (x) = 5x
a i y-int, x = 0
f (0) = 50
=1
y-int (0, 1)
ii f (1) = 51
1
=
5
f (1) = 5 1
=5
iii Asymptote (no shift)
y=0
iv
C = 25 (100.05 1.5)
= 25 (100.075)
= 30 cheetahs
c 40 = 20 (100.1t)
100.1t = 2
log10 100.01t = log10 2
0.1t log10 10 = log10 2
0.1t = log10 2
0.1t = 0.301
t = 3.01 years for
lions
Now 40 = 25 (100.05t)
100.05t = 1.6
log10 100.05t = log10 1.6
0.05t log10 10 = log10 1.6
0.05t = log10 1.6
0.05t = 0.204
t = 4.08 years for
cheetahs
Lions reach 40 first by 1.07 years
or 1 year 1 month.
0.1t
v Domain R
Range R+
b i Horizontal shift: 3 units left
vertical shift: 1 unit down
ii Asymptote (shift down by
1 unit): y = 1
iii
iv Domain R
Range (1, )
2 a i L = 20 (100.1t)
When t = 0,
L = 20 (100.1 0)
= 20 (100)
= 20 lions
ii C = 25(100.05t)
When t = 0,
C = 25 (100.05 0)
= 25 (100)
= 25 cheetahs
b i When t = 1,
L = 20 (100.1)
= 25 lions
and
C = 25 (100.05)
= 28 cheetahs
ii 18 months = 1.5 years
When t = 1.5,
L = 25 (100.1 1.5)
= 25 (100.15)
= 28 lions
and
T = 60 40 + 20
T = 80C
b i T = 60(40.05 2) + 20
= 72.2C
ii T = 60(40.05 25) + 20
= 30.6C
c
30 = 60(40.05 t) + 20
10
= 40.05t
60
1
log10 = log1040.05t
6
1
log10 = 0.05t log104
6
0.05t
d 20 (10 ) = 25 (10 )
using graphics
calculator
t = 1 year 11 months
L = C = 31
0.05t =
t = 25.850 min
45 = 60(40.05t) + 20
25
= 40.05t
60
3 a Asymptote (shifted 4 units up)

y=4
b y = A102x + 4
point (0, 3.8)
3.8 = A100 + 4
3.8 = A + 4
A = 4 3.8
A = 0.2.
c x-int, y = 0
0 = 0.2 102x + 4
4
= 102x
0.2
20 = 102x
log1020 = 2x
x = 0.651
f (x) = 0.2 102x + 4

f (3) = 0.2 106 + 4
=4
ii f (4) = 0.2 108 + 4
= 19 999 996
2 107
di
5.2 = 0.2 102x + 4

46 = 102x
log1046 = 2x
2x = 1.663
x = 0.831
f Domain R
Range (, 4)
4 T = 60(40.05t ) + 20
a t=0
log 1
10 6
log 4
10
log10
5

12
= 0.05t log104
5
log10
12
0.05t =
log10 4
t = 12.630 min
Time when coffee can be drunk
is 13.22 min.
e Asymptote: T = 20
Temperature will settle to
20C.
5 N = 12 000(20.125t)
a t=0
N = 12 000 20
N = 12 000 initially
b i N = 12 000(20.125 4)
N = 16 970
ii N = 12 000(20.125 14)
= 40 363
c
32 000 = 12 000(20.125 t)
8
= 20.125t
3
log10 8 = 0.125t log102
3
8
log10
3
0.125t =
log10 2
t = 11.32 days
D = No 30.789t
1000 = 32 000 30.789t
1
= 30.789t
32
log10 1 = log1030.789t
32
1
log10
32
0.789t =
log10 3
t = 3.998
t 4 days.
e N = 12 000(20.125 42)
N = 456 655.5
MM11 CAS-5
N 456 656
D = 456 656
30.789t
1000 = 456 656
30.789t
0.789t
3
= 0.002 19
0.789t log103 = log100.002 19
log10 0.002 19
0.789 t =
log10 3
t = 7.06 days
3.06 days more.
Require whole days,
4 more days.
121
122
MM11 CAS-6
Circular functions
Chapter 6 Circular functions

Exercise 6A Trigonometric
ratio revision
1 a sin ( ) =
sin (18) =
O
H
x
10
sin (a) = 0.41

a = sin1 (0.41)
x = 10 sin (18)
x = 3.09
A
cos ( ) =
H
cos (81) =
sin (36) =
a = 24.3
A
c cos ( ) =
H
6.4
10.2
cos (a) = 0.627 450 98
a = sin1 (0.627 450 98)
y = 51.1
cos (a) =
x
12
x = 12 cos (81)
x = 1.877
x = 1.88
O
sin ( ) =
H
4 a
y =
y = 8.41
O
sin ( ) =
H
y =
y = 2.97
A
cos ( ) =
H
10.6
cos (32) =
y
y =
10.6
cos (32)
y = 12.50
3 a sin ( ) =
sin (a) =
cos (a) =
O
H
2.5
8
sin (a) = 0.3125

a = sin1 (0.3125)
y = 18.2
S = 7.14 m
Shadow is 7.14 m long.
= sin1 ( 0.16 )
10 tan ( ) =
O
A
tan ( ) =
5
12
tan ( ) = 0.416
= tan1 ( 0.416 )
5
S =
tan (35)
1
6
= 9.6
Angle of depression = 9.6
6 cos (a) < 0.5

a > cos1 (0.5)
a > 60
O
A
Let S = length of shadow
5
tan (35) =
S
10
60
= 9.59
tan ( ) =
sin ( ) =
5 sin (a) = 0.951

a = sin1 (0.951)
a = (71.989 524 09)
tan (a) = tan (71.789 524 09)
= 3.076
O
H
sin ( ) = 0.16
y
10
y
10
y = 10 cos (53)
y = 6.0
sin ( ) =
cos (53) =
2.4
y
2.4
sin (54)
8
10
sin (a) = 0.8

a = sin1(0.8)
a = 53
A
cos ( ) =
c
H
8
sin (72)
sin (54) =
sin (a) =
8
y
sin (72) =
O
A
tan (20) =
O
H
sin ( ) =
tan ( ) =
x
21.98
x = 21.98 tan (20)
x = 8 cm
O
b sin ( ) =
H
x
6.8
x = 6.8 sin (36)

x = 3.996
x = 4.00
2 a
8 Let H = total height of tree

Let h = height of bottom part
Now
O
tan ( ) =
A
H
tan (24) =
40
H = 40 tan (24)
H = 17.81 m
and
O
tan ( ) =
A
h
tan (20) =
40
h = 40 tan (20)
h = 14.56 m
So diseased section = 17.81 14.56
= 3.25 m
O
H
3.7
sin (a) =
9
b sin ( ) =
= 22.6
Also:
12.3
12
tan ( ) = 1.025
= tan1 (1.025)
= 45.7
But
=
= 45.7 22.6
= 23.1
tan ( ) =
Exercise 6B The unit circle

1 a
b
c
d
sin (40) = P
sin (65) = P
sin (110) = P
sin (160) = P
Circular functions
j cos (720) = cos (2 360)

=1
sin (230) = N
sin (260) = N
sin (215) = N
sin (321) = N
sin (425) = P
sin (36) = N
cos (27) = P
cos (68) = P
cos (115) = N
cos (200) = N
cos (250) = N
cos (295) = P
cos (402) = P
cos (83) = P
cos (240) = N
cos (157) = N
tan (12) = P
tan (75) = P
tan (118) = N
tan (166) = N
tan (199) = P
tan (225) = P
tan (308) = N
tan (500) = N
tan (45) = N
tan (137) = P
0 < a < 360
sin (a) < 0
tan (a) > 0
180 < a < 270
Quadrant 3
b 0 < a < 360
sin (a) > 0
cos (a) > 0
0 < a < 90
Quadrant 1
e
f
g
h
i
j
2 a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
i
j
3 a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
i
j
4 a
5 a 0 < a < 360

sin (a) < 0
cos (a) < 0
180 < a < 270
b 0 < a < 360
sin (a) > 0, tan (a) < 0
90 < a < 180
cos (a) < 0
c 0 < a < 360
cos (a) = 1
a = 180
One solution
d 0 < a < 360
sin (a) = cos (a)
a = 45, 225
Two solutions
e 0 a 180
sin (a) = cos (a)
a = 45
6 a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
i
cos (180) = 1
sin (270) = 1
tan (360) = 0
sin (180) = 0
cos (270) = 0
cos (360) = 1
tan (270) = undefined
tan (180) = 0
sin (630) = sin (270)
= 1
7 a sin (60) =
3
2
b cos (45) =
1
2
c tan (30) =
1
3
d cos (60) =
1
2
e sin (30) =
1
2
2
2
1
2
2
2
180
180
c
3
180
9
e 50
= 50
180
5 c
18
f 90
= 90
180
2
g 270
= 27 0
18 0
3 c
=
2
180
180
=
5
= 36
2
b
3
= 360
2 180
=
= 2 60
= 120
2
c
9
2 180
=
= 2 20
= 40
11
d
6
30
11 180
=
= 11 30
= 330
e 3.6
180
= 3.6
= 648
f
6
h 360
= 2 c
18 0
20
10
= 30 0
60
d 20
= 20
18 0
7 c
=
3
l 300
2 a
= 60
5 c
=
3
4
c 60
180
= 42 0
180
= 45
5 c
=
4
k 420
6
b 45
18 0
5 c
=
6
j 225
= 30
36 4
Exercise 6C Radians
= 15 0
45 5
h cos (0) = 1
i sin (90) = 1
j tan (90) = undefined
1 a 30
i 150
= 225
f tan (45) = 1
g sin (45) =
MM11 CAS-6
180
180
= 30
123
124
MM11 CAS-6
Circular functions
d 0.958c
= 0.958
180
=
4
= 45
h 0.375
180
= 0.375
= 54.889
= 54.9
e 15.6c
= 15.6
= 67.5
3 Smallest angle
2
5
= 49
180
= 1.365c
c 125
180
= 2.182c
d 191.4
= 191.4
180
= 3.341c
e 234.6
180
= 4.095c
f 327.5
= 327.5
180
= 5.716c
g 170.25
= 170.25
180
= 2.971c
h 216.8
= 216.8
180
= 3.784c
7 a 0.35c
180
= 20.1
b 1.47c
= 1.47
180
= 84.2
c 3.142c
= 3.142
= 180
180
= 155.3
g 4.06c
180
= 4.06
= 232.6
h 8c
180
=8

8 a sin
4
1
=
2

b cos
3
1
=
2

c tan
3
= 234.6
= 0.35
= 2.71
= 125
= 458.4
180
= 0.855c
b 78.2
= 78.2
180
= 893.8
5 sin a = cos a
6 a 49
f 2.71c
4 Largest angle
250
a = 45 =
180
180

d sin
6
1
=
2

e tan
4
=1

f cos
6
3
2

g tan
2
=1

h cos
4
1
=
2
Exercise 6D Symmetry
1 a sin (180 )
= sin ( )
= 0.63
b sin (180 + )
= sin ( )
= 0.63
c sin ( )
= sin ( )
= 0.63
d sin (360 )
= sin ( )
= 0.63
2 a cos ( )
= cos ( )
= 0.25
b cos ( + )
= cos ( )
= 0.25
c cos (2 )
= cos ( )
= 0.25
d cos ( )
= cos ( )
= 0.25
3 a tan (2 )
= tan ( )
= 2.1
b tan ( )
= tan ( )
= 2.1
c tan ( + )
= tan ( )
= 2.1
d tan ( )
= tan ( )
= 2.1
4 sin (a) = 0.3
cos (b) = 0.7
tan (c) = 0.9
a sin (180 + a)
= sin (a)
= 0.3
b cos (180 b)
= cos (b)
= 0.7
c tan (360 c)
= tan (c)
= 0.9
d sin (a)
= sin (a)
= 0.3
e sin (180 a)
= sin (a)
= 0.3
f cos (b)
= cos (b)
= 0.7
g cos (360 b)
= cos (b)
= 0.7
h tan (180 c)
= tan (c)
= 0.9
i tan (180 + c)
= tan (c)
= 0.9
5 a sin (150)
= sin (180 30)
= sin (30)
1
=
2
Circular functions
b cos (135)
= cos (180 45)
= cos (45)
1
=
2
c tan (240)
= tan (180 + 60)
= tan (60)
= 3
d tan (330)
= tan (360 30)
= tan (30)
1
=
3
e sin (240)
= sin (180 + 60)
= sin (60)
3
=
2
f cos (210)
= cos (180 + 30)
= cos (30)
3
=
2
g tan (120)
= tan (180 60)
= tan (60)
= 3
h sin (300)
= sin (360 60)
= sin (60)
3
=
2
i cos (60)
= cos (60)
1
=
2
j sin (135)
= sin (225)
= sin (180 + 45)
= sin (45)
1
=
2
k tan (180)
= 0
l sin (270)
= 1
1
2
7
c tan
= tan 2
4
= tan
4
= 1
d sin
2
3
= sin
3
= sin
3
3
2
7
e cos
= cos 2 +
3
= cos
3
1
=
2

f tan
6
= tan
6
1
3
4
g sin
3
= sin +
3
= sin
3
3
2
7
h cos
6
5
6 a cos
= cos +
4

= cos
4
1
=
2
= sin
6
5
b sin
6
= sin
6
= cos +
6
= cos
6
3
2
11
i tan
= tan 2
6
MM11 CAS-6
= tan
6
1
=
3
5
j sin
4
= sin
4
= sin
4
= sin
4
1
=
2
k cos ( )
= 1

l sin
2
3
= sin
2
= 1
9
7 a sin
8
= sin +
8
= sin
8
= 0.383
7
b cos
= cos
8
= cos
8
= 0.924
17
c tan
= tan 2 +
8
= tan
8
= 0.414

d cos
= cos
8
= 0.924
7
e sin
8
= sin
8
= sin
8
= 0.383
125
MM11 CAS-6
126
Circular functions
9 a sin (2.442)
= sin ( 0.7)
= sin (0.7)
= 0.644
b cos (3.842)
= cos ( + 0.7)
= cos (0.7)
= 0.765
c tan (5.584)
= tan (2 0.7)
= tan (0.7)
= 0.842
d sin (0.7)
= sin (0.7)
= 0.644
c tan (285)
= tan (360 75)
= tan (75)
= 3.732
d sin (255)
= sin (180 + 75)
= sin (75)
= 0.966
e cos (435)
= cos (360 + 75)
= cos (75)
= 0.259
f tan (75)
= tan (75)
= 3.732
15
f tan
= tan 2
8
= tan
8
= 0.414
8 a sin (105)
= sin (180 75)
= sin (75)
= 0.966
b cos (255)
= cos (180 + 75)
= cos (75)
= 0.259
Exercise 6E Identities
1
sin2 ( )
cos2 ( )
2
sin ( ) + cos2 ( )
30
0.25
0.75
1.00
81
0.976
0.024
1.000
2 0 < < 90
a
sin ( ) = 0.8
sin2 ( ) + cos2 ( ) = 1
(0.8)2 + cos2 ( ) = 1
cos2 ( ) = 1 0.64
cos2 ( ) = 0.36
cos ( ) = 0.36
= 0.6 or 0.6
= 0.6
sin ( )
b tan ( ) =
cos ( )
0.8
=
0.6
= 1.333
3 0 < < 90
a
cos ( ) = 0.3
sin2 ( ) + cos2 ( ) = 1
sin2 ( )+ (0.3)2 = 1
sin2 ( ) = 1 0.09
sin2 ( ) = 0.91
sin ( ) = 0.91
= 0.954 or
0.954
= 0.954
sin ( )
b tan ( ) =
cos ( )
0.954
=
0.3
= 3.180
4 a cos (x) = ? sin (x) = 0.4
cos2 (x) + sin2 (x) = 1
cos2 (x) + (0.4)2 = 1
cos2 (x) = 1 (0.4)2
cos2 (x) = 0.84
cos (x) = 0.84
cos (x) = 0.917
b cos (x) = ? sin (x) = 0.7
cos2 (x) + sin2 (x) = 1
cos2 (x) + (0.7)2 = 1
129
0.604
0.396
1.000
193
0.051
0.949
1.000
260
0.970
0.030
1.000
350
0.030
0.970
1.000
47
0.535
0.465
1.000
cos2 (x) = 1 (0.7)2

cos2 (x) = 0.51
cos (x) = 0.51
cos (x) = 0.714
c sin (x) = ? cos (x) = 0.24
cos2 (x) + sin2 (x) = 1
sin2 (x) + (0.24)2 = 1
sin2 (x) = 1 (0.24)2
sin2 (x) = 0.9424
sin (x) = 0.9424
sin (x) = 0.971
d sin (x) = ? cos (x) = 0.9
cos2 (x) + sin2 (x) = 1
sin2 (x) + (0.9)2 = 1
sin2 (x) = 1 (0.9)2
sin2 (x) = 0.19
sin (x) = 0.19
sin (x) = 0.436
5 a c=?
2
c=
(3) ( 5)
c=
95
c= 4
c=2
b sin (x) =
b = 36
b=6
b cos (x) =
cos (x) =
2 7
8
cos (x) =
7
4
O
A
b
tan (x) =
2 7
6
tan (x) =
2 7
3
tan (x) =
7
c tan (x) =
7 a cos (x) = ?
cos2 (x) +
sin (x) =
b=
(8) 2 (2 7) 2
b=
64 28
sin (x) =
12
13
cos2 (x) + sin2 (x) = 1
O
H
5
3
A
c cos (x) =
H
c
cos (x) =
3
2
cos (x) =
3
6 a b=?
A
H
( 1213 )
=1
cos2 (x) = 1
( 1213 )
cos2 (x) = 1
144
169
cos2 (x) =
169 144
169
cos2 (x) =
25
69
cos (x) =
25
169
cos (x) = 135

But 90 < x < 180
cos (x) = 135
b sin (x) = ?
cos (x) =
3
5
180 x 270
sin2 (x) + cos2 (x) = 1
Circular functions
sin2 (x) +
( 53 )
cos2 (x) + sin2 (x) = 1
=1
sin2 (x) = 1
( 53 )
sin2 (x) = 1
9
25
( )
3
2
+ sin (x) = 1
2
sin (x) = 1
sin2 (x) =
25 9
sin (x) =
25
2
sin2 (x) =
sin (x) is negative in 4th quadrant.

sin (x) = 12
16
25
But sin (x) is negative

sin (x) = 54
a
c
a
cos (36) =
c
sin (54) = cos (36)
8 a sin (54) =
7
sin (x) = 25
cos2 (x) + sin2 (x) = 1

cos2 (x) +
( 257 )
=1
cos (x) = 1
( )
cos2 (x) = 1
49
625
7
25
cos2 (x) =
625 49
625
cos2 (x) =
576
625
cos (x) =
b
c
b
sin (36) =
c
cos (54) = sin (36)
576
625
cos (x) = 24
25
But 270 < x < 360
cos (x) =
d sin (x) = ?
cos (x) =
sin ( )
cos ( )
tan ( )
0.8
0.6
1.333
11 0 < a, b, c < 90
sin (a) = 2
cos (b) =
5
tan (c) =
b
a
sin (36)
=
cos (36)
b
c
a
c
b c
c a
b
=
a
sin (36)
tan (36) =
cos (36)
3
2
0.28
0.96
0.292
tan (36) =
0.954
0.3
3.18
0.77
0.638
1.207
0.894
0.447
2
3
5
11
5
a sin (b)
sin2 (b) + cos2 (b) = 1
( 53 ) = 1
2
sin2 (b) = 1 ( 53 )
sin2 (b) +
sin2 (b) = 1
9
25
25 9
sin2 (b) =
25
sin2 (b) =
16
25
sin (b) = 54
sin (b) =
4
5
sin (b)
cos (b)
a
b
cos (36)
=
sin (36)
a
c
b
c
a c
c b
a
=
b
cos (36)
tan (54) =
sin (36)
9 0 a 90
a sin (a) = cos (20)
a = 90 20
a = 70
b sin (a) = cos (58)
a = 90 58
a = 32
c cos (a) = sin (39)
a = 90 39
a = 51
d cos (a) = sin (82)
a = 90 82
a = 8
e sin (8) = cos (a)
a = 90 8
a = 82
f cos (44) = sin (a)
a = 90 44
a = 46
g sin (89) = cos (a)
a = 90 89
a = 1
h cos (17) = sin (a)
a = 90 17
a = 73
0.573
0.819
0.7
d tan (a)
4
5
3
5
4 5
5 3
4
3
tan (a) =
2
5
cos (a) = 1
( )
cos2 (a) = 1
4
5
2
5
54
cos2 (a) =
5
1
= 5
1
5
2
5
5
1
=2
+ cos2 (a) = 1
cos (a) =
2
5
1
5
c cos (a)
sin2 (a) + cos2 (a) = 1
( )
sin ( a)
cos (a )
cos (a) =
b tan (b)
tan (b) =
24
25
3
< x < 2
2
10
b cos (54) =
tan (54) =
1
5
127
1
4
sin (x) = 12
sin (x) = 54
c cos (x) = ?
3
4
1
4
sin (x) =
16
25
sin (x) =
MM11 CAS-6
e sin (c)
tan (c) =
tan (c) =
sin (c)
cos (c)
11
5
m2 = ( 11)2 + 52
m2 = 11 + 25
= 36
128
MM11 CAS-6
11
6
i
Period = 6
ii Amplitude = 0.4
h y = 3 cos (5x)
i
Period = 25
5
6
g sin (90 a) = cos (a)

= 1
5
h cos (90 b) = sin (b)

= 54
i sin (90 c) = cos (c)
= 56
j sin (180 a) = sin (a)
= 2
5
k cos (180 + b) = cos (b)

= 53
l tan (180 + c) = tan (c)
11
5
Exercise 6F Sine and

cosine graphs
1 a i
Period = 4
ii Amplitude = 2
b i
Period =
ii Amplitude = 1
c i
Period = 3
ii Amplitude = 1.5
d i
Period = 32
ii Amplitude = 4
e i
Period = 2
ii Amplitude = 2
f i
Period = 43
ii Amplitude = 3
g i
Period =
ii Amplitude = 2.5
h i
Period = 23
i
ii Amplitude = 2
g y = 0.4 cos ( 3x )
A
f cos (c) =
H
cos (c) =
ii Amplitude = 3
f y = 2 cos (4x)
i
Period =
m = 36
m =6
O
sin (c) =
H
=
Circular functions
d y = 4 cos (2x)
=
ii Amplitude = 4
ii Amplitude = 3
i y = 2.5 cos ( 4x )
i
Period = 22
Period =
= 2
Period = 8
ii Amplitude = 2.5
j y = sin (6x)
i
Period = 26
e y = 12 sin (3x)
Period = 23
ii Amplitude = 12
ii Amplitude = 1
k y = 15 sin ( x)
i
Period = 2
=2
ii Amplitude = 15
cos
l y=
4
x
1
y = 4 cos
f y=
i
2
3
( 2x )
cos
Period =
2
1
2
= 4
ii Amplitude = 23
Period = 2
2
= 2 2
=4
ii Amplitude = 14
3 a y = sin (2x)(0, 2)
i
Period =
ii Amplitude = 1
g y = 5 sin
i
( 3x )
Period =
2
1
3
= 6
ii Amplitude = 5
ii Amplitude = 0.5
i
Period = 2
ii Amplitude = 4
2 a y = sin (x)
i
Period = 2
ii Amplitude = 1
b y = 3 sin (x)
i
Period = 2
ii Amplitude = 3
c y = 2 sin (2x)
i
Period =
ii Amplitude = 2
d y = 4 sin (3x)
i
Period = 23
ii Amplitude = 4
e y = 12 sin ( 3x )
i
Period = 6
ii Amplitude = 12
h y = 4 cos
b y = 2 cos (x)
i
Period = 21
= 2
ii Amplitude = 2
c y = 3 sin
i
x

2
Period = 21
2
= 4
( 2x )
Period =
2
1
2
= 4
ii Amplitude = 4
i y = 2 cos (4x)
i
Period = 24
= 2
Circular functions
ii Amplitude = 2
n = 2
n=
3
2
y = sin
2
n
y = 3 sin (2x)
n=
2
4
8 a
Amplitude = 1
b f (x) = 3 cos
A
2
2
=
ii Amplitude = 1
iii min 0, max 2
b
2
p
i Period =
( 2x )
x [4, 4]
Period = 21 = 2 2 = 4
2
1
= 2
ii Amplitude = 2
iii min 4, max 0
Period =
Amplitude = 3
2
p
( 2x )
6 a y = a sin (nx)
a = 1.5
n = 2p = 23
2
3
y = 1.5 sin
n=2
y = 2 cos (2x)
c y = a sin (nx)
a=5
n = 2p = 24
1
2
y = 5 sin
( 2x )
d y = a cos (nx)
a=4
n = 2p = 23
2
3
y = 4 cos
c f (x) = 2 sin (3x)

x [0, 2 ]
Period = 23
Amplitude = 2
2
1
2
= 4
ii Amplitude = 2
iii min 1, max 5
i
Period =
( 23x )
b y = a cos (nx)
a=2
n = 2p = 2
n=
D
C
( 12 x )
or y = 2 cos
n=
( 32x )
1
2
y = 2 cos
n=
Amplitude = 4
=2
5 y = a cos (nx)
a=2
p = 2n n =
Period = 24 = 2
3
n = 2
2
n=3
y = 3 cos (3x)
7 a f (x) = cos (2x)
x [2, 2]
Period = 22 =
=
ii Amplitude = 3
n=
129
f y = a cos (nx)
a=3
n = 2p = 22
j y = 3 sin (2x)
i
Period = 22
4 a Amplitude = 3
b Period =
c Equation is:
y = a sin (nx)
a=3
p = 2n n =
3
4
MM11 CAS-6
d f (x) = 3 cos (2x)

x [0, 2 ]
Period = 22 =
Amplitude = 3
2
1
3
= 6
ii Amplitude = 1
iii min 2, max 0
i
Period =
e f (x) = 1.5 sin ( 3x )
x [6, 6 ]
Period = 21 = 2 3 = 6
3
Amplitude = 1.5
( 23x )
e y = a sin (nx)
a=1
n = 2p = 24
f f (x) = 4 sin (4x)

x [0, ]
9 a f : [, 2 ] R
f (x) = 32 sin ( 23x )
Period = 22 = 2 32 = 3
3
130
MM11 CAS-6
Circular functions
b [0, 5 ]
Amplitude = 52
Amplitude = 32 = 1.5
Period factor n
= 2p = 52
= 52
So f : [0, 5 ] R where
f (x) = 52 cos ( 25x )
= 32 sin ( 43 )
= 32 sin 3
c [1, 1]
Amplitude = 2
Period = 2
Periodic factor n
= 2p = 22
= 32 2 3
= 34 3
b f : [6, 6] R
f (x) = 1.8 cos ( 3x )
Period = 2 = 2
3
=6
Amplitude = 1.8
Period = 2 = 2
2
Amplitude = 1.4
=
y = a sin (nx)
y = 2 sin (x)
f : [1, 1] R where
f (x) = 2 sin ( x)
d [1, 3]
Amplitude = 1.8
Period = 4
Periodic factor n
= 2p = 24
c f : [0, 6] R
f (x) = 1.4 sin ( 2x )
=
=4
y = a cos (nx)
y = 1.8 cos ( 2x )
f : [1, 3] R where
f (x) = 1.8 cos ( 2x )
d f : [0, 8] R
f (x) = 3 cos
2
Period =
( )
3 x
4
= 2 34 = 83
3
4
Amplitude = 3
e [0, 3]
Amplitude = 3
Period = 3
Periodic factor n
= 2p = 23
y = a sin (nx)
y = 3 sin ( 23 x )
f : [0, 3] R where
f (x) = 3 sin ( 23 x )
f [ 13 , 1]
10 a [0,
8
6
Amplitude = 3
Period =
Periodic factors
n = 2p = 82
6
= 2
6
8
4
8
6
= 2 34
= 32
y = a cos (nx)
y = 2.4 cos ( 32 x )
f : [ 13 , 1] R where
= 32
So f : [0,
Periodic factor n
= 2p = 24
3
8
6
]R
f (x) = a sin (nx)

f : [0, 86 ] R
where f (x) = 3 sin ( 32x )
1 a y = tan (2x)
i Period = 2
ii Asymptotes = 4
b y = tan (3x)
i Period = 3
ii Asymptotes = 6
c y = tan ( 2x )
i Period = 1
= 2
ii Asymptote =
d y = tan ( 3x )
i Period =
1
3
= 3
ii Asymptotes = 32
e y = 3 tan (x)
i Period =
=
ii Asymptotes = 2
f y = 2 tan ( 4x )
i Period = 1
= 4
ii Asymptotes = 2
g y = tan ( 2x )
i Period = 1
= 2
ii Asymptotes =
h y = 2 tan (2x)
i Period = 2
ii Asymptotes = 4
Amplitude = 2.4
Period = 43
f : [, 2 ] R, f (x)
= 2 sin (4x) 1
Exercise 6G Tangent graphs
y = a cos (nx)
y = 52 cos ( 25x )
At x = 2
f (x) = 32 sin ( 23 2 )
h Amplitude = 2
Period = 4 , n = 4
f (x) = 2.4 cos ( 32 x )
g Amplitude = 1
Period = 2
f : [0, 2 ] R, f (x)
= sin (x) 1
i y = tan (x) 1
i Period = 1 =
ii Asymptotes = 2
j y = tan (2x) 3
i Period = 2
ii Asymptotes = 4
2 a y = tan (2x)
Circular functions
b y = tan (3x)
MM11 CAS-6
131
At x = 2
y = 2 tan ( 23 )
= 2 tan (
= 2 tan ( 3 )
=2 3
= 2 3
j
d y = 1.8 tan ( 25 x ) [0, 5]
c y = tan ( 2x )
Period =
3 y = 3 tan (4x)
Period = 4
d y = tan ( 3x )
period
e y = 3 tan (x)
5 a y = 3 tan (
5
2
Asymptotes =
5
4
= 2 = 12
y = 1.5 tan ( 2x )
x
2
= 25
4 a Period = 2
b Equation y = a tan (bx)
y = 1.5 tan (bx)
Period = b
b=
2
5
[0, 2 ]
e y = 2 tan ( x) [1, 1]
Period = = 1
Asymptotes = 12
Period = 1 = 2
2
Asymptote x =
f y = 2 tan
Exercise 6H Solving
trigonometric equations
( 4x )
At
y=3
b y = tan (
) [0, 3]
Period =
Asymptote = 1.5
g y = tan
1
2
1 a cos (x) =
( 2x )
=3
x=
b sin (x) =
1
2
x=
c tan (x) =
x=
3
2
d cos (x) =
x=
e tan (x) = 1
x = 4
c y = 2 tan ( 3x ) [0, 2 ]
Period = 1 = 3
h y = 2 tan (2x)
Asymptote = 32
f sin (x) =
x=
3
2
2 a {0 360}
sin ( ) = 0.6
= 36.9, 143.1
b cos ( ) = 0.25
= (180 + 75.5)
and (180 75.5)
= 104.5, 255.5
c tan ( ) = 5.72
= 80.1; (180 + 80.1)
= 80.1, 260.1
132
MM11 CAS-6
Circular functions
d sin ( ) = 0.85
= (180 + 58.2); (360 58.2)
= 238.2, 301.8
e cos ( ) = 0.195
= 78.8; (360 78.8)
= 78.8, 281.2
f tan ( ) = 0.837
= (180 39.9); (360 39.9)
= 140.1, 320.1
g sin ( ) = 0.333
= (180 + 19.5); (360 19.5)
= 199.5, 340.5
h cos ( ) = 0.757
= 40.8; (360 40.8)
= 40.8, 319.2
3 a sin (x) = 0.8 [0, 4 ]
x = 0.927 [0, 12.57]
x = 0.927, 0.927,
2 + 0.927; 3 0.927
x = 0.927, 2.214, 7.210,
8.497
b cos (x) = 0.5 [x = 1.047]
[If cos (x) = 0.5 x = 3 ]
So x =
2
3
4
3
, 3 +
and 3
,+
8
3
x=
11
6
10
3
x=
23
6
e sin (x) = 0.39 [0, 4]

[0, 12.57]
[If sin (x) = 0.39 x = 0.401]
So x = + 0.401, 2 0.401
3 + 0.401, 4 0.401
x = 3.542, 5.882, 9.826, and
12.165
2
2
f cos (x) =
(=
x=
, 2
x=
7
4
9
4
4
4
, 4
15
4
4 sin (x) = cos (x) =
2
2
a (0 < x < 360)

sin and cos both negative in 3rd
quadrant
= 180 + 45
= 225
C
b 3 tan (x) = 1 0 < x < 2
tan (x) =
x =
, 53
1
3
5 a 2 sin (x) = 0.586 [0, 2 ]

sin (x) = 0.586
2
x = 0.297, 2.844
f 3 tan (x) + 9 = 0
3 tan (x) = 9
tan (x) = 93
tan (x) =
x=
=
tan (x) = 3
(If tan (x) = 3 x = 71.6)
x = 180 71.6, 360 71.6
x = 108.4, 288.4
3 , + 3
4
3
d 2 sin (x) + 0.893 = 0 [0, 2 ]

2 sin (x) = 0.893
sin (x) = 0.893
2
x = 5.820, 3.604
e 1.8 cos (x) + 1.236 = 0 [0, 2 ]
1.8 cos (x) = 1.236
cos (x) = 1.236
1.8
x = 3.955, 2.328
3 tan (x) + 1 = 0 [0, 2 ]
tan x = 31
5 11
, 6
6
x 60 = 30, 150
x = 30 + 60, 150 + 60
x = 90, 210
e
2 cos (x + 90) + 1 = 0
6 2 cos (x) + 1 = 0 [0, 2 ]

2 cos (x) = 1
cos (x) = 12
(If cos (x) =
x=
x=
2
3
1
2
,+
x=
8 a sin (x + 30) = 1 [0, 360]

x + 30 = 90
x = 90 30
x = 60
b cos (x 60) = 0
x 60 = 90, 270
x = 90 + 60; 270 + 60
x = 150, 330
c tan (x + 45) = 1
x + 45 = 45, 225; 405
x = 45 45, 225 45, 405 45
x = 0, 180, 360
d 2 sin (x 60) = 1
sin (x 60) = 12
2 cos (x + 90) = 1
cos (x + 90) = 1
4
3
7 a 4 sin (x) = 1 (0 360)

sin (x) = 14
sin (x) = 0.25

x = 14.5 or 180 14.5
x = 14.5, 165.5
b 3 cos (x) = 2
cos (x) = 23
x + 90 = 135, 225
x = 135 90, 225 90
x = 45, 135
f sin (2x) = 0
2x = 0, 180, 360, 540, 720
x = 0, 90, 180, 270, 360
g 2 cos ( 2x ) = 1
cos
(If cos (x) = 0.6 x = 48.2)

x = 180 48.2, 180 + 48.2
x = 131.8, 228.2
c 2 tan (x) 7 = 0
2 tan (x) = 7
tan (x) = 72
tan (x) = 3.5
x = 74.1, 180 + 74.1
x = 74.1, 254.1
d 4 + sin (x) = 3
sin (x) = 3 4
sin (x) = 1
x = 270
e 1 + 2 cos (x) = 2
2 cos (x) = 2 1
2 1
2
1.414 1
cos (x) =
2
0.414
cos (x) =
2
cos (x) = 0.207
cos (x) =
A
( 2x )
x
2
cos (x) = 0.6
) [0, 4]
1
2
, 2 +
,
x =
17
6
, 2 3
x = 6 , 2 6 , 3 6 , 4 6
5
6
x = 6 , 2 6
1
3
x =
x = 78, 360 78
x = 78, 282
c 2 tan (x) = 2 3
c tan (x) = 1.5 [0, 4]

x = 0.983 + 0.983,
2 + 0.983, 3 + 0.983
x = 0.983, 4.124, 7.266, and 10.408.
d tan (x) = 1
[If tan (x) =
[0, 2 ]
b 2 cos (x) = 1
cos x = 12
1
2
= 60, 300
x = 60 2, 300 2
x = 120
( 2x ) =
sin ( 2x ) =
sin ( 2x ) =
h 2 sin
x
2
2
2
2
1
2
= 45, 135
x = (45 2), (135 2)

x = 90, 270
i
3 tan (2x) = 1
tan (2x) = 1
2x = 30, 210, 390,

570
30
x = 2 , 210
, 390
,
2
2
570
2
x = 15, 105, 195,

285
j 2 cos (3x) = 1
cos (3x) = 1
2
Circular functions
3x = 135, 225, 495,

585, . . .
135 225
585
x = 3 , 3 , 495
, 3
3
x = 45, 75, 165,
195, 285, 315
k tan 2(x 30) = 3
2(x 30) = 60, 240, 420, 600
x 30 = 30, 120, 210, 300
x = 60, 150, 240, 330
l sin 12 (x 40) = 0.6
1
2
(x 40) = 36.87, 143.14,
396.87, 503.13
x 40 = 73.74, 286.28, 793.74
x = (73.74 + 40), (286.28 + 40)
x = 113.74, 326.28
9 a 2cos( x) 3 = 0
3
2
cos( x) =
x = 2n
and
where n Z.
11
n = 1: x =
6
n = 0: x =
or x =
6
6
11
n = 1: x =
6
11
11
, , ,
x=
6
6 6 6
1
b tan( x) =
3
1
x = n + tan 1
3
x = n +
where n Z
11
n = 2: x =
6
5
n = 1: x =
6
n = 0: x =
6
7
n = 1: x =
6
11
5 7
,
, ,
x=
6
6 6 6
2 sin( x) 1 = 0
1
sin x =
2
1
x = 2n + sin 1
and
2
1
x = (2n + 1) sin 1
x = (2n + 1)
x = 2n +
5
7
or x =
9
9
5
5 7
, , ,
x=
,
9
9 9 9 9
n =1: x =
and
or
3
where n Z
4
3
4
7
5 3
,
, ,
x=
4
4 4 4
n = 0: x =
10 sin(2 x) =
or x =
W = cos
1
2 x = 2n + sin 1
2
( 30t ) + 110
h = 1 + 0.6 cos ( 2t )
a Maximum height of swing
= 1 + 0.6 = 1.6 m
b i t = 3 sec
3
h = 1 + 0.6 cos
( )
3
2
h = 1 + 0.6 0
h=1+0
h=1m
ii h = ? t = 43 sec
4
h = 1 + 0.6 cos
2 3
h = 1 + 0.6 cos
( 23 )
h = 1 + 0.6 cos (
h = 1 + 0.6
1
2
h = 1 0.3
h = 0.7 m
c
h = 1.5
1.5 = 1 + 0.6 cos ( 2t )
0.5 = 0.6 cos ( 2t )
6n
3
6n
x=
9
(6n 1)
x=
where n Z.
9
5
n = 1: x =
9
3x =
n = 0: x =
h = 1 + 0.6 cos
where n Z
6
6(2n + 1)
2x =
6
12n + 6
x=
12
(12n + 5)
x=
where n Z
12
7
n = 1: x =
12
5
n = 0: x =
12
1
11 cos(3x) =
2
1
3x = 2n cos 1
2
3x = 2n
+3
c = 110
H = 50 sin
12
11
7 5
x=
,
,
,
12
12 12 12
1
2 x = (2n + 1) sin 1
2
2 x = (2n + 1)
( 3t )
2 a Initial heart rate

= 110 beats/min
b i Amplitude = 50 beats/min
ii Period = 60 min
c H = a sin (nt) + c
a = 50 n = 260 = 30
1
2
n = 0: x =
Exercise 6I Applications
1 a i Amplitude = 1 kg
ii Period = 6 days
b W = a cos (nt) + c
a = 1 n = 26 = 3 c = 3
n = 1:
7
5
or x =
x=
4
4
6
12n +
2x =
6
(12n + 1)
where n Z
x=
12
11
n = 1: x =
12
x = 2n +
2 x = 2n +
3
x = 2n cos 1
2
x = 2n
x = 2n +
133
MM11 CAS-6
or x =
0.5
= 0.83
0.6
= 0.586; 5.697
cos ( 2t ) =
t
2
t=
0.586 2
5.697 2
t = 0.373, 3.627
Time below = 3.627 0.372
= 3.254 sec
t
4 T = 8 sin ( 12
) + 18
T C
t = No. hours after 8 am
134
MM11 CAS-6
Circular functions
a Max. temp
= 8 + 18
= 26C
t
26 = 8 sin ( 12
) + 18
6
sin (20 t) =
12
( 12 t )
t
8 = 8 sin ( 12
)
t
sin ( 12
) =1
26 18 = 8 sin
12
At 1st time
20 t = 6
t=
12
t =
2
t = 6 hrs
8 am + 6 hrs = 2 pm
Max temp = 26C at 2 pm
b i Temperature at 8 pm
t = 12 hours
12
T = 8 sin
+ 18
12
T = 8 sin ( ) + 18
T = 8 0 + 18
T = 18C
ii Temperature at 6 pm
t = 10 hours
t=
10
12
5
= 8 sin
+ 18
6
= 8 sin + 18
6
= 8 12 + 18
= 4 + 18
= 22C
iii Temperature at 12 am
t = 16 hours (12 midnight)
4
16
T = 8 sin
12
+ 18
( ) + 18
4
3
T = 8 sin
T = 8 sin ( +
T=8
3
2
) + 18
+ 18
T = 4 3 + 18
T = 11.07C
5 x(t) = 12 sin (20 t) mm
a i Amplitude = 12 mm
ii Period = 202 = 101 seconds
b y = 1 second
Period = 101 seconds
Now 10
1
10
6
1
120
1
20
7 d = 50 50 cos
a Period =
( 30t )
30
(time for one lap)

= 2 30
= 2 30
= 60 seconds
b Radius of track
Amplitude = 50 m
So radius = 50 m
c Maximum distance from start
= 50 + 50
= 100 m
d Length of track
Radius = 50 m
d = 50 50 cos ( 3 )
d = 50 50 12
d = 50 + 25
d = 75 m
d = 93.3 m
93.3 = 50 50 cos
( 30t )
( 30t )
= 43.3
( 30t ) = 43.3
50
t
cos ( 30 ) = 0.866
( 30t ) = ( 0.524)
cos
( 30 )
2 = 3.9 sec
Time at lowest t = 3.92
Time for next lowest
= 11.76 3.92
= 7.84
= 7.8 seconds
( 43 )
= 7.85
30
d = 50 50 cos ( +
2
0.8
40
d = 50 50 cos
50 cos
= 1 seconds
10 vibrations completed in 1 second

c x(t) = ? t = 0.08 sec
x(t) = 12 sin (20 0.08)
= 12 sin (5.027)
= 11.41 mm
If displacement is positive to right,
the string is 11.41 mm to the left, or
vice versa.
d = 50 50 cos
t = 3.927
t = 3.9 seconds
Period =
( 2 )
d = 50 50 0
d = 50 0
d = 50 m
ii t = 40
seconds
1st touches
0.8t =
t = 0.8
+ 18
Length = D
= 100
= 3.141 59 100
= 314.16 m
e i t = 15 sec
d = 50 50 cos ( 1530 )
d = 50 50 cos
6 h(t) = 20 cos (0.8t) + 20

a Initial height
t =0
h(t) = 20 cos (0.8 0) + 20
h(t) = 20 cos (0) + 20
h(t) = 20 1 + 20
h(t) = 40 m
b
h(t) = 0
0 = 20 cos (0.8t) + 20
20 = 20 cos (0.8t)
cos (0.8t) = 20
= 1
20
T = 8 sin
x(t) = 6 mm
6 = 12 sin (20 t)
t=
( + 0.524)
= 2.618, 3.666
2.168 30
3.666 30
t = 25 s, 35 s
8 d(t) = 4.5 + 1.5 sin
( 12 t )
a i Maximum depth
= 4.5 + 1.5
=6m
ii 4.5 1.5
=3m
b h=5
t
5 = 4.5 + 1.5 sin
12
t
0.5 = 1.5 sin
12
0.5 1
t
= sin
12
1.5 3
t
0.3 = sin
12
t
= 0.34 , 0.34
12
t
= 0.34 , 2.802
12
t = 12
0.34 or 12
2.802
t = 1.3
10.7
It enters the port at 1.3 hours and
can leave by 10.7 hours when the
height is still at least 5 metres.
Circular functions
Time = 10.7 1.3

= 9.4
This is greater than 9 hours and so
the ship has 0.4 hours to spare.
0.4 hours = 0.4 60
= 24 minutes
9 a = 0.9 + 0.01t + 0.02 sin (0.5 t)
a
b 0.95 = 0.9 + 0.01t

+ 0.02 sin (0.5 t)
solving 0.95 = 0.9 + 0.01t
+ 0.02 sin (0.5 t)
for t gives
t = 4.253
on the 5th day
c t = 6.582 and t = 6.987
d maximums: t = 1.206 and t = 5.206
T.P. (1.206, 0.931)
(5.206, 0.971)
e The highest value reached is $0.98,
when t = 8 days.
Chapter review
Short answer
1 Let h = height of aeroplane above
eye level
O
sin ( ) =
H
h
sin (30) =
4.5
h = 4.5 sin (30) km
h = 4500 12
Height above ground = 2250 m

= 2250 + 1.75
= 2251.75 m
2 a tan (120)
= tan (180 60)
= tan (60)
= 3
b cos (150)
= cos (180 30)
= cos (30)
=
c sin
( 56 )
= sin ( 6 )
=
1
2
3 cos ( ) =
3
4
0<<
16 9
16
sin2 ( ) =
7
16
sin ( ) =
7
4
sin ( ) =
7
4
sin ( )
cos ( )
b tan ( ) =
7
4
3
4
7
4
7
3
4
3
4 a 140
= 14 0 180
7
9
b 310
= 310 180
c 1
=1
=
5 a
a sin ( )
sin2 ( ) + cos2 ( ) = 1
sin2 ( ) + ( 34 )2 = 1
sin2 ( ) = 1 ( 34 )2
sin2 ( ) = 1
9
16
<x<
sin (x)
sin2 (x) + cos2 (x) = 1
sin2 (x) = 1 cos2(x)
sin2 (x) = 1 (0.9)2
= 1 0.81
= 0.19
sin (x) = 0.19
sin (x) = 0.436
sin is positive in 2nd quadrant so
sin (x) = 0.436
b tan (x)
sin ( x )
=
cos ( x)
0.436
=
0.9
= 0.484
8 a y = 4 sin ( 2x )
Amplitude = 4
Period = 21 = 4
2
180
180
2
5
7 a cos (x) = 0.9
135
31
18
2
5
36
180
b y = 1.5 cos (2x) [, ]

Amplitude = 1.5
Period = 22 =
= 2 36
= 72
b 1
= 1 180
180
= 57.3
c
7
2
2
7
2
90
180
= 7 90
= 630
3
2
= sin (
sin2 ( ) =
MM11 CAS-6
6 cos ( ) = 0.69
a sin (180 )
sin2 ( ) + cos2 ( ) = 1
sin2 ( ) = 1 cos2
= 1 (0.69)2
2
sin ( ) = 0.5239
sin ( ) = 0.5239
sin ( ) = 0.7238
sin (180 ) = sin
= 0.724
b cos (2 )
= (cos )
= 0.690
c tan ( + )
= tan ( )
sin ( )
=
cos ( )
0.724
=
0.690
= 1.049
9 a y = 2 tan (4x) x [, ]
Period = 4
Asymptotes at
3
8
5
8
b y=
1
2
3
4
tan
( 6x )
Period =
1
6
5
8
7
8
7
8
x-intercepts at 0,
3
8
3
4
= 6
[0, 12 ]
136
MM11 CAS-6
Circular functions
x =
,+
4
4
3 5
=
,
4
4
1
c tan x =
3
x =
Asymptotes at 3, 9
x-intercepts at 0, 6, 12
10 sin (x) = 1
[0, 3 ]
x=
x=
3
4
4
4
, 2 +
9
4
, 3
11
4
3 + 2 cos (x) = 0
11
[0, 360]
2 cos (x) = 3
cos (x) =
and x = (2n + 1)
3
where n Z
5
4 2
x=
,
, ,
3
3 3 3
13 cos = 0.4, sin = 0.92
sin
0.92
a tan =
=
cos
0.4
92
40
23
=
10
cos (180 ) = 0.4
sin ( ) = 0.92
cos (90 ) = sin
= 0.92
1
sin
=
2
6
7
cos
= cos
6
6
b
c
d
14 a
b
=
c tan
7
6
t =
2
= ,
3 3
1
b cos x =
2
, +
2
3
Multiple choice
1
tan (a) =
x
y
(first time)
6
1
t = seconds
6
5
6
A
H
4.2
cos (56) =
x
4.2
x =
cos (56)
x = 7.51
O
sin ( ) =
H
1.2
sin ( ) =
3.0
sin ( ) = 0.4
= sin1 (0.4)
= 23.6
tan (x) is positive in 1st and 3rd
quadrants
cos (320)
= positive as 320 is in the 4th
quadrant
tan (a) < 0 sin (a) < 0
0 < a < 360
270 < a < 360
If tan ( ) = 3
cos ( ) =
3
2
sin ( ) =
A
E
E
E
B
8 150 = 150 18 0
17 sin (2 x) = 3 cos (2 x) 0 x 1
sin(2 x)
= 3
cos(2 x )
2 x =
=2
b min (sin t = 1):
L(t) = 6 1 + 80
= 74 dB
max (sin t = 1)
L(t) = 6 1 + 80
= 86 dB
c Find t when sin t = 1
sin t = 1
5 9
t = ,
,
2
2 2
1 5 9
t= , ,
2 2 2
1
First time, t =
seconds
2
d 83 dB = 6 sin t + 80
3 = 6 sin t
1
= sin t
2
tan (2 x) = 3
3
15 a sin x =
2
,
x=
= 3
d cos = 1
tan (x) =
3
2
= tan
3
3
x=
[, ]
3
x = (2n + 1) sin 1
3 cos ( x)
sin( x)
= 3
cos( x)
16 L(t) = 6 sin t + 80
a Amplitude = 6
2
Period =
3
2
x = 180 30;
180 + 30
x = 150, 210
3
12 x = 2n + sin 1
and
2
x = 2n +
,+
6
d cos x = 1
x = 0, 360
e tan x = 1
x = 180 45, 360 45
x = 135, 315
18 sin (x) =
0 2 x 2
, 2
3
3
2 5
2 x =
,
3 3
2 1
5 1
x=
,
3 2
3 2
1 5
= ,
3 6
9
4
5
6
9
4
D
180
= 405
10 cos
( 43 )
= cos ( +
= cos ( 3 )
= 12
11 sin (2 a) sin (a) = 0.6

= sin (a)
0 < a < 2
= 0.6
12 cos (a)
cos2 (a) + sin2 (a) = 1
Circular functions
cos2 (a) = 1 sin2 (a)

= 1 (0.6)2
= 1 0.36
cos2 (a) = 0.64
a = 0.64
a = 0.8
a = 0.8
B
13 tan ( a)
= tan (a)
sin ( a)
=
cos (a )
0.6
=
0.8
= 0.75
D
14 sin (53)
= cos (90 53)
= cos (37)
15 f (x) = 2 sin (3x)
Amplitude = 2
B
D
2
3
17 Range f (x)
[2, 2]
16 Period =
18 y = 2 cos
( )
x
2
19 y = 5 tan (4x)
Period = 4
Asymptote =
20 sin (3x) = 0.966

3x = 75
x = 753
x = 25
21 tan (2x) = 0.839
2x = 40, 220
x = 20, 110
22 y = 3sin ( 2x ) 1
23
24
25
26
maximum value = 3 1
=2
C
h = cos ( t) + 5
minimum value = 1 + 5
E
=4
0.5 cos (2x) = 1 for x [, ]
cos (2x) = 2
range = [1, 1]
there are no solutions.
A
7 3
Period:
4
4
4
=
4
=
C
f(x) = P sin (k x) + Q
amp = 2 and the graph is reflected in
the y-axis so P = 2
2
Period = 4
=4
k
2
=4
k
1
k=
2
The graph has shifted up one unit
Q=1
D
27 amp = 3
2 1
=
n 10
n = 2 10
= 20
f(x) = 3 sin (20 t)
B
1
Period =
10
3
x
28 cos =
2
2
x
= , 2
2 6
6
x 11
= ,
2 6
6
0 x 4
0
x
2
2
137
5 13 17
,
,
6
6
6
5 13 17
x= ,
,
,
18 18 18 18
Sum of solutions
5 13 17
=
+
+
+
18 18 18
18
36
=
18
= 2
6
34 f(x) g(x)
dilation of factor 2 from x-axis
reflection in the x-axis
C
11
, 2
6
6
11
= ,
3 3
x = 2
3x =
MM11 CAS-6
35 tan (2x) = 1
2x =
The sum of the solutions =
11
3
3
12
=
3
= 4 D
29 cos x 5 cos (3x)

The 5 represents a dilation of factor
5 from the x-axis
The 3 represents a dilation of factor
1
3 from the y-axis
E
30 amp = 2
Period = 0.4 (5 cycles from [1, 1])
2
= 0.4
n
2
n=
0.4
= 5
graph is shifted up 1 unit
basic cos graph
A
x=
Extended response
1 a Maximum when sin( t) = 1
T = 23 + 2.4 sin( t)
T = 23 + 2.4
T = 25.4C
Minimum when sin( t) = 1
T = 23 + 2.4 sin( t)
T = 23 2.4
T = 20.6C
b i T = 23 + 2.4 sin ( 3)
T = 23 + 0
T = 23C
ii T = 23 + 2.4 sin ( 6.5)
T = 25.4C
c
31 f(x) = tan
4
Period =
1
4
= 4
32 cos (2x) = 3 sin (2x)

1
sin (2 x )
=
3 cos (2 x)
1
tan (2x) =
3
1
2x = k + tan 1 where k Z
3
2x = k +
6
k
x=
+
2 12
33 2 sin (3x) 1 = 0
1
sin (3x) =
2
, , 2 + , 3
6
6
6
6
(only 1st 4 needed)
3x =
d 24.2 = 23 + 2.4 sin( t)

1.2 = 2.4 sin( t)
sin( t) = 0.5
t = sin1(0.5)
5 13 17
t = ,
,
,
6
6
6 6
1 5 13 17
,
t= , ,
6 6 6 6
Freddy is thirsty from t = 10 min
t = 50 min that is, 40 min
every time the graphs peaks
between 9 am and 5 pm.
40 min 4
= 160 min
= 2 hrs 40 min.
2 y = 0.3 sin ( 20
x)
MM11 CAS-6
a Period =
138
Circular functions
f Above 2100
P = 2.1
P = 2 0.8 sin
20
( 6t )
2.1 = 2 0.8 sin ( 6t )
0.8 sin ( 6t ) = 2.1 2
0.8 sin ( 6t ) = +0.1
= 2 20
= 40 cm
b Neck length
= 2 40
= 80 cm
c y = 0.3 sin ( 16
x)
3 P = 2 0.8 sin
( 6t )
sin ( 6t )
sin
( 6t )
a i Maximum no. of rabbits

= (2 + 0.8) 1000
= 2.8 1000
= 2800
ii Minimum no. of rabbits
= (2 0.8) 1000
= 1.2 1000
= 1200
iii Median no. of rabbits
= middle no.
2800 1200
= 1200 +
= 1200 +
t
6
t
6
t
6
d t=5
P = 2 0.8 sin
( 65 )
P = 2 0.8 sin ( 56 )
)
P = 2 0.8 sin ( 6 )
P = 2 0.8
( 6t )
0.8 sin ( 6t )
0.8 sin
( 6t )
sin ( 6t )
sin
t
6
= 3.267, 6.158
6 3.267
6 6.158
H = 11.742 cm
7
ii H = 14 + 5.9 cos
60
4
H = 14 + 5.9 cos (105 )

Same as:
H = 14 + 5.9 cos ( )
H = 8.1 cm
P = 2 0.4
P = 1.6 1000
P = 1600 rabbits
1.6 = 2 0.8 sin
2 sin1 (0.125)
= + .125, 2 .125
7
a i Max. when cos
t = 1
4
H = 14 + 5.9 1
= 19.9 cm
7
ii Min. when cos
t = 1
4
H = 14 + 5.9 1
= 14 5.9
= 8.1 cm
7
b i H = 14 + 5.9 cos
1.5
4
21
H = 14 + 5.9 cos
8
Same as:
5
H = 14 + 5.9 cos
8
1
2
e P = 1600
= + sin (0.125),
7
4 H = 14 + 5.9 cos
4
= 12 months
ii Amplitude = 0.8 (thousands)
c Graph
= 0.125
t = 6.240, 11.76
Difference = 11.76 6.24
= 5.52
Approximately 5 12 months.
= 1200 + 800
= 2000
b i Period = 2 = 2 6
+0.1
0.8
t=
1600
2
P = 2 0.8 sin (
( 6t )
= 1.6 2
= 0.4
=
0.4
0.8
= 0.5
=
5
6
t = 1 or 5
But population will be below
1600 between these two values
=51
= 4 months.
7
y = 14 + 5.9 cos
t
4
d The median position is the point

half way between the peaks. See
graph.
7
e
14 = 14 + 5.9 cos
t
4
7
0 = cos
t
4
7
3 5 7
t= ,
,
,
4
2
2
2 2
2 6 10
, 2,
t= , ,
7 7 7
Graph falls below 14 cm between
t = 2 and 6 seconds, that is, for
7
0.571 s.
f The pendulum takes 1.143 s to
complete one cycle. There are
60 s in 1 min, so 60 1.143 = 52.5
Pendulum swings 52 complete
cycles in 1 minute, and is about
half way through the 53rd swing.
(52.5 times)
5 t
g H = 14 + 5.9 cos
2
2 (t + 2)
5 n(t) = 2.5 + 0.5 cos
11
4
a n(0) = 2.5 + 0.5 cos
11
= 2.71 m
2
b Period = 2
11
= 11 hours
c i high tide depth = 3 m
t = 9 hours 9 pm
ii low tide depth = 2 m
t = 3.5 hours 3:30 pm
d
2 (t + 2)
e 2.25 = 2.5 + 0.5 cos
11
solving 2.25
2 (t + 2)
= 2.5 + 0.5 cos
for t
11
2 1
gives: t = 1 , 5
3 3
they can work from
1:40 pm 5:20 pm
f 1:40 5:20 gives 3 hours, 40 min.
EXAM PRACTICE 2
Short answer
1 This problem requires completing the
square to obtain the general rule for a
circle:
(x h)2 + (y k)2 = r2
x2 + 6x + y2 + 8y 24 = 0
x2 + 6x + 9 + y2 + 8y + 16 = 24 + 9 + 16
(need to balance equation)
(x + 3)2 + (y + 4)2 = 49
Circular functions
Therefore centre (3, 4) and radius 7 (ie: 72 = 49)

2 a
3 a 23x = 5
log (23x) = log (5)
3x log(2) = log(5)
log(5)
log(2)
log(5)
x=
3log(2)
3x =
b log2(x+1) log2(3x) = 2
( x + 1)
=2
log 2
3x
( x + 1)
=2
log 2
3x
x +1
= 22
3x
x + 1 = 12 x
11x = 1
1
x=
11
139
By the scale on the graph, one cycle is completed in

6 units.
C
2
7 f(x) = 3
(2 x + 1)
= 3
b Range of f : (4, 4)
MM11 CAS-6
2
2( x + 12 )
A
asymptotes
y=3
x = 12
8 g(x) = 4 2 x
domain: 2 x 0
2x
x2
range:
x (, 2]
y (, 4]
Extended response
(t 3)
+ 5.5
1 d (t ) = 1.5sin
6
a for maximum depth: 5.5+ 1.5 = 7 metres
for minimum depth: 5.5 1.5 = 4 metres
b the time, in hours for the depth of water to increase from
minimum to maximum is half the period time.
2
Period =
6
= 12 hours, therefore the time to increase from

minimum to maximum is 6 hours
c
Multiple choice
1 f(x) = (x 2)2 + 3 then f(x1) = ((x 1) 2)2 + 3
f(x 1)= (x 3)2 + 3
Turning point: (3, 3)
E
2 Students mistakenly substitute in the x values of the
restricted domain to determine the range. For functions other
than linear, it is important to determine if there are maximum
or minimum points within the restricted domain.
Lowest point when x = 1 (y = 0), and highest point at
TP (y = 2.25).
Range = [0, 2,25]
E
3 Students should be able to determine these types of questions
without reference to notes. For a many-to-one relationship, a
vertical line should only cross the graph at most once, but a
horizontal line can cross one or more times.
C
4 62x 3x 2x+1
= (2 3)2x 3x 2x+1
= 22x 32x 3x 2x+1
= 22x+ x+1 32x+ x
= 23x + 1 33x
D
5 On a calculator page, complete the entry line as:
x
Solve (2sin + 1 = 0, x) | x 2
3
Then press ENTER.

x
Solving 2sin + 1 = 0 for x | x 2 yields:
3
5 1 7 11
D
, , ,
2 2 2 2
6 No horizontal shift, so the graph is a negative sin equation.
Check the periods for the first three options: A: pd = 2, B:
2
pd =
, C: pd = 6
3
x=
d On a calculator page, complete the entry line as:

(t 3)
Solve (1.5sin
+ 5.5 = 6 , t)
6
Then press ENTER.
(t 3)
Solving 1.5sin
+ 5.5 = 6 gives:
6
x = 3.6
First point of intersection (3.6, 6.0), 3.6 hours after
7 am, 10:36 am
e i If they arrive at 9.30am they have 1 hour
36 minutes to swim in the rock pools
(till 10:36 am)
ii The next available times when the depth is at
6 m would be t = 8.4 hours and t = 15.6 hours.
Therefore the depth is 6 m or less between 3:24 pm
and 10:36 pm, however, Tommy and Billy leave
at 4:15 pm, which means that they only spent
51 minutes in the afternoon swimming
(4:15 3:24 = 51 min)
Total time able to swim = 51 mins + 1 hour 36 mins =
147 minutes
2 M = M0ekt
a initial number of mosquitos = M0
M0 = 150
M = 150 ekt
b on 5th day, t = 4
i 235 = 150 e4k
ii 235 = 150 e4k
On a calculator page, complete the entry line as:
Solve(235 = 150 e4k, k)
MM11 CAS-6
140
Circular functions
Then press ENTER.

Solving 235 = 150 e4k for k gives:
k = 0.11
c M = 150e0.11 90
= 2989555.57
= 2989556 larvae
d i Frogs introduced day 20 (t = 19) but recording starts
day 21 (t = 20)
domain: [20, 89]
ii In the long term there will be 300 mosquito larvae

(asymptote line: y = 300)
iii In the first 24 hours, day t = 20 and t = 21, first
recording would be on the 21st day.
amount of decrease
= 200e20 20 + 300 (200e20 21 + 300)
= 126.42
The mosquitos had decreased by 126 in the first
24 hours of recording after the frogs were introduced
Matrices
MM11 CAS-7
141
Chapter 7 Matrices
Exercise 7A Addition and subtraction
of matrices
1 Show A + B = B + A
Note: Both matrices have the same order so it is possible to
add them.
LHS = A + B
RHS = B + A
3 5
1 6
=
+ 2 1
4
2
3 5
1 6
=
+ 4 2
2
1
4 1
4 1
=
=
2 3
2 3
LHS = RHS
Commutative Law holds for matrices A and B for addition
since A + B = B + A
2 A is a 2 3 matrix
B is a 2 3 matrix
C is a 3 2 matrix
D is a 3 2 matrix
a Note: Both matrices have the same order so it is possible
to add them.
1 3 5 2 3 0
A+B =
+
2 1 3 1 2 1
1 6 5
=
1 3 2
b Note: Both matrices have the same order so it is possible
to subtract them.
2 3 0
BA =
1 2 1
1 3 5
2 1 3
3 0 5
=
3 1 4
c B and D are of different order and so it is not possible to
add them.
B + D does not exist
d A and C are of different order
A + C does not exist
e Note: Both matrices, C and D, have the same order so it
is possible to subtract them.
5 3 0 4
C D = 1 0 2 3
4 2 1 1
5 7
= 1 3
3 1
3 Both matrices are of the same order, 1 5, so the difference

will exist
[ 2 5 3 0 4] [ 3 4 1 6 3]
= [5 9 2 6 7 ]
x 3y
4 2
=3
p q
1 2
0 1
2 x 6 y 3 6

=
2 p 2q 0 3
Equate corresponding elements
2x = 3, 6y = 6, 2p = 0 and 2q = 3
x = 1.5, y = 1, p = 0 and q = 1.5
5 a 3 3 matrix or square matrix of order 3
b 4 1 matrix
c [2x + y] is a 1 1 matrix
d 1 4 matrix
6 P must be a 1 3 matrix so that matrix subtraction will exist.
Let P = [x y z]
[x y z] [1 2 5] = [3 4 2]
[x + 1 y 2 z + 5] = [3 4 2]
x + 1 = 3, y 2 = 4 and z + 5 = 2
x = 4, y = 6 and z = 3
P = [4 6 3]
8
p
7 3 q = 9
r
10
8
3 p
3q = 9
10
3r

3p = 8, 3q = 9, and 3r = 10
8
10
p = , q = 3, and r =
3
3
8 The first is a 1 2 matrix and the second is a 2 1 matrix
so their order is different
2
[5 4] does not exist
1
9 Both matrices are 1 3 matrices so an answer exists for this

subtraction problem
3[2 3 4] 5[1 2 3]
= [6 9 12] + [5 10 15]
= [11 19 27]
Answer C
3 2
y
x
10 2
=
1 2m 2 p 12
y
2 x 6
2
=

2 4m
2 p 12
2x = 2, 6 = y, 2 = 2p, and 4m = 12
x = 1, y = 6, p = 1, and m = 3
Answer B.
11 4[0 4] 3[3 0]
= [0 16] + [9 0]
= [9 16]
Answer A
George
Linda
Mary
George
Linda
Mary
English
40 50 60
12 a Let A = Maths 62 87 28
Science 100 14 73
A is 3 3 matrix
English
b Let B =
Maths
Science
50 65 80
87 76 45
95 37 89
MM11 CAS-7
142
Matrices
d AC
= (2 3) (3 2)
THE SAME
AC exists and has order (2 2)
40 50 60
50 65 80
c A + B = 62 87 28 + 87 76 45
100 14 73
95 37 89
90 115 140
= 149 163 73
195 51 162
d Averages matrix =
1 3 5
AC =
2 1 3
A+ B
2
1 5 + 3 1 + 5 4 1 3 + 3 0 + 5 2
=
2 5 + 1 1 + 3 4 2 3 + 1 0 + 3 2
90 115 140
1
149 163 73
2
195 51 162
George
Linda
28 13
=
1 0
Mary
45 57.5 70
= Maths average 74.5 81.5 36.5
Science average 97.5 25.5

81
English average
English Maths Science
e Marys averages matrix = [ 70 36.5 81]
13 Let A = matrix for the first group, B = matrix for the second
group, and C = matrix for the third group
Apples Oranges
A = [3
B = [1
C = [4
2]
6]
2]
Total purchase matrix = 5A + 7B + 8C

= 5[3 2] + 7[1 6] + 8[4 2]
= [15 10] + [7 42] + [32 16]
= [54 68]
the total number of apples and oranges bought are 54
and 68 respectively.
Exercise 7B Multiplying matrices

1 A is 2 3 matrix
B is 2 3 matrix
C is 3 2 matrix
D is 3 2 matrix
To be conformable for multiplication, AB must involve
matrix order (p m) (m q) to result in a (p q) matrix.
a AB
= (2 3) (2 3)
NOT THE SAME
AB does not exist
b BA
= (2 3) (2 3)
NOT THE SAME
BA does not exist
c BD
= (2 3) (3 2)
THE SAME
BD exists and has order (2 2)
0 4
2 3 0
BD =
2 3
1
2
1

1 1
2 0 + 3 2 + 0 1 2 4 + 3 3 + 0 1
=
1 0 + 2 2 + 1 1 1 4 + 2 3 + 1 1
6 17
=
5 11
5 3
1 0
4 2
e CB
= (3 2) (2 3)
THE SAME
CB exists and has order (3 3)
5 3
2 3 0
CB = 1 0
1 2 1
4 2
5 2 + 3 1 5 3 + 3 2 5 0 + 3 1
= 1 2 + 0 1 1 3 + 0 2
1 0 + 0 1
4 2 + 2 1 4 3 + 2 2 4 0 + 2 1
7 9 3
= 2 3 0
6 8 2
1
3
2 [2 5 0 3]
2

0
= (1 4) (4 1)
THE SAME
Product exists giving a (1 1) matrix or scalar result.
1
3
[2 5 0 3]
2

0
= [2 1 + 5 3 + 0 2 + 3 0]
= [13]
= 13
3 a QR
= (2 3) (3 2)
SAME
= (2 2) matrix
5 0
5 3 0
QR =
1 4
1 4 1 0 1
5 5 + 3 1 + 0 0 5 0 + 3 4 + 0 1
=
1 5 + 4 1 + 1 0 1 0 + 4 4 + 1 1
22 12
=
1 15
b R(P + S)
= (3 2) ((2 2) + (2 2))
= (3 2) (2 2)
SAME
= (3 2) matrix
Matrices
5 0
1 3
0 4
R(P + S) = 1 4
+ 1 3
2
1
0 1
5 0
= 1 4
0 1
1 7
1 2
5 1 + 0 1 5 7 + 0 2
= 1 1 + 4 1 1 7 + 4 2
0 1 + 1 1 0 7 + 1 2
5 35
= 5 1
1 2
c Note: Use BODMAS to check that the multiplication and

addition of matrices is possible.
R(P + SQ)
Consider SQ
= (2 2) (2 3)
SAME
= 2 3 matrix
Consider P + SQ
= (2 2) + (2 3)
NOT THE SAME
= not possible
R(P + SQ) does not exist
4 a MN and NM both involve
(2 2) (2 2)
SAME
= (2 2) matrix
LHS = MN
RHS = NM
1 1 0 5
0 5 1 1
=
=
4 3

2
0

4 3 2 0
4 8
10 0
=
=
0 10
10 4
LHS RHS
the multiplication of the matrices M and N is not
commutative.
b M 2 = (2 2) (2 2)
SAME
= (2 2) matrix
1 1 1 1
M2 =

2 0 2 0
1 1 1 2 1 1 1 0
=
2 1 + 0 2 2 1 + 0 0
1 1
=
2 2
2 0
3 0
c 2N
M +
0 2
0 3
0 5
= 2
4 3
3 0 1 1 2 0
0 3 2 0 + 0 2
30
0
=

24 18
60
60
=
108
12
1 5 x
5 a
=
3 4 y
3 1
2 2
11

5
MM11 CAS-7
x + 5 y 11

=
3 x + 4 y 5
b x + 5y = 11 3x + 4y = 5
c x + 5y = 11 ........(1) 3
3x + 4y = 5........(2)
3x +15y = 33
(1)
(2) + (1)
19y = 38
y=2
Substitute into (1)
x + 10 = 11
x=1
x = 1, y = 2
2 1 2 1
6 a A2 =

0 3 0 3
2 2 + 1 0 2 1 1 3
=
0 2 + 3 0 0 1 + 3 3
4 5
=
0 9
1 0
A2 3A 4
0 1
1 0
4 5
2 1
=
3 0 3 4 0 1
0
9
4 0
4 5
6 3
=
+ 0 9 + 0 4
0 9
6 2
=
0 4
b A3 = A2 A
4 5 2
=

0 9 0
4 2 5 0
=
0 2 + 9 0
1
3
4 1 5 3
0 1 + 9 3
8 19
=
0 27
7 2x + 5y =11
3x + 2y = 12
Coefx Coefy
11
First equation 2 5 x
=
Second equation 3 2 y
12
8 a EF
= (1 3) (3 1)
SAME
= (1 1) matrix
EF
2
= [2 3 4] 3
4
= [ 2 2 + 3 3 + 4 4 ]
= [29] or 29
b FE
= (3 1) (1 3)
SAME
= (3 3) matrix
FE
2
= 3 [2 3 4]
4
143
MM11 CAS-7
144
Matrices
2 2 2 3 2 4
= 3 2 3 3 3 4
4 2 4 3 4 4
4 6 8
= 6 9 12
8 12 16
c EF FE
the commutative law for multiplication does not hold
1 4
1 0
9 A=
and I = 0 1
3
13 4
5 20
3 0
A2 + 5 A 3 I =
+

3
16
15
10
0 3
15 16
=
12 3
3 4
3
10 a P =
, find P
1 2
3
CAS calculator or P3 = P P2 =
1
59
=
23
4
13 20

2
5 8
92
36
1 0
b Find the 2 2 matrix Q such that Q P =
.
9 12
1 0
Q = P1
9 12
1 2 4 1 0
2 1 3 9 12
17 24
=
13 18
11 PQ
= (2 2) (2 2)
SAME
= (2 2) matrix
PQ
3 0 1 1
=

1 2 2 5
3 1 + 0 2 3 1 + 0 5
=
1 1 2 2 1 1 2 5
3 3
=
3 9
D is the answer.
12 P2
= (2 2) (2 2)
SAME
= (2 2) matrix
P2
2 1 2 1
=

3 0 3 0
2 2 1 3 2 1 1 0
=
3 2 + 0 3 3 1 + 0 0
1 2
=
6 3
C is the answer
13 PRE-MULTIPLY
(1 2) (2 3)
= (1 3) matrix
B is the answer
14 a Inner product must be equal. AC = (a b) (b a)

= (a a)
CA = (b a) (a b)
= (b b)
CB = (b a) (a c)
= (b c)
b Yes. In order ACB. ACB = (a b) (b a) (a c)
= (a a) (a c)
= (a c)
Final order is (a c)
c The sum only exists if the orders are equal. Therefore the
matrices cannot be added.
3 5
1 0
15 M =
and I = 0 1 ,
2 0
3 5 3 5
1 15
M2 =

=
2
0
2
0
6 10
CAS calculator or aM 2 bM 1 = 0
1 15
3 5
1 0
0
a
b

=
6 10
2 0
0 1
0
a 3b 1 15a 5b
0
6
a
2
b
10
a
1
0
0
Solving, 10a 1 = 0
10a = 1
a = 0.1
15a 5b = 0
15 0.1 = 5b
1.5 = 5b
b = 0.3
a = 0.1 and b = 0.3
16 a
Hamburgers. Drinks Chips
2367
4219]
A = Jan [1200
Selling Price
b B=
Hamburgers 4.50
Drinks 1.95
Chips 2.45
c Total income = AB
4.50
= [1200 2367 4219] 1.95

2.45
= [1200 4.5 + 2367 1.95 + 4219 2.45]

= [203 52.2]
the total income is $20 352.20.
17 a Let A
KS Bed S.Bed. Tables Chairs TVs
Standard Room 1
Suit 1
Presidential 2
Let B =
SR
Number [80
0
2
1
2
2
5
18
1
3
6
Suit Presid.
45
3]
BA = (1 3) (3 5)
= (1 5) matrix
1 0 1 2 1
b BA = [80 45 3] 1 2 2 5 3
2 6 7 18 6
= [80 + 45 + 6 0 + 90 + 18 80 + 90 + 21
160 + 225 + 54 80 + 135 + 18]
= [131 108 191 439 233]
the total number of king size beds is 131, single beds
108, table 191, chairs 439 and TVs 233.
Matrices
Exercise 7C Solving matrix equations

1 2
=1423
1 a
3 4
= 4 0
= 4
2 3
b det
= 2 5 3 6
6 5
= 10 + 18
=8
2 0

1 2
1 1

2 0
c
0 0
=0402
2 4
x x2
= x 2 x 2 6
f det
6 x
3 = ( x 2)( x + 3) 9
3 a det(A) = 2 1 + 3 5
= 2 +15
= 13
1 1 5
det( A) 3 2
b Prove AA1 = A1 A = I
RHS
= A 1 A
1 1 5 2 5
=
13 3 2 3 1
1 12 +53 15+51
1 21+52 2552
3113 3512
= 13
32 + 23 35+ 21
1 13 0
13 0 13
= 13
3 8
= 3 2 8 1
1 2
=68
= 2
1
3 8
1 2 8

=
2 1 3
1 2
e
6 3
= 6 1 3 3
3 1
6 3
1 1 3

=
3 3 6
3 1
5 A is singular when det A = 0.
x +1 2
=0
4
x 1
( x + 1)( x 1) 4 2 = 0
1 5
13 13
1 1 5
or
=
13 3 2
3 2
13 13
= AA
2 5
1 1 5
=
3
1
13
3 2
1 0 1
2 2 1
x = 4 or x = 3
=69
= 3
x 2 + x 12 = 0
( x + 4)( x 3) = 0
LHS
5 3
= 5 9 3 15
15 9
9
x 2
2 Given A =
and det(A) = 3
1
x
+ 3
det(A) = ( x 2)( x + 3) 9
A 1 =
1 2 0
4 1 2
= 45 45
=0
5 3

is a singular matrix and there is no inverse.
15 9
x 2
= xy 6
3 y
= 5x
=2
=0
e
1 1
= 1 0 1 2
2 0
1 3
= 1 3 3 4
4 3
= 3 + 12
=9
145
2 0
= 2 2 0 1
1 2
4 a
=46
= 2
MM11 CAS-7
1 13 0
13 0 13
1 0
1 0
=
=
0
1
0 1
=I
=I
LHS = RHS
AA1 = A1 A = I
x2 1 8 = 0
x2 = 9
x = 3
A is a singular matrix when x = 3 or x = 3.
6 a 2x 5y = 6
x+y=2
In matrix form
2 5 x 6
2 5
y = 2 where 1 1 = 2 1 + 5 1 = 7
1
1

Pre-multiply both sides by the inverse.

1 1 5
7 1 2
2 5 x 1 1 5 6
=

1 1 y 7 1 2 2
x 1 1 6 + 5 2
I =
y 7 1 6 + 2 2
x 1 16
=
y 7 2
MM11 CAS-7
146
Matrices
16
x 7
=
y 2
7
2
16
,y=
7
7
b x 3y = 7
2x + 4y = 0
In matrix form
1 3 x 7
=
2 4 y 0
x=
7 2px y = 3
3x + py = 2
In matrix form
2 p 1 x 3
=
p y 2
3
where
Pre-multiply both sides by the inverse

p 1 2 p 1 x
1

p y
(2 p 2 + 3) 3 2 p 3
=
1 3
where
= 1 4 + 3 2 = 2
2 4
Pre-multiply both sides by the inverse.
page 3C
1 4 3 1 3 x 1 4 3 7

=

2 2 1 2 4 y 2 2 1 0
x 1 4 7 + 3 0
I =
y 2 2 7 1 0
x 1 28
=
y 2 14
x 14
=
y 7
x
3p + 2
1
=
2
y (2 p + 3) 9 + 4 p
(3 p + 2)
(4 p 9)
, y=
x=
(2 p 2 + 3)
(2 p 2 + 3)
3x 2 y + z = 1
8 x y 2 z = 13
x + 3y 2z = 9
In matrix form, AX = B
3 2 1 x 1

1 1 2 y = 13
1 3 2 z 9
Define matrices A and B on a CAS calculator

Algebraically
A1 AX = A1B

1 1 4 2 4 x 1 1 4 1
=

22 5 2 5 1 y 22 5 2 7
x 1 29
=

y 22 9
29
x 22
=
y 9
22
29
9
,y=
22
22
d x y = 1
2x y = 6
In matrix form
1 1 x 1
1 1
y = 6 where 2 1 = 1 1 2 1 = 1
2

1 1 1 1 1 x 1 1 1 1

=

1 2 1 2 1 y 1 2 1 6
x=
x = 7, y = 8
x 1 1 + 1 6
I =
y 2 1 + 1 6
x 7
=
y 8
IX = A1B
X = A1B
Complete the entry line on a CAS calculator as a 1 b
x 1 1 1 + 4 7
I =
y 22 5 1 + 2 7
p 1 3

(2 p + 3) 3 2 p 2
1
x
p 3 + 1 2
1
I =
2
y
+
(2
p
3)

3 3 + 2 p 2
x = 14, y = 7
c 2x + 4y = 1
5x + y = 7
In matrix form
2 4
2 4 x 1
y = 7 where 5 1 = 2 1 4 5 = 22
5
1

2 p 1
= 2 p p 3 1 = 2 p 2 + 3.
3
p
4
5
19
x= , y= , z=
3
3
3
1 2
=0
p 3
1 3 p 2 = 0
3 + 2 p = 0
3
p=
2
Answer is E
1 3
10
1 4
where
1 3
= 1 4 3 1 = 7
1 4
1 4 3
7 1 1
Answer is E
11 x + y = 4
4x + 6y = 5
In matrix form
1 1 x 4
1 1
= 1 6 1 4 = 10
= where
4 6
4 6 y 5

1 6 1 1 1 x
1 6 1 4

10 4 1 4 6 y 10 4 1 5
Answer is D
Matrices
1 2
12 A =
4 12
1
2
12
4
2 3
= 2 2 3 1 = 7
1 2
12
4
1
2
Pre-multiply by the inverse

1 2 3 2 3 x 1 2 3 a

=

7 1 2 1 2 y 7 1 2 5
x 1 2a 15
I =
y 7 a + 10
Given the solution is (7, 1)
(2a 15)
( a + 10)
,1 =
7=
7
7
49 = 2a 15, 7 = a + 10
2a = 34, a = 17
a = 17
1 12
+
=1
4 16
1
2
A =
12
12
1
2
2 3
2
=
2 3 1
18 y = ax3 + bx 2 + cx + d
Substitute
x = 1, y = 3
3 = a + b + c + d ................(1)
1 1
1 0
13 P =
and Q = 1 0
0 1
Substitute
x = 2, y = 5
5 = 8a + 4b + 2c + d ..............(2)
2 0
1 1
PQ =
; QP =
. Therefore P and Q do not
1 0
1 1
commute when multiplied.
Substitute
x = 1, y = 1
1 = a + b c + d .............(3)
cos( ) sin( )
14
sin( ) cos( )
Inverse is
cos( ) sin( )
1
(cos( ) cos( ) + sin( )sin( )) sin( ) cos( )
Substitute
x = 3, y = 15
15 = 27a + 9b + 3c + d ..........(4)
1
8
1
27
1 a 3
1 b 5
=
1 c 1

1 d 15
Define matrices, A and B, on a CAS calculator
Algebraically
cos( ) sin( )
=
sin( ) cos( )
1 0
0 1
and J =
15 I =
0 1
1 0
For the inverse to exist ab cd 0.
P 0 0 Q
pI + qJ =
+
0 P Q 0
IX = A1B
X = A 1 B
2
Complete the entry line on a CAS calculator as a 1b

a = 1, b = 2, c = 1, d = 3
hence for the inverse to exist, P + Q 0
the equation of the curve is
1 0
2 1
16 M =
and N = 1 2
0
2
1 1 2 1
XN = k

0 0 1 2
1 1
4 2
1 1
9 3
A1 AX = A1B
P Q
=
Q P
1 0 1 1
MX =
k
=k
0 2 0 0
147
2 3 x a

=
1 2 y 5
12
1 1 12 12
2
2 4
4
MM11 CAS-7
1 1
0 0
y = x3 2 x 2 + x + 3
19
rx + y + z = 1
2 x ry z = 3
3x + 4 y rz = 5
1 1
=k
0 0
r 1
2 r
3 4
= MX
Define and store matrices on a CAS calculator as a and b
17 2 x + 3 y = a
x 2y = 5
In matrix form
1 x 1
1 y = 3
r z 5
Complete the entry line on a CAS calculator as a 1b

x =
r 2 + 8r + 11
3r 2 + 7 r 2
5r 2 9r + 7
,y = 3
,z = 3
3
r + 9r + 5
r + 9r + 5
r + 9r + 5
MM11 CAS-7
20
148
Matrices
a+b+c+d =0
a 2b + 3c + d = 7
2a + b 2c d = 1
Define and store matrices A and B on CAS as a and b

Algebraically we need to solve
A1 AX = A1B
3a + 2b + c 4d = 11
IX = A1B
Write in matrix form, AX = B

1 1 1 1 a 0

1 2 3 1 b = 7
2 1 2 1 c 1

3 2 1 4 d 11
Define and store matrices on CAS as p and q
Complete the entry line on CAS as p 1q
a = 1, b = 1, c = 2, d = 2
x+ y+z =3
21 x + by + z = 3b
2 x + 4 y + bz = 2
Writing in Matrix form, AX = B
10
x b + 2
y = 3
z 10
b + 2
22
Suits Shirts Ties
Church 15
45
24
23
Profit/unit
High
Exercise 7D Matrices and transformations

x 0 1 3
1 a =

y 1 0 2
0 3 + 1 2
=
1 3 + 0 2
2
=
3
1 3 + 1 2
=
0 3 + 1 2
43
37
3
=
2
x 3 3
= +
y 2 2
Let x = the profit for Church St. and y = the profit for High St.
100
x 15 45 43
=
18
y 24 23 37 14

15 100 + 45 18 + 43 14
=
24 100 + 23 18 + 37 14
2912
=
3332
x = 2912, y = 3332
the total weekly profit from Church St is $2912 and for
High St, it is $3332
kg/litre
Urg Blog Slug Nog
Quix .2
Runns .1
Splash .2
Thix 1
Use CAS and complete the entry line as a 1b

w = 2834, x = 120, y = 1120, z = 1037
the Company produces the following volume per
week 2834 litres of Quix, 120 litres of Runns, 1120
litres of Splash, and 1037 litres of Thix.
the new point is (2, 3)

x 1 0 3
b =

y 0 1 2
Suits 100
Shirts 18
Ties 14
23
X = A1 B
.5
.4
.7
.5
.3
.7
.1
.3
1
.8
=A
1
kg
Urg 2000
Blog 1945
=B
Slug 1800
Nog 3230
Let w = litres of Quix produced per week,
x = litres of Runns produced per week,
y = litres of Splosh produced per week,
z = litres of Thix produced per week
6
=
0
x 1 0 3
c =

y 0 2 2
1 3 + 0 2
=
0 3 + 2 2
3
=
4
1 0
d M y -axis =
0 1
x
1 0 3
=
y
0 1 2
1 3 + 1 2
=
0 3 + 1 2
3
=
2
6
1 0
e
T = and Rx -axis =
4
0 1
x 3 6
= +
y 2 4
3
=
2
Matrices
x 1 0 3
=

y 0 1 2
x 0 1 m
2 a
=

y 1 0 n
0 m + 1 n
=
1 m + 0 n
n
=
m
0 1
M y=x =
1 0
x 0 1 n
=

y 1 0 m
0 n + 1 m
=
1 n + 0 m
m
=
n
reflection in the line y = x twice results in the
original point (m, n)
0 1
b M y = x =
1 0
x 0 1 m
=

y 1 0 n
0 m + 1 n
=
1 m + 0 n
n
=
m
2n
T =
3m
x 2n n
=
+
y 3m m
3n
=
4m
the new point is (3n, 4m)
x 3 0 0 1 x
3 a =

y 0 1 1 0 y
0 + 0 3 + 0 x
=

0 + 1 0 + 0 y
0 3 x
=

1 0 y
0 3
the matrix of transformation is
1 0
x 0 3 1
b =

y 1 0 0
0 1 + 3 0
=
1 1 + 0 0
0
=
1
MM11 CAS-7
149
MM11 CAS-7
150
Matrices
cos( ) sin( )
4 These are all of the form
, where is an anticlockwise rotation about the origin.
sin( ) cos( )
a 90o clockwise
cos( 90) sin( 90) 0 1
sin( 90) cos(90) 1 0
b 180o clockwise
cos( 180) sin(180)

1 0
sin(180) cos(180)
0 1
c 270o clockwise
cos( 270) sin(270)

0 1
sin(
270)
cos(
270)
1 0
d 360o clockwise
cos( 360) sin(360)

1 0
sin(
360)
cos(
360)
0 1
cos(90) sin(90)
0 1
e 90o anticlockwise
=
sin(90)
cos(90)
1 0
cos(45) sin(45)
1 1 1
f 45o anticlockwise
=
2 1 1
sin(45) cos(45)
cos( 120) sin( 120)
1 1
g 120o clockwise
=
2
sin( 120) cos( 120)
3
cos(150) sin(150)
1 3
h 150o anticlockwise
=
2 1
sin(150) cos(150)
cos( 300) sin( 300)

1 1
i 300o clockwise
sin(
300)
cos(
300)
2 3
cos(120) sin(120)
1 1 3
j 120o anticlockwise
=
2 3 1
sin(120) cos(120)
5 Point (3, 5).
a reflection through the line y = x (5, 3)
followed by a rotation of 180o anticlockwise (5, 3)
0 1 1 0 3
5
or
D

=
1
0
0
1
5

3
b rotation of 270o clockwise followed by a translation
4
of
2
0 1 3
4
1
0
5
2

5
4
= +
3
2
9
=
5
B
c reflection in the y-axis, followed by a reflection in the
x-axis and then an anticlockwise rotation of 45o
1 1 1 1 0 1 0 3

2 1 1 0 1 0 1 5
1 1 1 1 0 3

2 1 1 0 1 5
1 1 1 3
=

2 1 1 5
1 2

2 8
= ( 2, 4 2 )
Matrices
1
6 Dx - axis =
0
x 0
=
y 1
2
0
T = R y=x =
3
1
1 1 0 x
0 0 3 y
0 1
1 0
0 + 0 0 + 3 x
=

1 + 0 0 + 0 y
0 3 x
=

1 0 y
8 a Transformation 1
2 0
Dx - axis =
0 1
x 2 0 a
=

y 0 1 b
2 a + 0 b
=
0 a + 1 b
2a
=
b
0 + 3 y
=
x+0
3y
=
x
b Transformation 2
5
T =
3
x x 5
= +
y y 3
x 3 y 2
= +
y x 1
2 + 3 y
=
1 + x
the co-ordinates of the final point are
(2 + 3y, 1 + x)
Ans: D
1 0
3 0
7 a Dx - axis =
D y -axis =
0 2
0 1
x 3 0 1 0 x
=

y 0 1 0 2 y
3 + 0 0 + 0 x
=

0 + 0 0 + 2 y
3 0 x
=

0 2 y
(1, 1) ?
(0, 0) ?
x 3 0 0
x 3 0 1
=
=
0

y
0
2

y 0 2 1
3
0
=
=
2
0
(1, 0) ?
x 3 0 1
=

y 0 2 0
(0, 1) ?
x 3 0 0
=

y 0 2 1
0
3
=
=
0
2

the new points will be (0, 0), (3, 0), (0, 2) and (3, 2)
3 0
b
0 2
c
MM11 CAS-7
1
Dx - axis =
0
n
D y -axis =
0
0
n
0
1
1 0
D y -axis Dx - axis =
0 n
n + 0
=
0 + 0
n 0
=
0 n
= nI
n 0
0 1
0 + 0
0 + n
2a 5
= +
b 3
2a 5
=
b3
c Transformation 3
1 0
Rx - axis =
0 1
x 1 0 x
=

y 0 1 y
1 0 2a 5
=
0 1 b 3
1 (2a 5) + 0 (b 3)
=
0 (2a 5) + 1 (b 3)
2a 5
=
3b
d Transformation 4
0 1
Ry = x =
1 0
x 0 1 x
=

y 1 0 y
0 1 2a 5
=
1 0 3 b
0 (2a 5) + 1 (b 3)
=
1 (2a 5) + 0 (b 3)
3b
=
2a 5
the new coordinates of P are (3 b, 2a 5)
cos( A ) sin( A )
RA =
9
sin( A ) cos( A )
i
cos(30 ) sin(30 )
R30 =
sin(30 ) cos(30 )
R30
3
2
1
2
1

2
3
151
152
MM11 CAS-7
Matrices
ii
iv
cos(45 ) sin(45 )
R45 =
sin(45 ) cos(45 )
R45
1
2
1
2
x
= R180
y
4
= I
0
1
2
1
2
4
=
0
iii
cos(90 ) sin(90 )
R90 =
sin(90 ) cos(90 )
the image is (4, 0)

v
x
= R60
y
0 1
R90 =
1 0
cos(180 ) sin(180 )
R180 =
sin(180 ) cos(180 )
1 0
R180 =
1 1
R180 = 1
2
1
4

0
x 2
=
y 2 3
the image is (2, 2 3)
R60
R60
cos( 60 ) sin(60 )
=
sin( 60 ) cos(60 )
1
2
=
3
x
a i = R30
y
2
1
3
2
1
2
1

2 4

3 0
the image is (2 3, 2)
x
ii = R45
y
b i
x

y
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
4

0
5 3
5
2, + 2 3
the image is
2
2
ii
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
5

4
1
2
9
2
1 9
,
the image is
2 2
0 1 5
iii

1 0 4
2 2
=
2 2
the image is (2 2, 2 2)
x
= R90
y
1

2 5

3 4
3
2
1
2
5 3
= 2
5
+ 2 3
x

y
2 3
=
iii
x

y
2
=
3
iv
x

y
x

y
0 1 4
=

1 0 0
0
=
4
the image is (0, 4)
4
=
5
the image is (4, 5)
5
iv I
4
5
=
4
the image is (5, 4)
Matrices
2
3
2
1
9
2
=
9 3
5

4
9 9 3
the image is ,
2
2
2+2 3
=
5 3
+
2
Page 9D
ii
5 3
5
the image is
2, + 2 3
2
2
c i
3
2
1
2
1

2 3

3 6
1
2 3
1 6
2
the image is (9, 0)
0
iv I
9
0
=
9
the image is (0, 9)
1
v 2
3
0 1 3
iii

1 0 6
the image is (6, 3)
10
the image is (3, 6)

3
2 3 =

1 6
2 + 3 3
3 3
+3
3 3
the image is + 3 3,
+ 3
2
2
1
0
2

3 9
0

9
9 3 9
the image is
,
2
2
3
iv I
6
3
=
6
2
1
9 3
= 2
9
6
=
3
3
2
1
2
0

9
9
=
0
9 3
the image is
,
2 2
d i
1
2
1
2
0 1 0
iii

1 0 9
9

2
=
3

2
v 2
3
9 9
the image is
,
2
2
3 3
3
3,
3 3
the image is
2
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
9

2
=
9

2
3 3
= 2
3
+ 3 3
ii
MM11 CAS-7
x cos(270 ) sin(270 ) x

=
y sin(270 ) cos(270 ) y
0
=
1
2
=
7
1 7
0 2
x x 2
= +
y y 4
2 2
= +
7 4
0
=
3
the image of (7, 2) is (0, 3)
153
154
MM11 CAS-7
Matrices
x cos(45 ) sin( 45 ) x
11 a =

y sin(45 ) cos( 45 ) y
2
=
1
2
1 1
=
2 1
1
2 x
1 y
2
1 x
1 y
(2, 1) ?
1 1 1 2

2 1 1 1
1 2 1
=
2 2 1
1

2
=
3

2
(5, 2) ?
(4, 0) ?
1 1 1 5

2 1 1 2
1 5+2
=
2 5 + 2
1 1 1 4

2 1 1 0
1 4
=

24
the new coordinates are A = (
1 3
,
)
2
2
B = (2 2, 2 2)
C = (
7 3
,
)
2
2
b Rotation does not alter the size of the triangle, just its
position.
the original triangle and its image are congruent
the area remains unaltered
12 a Does R30 = R
60
M y=x ?
3
1
cos(30 ) sin(30 ) 2 2
R30 =
=
sin(30 ) cos(30 ) 1
3
2
2
cos(300 ) sin(300 )
R = R300 =
60
cos(300 )
sin(300 )
R =
60
0
M y=x =
1
3
2
1
2
3
2
1
2
45
M x - axis = I ?
1 0
M x - axis =
0 1
cos(45 ) sin(45 )
2 1 1
R45 =
=
2
cos(45 )
1 1
sin(45 )
1 0
I =
0 1
LHS
= R45 M x -axis
RHS
=I
2 1 1 1 0
2 1 1 0 1
2 1 1
=
2 1 1
LHS RHS
cos( ) sin( )
13 a R
sin( ) cos( )
a b
This is a matrix of the form
b a
where a 1, b 1,
a b
=1 .
b a
x a b x
=

y b a y
If (2 3, 13) (3, 4) then

2 3 a b 3
=

13 b a 4
3a 4b
=
3b + 4a
2 3 = 3a 4b.............(i)
13 = 4a + 3b...............(ii)
Solve simultaneously to find a and b
6 3 = 9a 12b.............(i)
RHS
=R
60
1

2
3
b Does R
1
0
LHS
= R30
1

2
3
4 13 = 16a + 12b...............(ii)
M y=x
2
=
3
2 0 1
1 1 0
2
3
these transformations are not equivalent.
7

2
=
3

2
2 2
=
2 2
= 2
1
2
R30
(i) + (ii)
25a = 6 3 + 4 13
6 3 + 4 13
25
Substitute in (i) to find b
a=
Matrices
4 a AB
= (4 1) (1 4)
= (4 4)
6 3 + 4 13
4b
25
18 3 + 12 13 50 3
4b =
+
25
25
12 13 + 32 3
b=
4
25
3 13 + 8 3
b=
25
2 3 = 3
AB
1

2
= 1 0 4 1]
0

3
Now a 1, b 1
2
=
0
a b
= a 2 + b2
b a
2
6 3 + 4 13
3 13 + 8 3
=
+
50
50
108 48 39 + 208 + 117 + 48 39 + 192

625
625
=
625
=1
this transformation of (2 3, 13) (3, 4) by the
=
6 3 + 4 13
25
matrix
3 13 + 8 3
25
BA
1

2
= 1 0 4 1]
0

3
3 13 + 8 3
25
represents an
6 3 + 4 13
25
anticlockwise rotation of about the origin.
b Since cos( ) < 0 and sin( ) > 0, must be between

90 and 180.
= [1 1 + 0 2 4 0 1 3]
= [1 3]
= 2
5 a
6 3 + 4 13
25
6 3 4 13
= 180 cos 1
25
PQ
2
= 0 3]
1
0 6
=
0 3
= 80.72
0 1 a

1 2 c
2 3 e
PQ
= (2 1) (1 2)
= (2 2)
cos( ) =
Short answer
1 a 41
b 52
0 4 1
0 8
2
0 0
0
0 12 3
b BA
= (1 4) (4 1)
= (1 1)
Chapter review
QP
= (1 2) (2 1)
= (1 1)
QP
b 3 0
d = 5 4
f 0 2
a
1 b 3 0
1 c 2 d = 5 4
2 e 3 f 0 2
a = 3, 1 b = 0, 1 c = 5,
2 d = 4, 2 e = 0,
3 f = 2
a = 3, b = 1, c = 6,
d = 2, e = 2, f = 1
3 1
D = 6 2
2 1
3 3 x
=
1 y
x = 3 and y = 1
MM11 CAS-7
2
= [0 3]
1
= 0 2 + 3 1]
=3
PR
= (2 1) (1 3)
= (2 3)
PR
2
= 0 2 1]
1
0 4 2
=
0 2 1
d Q+R
= (1 2) + (1 3)
= not possible
P(Q + R ) is not possible
155
156
MM11 CAS-7
2 4
5 6
Matrices
6 4
=
2 4 5 2
5 6
1
6 4
1
(12 20) 5 2
1 6 4
=
8 5 2
=
7 Prove AA1 = I where

A1 =
3 y
x y 2 x
2 3
LHS
= AA1
x y
3 y
1
=
2 3 (3 x 2 y ) 2 x
3 x 2 y xy + xy
1
=
(3x 2 y ) 6 6 2 y + 3 x
=
0
3 x 2 y
1
3x 2 y
(3x 2 y ) 0
1 0
=
0 1
=I
2x 3y + z = 3
3 x + y 2 z = 1
x yz=6
2 3 1 x 3

3 1 2 y = 1
1 1 1 z 6
Store matrices, A and B, in CAS

Algebraically
A1 AX = A1B
IX = A1B
1
X = A X
using CAS evaluate a1 b
17
12
37
x= ,y=
,z=
11
11
11
x k
=
y 0
6 k
=
2 0
x
p
= M x -axis
y

q
1 0 p
=

0 1 q
p
=
q
x x a
= +
y y b
p a
= +
q b
a p
=
b q
the new coordinates are (a p, b q)
0 3
1 2
0 3
1 2
6 3k
=
2 2
3k = 6
k =2
2 0
Mx =
0 1
11 R60 = R300 Page 7RS
x cos(300 ) sin(300 ) 1

=
y sin(300 ) cos(300 ) 2
1
x 2
=
y 3
2 1

1 2
(1 + 2 3)
x
2
=
y ( 3 + 2)
A = (
RHS
10
(1 + 2 3) ( 3 + 2)
,
)
2
2
2 1
0 1
1
12 M =
, N =
. Find MN(NM) .
1 4
3 5
2 1 0 1
MN =
1 4 3 5
3
=
12
0
NM =
3
1
=
1
9
1 2 1
5 1 4
4
23
1 23 4
27 1 1
1 3 7 23 4
MN ( NM ) 1 =
27 12 19 1 1
1 62 19
=
27 257 67
( NM )1 =
1 4
0 0 4
13 P = 2 0 , Q =
2 5 1
1 3
Order of (QP) is (2 2)
1 4
0 0 4
QP = 2 0
2 5 1
1 3
4 12
=
7 5
1 5 12
(QP) 1 =
64 7 4
1 5 12
=
64 7 4
Matrices
1 3
3 0
1
14 A =
, B =
, C =
2
0
4
1
2
a A = 0 1 2 3
=6
b C is not a square matrix, therefore no inverse exists.
3 0 1 3
c BC =
=
4 1 2 2
3 0
15 P =
2 1
x = 2, y = 3, z = 0
2 5 6] 3 2 1]
= 10 12] 6 3]
= 10 + 6 12 + 3]
= 4 9]
9 0
=
4 1
9 0
3 0
P 2P =
2
4
1
2 1
AB = (2 1) (1 2)
AB = (2 2)
2
AB = 3 0]
1
6 0
=
3 0
1 2 1 2
=
4 0 4 0
1 + 8 2 + 0
=
4 + 0 8 + 0
P2
1 1 0
The inverse of P is
i.e.
3
3 2 3
1 0
n.b. P 2 = P 2
0 1
9 2
=
4 8
3 5
5 c
16 M =
, N =
.
0
3
0 3
M 2M
3 5 5 c
MN =
.
0 3 0 3
9 2
1
=
2
4 8
4
9 2 2
=
4 8 8
11 6
=
12 8
15 3c + 15
=
9
0
5 c 3 5
NM =
0 3 0 3
15 25 3c
=
9
0
M and N commute under multiplication so MN = NM

15 3c + 15
15 25 3c
0
9
0
3c + 15 = 25 3c
6c = 10
5
c=
3
Multiple choice
1 1 5

2 3
0 2
2
0
4
0
PQR
= (3 1) (1 2) (2 2)
= (3 1) (1 2)
= (3 2)
1 2
3 1
= ( 1 1) (2 3)
= 1 6
= 7
x +1
2
is singular
3
4
when
1 + 5
= 2 + 3
0 2
4
= 5
2
x y
= 6 9
3
z 4 0 4
3
3 x 3 y 6 9
3 z 4 0 4
3 x = 6, 3 y = 9, 3 z = 0
3 0 3 0
P2 =
2 1 2 1
3
=
0
= 3I
P(P 2) = 3I
P2
P
=I
3
MM11 CAS-7
x +1
2
=0
3 x 4
( x + 1)( x 4) (3 2) = 0
x 2 3x 4 + 6 = 0
x 2 3x + 2 = 0
( x 2)( x 1) = 0
x = 1 or x = 2
157
MM11 CAS-7
10
158
Matrices
3
=
4
16
z=3
x+y=5
xy=1
1 2
1 4 2
=
1
4
1
2 1 1
1 4
=
1 4 2
4 2 1 1
1 4 2
6 1 1
x x 2
= +
y y 1
( x, y ) = (2, 1)
the coordinates are (4, 0)

x 0 1 a
=

y 1 0 b
x b
=
y a
x b 1
= +
y a 3
x b 1
=
y a + 3
the coordinates are (4, 0)
12 x 2 0 0 1 x
=

y 0 1 1 0 y
13
x cos(90 ) sin(90 ) 2
=

y sin(90 ) cos(90 ) 1
14 mx + 12y = 24
3x + my = m
have a unique solution only for:
0. m2 36 0, m 6, 6
Extended response
1 a Prove
A2 B 2 = ( A B )( A + B ) only if AB = BA
RHS = ( A B)( A + B)
LHS = A2 B 2
= A( A + B) B( A + B)
= A2 B 2 ( BA AB)
x
2
= R90
y

1
x 0 1 2
=

y 1 0 1
x 1
=
y 2
0 0 1 x 3

1 1 0 y = 5
1 1 0 z 1
This isnt one of the options, but rearranging the lines gives
an answer of
1 1 0 x 5

B
1 1 0 y = 1
0 0 1 z 3
= A2 + AB BA B 2
0 + 0 2 + 0 x
=

0 1 0 + 0 y
0 2 x
=

1 0 y
the transformation matrix is
0 2
1 0
3

Right hand matrix is 5
1
x
Matrix of variables y post multiplies
z
0 0 1
Coefficient matrix 1 1 0
1 1 0
2 2
= +
1 1
4
=
0
11
BA AB = O only if A and B are commutative for

multiplication.
b Does BA = AB?
LHS
RHS
= BA
= AB
7 2 1 2
1 2 7 2
=
=
6 3 9 3
9 3 6 3
7 18 14 + 6
=
6 27 12 + 9
11 8
=
21 3
7 12 2 + 6
=
63 18 18 + 9
5 4
=
45 9
A and B are not commutative for multiplication.

Use A2 B 2 = ( A B )( A + B ) + (BA AB)
C
1 0
15 (3, 4) undergoes a transformation given by
0 1
1 0 3

0 1 4
1 2 7 2 1 2 7 2
=
9 3 6 3 9 3 6 3
11 8
5 4

+
21 3
45 9
6 0 8 4 11 8
5 4
=
45 9
+
3 0 15 6 21 3
48 24 11 8
5 4
=
+ 21 3 45 9
24
12
48 11 + 5 24 8 4
=
24 21 45 12 3 + 9
Matrices
2 a Prove ( A + B) 2 = A2 + 2 AB + B 2 only if AB = BA
LHS
RHS
= A2 + 2 AB + B 2
the new coordinates are (3 b, 1 a )

c
= A2 + AB + BA + B 2
= A2 + ( AB + BA) + B 2
8 4 8 4
=
15 6 15 6
64 60 32 + 24
=
120 90 60 + 36
x 1 + a
=
y b 3
the new coordinates are ( 1 + a, 3 + b)
4 8
=
30 24
RHS = A2 + 2 AB + B 2
1 2 1 2
5 4 7 2 7 2
=
+ 2
9 3 9 3
45 9 6 3 6 3
17 4 10 8 37 8
=
+
+
18 9 90 18 24 3
4
10
=
96 30
LHS
George 60
Mary 52
Cindy 56

Amy 69
Algebraically
14 10 8 2 p 60

10 11 3 5 q = 52
4 21 12 1 r 56

15 5 11 4 s 69
A1 AX = A1B
IX = A1B
X = A 1 B
Solve a 1b using CAS

p = 2, q = 1, r = 2 and s = 3
4a
x 1 a
= +
y 3 b
x 1 + a
=
y 3 + b
the new coordinates are ( 1 + a, 3 + b)
0 1
M y = x =
1 0
sin 90 3 b
cos90 1 a
x 0 1 3 b
=
y 1 0 1 a
x 1 + a
=
y 3 + b
LHS = ( A + B) 2
10
8
Potatoes p George 14
Mary 10
11
3
Carrots q
Cindy 4
21
12
Onions r

Amy 15
5
11
Eggs s
Total Cost
3b
1 a
x 1 0 0 1 3 b
=
y 0 1 1 0 1 a
prove ( A + B) 2 A2 + 2 AB + B 2
Potatoes Carrots Onions
x
= M x axis R90
y
x 1 0 cos90
=
y 0 1 sin 90
AB + BA = 2 AB only if A and B are commutative for

multiplication.
b From question 1(b) AB BA
Cost/unit
159
x 0 1 1 + a
=
y 1 0 3 + b
x 3 b
=
y 1 a
54 12
=
42 6
= ( A + B)2
= A( A + B) + B( A + B )
MM11 CAS-7
Eggs
2
5
1
a
T =
b
1 + a a 1
+ =
b 3 b 3
the transformation needed to return
(1 + a, 3 + b) to its original position is a
translation by (a, b).
5 The triangle O(0, 0), A(2, 3), B(5, 4) is transformed by

4 0
the matrix
.
0 1
4 0 0 2 5
0 8 20
a

=
0 1 0 3 4
0 3 4
O = (0, 0), A = (8, 3), B = (20, 4)
b Has the area altered? If so, how?
Yes, by a factor of four
c The new triangle is now reflected in the line y = x.
0 3 4
0 1 0 8 20

=
1
0
0
3
4
0 8 20
O = (0, 0), A = (3, 8), B = (4, 20)

3
d O, A, B is translated by .
1
0 3 4
3 3 3
3 0 1
+
=
0
8
20
1
1
1
1 7 21
Co-ordinates are: (3, 1), (0, 7), (1, 21)
3i 0
2
6 A=
where i = 1
2 i
27i 0
a A3 =
14 i
9 0
A2 =
4i 1
A3 2 A2
27i 0
9 0
=
2
14
4i 1
MM11 CAS-7
160
Matrices
0
27i + 18
=
14
8
+
2
i
i
b A1 =
1
3i (i ) 2 0
x
145 103 121
d y = 130 110 90
z
142 115 80
i 0
2 3i
1 i 0
=
3 2 3i
9 0
3i 0
2 0
c A2 A 2I =

4
1
2
i
0 2
0
11 3i
=
4
2
3
i
i
0 3i + 1
0
3i 2
(A 2I)(A + I) =

2
2
2
+ 1
i
i

0
11 3i
=
4i 2 i 3
7 mx 3y = 6
2x + m2y = 3
m 3 x 6
=
2
2 m y 3
m2 3 6
1
= 3
m +6
2 m 3
8
a+b+c+d =5
a + b c + d = 5
8a + 4b + 2c + d = 19
8a + 4b 2c + d = 25
1 1 1 1 a
5
1
1
1
1
= 5
8 4 2 1 c
19
8 4 2 1 d
25
x
1
= 3
m +6
y
a 1

b = 1
c 8

d 8
2

1
=
3

1
Number of
adult
passengers
145
130
142
1 1 1
1 1 1
4 2 1
4 2 1
6m 2 + 9
3m 12
1 0
10 a
0 1
Rotation through 180
1 0
c
0 1
Reflection in the x-axis
1 0
d
0 1
Reflection in the y-axis
0 1
e
1 0
Reflection in the line y = x
0 1
f
1 0
Clockwise rotation of 90
0 1
g
1 0
Reflection in the line y = x
3 0
h
0 3
Dilation by a factor 3 from both the
Dilation by a factor 3 from both the x-axis

and the y-axis and rotation through 180
0 1
j
1 0
Anti-clockwise rotation of 90
3 1
1 A=
2 2
a det A = ad bc
det A = (3 2) (1 2)
det A = 8
Total
takings ($)
20 260
18 400
19 200
1135
12 136
2791
30 340
2049
60 680
A 1 =
1
8
2 1
2 3
3 2
2 B=
1 2
1 4
A=
2 0
3 + 1 2 + 4
a A+B=
1 + 2 2 + 0
a 145x + 103y + 121z = 20 260

130x + 110y + 90z = 18 400
142x + 115y + 80z = 19 200
145 103 121 x
20 260
b 130 110 90 y = 18 400

142 115 80 z
19 200
145 103 121
c 130 110 90
142 115 80
3 0
0 3
EXAM PRACTICE 3
Short answer
Number of
pensioner
passengers
121
90
80
155
6068
119
=
3034
67
6068
None
1 0
b
0 1
20 260
70
=
18
400
50
19 200
35
x-axis and the y-axis
5

19
25
Number of
child
passengers
103
110
115
2 6
A+B=
1 2
101
1517
67
1517
64
1517
1 4 3 2
b AB =

2 0 1 2
1 3 + 4 1 1 2 + 4 2
=
2 3 + 0 1 2 2 + 0 2
6
1
AB =
4
6
Matrices
3 2
1 1 4
2 2 0
1 2
1
2 6 4
= 2
2 4
1 0
c A 2B =
13
= 2
k 0
3 a Dilation by factor of k from the y-axis
, therefore
0 1
k 0 4 4
=
0 1 2 4
4k 4
=
2 4
4k = 4
k=1
4 2 2a
b + =
4 3 b 1
6 2a
=
7 b 1
6 = 2a
a=3
7 = b 1
b = 6
1 + a = 1 4 b = 2
a = 2
b=2 C
3 When multiplying matrices the number of columns in the first
matrix must equal the number of rows in the second matrix. To
determine the order of matrix (AC) = (m n n p) therefore,
(AC) would be a matrix of order m p (AC) B would result in a
D
matrix of order (m p) (p n) = m n
4 x 2y = 3, 3y 2z = 1 and 3x + 4z = 2. Rewriting these three
simultaneous equations so that each equation has three
variables;
x 2y+ 0z = 3
0x + 3y 2z = 1
3x + 0y + 4z = 2
1 2 0 x 3
0 3 2 y = 1

3 0 4 z 2
To solve apply AX = B therefore X = A1 B B
Extended response
1 0
1 ai
0 3
0 1
ii
1 0
1 0 0 1 0 1
iii
0 3 1 0 3 0
161
0 1 x 2
b
=
3 0 y 3
x 0 1
=
y 3 0
2

3
1
= (1, 2)
2
cos(90) sin(90) 0 1
c i
=
sin(90) cos(90) 1 0
0 1 5 3
ii
=
1 0 3 5
d Reflection in x-axis
1 0
0 1
2 a 4 2 3 0
b $3h
c i (1 4) (4 1)
=11
ii The amount of money, in dollars, Jim earns from
selling the four different types of
fruit trees in the third week.
d
2
0
195.30
175.35
74.65
158.85 + 16.5 p
2
0
Multiple choice
1 a
1 C=
if C is singular then det C = 0, ad bc = 0
3 1
1 1 (3 a) = 0
1 + 3a = 0
1
a=
B
3
1 a 1
2 + =
4 b 2
MM11 CAS-7
3 0
0 3
2 1
p 0 3
2
1
0
3 0 e 195.3
0 3 16.5 175.35
2 1 g 74.65

p 0 3 h 158.85 + 16.5 p
2
1
0
g On a calculator page, complete the entry line as:

4 2
2 1
Solve
0 0
2 p
3
0
2
0
0 e 195.3
3 16.5 175.35
, e, g , h
=
1 g 74.65
3 h 158.85 + 16.5 p

4 2 3 0 e 195.3
2 1 0 3 16.5 175.35
=
Solving
0 0 2 1 g 74.65

2
p
0
3
+
h
158.85
16.5
p
for e, g, and h gives:

3( h 52.95)
e=
, g = 19.5, h = 35.65
2
3(35.65 52.95)
e=
, g = 19.5, h = 35.65
2
e = 25.95, g = 19.5, h = 35.65
Apple trees cost $25.95, nectarine trees cost $19.50 and
cherry trees cost $35.65
MM11 CAS-7
162
Matrices
h On a calculator page, complete the entry line as:

4 2
2 1
Solve
0 0
2 p
3
0
2
0
0 25.95 195.3
3 16.5 175.35
,
=
1 19.5 74.65

3 35.65 158.85 + 16.5 p
2
Solving
0
3 0 25.95 195.3
0 3 16.5 175.35
,
=
2 1 19.5 74.65

p 0 3 35.65 158.85 + 16.5 p
2
1
0
for p gives:
p = 3.00
There were 3 plum trees sold in the fourth week.
Rates of change
MM11 CAS-8
163
Chapter 8 Rates of change

Exercise 8A Identifying rates
1 a 100 km/h
= 100 km every hour (distance
and time)
Is a rate
b $140 per week
= $140 every week
= cost and weeks
Is a rate
c 64%
Just one item
Is not a rate
d 80 beats per minute
= 80 beats every minute
= beats and time
Is a rate
e $2.75
Just one item
Is not a rate
f $39.50 per m2
= $39.50 for every m2
= cost and area
Is a rate
g 25 kg
Just one item
Is not a rate
h 10 000 litres
Just one item
Is not a rate
i $11.00 per dozen
= $11.00 for every dozen
= cost and quantity
Is a rate
j 18
Just one item
Is not a rate
k 1.4% per quarter
= 1.4% for every quarter
= % and time
Is a rate
l 33
Just one item
Is not a rate
m 5 per person
= 5 for every person
= quantity and numbers of people
Is a rate
n A gradient of 0.8 means a rise of
0.8 units for every 1 out
= rise and run
Is a rate
o 3.4
Just one quantity
Not a rate
p Cars per hour
= cars for every hour
= items and time
Is a rate
2 a C
f H
mD
b A
i E
n B
d 2.34 kg of washing powder added

to 9 litres of water
2.34 1000
=
g/L
9
2340
=
9
= 260 g/L
d F
k I
p G
3 Rates
b travel 20 km each day
c 4 rest stops per day
e sleep 2 people per tent
g cost is $200 per person
4 a 5 dozen eggs @ $2.12/dozen
cost = 5 2.12
= $10.60
b 42.5 litres of petrol at
73.9 cents/litre
cost = 42.5 73.9
= 3140.75c
= $31.41
c 27 hours of work at $11.25/h
= 27 11.25
= $303.75
d 4.9 kg of oranges at $1.14/kg
= 4.9 1.14
= 5.586
= $5.59
e 3.8 m3 of sand at $19.75 per m3
= 3.8 19.75
= $75.05
f 55 427 people at $11 per person
= 55 427 11
= $609 697
5 a Pamphlets per hour
=
=5
It will take 5 hours
6 a 100 m in 12 sec
Rate in m/s =
100
12
= 8.33 m/s
b A rise of 21C in 6 h
=
21
6
(C/h)
= 3.5 C/h
c Meal costing $250 for 10 people
($/person)
=
250
10
= $25/person
149.50
32
= $4.67/m2
f Losing 12.76 kg in 11 weeks
(kg/week)
=
12.76
11
= 1.16 kg/week
7 100 L leaking at rate 2.5 L/h
a For 50 L to leak out
No. of litres
Time =
Litres per h
=
50
2.5
= 20 hours
b Losing 2.5 L/h
Adding 3 L/h = 0.5 L/h added
Litres
Time to fill =
Litres per h
=
50
0.5
= 100 hours
Exercise 8B Constant rates
= 220
A
b $5/100 = $55/?
x = no. of pamphlets for $55
5:100 = 55:x
5
55
=
x
100
5x = 55 100
x = 11 100
x = 1100
1100
220
c Graph C
440
2
But 220/h =
e 32 m2 of lawn costing $149.50

($/m2)
1 a Persons pulse rate in a 3 km run

is not constant. Goes up and down
(varies).
b Rate of growth of Aust.
population. Not constant (varies).
c Persons pulse rate lying down.
Is constant no exertion to
affect it.
d Daily hire rate of a certain car. Is
constant for that day.
e Rate of growth of a baby is not
constant (variable).
f Rate of temp. change during a
day. Is not constant (varies).
g Commission rate of pay of a
salesman. Is constant.
h Rate at which the earth spins on
its axis. Is constant (realistically).
i Rate at which students arrive at
school in the morning. Is not
constant (variable).
j The rate at which water runs into a
bath when tap is left on. Is constant.
k The number of hours of daylight
per day. Is not constant (variable).
MM11 CAS-8
164
Rates of change
iii Rule V = 7t + 50
Decrease in w
c i Gradient =
Increase in t
2 b
Constant rate of change

d
Constant rate of change (zero)

e
0
10
=0
ii Rate = 0 m/year
iii Rule h = 75
Increase in w
e i Gradient =
Increase in t
16 10
=
80

h
6
8
3
4
= 0.75
ii Rate = 0.75 g/min

iii w = 34 t + 10 = 0.75t + 10
j

i Positive rate of change b, e, h
ii Negative rate of change g, j
iii Zero rate of change d
Travelling at constant speed D.

5
Rate of change
18 10
=
40
= 84
= 2 Litres/min
6 a
i Gradient =
=
C
Increase in d
Increase in t
200
4
= 50
ii Rate = 50 m/h
iii Rule d = 50t
Increase in V
b i Gradient =
Increase in t
260 50
=
32 0
210
30
=7
ii Rate = 7 Litres/min
Decrease in w
Increase in t
30 5
=
120 20
25
=
100
= 14 = 0.25
i Gradient =
ii Rate = 0.25 g/litres

iii Rule w = mv + c
m = 0.25, v = 20, w = 30
30 = 0.25 20 + c
30 = 5 + c
c = 30 + 5
c = 35
w = 0.25v + 35
7 a 30 000 litres @ constant rate
= 1000 L/25 min
= 40 L/min
Rate = 40 L/min D
b Time taken to empty pool
30 000
=
40
= 750 min
= 12.5 h B
8 a 1st 3 hours $12/crate
Increase in crates
Gradient =
Increase in time
6.0
=
11 8
13 7
5 1
6
4
= 1.5
Rate = 1.5 crates/h
Rate of pay = 12 1.5
= $18/h
d Picker is tiring or fruit is scarcer.
e From 11 am to 12 pm:
Gradient = 11 = 1
= 1
ii Rate = 1 kg/week
iii Rule w = t + 100
w = 100 t
Increase in d
d i Gradient =
Increase in t
=
40
40
Rate = 1 crate/h
@ $12/crate = $12
Total earnings for the day
= 24 3 + 12 + 18 4
= 72 + 12 + 72
= $156
9 6 m/s for first 420 m
Next 400 m @ 5 m/s
Final 180 m @ 6 m/s
a Distance of race
= 420 + 400 + 180
= 1000 m
b Time for 1st 420 m
Distance
=
Rate
=
420
6
= 70 s
c Time for next 400 m
Distance
Time =
Rate
=
400
5
= 80 s
d Time for final 180 m
Distance
=
Rate
=
180
6
= 30 s
e
x
w
10
0
0
5
1
10
2
15
3
20
4
25
5
6
3
=2
Rate = 2 crates/h
Rate of pay = 12 2
= $24/h
b Lunchtime or rest
c Last 4 hours
Increase in crates
Gradient =
Increase in time
Graph is a straight line, so we

have a linear relationship.
b Rate of change
Increase in w
Gradient =
Increase in x
50
=
25 0
Rates of change
5
25
1
5
MM11 CAS-8
165
= 0.2
Rate = 0.2 kg/cm

c W as a function of x
W = kx, k = 0.2
W = 0.2x
11 Bucket 40 L
(V = litres, t = hours)
V = 40 6t (linear)
a Rate in L/h
= gradient
= 6
Rate = 6 litres/h
b Time to empty the bucket
V = 40 6t, V = 0
0 = 40 6t
6t = 40
t = 40
6
Is variable (graph not linear)

e
Is variable (graph not linear)

f
3 a
t = 6 23 h
t = 6 h 40 min
12 a Graph iv (Goes up quickly at first,
then slows down due to larger
middle then up quickly due to
neck.)
b Graph i (Straight sides means
linear graph. Two parts because
of two sections in container.)
c Graph ii (Straight sides so linear
graph.)
d Graph iii (Slowly at first due to
larger bottom then curves up
quickly at end.)
Exercise 8C Variable rates
c
d
e
4
1 a Pulse rate watching a horror

movie variable.
b Cost per kg of tomatoes at
greengrocer today constant.
c Speed of a car travelling through
the city variable.
d Cost per kg of tomatoes at
greengrocer during the year
variable.
e No. of hours of sunlight per day
variable.
f Hourly rate of a receptionist
constant.
g Hourly rate of a private taxi
driver variable.
h Speed of a marble rolling down
an incline variable.
2 Variable rate graphs between A and B.
a
42 2
= =2
1 0 1
Rate = 2 kg/min
ii Av. rate of change in
second minute
Change in W
=
Change in t
Is variable (graph curved)

The rate of change is variable in
sections AD, because the shape
of the graph is changing. The rate
of change is constant in section E
because the graph is a straight
line.
The rate of change is positive in
sections AD, as the gradient is
positive. In section E, the rate of
change is zero (the graph is flat).
The rate of change is greatest
where the graph is steepest. D
The runner is moving slowest
when the gradient is most
shallow. A
At E, the graph is flat; the runner
has stopped moving. D
t (min)
W (kg)
0
0
1
3
2
6
3
9
4
12
74 3
=
2 1 1
Rate = 3 kg/min
iii Av. rate of change in
fourth minute
Change in W
=
Change in t
18 11 7
=
43 1
Rate = 7 kg/min
=
t
d
0
0
1
5
2
10
3
15
4
20
Distance travelled depend on

time
b These points form a straight line

c Rate of change is constant.
d Av. rate of change in first minute
= 13 = 3 kg/min
During second minute

Av. rate of change
Change in W
=
Change in t
Rate is constant
b
63 3
=
2 1 1
= 3 kg/min
During fourth minute
Av. rate of change
Change in w
=
Change in t
12 9 3
=
=
43 1
= 3 kg/min
Rate of change = 3 kg/min
t
d
0
0
1
15
2
20
3
45
4
80
Is constant (not variable)
Is variable (changes)
5
Is constant (not variable)
b The points do not form a straight

line (a curved graph).
c Rate of change is variable
(because graph is not linear).
d i Av. rate of change in
first minute
Change in W
=
Change in t
t (min)
W (kg)
0
2
1
4
2
7
3
11
a W depends on the time
Rate is variable
Exercise 8D Average rates

of change
1 a
4
18
Gradient of PQ
MM11 CAS-8
166
Change in y
Change in x
86
50
2
5
Av. rate of change =
Rates of change
= 10
ii Rate = 10 km/h
iii Av. speed = 10 km/h
c
i
a Gradient of chord PQ for
L = 5 to L = 20
Change in W
=
Change in L
2
5
b
ii Gradient of chord PQ
Change in d
=
Change in t
Gradient of PQ
Change in y
=
Change in x
=
52
70 40
3 1
30
2
= 15
rate = 15 km/h
10 ( 2 )
12
3
32.5 10
20 5
22.5
=
15
= 1.5
b Gradient of chord PQ for
L = 15 to L = 20
Change in W
=
Change in L
= 4
Av. rate of change = 4
2 Graphs with a straight line to aid the
finding of average rate of change is
a
32.5 30
20 15
2.5
=
5
= 0.5
Change in d
=
Change in t
Yes can find av. rate of change
i Av. rate of change for L = 5 to

L = 20 = 1.5 kg/m
ii Av. rate of change for L = 15
to L = 20 = 0.5 kg/m
d These rates are not the same
because the graph is curved and
so is a variable rate of change.
c
60 70
3 1
= 102
= 5
rate = 5 km/h
Yes can find av. rate of change
3 a
Chord with highest gradient is from

0 to 1. Answer is D.
Change in d
=
Change in t
i Gradient of chord PQ
Change in d
=
Change in t
70 10
3 1
60
2
= 30
ii So rate t = 1 to t = 3 is 30 km/h
iii Speed t = 1 to t = 3 = 30 km/h
0
2
=0
rate = 0 km/h
f
AM
T (time of day) 10.00 11.00 12.00
N (no. of people
0
200 360
at zoo)
PM
T (time
1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00
of day)
N (no. of
510 540 550 550 550
people at zoo)
a and b
i Gradient of chord PQ
Change in d
=
Change in t
70 50
3 1
20
2
Change in d
=
Change in t
70 90
3 1
= 202
= 10
rate = 10 km/h
i Gradient of chord 1
(10:00 to 1:00 pm)
Change in N
=
Change in time
510 0
3
Rates of change
510
3
= 302
= 170
ii Gradient of chord 2
(1:00 to 3:00 pm)
Change in N
=
Change in time
= 15
Av. rate = 15 m/min
v For t = 8 to t = 10
Change in height
Gradient =
Change in time
550 510
2
490 480
10 8
40
2
10
2
= 20
iii Gradient of chord 3
(3:00 to 5:00 pm)
Change in N
=
Change in time
=
0
2
=0
i Av. rate of change from
10.00 am to 1.00 pm
= 170 people/h
ii Av. rate of change from 1.00 pm
to 3.00 pm = 20 people/h
iii Av. rate of change from 3.00 pm
to 5.00 pm = 0 people/h
e Most people arrive in the morning
to go to the zoo, a few around the
middle of the day and nobody
later in the afternoon.
7 t (min) 0 2 4 6 8 10
H (m) 0 220 360 450 480 490
a Av. rate of change of height with
respect to time.
For i t = 0 and t = 2
Change in height
Gradient =
Change in time
d
220 0
=
20
= 220
2
= 110
Av. rate = 110 m/min
ii For t = 2 to t = 4
Change in height
Gradient =
Change in time
=
360 220
42
140
2
= 70
Av. rate = 70 m/min
iii For t = 4 to t = 6
Change in height
Gradient =
Change in time
=
450 360
64
= 902
= 45
Av. rate = 45 m/min
iv For t = 6 to t = 8
Change in height
Gradient =
Change in time
=
480 450
86
=5
Av. rate = 5 m/min
b The av. rate for each 2 min
interval is decreasing.
8 T(t) = t2 + 20 (t = 0 to t = 10)
T temp. C t to time, sec
a Initial temperature
At t = 0
T = 02 + 20
T = 20 C
b, c
MM11 CAS-8
w = 196 g
Gradient of chord
(t = 1 to t = 2)
Change in weight
=
Change in time
196 198
2 1
= 12
=
= 2
So Av. rate = 2 g/week
iii Weeks (2) and (4)
t = 4 w = 43 3 42 + 200
w = 64 48 + 200
w = 216 g
Gradient of chord
(t = 2 to t = 4)
Change in weight
=
Change in time
=
=
d Gradient of chord PQ
Change in T C
=
Change in t s
84 24
82
= 606
= 10
e Av. rate of change
t = 2 to t = 8
= 10 C/s
9 W(t) = t3 3t2 + 200
W = w(t) in g, t = time in wks
a Weight of rabbit at birth
t =0
So, w = 03 3 02 + 200
w = 200 g
b Av. rate of change of weight
between
i Weeks (1) and (3)
t = 1 w = 13 3 12 + 200
w = 1 3 + 200
w = 198 g
t = 3 w = 33 3 32 + 200
w = 27 27 + 200
w = 200 g
Gradient of chord
(t = 1 to t = 3)
Change in weight
=
Change in time
=
200 198
3 1
= 22
=1
Av. rate = 1 g/week
ii Weeks (1) and (2)
t = 2 w = 23 3 22 + 200
w = 8 12 + 200
167
216 196
42
20
2
= 10
So Av. rate = 10 g/week
iv Weeks (2) and (6)
t = 6 w = 63 3 62 + 200
w = 216 108 + 200
w = 308 g
Gradient of chord
(t = 2 to t = 6)
Change in weight
=
Change in time
=
=
308 196
62
112
4
= 28
Av. rate = 28 g/week
Exercise 8E Instantaneous
rates
1 a Bill walked 12 km in 2 hours. Rate
can be calculated.
Av. rate = 122 = 6 km/h
So is an average rate (A).

b An aircraft leaving a runway at
270 km/h. Rate cannot be
calculated and so only
approximated. An instantaneous
rate (I).
c A household used 560 litres of
water in one day. This can be
calculated and so is an average
rate (A).
d The pulse rate of a runner as he
crosses the finish line. This can
only be estimated quickly in
beats/sec. An instantaneous
rate (I).
e A gas heater raises the temp. of a
room by 10 in half an hour. This
can be calculated from
Rise in temp.
and so is an
Time taken
average rate (A).
MM11 CAS-8
168
Rates of change
f A baby put on 300 g in one week.

This is a calculated rate and so is
an average rate (A).
g A road drops 20 m over a
distance of 100 m. These are
specific facts from which a rate
can be calculated so is an average
rate (A).
h Halfway along a flying fox Jill is
travelling at 40 km/h. This is an
estimated value and so is an
instantaneous rate (I ).
Gradient of tangent
Increase in y
=
Increase in x
25
=
4 1
= 25
Approx. instantaneous rate of
change = 25 g/min
= 33
d
40 140
62
= 100
4
2 a
Increase in w
Increase in t
110 50
=
50
= 1
Gradient =
Tangent at x = 4
= 605
Gradient of tangent
Increase in y
=
Increase in x
22 20
=
80
= 82
Tangent at x = 4
= 12
change = 12 g/min
= 14 = 0.25
4 a
a Max weight = 85 kg
At 35 weeks
b Av. rate of change between week
10 and week 20
60 70
= 10
= 1
=
10
20 10
= Approx. 1 kg/week
c After 30 weeks
Rate of change
Tangent at x = 4
Increase in w
Increase in t
120 80
=
30 10
Gradient =
3 a
Tangent at x = 4
= 40
20
Gradient of tangent
Increase in y
=
Increase in x
3 1
=
20
= 22
b
=2
So approx. instantaneous rate of
change = 2 g/min
Increase in w
Increase in t
160 0
=
15 5
Gradient =
=1
= 160
10
Gradient of tangent
Increase in y
=
Increase in x
20 90
=
40
= 104
= 2.5
= 16
change = 16 g/min
Gradient =
Increase in w
Increase in t
75
17
4.4
4.4 kg/week
a Rate of temp. rise the greatest is at

approx. 6 hours
b Estimation of this rate
= gradient of tangent at t = 6
16.5

6
2.75
2.5 C/hour
7 a
b Tangent at x = 1, x = 2, x = 3
Rates of change
3
2
1.5
d Tangent at x = 2
Gradient 82 4
c Gradient
C
C
e Tangent at x = 3
14
Gradient
6 A
2.5
8 a y = 9 x2, x = 4 to x = 4
b
i At x = 2
12
3.3
3.6
4
Inst. gradient
ii At x = 0
Inst. gradient
0
4
0
iii At x = 2
12
3.5
3.4
4
2 a Speed can be positive or negative.

Distance travelled
Speed =
Time taken
Distance is measured between
any two points and is taken as
always positive. (False)
b Displacement can be positive or
negative. Displacement is
measured from a particular
reference point (usually the
origin) and so can be positive or
negative. (True)
c Distance travelled is positive only
(see (a)). (True)
d Velocity is positive only.
Displacement
Velocity =
Time taken
Since displacement is positive
or negative then so too is
velocity. (False)
3 a Total distance travelled
= 19 + 19 + 2
= 40 m
b Displacement of basket is final
position from origin
=02
= 2 m (2 m below platform)
c Av. speed
Distance travelled
=
Time taken
40
= 80
Inst. gradient
= 12
= 0.5 m/s
d Av. velocity
Displacement
=
Time taken
= 802
1
= 40
H = 22 + 2 2
H=4+4
H = 8 cm
st. rate = gradient of tangent
80
At t = 2 =
1.33
= 6 cm/min
At t = 2
Exercise 8F Motion graphs

(kinematics)
1
Quantity
4 a
b
c
d
e
= 0.025 m/s
(or 0.025 m/s downwards)
Particle starts at x = 1
Particle finishes at x = 3
Direction particle moves initially
is towards positive x direction or
right
Particle changes direction at x = 6
when t = 2
Position-time graph. Positive t = 0
to t = 2
Turns 180 at x = 6, t = 2.
Goes to x = 3 at t = 5.
MM11 CAS-8
169
h Av. speed in 1st 2 sec

Distance
=
Time
5
2
= 2.5 m/s D
i Av. velocity t = 2, t = 5
Displacement
=
Time
=
9
3
= 3 m/s
C
j Instantaneous speed when
t = 2 is zero
B
5 a i Journey started at x = 0.
ii Direction particle initially
moved: right.
iii The particle changed direction
at t = 2 and x = 8.
iv The particle finished its
journey at t = 5 and x = 3.
b i Started at x = 4.
ii Moved initially to the right.
iii Changed direction at t = 4,
x = 12.
iv Finished journey at t = 6, x = 10.
c i Started at x = 0.
iii Changed direction at
t = 3, x = 12 and
t = 6, x = 3.
iv Finished at t = 8, x = 10.
d i Started at x = 0.
ii Moved initially to the left.
t = 1, x = 5.
e i Started at x = 3.
t = 1.5 and x = 6.
f i Started at x = 2.
t = 3, x = 5 and
t = 5, x = 5.
6 a x(t) = 2t, t [0, 5]
t = 0, x = 0
t = 5, x = 10
Description
a Distance (C) Length travelled

b Displace (B) Position relative
ment
to origin
c
Speed
(D) Distance travelled

compared with
the time taken
d Velocity (A) Rate of change of

displacement
with respect time
f Total distance in 1st 5 sec

=5+9
= 14 m
D
g Displacement of particle after
D
5 sec = 3 1 = 4 m
i Particle started at x = 0.
iii Changed direction. No.
b x(t) = 3t 2, t [0, 6]
t = 0, x = 2
t=6
x = 3 6 2 = 18 2 = 16.
MM11 CAS-8
170
Rates of change
iii Changed direction. No.
c x(t) = t2 2t, t [0, 5].
t = 0, x = 0
t =5
x = 52 2 5 = 25 10 = 15
x(t) = 0
0 = t2 2t = t(t 2)
t = 0 or t = 2.
x = 0.
iv Particle finished at t = 5, x = 9.
f x(t)= t2 + t 12, t [0, 5]
x = 12
If t = 0
x = 52 + 5 12
If t = 5
x = 25 + 5 12
x = 18
If x(t) = 0 0 = t2 = t 12
0 = (t + 4)(t 3)
t + 4 = 0 or t 3 = 0
t = 4 or t = 3
TP x(t) = t2 + t 12
x(t) = t2 + t + 14 12 14
x(t) = (t + 12 )2 12 14
v Gradient at t = 4
Increase in x

Increase in t
04

43
14
4
c Instantaneous rate of change of
displacement with respect to time
(velocity).
At t = 0 velocity = 4 m/s
t = 1 velocity = 2 m/s
d Velocitytime graph t = 0 to t = 5
8 a
TP at ( 12 , 12 14 )
i Started at x = 0.
x = 1.
iv Finished journey at t = 5,
x = 15.
d x(t) = 2t t2, t (0, 4).
t = 0, x = 0
t =4
x = 2 4 42 = 8 16 = 8
x(t) = 0, 0 = 2t t2 = t(2 t)
t = 0 or t = 2
t = 1, x = 2 1 = 1.
i Particle starts at x = 12.

iii No.
iv Particle finished at t = 5, x = 18.
7 a x(t) = 4t t2
b i Gradient at t = 0
Increase in x

Increase in t
4
1
4
ii Gradient at t = 1
Increase in x

Increase in t
5 1

20
42
i Started at x = 0.
x = 1.
iv Finished journey at t = 4,
x = 8.
e x(t) = t2 4t + 4, t [0, 5].
If t = 0, x = 4.
If x(t) = 0, 0 = t2 4t + 4
0 = (t 2)(t 2)
t2=0
t = 2.
x(t) = (t 2)2 If t = 5
At (2, 0)
x(t) = 25 20 + 4
=9
Gradient of tangent is positive

and increasing so rate of
displacement is positive and
increasing.
i Velocity positive.
ii Velocity increasing that is
speeding up.
b
Gradient is negative and

decreasing. Rate of displacement
is negative and decreasing.
i Velocity negative.
ii Velocity decreasing
(slowing down).
c
2
iii Gradient at t = 2
Increase in x

Increase in t

Gradient is negative and

increasing. So rate of displacement is negative and increasing.
i Velocity negative.
ii Velocity increasing
(speeding up).
0
2
0
iv Gradient at t = 3
Increase in x

Increase in t
1 5

42
42
2
Gradient is positive and

decreasing. So rate of
displacement is positive and
decreasing
Rates of change
ii Velocity decreasing (slowing down).
a Greatest height reached = 45 m

b Ball reaches the ground t = 5
171
c When velocity is zero

Gradient positive t = 0, t = 2
t=2
zero
t = 2 to t = 5
negative
Velocity zero at t = 2.
d Velocity at time ball initially projected
Increase in x
Gradient tangent
Increase in t
65 25

20
Gradient is positive and constant. So rate of

displacement is positive and constant.
ii Velocity constant, neither increasing or
decreasing.
9 a Displacementtime graph. Gradient (positive) and
constant
Increase in x
=
= 22 = 1.
Increase in t
So velocitytime is a constant through v = 1.
So (a) matches with (C).
b Gradient positive t = 0 to t = 2, zero at t = 2, negative
t = 2 to t = 6.
So velocity is positive t = 0 to
t = 2, zero at t = 2 and negative for t = 2 to t = 4.
So (b) matches with (E).
c Gradient positive t = 0 to t = 2, zero at t = 2 and positive
t = 2 to t = 4.
So velocity follows same pattern and (c) matches with
(B).
d Gradient is negative and constant
Increase in x
=
= 22 = 1.
Increase in t
So velocity is constant at 1 (d) matches with (F).
e Gradient negative t = 0 to t = 2
zero
t=2
t = 2 to t = 4
positive
So velocity follows same pattern.
(e) matches with (A).
f Gradient positive t = 0, t = 1
zero
t=1
negative
t = 1 to t = 3
t=3
zero
positive
t = 3 to t = 4
So velocity follows same pattern.
(f ) matches (D).
10 x = 25 + 20t 5t2
Displacement time graph.
If t = 0, x = 25
If x = 0, 0 = 25 + 20t 5t2
0 = 5(5 + 4t t2)
0 = 5(5 + t)(1 t)
5 t = 0 or 1 + t = 0
t = 5 or t = 1
Take t = 5 only.
TP x = 5t2 + 20t + 25
x = 5[t2 4t 5]
x = 5[t2 4t + 4 5 4]
x = 5[(t 2)2 9]
x = 5(t 2)2 + 45
TP at (2, 45) max value.
MM11 CAS-8
11 a
b
c
d
40
2
20
Velocity 20 m/s
Alan won the race.
Bill was in front at 150 m mark.
Approx. winning margin = 12 m.
200
Av. speed of winner = 100
= 2 m/s.
e Bill led the race for 80 40 = 40 s
f The lead changed twice during the race (that is graphs
intersected twice).
Exercise 8G Relating the gradient function to

the original function
1
a y = x2 4
dy
dx
b y = 2x + 3
dy
dx
c y = x3 + 3x2 + 2
x
dy
dx
3 2 1
24
MM11 CAS-8
172
Rates of change
d y = ex
x
dy
dx
1 0
t
v
0
2
1
0
2
2
0.05 0.135 0.38 1 2.71 7.38 20.1
1
6
2
0
3
6
4
12
x
4
e y = sin
dy
dx
0
12
t
v
0.555 0 0.555
0.555 0
0.555
Graph
3 a
f y=x
t
v
dy
dx
32
32
The gradient function of 1a is linear. (a straight line).

All gradient graphs of quadratic functions are linear graphs.
The gradient function of a cubic is a quadratic function.
The gradient function of sin x is cos x, and the gradient
function of ex is ex.
6 Where the gradient function intersects the x axis, is a
stationary point on the original function.
7 When the gradient function is negative, this means that the
original function is decreasing.
2
3
4
5
0
5
1
5
2
5
3
5
b Find the gradient at selected points on the curve.

Make up a table of values.
8
At t = 0 Grad.
8
1
10
4
At t = 1 Grad.
2.5
At t = 2 Grad. = 0
10
4
At t = 3 Grad.
2.5
At t = 4 Grad.
t
v
0
8
1
4
2
0
8
1
8
3
4
Exercise 8H Relating velocity time graphs

to position time graphs
1
v 3 2 1 0
c As for (b).
1
=2
0.5
At t = 1 b = 0
1
At t = 2 m =
0.5
= 2
At t = 0 m =
t
v
0
2
1
0
2
2
4
8
Rates of change
MM11 CAS-8
173
At t = 3, x = 0
At t = 3 to t = 4, x is negative
At t = 4, x = 4
8
0.7
12
8
m
2.5
m 3
m=0
8
m
2.5
m 3
8
m
0.7
m 12
d At t = 0
m
At t = 1
At t = 2
At t = 3
At t = 4
t
v
0
12
1
3
2
0
3
3
c v = 3t
11.4
3.2
0
0
t
v
1
3
2
6
3
9
4
12
The gradient is always positive

and is increasing over the time
interval.
e At t = 0, x = 0
At t = 2, x = 0
3.2
11.4
4
12
f At t = 0, x = 0
At t = 1, x = 0
At t = 2, x = 0
At t = 2 to t = 3, x is positive
At t = 3, x = 0
d v = t
0
0
t
v
1
1
2
2
3
3
4
4
The gradient begins at zero and

then becomes increasingly
negative.
4 a Displacement = velocity time

At t = 0, x = 3 0 = 0
At t = 4, x = 3 4 = 12
5 v(t) = 2t 4
a
b At t = 0, x = 2 0 = 0
At t = 4, x = 2 4 = 8
Gradient =
8
4
= 2
c At t = 0, x = 1 0 = 0
At t = 1, x = 0
Gradient of original graph

= 44 = 1
d Gradient of original graph
= 44 = 1
At t = 0, x = 0
t
0 1
v
4 2
Gradient of
4 2
x t graph
2
0
3
2
4
4
6 a v=t+2
0
2
1
3
2
4
3
5
4
6
The gradient (represented by the

velocity) is always positive and is
increasing over the time interval.
b v=2t
t
v
0
2
So the positiontime graph should

begin with a negative gradient,
which flatters to a zero gradient at
t = 2, and then becomes positive
again. The question states that the
object begins at the origin, so the
answer is A.
t
v
7 The velocitytime graph shown

could be represented as a table:
1
1
2
0
3
1
4
2
The gradient (velocity) begins

positive, but decreases to zero. It
then becomes negative.
8 a The car is travelling at a constant

velocity of 20 m/s. The motion is
constant, because the graph does
not rise or fall.
b The car begins from rest (at the
point (0, 0) on the graph). The
velocity increases at a constant
rate for the first 15 s until it
reaches a velocity of 18 m/s. For
the remaining time, the car travels
at a constant velocity of 18 m/s.
c The car begins from rest and
increases its velocity at a constant
rate for 10 seconds. After
10 seconds it maintains a constant
velocity of 25 m/s for 15 seconds.
After this time the velocity of the
car decreases back to zero. It does
this at a constant rate over a
5 second period.
MM11 CAS-8
174
Rates of change
9 a Starts from (0, 0).

Straight line from (0, 0) to
(10, 35).
Flat line from (10, 35) onwards.
Exercise 8I Rates of change

of polynomials
1 a y = x2, x [0, 4]
b Starts from (0, 30).

Flat line from (0, 30) to
(15, 30).
Straight line from (15, 30) to
(20, 0).
i x = 2 and x = 4
Increase in y
=
Increase in x
16 4 12
=
=
42
2
=6
ii x = 2 and x = 3
Increase in y
=
Increase in x
94 5
=
=
3 2 1
=5
iii x = 2 and x = 2.5
Increase in y
=
Increase in x
6.25 4 225
=
=
2.5 2.0 0.5
= 4.5
iv x = 2 and x = 2.1
Increase in y
=
Increase in x
4.41 4.00 0.41
=
=
2.1 2.0
0.1
= 4.1
c The gradient of the tangent on the
curve where x = 2. Now gradient
of chords approach gradient of
tangent at x = 2. Gradient of
chords = 6, 5, 4.5 and 4.1. The
chords at x = 2 will be a tangent,
so gradient of tangent = 4.
2 a y = x 3, x [0, 2]
b
10 a y = 5t2
i when t = 0, y = 0
when t = 3, y = 45.
speed = av. rate of change of
distance.
45 0
speed =
30
45
=
3
= 15 m/s.
ii when t = 3, y = 45
when t = 6, y = 180
180 45
speed =
63
135
=
3
= 45 m/s.
b
Gradient of graph at t = 6:
calculate gradient of tangent line:
240 120
m=
75
120
=
2
= 60 m/s.
c 60 m/s at 6 seconds
60 4
2
= 28 seconds (from 60 m/s to
4 m/s) + 6 seconds
= 34 seconds.
i x = 1 and x = 2
Increase in y
=
Increase in x
8 1 7
= =7
2 1 1
ii x = 1 and x = 1.5
Increase in y
=
Increase in x
3.375 1 2.375
=
=
1.5 1
0.5
= 4.75
iii x = 1 and x = 1.1
Increase in y
=
Increase in x
1.331 1 0.331
=
=
1.1 1
0.1
= 3.31
iv x = 1 and x = 1.01
Increase in y
=
Increase in x
1.030301 1
=
1 1.01
0.030301
=
0.01
= 3.0301
c Gradients of chords = 7, 4.75,
3.31, 3.0301. These values are
getting closer and closer to 3. The
chord at x = 3 will be a tangent. So
gradient of tangent at x = 1 will
be 3.
d i 7
ii 4.75
iii 3.31
iv 3.03, no
3 a y = x2 x + 1
x 3 2 1.5 1.1 1.01 1

y 7 3 1.75 1.11 1.0101 1
b
i x = 1 and x = 3
Increase in y
=
Increase in x
7 1 6
=
= =3
3 1 2
ii x = 1 and x = 2
Increase in y
=
Increase in x
3 1 2
=
= =2
2 1 1
iii x = 1 and x = 1.5
Increase in y
=
Increase in x
1.75 1 0.75
=
=
1.5 1
0.5
= 1.5
iv x = 1 and x = 1.1
Increase in y
=
Increase in x
1.11 1 0.11
=
=
1.1 1
0.1
= 1.1
v x = 1 and x = 1.01
Increase in y
=
Increase in x
Rates of change
1.0101 1 0.0101
=
1.01 1
0.01
= 1.01
c Gradient of the chords = 3, 2, 1.5,
1.1 and 1.01
These values are approaching the
value of 1.
The chord at x = 1 will be a
tangent, so gradient of tangent at
x = 1 is 1.
4 x=3
Line should join x = 3 and
x = 3.01.
D
5 The rate of change at a point, P, on a
curve is best approximated by
finding the gradient of a line joining
the point P and another point which
B
is closest to it.
6 a f (x) = x2 at x = 1.
Gradient of function = 2 1 = 2
b f (x) = 3x2 at x = 2.
Gradient of function = 6 2 = 12
c f (x) = x2 + 2x at x = 2. Gradient of
function = 2 2 + 2 = 6
d f (x) = x3 + x at x = 1. Gradient of
function = 3 1 + 1 = 4
e f (x) = 2 3x x2 at x = 2.
Gradient of function
= 3 2 2 = 7
f f (x) = x3 2x + 3 at x = 1.5
= 3 1.52 2
= 6.75 2
= 4.75
g f (x) = x3 + x2 2x at x = 3.
= 3 32 + 2 3 2
= 27 + 6 2
= 31
h f (x) = 12 x2 3x + 5 at x = 0.5
= 0.5 3
= 2.5
7 x = 4.9t2
Speed after
a 2 seconds
= 2 4.9 2
= 19.6 m/s
b 3 seconds
= 2 4.9 3
= 29.4 m/s
8 h=
1
80
d +
3
8
a Gradient of curve where

d = 10 metres
= 803 102 + 2 83 10
= 803 100 +
60
8
= 3.75 + 7.5
= 3.75
b d = 15 metres
= 803 152 + 2
=
3
80
225 +
90
8
= 8.4375 + 11.25
= 2.81
3
8
15
c d = 20 metres
= 803 202 + 2
3
80
400 +
3
8
20
120
8
= 15 + 15
=0
d d = 0 metres
= 803 02 + 2
3
8
=0+0
=0
9 LH gradient: f (x) = 2x
use (1, 2) and (0, 0)
20
m=
1 0
=2
RH gradient: f (x) = 2x2
use (1, 2) and (1.01, 2.04)
2.04 2
m=
1.01 1
0.04
=
0.01
=4
RH gradient LH gradient so rate of
change does not exist at x = 1.
10 LH gradient: f (x) = 2x
use (2, 4) and (1, 2)
2 1
m=
4 2
1
1
=
=
2
2
RH gradient: f (x) = x2
use (2, 4) and (2.01, 4.04)
4 4.04
m=
2 2.01
0.04
=
0.01
= 4
RH gradient LH gradient
So rate of change does not exist
at x = 2.
11 a Starting position, t = 0
x(0) = 5 4(0)
=5
b Finishing position, t = 6
x(6) = 3 2(6)2
= 69
c Position at t = 2
x(2) = 3 2(2)2
= 5
Displacement between t = 0
and 2 is:
x(2) x(0)
= 5 5
= 10
d For velocity to exist at t = 1,
RH limit = LH limit
and RH gradient
= LH gradient.
RH Limit:
t = 1, x = 5 4 = 1 (1, 1)
LH Limit:
t = 1, x = 3 2 = 1 (1, 1)
so, LH limit = RH limit.
12 a
MM11 CAS-8
175
LH gradient, use (1, 1) and (0, 5)

5 1
4
m=
=
= 4
1
0 1
RH gradient, use (1, 1) and
(1.01, 0.96)
0.96 1
m=
= 4
1.01 1
so, LH gradient = RH gradient
velocity = 4 m/s.
Starting position
x(0) = 4(0)
=0
Finishing position
x(6) = 4 + 62
= 40
Position at t = 2
x(t) = 4(2)
=8
Displacement between t = 0 and 2
x(2) x(0)
=80
=8
i For velocity to exist LH
Limit = RH Limit
LH gradient = RH gradient
LH limit:
t = 2, x = 4(2) = 8 (2, 8)
RH Limit
t = 2, x = 4 + 22 = 8 (2, 8)
so LH Limit = RH Limit.
LH gradient, use (2, 8) and
(1, 4)
84
m=
=4
2 1
RH gradient, use (2, 8) and
(2.01, 8.0)
8.4 8
m=
=4
2.01 2
so, LH gradient = RH
gradient
velocity = 4 m/s.
ii at t = 3, x = 4 + 32
= 13
at t = 3.01, x = 4 + (3.01)2
= 13.06
13.06 13
m=
=6
3.01 3
velocity = 6 m/s.
Chapter review
Short answer
1 12 litres per 100 km
a Rate =
100
12
= 8.3 km/litre
b Distance travelled for
35 litres = 35 8.3
= 290.5 km
c Litres for 765 km
Distance
Litres =
km/litre
765
8.3
= 92.2 litres
MM11 CAS-8
176
Rates of change
2 a Gradient of line
600 840
=
80
average rate of change =
= 30
So water is leaking at a rate of
30 m3/hour
b Time to make tank empty
Water orig. in tank
=
Rate of leaking
840
30
3
9
4
23
b Journey started at t = 0, x = 5 m
c Particle changed direction at
t = 1 s and x = 4 m
d Distance travelled in the first
4 sec
x(t) = 42 2 4 + 5
= 16 8 + 5
= 13
Plus 1 below the 5 = 14 m
b Rate of change is variable (reason:

graph is not a straight line).
c Gradient when t = 2
34
4
12( 3 1)
6 x(t) = t2 2t + 5, t [0, 5]
t 0 1 2
m 9 7 1
3 1
12
= 28 hours
3 a
3 1

3 4
= 240
8
y2 y1
x2 x1
7 a Initial position
x = 30 m
b Time object not moving
t = 5 to t = 8 = 3 sec
c Velocity in 1st 5 sec
Displacement
=
Time
8.5
(depends on scale on graph)

4 A = t2 3t + 4, t [0, 5]
170
5
= 34 m/s
d Velocity in last 4 sec
Displacement
=
Time
= 200
4
a Av. rate of change during first

4 hours
94 5
=
= = 1 kg/h
50 5
b Rate the amount is changing after
4 hours
14
=
= 5.6 5 kg/h
2.5
Gradient function = 2t 3
At t = 4 = 2 4 3
=83
= 5 kg/h
5 y = tan(x)
x = , y = tan
4
4
=1
x = , y = tan
3
3
= 50 m/sec
e Total distance travelled
= 170 + 200
= 370 m
f Av. speed for the journey
Distance travelled
=
Time taken
=
370
12
= 30.83 m/s
8
Displacementtime graph
At t = 0, v = 0
At t = 0 to t = 3, v is negative
At t = 3, v is zero
At t = 3 to t = 6, v is positive
9 h(t) = 5 + 12t t2
h = metres, t = sec
a Rate of change of height
i t=4
= 12 2 4
= 12 8
= 4 m/s
ii t = 6
= 12 2 6
= 12 12
= 0 m/s
iii t = 10
= 12 2 10
= 12 20
= 8 m/s
b The height of the projectile
increases during the first
6 seconds and then decreases
after t = 6.
10 LH gradient, f(x) = 2x use (2, 4)
and (1, 2)
42
m=
=2
22
RH gradient, f (x) = x2 use (2, 4)
and (2.01, 4.04)
4.04 4
m=
=4
2.01 2
LH RH gradient
11 a x(0) = 2(0)
=0
b x(6) = 1 + 6 2
= 37
c x(2) = 1 + 2 2
=5
x(2) x(0)
=50
=5
d i LH gradient x(t) = 2t
use (1, 2) and (0, 0).
20
m=
=2
1 0
RH gradient x(t) = 1 + t2
use (1, 2) and (1.01, 2.02)
2.02 2
m=
=2
1.01 1
so, RH gradient
= LH gradient
(and RH Limit = LH Limit = 2)
velocity = 2 m/s.
ii at t = 2, x(t) = 1 + t2
x(2) = 1 + 22 = 5
x(2.01) = 1 + (2.01)2 = 5.04
5.04 5
m =
2.01 2
=4
velocity = 4 m/s
Rates of change
Multiple choice
1 Not a rate 35 km A
2 Constant rate. The hourly rate per
day of a tutor. C
3 Rate of change = Gradient of line
70 20
=
40 0
50
40
= 1.25 kg/min D
4 Negative rate of change occurs
when graph has a negative gradient.
This occurs between P and Q.
Ans. PQ.
B
21 9
5 Gradient of chord PQ =
95
= 124 = 3 A
6 Av. rate of change of H between
t = 2 and t = 5
= gradient
190 40 150
=
=
52
3
E
= 50 m/h
7 Instantaneous rate of change of V at
t=4
80 30 50
=
=
80
8
C
= 6.25 litres/min
8 An instantaneous rate is: Harry was
B
caught doing 85 km/h.
9 a Displacement after 5 sec
= Diff. between 2 and 1
D
= 3 m
b Av. speed in 1st 5 sec
Distance
=
Time
= 115 m/s
C
c Av. velocity in 1st 5 sec
Displacement
=
Time
= 35 m/s
10
Gradient function
The original function is:
If gradient function ins a constant, 2,
the original function is a function of
x only, with coefficient 2 (that is,
2x). Graph
D
11
12
Velocitytime graph
At t = 0 gradient = 0
At t = 0 to t = 3 gradient is positive
At t = 3 gradient is = 0
At t = 3 to t = 4 gradient is negative
C
Graph
13 Rate of change of a polynomial f (x)
when x = 3 is closest to
f ( 3.00001) f ( 3)
E
3.00001 3
14 y = x2 + x
Rate of change when x = 2
= 2x + 1
=22+1
=4+1
=5
D
15 N(t) = 1000e0.1t
N(0) = 1000
N(10) = 1000e0.1 10
= 2718.3
average rate of change
N N1
= 2
t2 t1
2718.3 1000
10 0
= 171.8
= 172 arts/day
16 f (x) = x2 + ex
f (0) = 1
f (1) = 1 + e
f (1) f (0)
=
1 0
1+ e 1
=
1
=e
17 f (x) = x3 x + 1
f (0) = 1
f (3) = 27 4
= 25
f (3) f (0)
=
30
25 1
=
3
26
=
3
=
Extended response
1 Capacity = 600 cans
6:00 am = 12 full
Velocitytime graph
= 300 cans
MM11 CAS-8
177
6:00 am to 10:00 am
= 15 cans/h
10 am machine filled
10 am2:00 pm dispenses at
60 cans per hour
2:00 to 6:00, 30 cans per hour
a
= 300 cans
= 15/hr
= 15 4
= 60
10 am 300 60
= 240
10 am = 240 +
= 600 filled
10 am2 pm 60 cans/hr
steadily increasing
= 60 4
= 240
600 240
= 360
2 pm to 6 pm = 30 cans/hr
steadily decreasing rate
= 30 4
= 120
360 120
= 240
b No. of cans in machine at
6:00 pm = 240
c Machine is 12 full in afternoon at
6:00 am
6:0010 am
approx. 3 pm.
d Rate at which cans are dispensed
at 1 pm = gradient of tangent at
t = 1:00 pm
630 250
=
4 pm 11 pm
= 380
5
= 76 cans/hour
75 cans per hour
2t
2 x(t) = 2
t +1
a i x(0) = 0
2
ii x(1) =
= 1 mg/L
2
4
iii x(2) =
= 0.8 mg/L
5
8
iv x(4) =
= 0.471 mg/L
17
b
c effective when x 0.5

2t
0.5 = 2
t +1
178
MM11 CAS-8
Rates of change
0.5t2 + 0.5 = 2t
t2 4t + 1 = 0
4 16 4(1)(1)
t=
2
=
4 12
2
42 3
2
=2
Effective from 2 3 to 2 + 3
For 2 +
3 (2 3) hours
=22+
3 +
= 2 3 hours.
x(1) = 1
6
x(3) =
= 0.6
10
0.6 1
avg. rate =
3 1
= 0.2 mg/L
(Negative, as the concentration is
decreasing.)
2(0.5)
e x(0.5) =
(0.5) 2 + 1
= 0.8
2(0.5001)
x(0.5001) =
(0.5001) 2 + 1
= 0.800 096
0.800 096 0.8
m=
= 96 mg/L
0.5001 0.5
2(2)
x(2) =
= 0.8
(2)2 + 1
d
2(2.001)
(2.001) 2 + 1
= 0.799 76
0.8 0.799 76
m=
2 2.001
0.000 24
=
0.001
= 0.24 mg/L.
2(1)
f x(1) = 2
=1
1 +1
x(2.001) =
2(1.001)
(1.001) 2 + 1
=1
11
m =
1.001 1
= 0 mg/L at t = 1
If rate of change is zero, then max
concentration is occurring at that
time (at t = 1)
2(1)
2
x(1) = 2
=
=1
2
1 +1
Max concentration is 1 mg/L
(1 hour after administered).
3 a Initial x(0):
x(0) = 2(0) + 1 = 1 cm
Final x(5):
x(5) = (5)2 2(5) + 5 = 20 cm
x(1.001) =
c LH gradient: x(t) = 2t + 1
Use (2, 5) and (1, 3)
53
m=
=2
2 1
RH gradient: x(t) = t2 2t + 5
Use (2, 5) and (2.001, 5.002)
5.002 5
m=
=2
2.001 2
So RH gradient = LH gradient
and LH Limit = RH Limit = 5.
Velocity = 2 cm/s.
d x(1) = 2(1) + 1 = 3
x(4) = 42 2(4) + 5 = 13
displacement = x(4) x(1)
= 13 3
= 10 cm
x(b) x(1)
e v=
= 2.9
b 1
b > 2 as 2.9 > gradient at x = 2
2.9 =
b 2 2(b) + 5 [2(1) + 1]
b 1
2.9 =
b 2 2b + 5 2 1
b 1
b 2 2b + 2
b 1
2.9b 2.9 = b2 2b + 2
0 = b2 4.9b + 4.9
2.9 =
4.9 (4.9) 2 4(1)(4.9)

2
= 3.5 or 1.4
as b > 2, then b = 3.5
f x(2) x(0.5)
= 5 [2(0.5) + 1]
=52
=3
x(c) x(2) = 3
c2 2c + 5 5 = 3
c2 2c 3 = 0
(c 3)(c + 1) = 0
c = 3, 1
but c 1
c=3
g
b=
4 a gradient of d = 2t at t = 0 is
loge2 (= 0.693)
b gradient of d = 3t at t = 0 is
loge3 (= 1.099)
c using trial and error,
a = 2.72 (2dp)
d loge(2.7182818) = 1
e 2.71828182 = 7.38906
f gradient of 2.7182818t at t = 2
d
=
(2.7182818t ) t = 2
dt
= 7.38906
g the gradient is the same as
2.71828182.
Differentiation
MM11 CAS-9
179
Chapter 9 Differentiation
Exercise 9A Introduction to limits
4+2+1+
1
2
1
4
c lim (49a + 1) = 49 + 1
a 1
+...
= 50
4+2 =6
4+2+1 =7
4 + 2 +1+ 0.5 = 7.5
4 + 2 + 1 + 0.5 + 0.25 = 7.75
The series of numbers is approaching 8.
2 A circle
3 lim Ans is B
d lim ( x 2 + 2) = 0 + 2
x0
1
2
1
3
1
4
1
5
1
approaches 0
n
1
6
= 0.5
1
6
= 0.16666
1
1000
= 0.001
1
=0
n n
5 a S = 1 + 12 +
10 If f (x) = 3x 2, then
lim f ( x) is
x0
1
4
1
8
1
16
n=
term
1
2
1
4
1
8
p 2
x0
n represents the number of terms.
= 12
lim (3 p 2 2 p + 3) = 12 + 4 + 3
h lim ( x + 2 x) = 0
lim
lim (8 5 x ) = 8 20
x2
= 0.037
1+
= 19
1
2
1
27
h5
= 40
4 a As n gets larger,
=2
lim (h + 3h) = 25 + 15
2
1
2
1
2
1+
1 12
1 34
1
4
1+
6
8
10
1
16
1
32
1
512
1
8
1 78
use a graphical calculator to see if function is

continuous
if yes, substitute x = 0 in f (x)
f (0) = 0 2
= 2
lim f ( x) = 2
x0
Ans is D
11 The lim ( x 2 5) = ( 3)2 5
x 3
Ans is A
1 15
16
31
511
1 32
1 512
=4
x2 + 3 4 + 3
=
x2
x
2
12 a lim
lim S = 2 Ans is C
=31
6 f (x) = x + 5
Table of values
7 lim f ( x) = 3 Ans is C
2 x 2 3x 0 0
=
b lim
x0
1
x +1
=0
6 x 2 12 2
c lim
=
x 2
x
2
=7
8 a lim f ( x) = 14
d lim
2.95
2.99
2.995 3 3.0005
3.01
3.05
f (x)
7.95
7.99
7.995 8 8.0005
8.01
8.05
x2
x4
b lim f ( x) = 3
x4
c lim f ( x) = 0
x 2 + 3x 2 9 + 9 2
=
x3
x2
1
= 16
Exercise 9B Limits of discontinuous, rational

and hybrid functions
x4
d lim f ( x) = 5
x4
e lim f ( x) = 4
x4
f lim f ( x) = 15
x4
9 Assume graphs are continuous therefore substitute

x value into function. Use a graphical calculator to check:
a lim (2 x + 5) = 2 2 + 5
x2
=9
b lim (10 2k ) = 10 8
k4
=2
1 Discontinuous graphs are b, c, d and f.

2 Graph b is discontinuous at x = 4
Graph c is discontinuous at x = 0
Graph d is discontinuous at x = 1
Graph f is discontinuous at x = 3
3 a We cannot substitute x = 4 into
f (x) as f(x) = 00 which is undefined. Must factorise to
simplify the function and remove the denominator.

lim
x4
x( x 4 )
= lim x, x 4
x4
x4
=4
MM11 CAS-9
180
Differentiation
x2 4x
is the same as
x4
f (x) = x except the point (4, 4)
does not exist
b f ( x) =
f f (x) =
x3 + 8
x+2
( x + 2 )( x 2 2 x + 4)
x+2
f (x) = x2 2x + 4, x 2
g f (x) =
=
4 a When x = 0
x2 + x
f ( x) =
x
0+0
f (0) =
0
Graph is undefined because you
cannot divide by 0.
b Therefore when x = 0, f (x) is
discontinuous.
x( x + 1)
c, d f ( x ) =
x0
x
f (x) can be rewritten as x + 1.
e When graphing, remember graph
is discontinuous when x = 0.
When x = 0, f(x) = 1, so is
discontinuous at point (0, 1).
x 2 + 3x 4
x 1
( x 1 )( x + 4)
x 1
f (x) = x + 4, x 1
h f (x) =
x 2 27
x 3
( x 3 )( x 2 + 3x + 9)
x 3
2
= x + 3x + 9, x 3
6 a lim ( x + 3) = 3
x0
b lim 6 = 6
x3
c
d
e
f
lim ( x 5) = 5
x0
lim ( x + 1) = 3
x 4
lim ( x 1) = 5
x6
lim ( x 2 2 x + 4) = 4 + 4 + 4
x 2
g lim ( x + 4) = 5
= 12
x 1
f lim f ( x) = lim ( x + 1)
x0
x0
=1
2
x + 3x
5 a f (x) =
x
x ( x + 3)
=
x
f (x) = x + 3, x 0
6 x 18
b f (x) =
x3
6( x 3 )
x 3
= 6, x 3
x2 5x
c f (x) =
x
x ( x 5)
=
x
= x 5, x 0
is a straight line with a domain

of (1, ) or 1 < x <
Find two points within the
domain to graph line
x = 1 y = 2
x=0 y=1
c h(x) = 2x
straight line
(, 0) with a domain of
< x < 0
x=0 y=0
x = 1 y = 2
h(x) = x2
a parabola within the domain
0x<
d h(x) = x2 + 1
is a parabola with a TP
(0, 1) within the domain
< x 1
Find end point, when
x = 1, y = 2
h lim ( x 2 + 3x + 9) = 9 + 9 + 9
x3
= 27
7 a f (x) = x + 3
x-intercept (3, 0)
y-intercept (0, 3)
(, 2)
x = 2 not included
x2 + 5x + 4
d f (x) =
x+4
( x + 4 )( x + 1)
x+4
f (x) = x + 1, x 4
[2, )
x = 2 included
b g(x) = 4 x
is a straight line (, 1] with
a domain of < x 1
x = 1 y = 5
x = 2 y = 6
8 a
x2
ii
lim 4 = 4
x 2+
iii lim f ( x) does not exist (as

x2
left limit right limit)

i lim (4 x) = 5
x 1
ii
lim (3 x + 1) = 2
x 1+
iii lim g ( x) does not exist (as

x 1
x2 7 x + 6
e f (x) =
x6
( x 6 )( x 1)
x6
f (x) = x 1, x 6
p(x) = x + 2
is a straight line within the
domain 1 < x <
Two points on graph
x=1 y=3
x=2 y=4
i lim ( x + 3) = 5
left limit right limit)

i lim 2 x = 0
x0
ii
lim x 2 = 0
x 0+
iii lim h( x) = 0
x0
g(x) = 3x + 1
i lim ( x 2 + 1) = 2
x 1
Differentiation
ii lim+ ( x + 2) = 3
x 1
iii lim f ( x) does not exist (as left limit right limit)
x 1
9 a
x 1
lim f ( x) does not exist (as left limit right limit)
x2
=0
h lim ( x3 + x 2 5 x) = 1 + 1 5
x 1
lim ( x 4) = 2
x 2
= 3
lim+ ( x 4) = 2
x2
lim f ( x ) = 2
lim
x3
x2
x3
=6
lim (2 x + 1) = 7
lim (2 x 3) = 1
= lim (2 x 3) , x 2
lim (2 x + 1) = 3
= 7
x 2
x 1
x 1
x 1
x2 + 7 x + 6
x 1
x +1
lim
lim x 2 = 1
= lim
lim ( x + 2) does not exist as
=5
x 1
x 1
x 1+
(x + 2) only exists for the domain 2 < x < .

lim ( x 2 ) = 1
lim
x4
x 1
lim (4 x 2 ) = 0
= lim
lim ( x + 2) = 0
=2
x 2
10 a lim ( x 2 + 3 x + 2) = 4 + 6 + 2
x2
= 12
14 x + 7 7( 2 x + 1 )
=
2x + 1
2x + 1
=7
lim (3 x + 1) = 4
lim
x 12
x 1
lim ( x 2 + 3) = 4
x 1+
lim f ( x) = 4
x 1
d lim
x 1
( x 2)( x 4 )
,x4
( x4)
Exercise 9C Differentiation using first

principles
lim f ( x) = 0
x 2
( x + 1 )( x + 6)
, x 1
( x +1)
x2 6x + 8
x4
x4
x 2+
( x + 2 )(2 x 3)
( x+ 2)
lim
x 2
x3
( x + 3 )( x 3)
( x 3)
= lim ( x + 3)
lim (5 x) = 2
x 3
x 3+
( x + 1 )( x + 1)
( x+ 2)
= lim ( x + 1) , x 2
lim 3 = 3
x 2+
x2 + 3x + 2
x 1
x+2
x 1
x2
f ( x + h) f ( x )
h
5 ( x + h) 7 5 x + 7
a lim
h0
h
5 x + 5h 7 5 x + 7
= lim
h0
h
5h
= lim
h0 h
f (x) = 5 for h 0.
1 f (x) = lim
h0
b f (x) = lim
h0
x 2 9 x 10
x +1
( x + 1 )( x 10)
x 1
x +1
= lim
= lim ( x 10)
( x + h) 2 + 10( x + h) x 2 10 x
h
= lim
h0
2 xh + h 2 + 10h
h0
h
= lim
= 11
lim (12 3x x 2 ) = 12 6 8
x2
= 2
lim ( x 2 2 x + 1) = 1
x 0
lim ( x + 3) = 3
h0
x0
h (2 x + h + 10)
h
= lim (2 x + h + 10) , h 0
h0
f (x) = 2x + 10
( x + h) 2 8( x + h) x 2 + 8 x
h0
h
c f (x) = lim
x 0+
x 2 + 2 xh + h 2 + 10 x + 10h x 2 10x
h
= lim
x 1
181
lim
= lim
lim ( x + 2) = 4
MM11 CAS-9
= lim
h0
x 2 + 2 xh + h 2 8 x 8h x 2 + 8x
h
MM11 CAS-9
= lim
h0
182
Differentiation
h (2 x + h 8h)
h
= lim (2 x + h 8) , h 0
h0
( x + h)3 + 2( x + h) x3 2 x
h0
h
d f (x) = lim
= lim
x3 + 3 x 2 h + 3 xh 2 + h3 + 2 x + 2h x3 2x
h
= lim
h (3 x 2 + 3xh + h 2 + 2)
h
h0
= lim (3 x 2 + 3 xh + h 2 + 2) , h 0
h0
f (x) = 3x2 + 2
2
dy
= f (x)
dx
f ( x + h) f ( x )
h
( x + h) + 3 x 3
a f (x) = lim
h0
h
x + h+3 x 3
= lim
h0
h
h
= lim , h 0
h0h
f (x) = 1
= lim
h0
( x + h) 2 3( x + h) + 2 x 2 + 3 x 1
h0
h
b f (x) = lim
= lim
x 2 + 2 xh + h 2 3 x 3h + 1 x 2 + 3x 1
h
= lim
h (2 x + h 3)
h0
h
h0
h0
dy
= 2x 3
dx
4( x 2 + 2 xh + h 2 ) 4 x 2
h0
h
= lim
4 x 2 + 8 xh + 4h 2 4 x 2
h
h (8 x + 4h)
,h0
h
f (x) = 8x
9 ( x + h) 2 9 + x 2
d f (x) = lim
h0
h
= lim
h0
9 x 2 2 xh h 2 9 + x 2
= lim
h0
h
= lim
h 2 x h 2
),h0
h0
h
f (x) = 2x
6( x + h) 2( x + h) 2 6 x + 2 x 2
e f (x) = lim
h0
h
6 x + 6h 2 x 2 4 xh 2h 2 6 x + 2x 2
0
h0
h
h (6 4 x 2h)
= lim
,h0
h0
h
f (x) = 6 4x
= lim
h (3x 2 + 3 xh + h 2 + 5)
, h0
h0
h
f (x) = 3x2 + 5
= lim
( x + h) 2 6( x + h) x 2 + 6 x
h0
h
3 a g(x) = lim
x 2 + 2 xh + h 2 6 x 6h x 2 + 6x
h0
h
h (2 x + h 6)
= lim
,h0
h0
h
g(x) = 2x 6
b When g(x) = 0
0 = 2x 6
6 = 2x
3=x
= lim
( x + h )3 8 x 3 + 8
h0
h
4 a f (x) = lim
= lim
h0
x3 + 3 x 2 h + 3 xh 2 + h3 8 x3 + 8
h
h (3x 2 + 3xh + h 2 )
,h0
h0
h
f (x) = 3x2
b When gradient = 12
12 = 3x2
4 = x2
2 = x
7( x + h) + 5 7 x 5
5 a f (x) = lim
h0
h
= lim
h0
4( x + h) 2 4 x 2
h0
h
h0
x3 + 3 x 2 h + 3 xh 2 + h3 + 5 x + 5h 4 x3 5x + 4
h
= lim
c f (x) = lim
= lim
= lim
h0
f (x) = 2x 8
h0
( x + h)3 + 5( x + h) 4 + x3 5 x + 4
h0
h
f f (x) = lim
7 x + 7h + 5 7 x 5
h
=7
f (3) = 7
b f (x) = lim
h0
( x + h) 2 + 4( x + h) x 2 4 x
h
x 2 + 2 xh + h 2 + 4 x + 4h x 2 4x
h0
h
h (2 x + h + 4)
= lim
,h0
h0
h
= 2x + 4
f (3) = 6 + 4
= 10
= lim
c f (x) = lim
h0
( x + h) 2 3( x + h) + 2 x 2 + 3x 2
h
x 2 + 2 xh + h 2 3x 3h + 2 x 2 + 3x 2
h0
h
h (2 x + h 3)
= lim
,h0
h0
h
= 2x 3
f (3) = 6 3
=3
( x + h )3 5 x 3 + 5
d f (x) = lim
h0
h
= lim
= lim
h0
x3 + 3 x 2 h + 3 xh 2 + h3 5 x3 + 5
h
Differentiation
= lim
h 3x 2 + 3xh + h 2
h
h0
) ,h0
= 3x
f (3) = 27
6 C and E do not denote the gradient at
a point.
7 C The most accurate method of
finding the gradient of a function at a
particular point is to find the
derivative f (x) and evaluate f (3).
8 f (x) + g(x) = 2x2 + x3 + x
f (x) + g(x) = 4x + (3x2 + 1)
= 3x2 + 4x + 1
Ans is A
4 a
Exercise 9D Finding
derivatives by rule
y
dy
dx
b y
dy
dx
c y
dy
dx
1 a
2 a
3 a
= x6
= 6x5
= 7x2
= 14x
= 5x + 2
=5
y = 4x4 +
dy
dx
y
dy
dx
y
dy
dx
y
dy
dx
y
dy
dx
y
dy
dx
y
dy
dx
y
dy
dx
y
dy
dx
y
dy
dx
y
dy
dx
y
dy
dx
2
3
= 16x3 +
x 2 5x
4
3
x5
x( x 2 + 5)
x
= x2 + 5
f (x) = 2x, x 0
=xp
= px p 1
2 x (4 x 3)
2x
= 4x 3
f (x) = 4, x 0
b f (x) =
= x6 + 3x2 4
= 6x5 + 6x
c
= 5x4 7x3 + 6x
= 20x3 21x2 + 6
= x11 3x6 + 4x5 + 3x2
10
= 11x 18x + 20x + 6x

= 10x5 3x4 + 2x3 8x
= 50x4 12x3 + 6x2 8
x (3 x 2 + 2 x 5)
x
2
f (x) = 3x + 2x 5
f (x ) = 6x + 2, x 0
f (x) =
d f (x) =
f (x )
8 a f (x)
f (x)
=6
=0
b f (x)
f (x)
= 3x4 + 5x4
= 12x3 + 20x3
5 a f (x) =
2
3
x4
f (x) =
8
3
x3
= 56x6
f (x) =
6
7
f (x)
f (x)
d f (x)
f (x)
x7
f (x ) = 6x6
= 5x5
d f (x) =
3
4
x3 +
f (x) =
9
4
x2 + x 3
f (x) =
2
5
x5 +
= 25x4
= 4x6
= 24x5
1
2
f (x) = 2x4 + 3x3 +
= 2x3
f (x) = 4x3
2
f (x) = 12x
6 a
= 7x
= 7
= x8
= 8x7
D
c
= x4 + x2
3
= 4x + 2x
B
d
= 2x3 4x + 7
= 6x2 4
= x2 + 6x 5
= 2x + 6
e
F
= x + 2x 3
= 4x3 + 6x2
f
G
4
7
1
2
x2
8
7
f (x)
f (x)
f (x)
f (x)
x 2 3x
x4 +
3
4
1
6
x3
x2
5
6
x+8
g f (x)
5
6
f (x) = x(x + 3)
= x2 + 3x
f (x) = 2x + 3
f (x) = 3x(2x 5)
= 6x2 15x
f (x) = 12x 15
f (x) = (x + 4)2
= x2 + 8x + 16
f (x) = 2x + 8
f (x) = 9(8 3x)2
= 9(64 48x + 9x2)
= 576 432x + 81x2
f (x) = 432 + 162x
f (x) = (x + 2)3
= x3 + 6x2 + 12x + 8
f (x) = 3x2 + 12x + 12
f (x) = (2x 5)3
= 8x3 60x2 + 150x 125
f (x) = 24x2 120x + 150
183
7 a f (x) =
f (x) = 54 x
= 8x7
= 5x4 + 18x2 4
b f (x) = 85 x 2
= 6x
= x5 + 6x3 4x
= 32x3
= 3x4
= 12x
y
dy
dx
y
dy
dx
y
dy
dx
y
dy
dx
y
dy
dx
y
dy
dx
y
dy
dx
y
dy
dx
MM11 CAS-9
f (x)
h f (x)
f (x)
f (x)
f (x)
f (x)
x 2 (5 x 2 + x + 7)
x2
= 10x + 1, x 0
= x4
= 4x5
4
= 5
x
= x7
= 7x8
7
= 8
x
= 3x4
= 12x5
12
= 5
x
= 5x8
= 40x9
40
= 9
x
= 4x6
= 24x7
24
= 7
x
= 3x5
= 15x6
15
= 6
x
1
= 4
x
= x4
= 4x5
4
= 5
x
1
= 9
x
= x9
= 9x10
9
= 10
x
5
= 3
x
= 5x3
= 15x4
15
= 4
x
10
= 6
x
= 10x6
184
MM11 CAS-9
f (x) = 60x7
60
= 7
x
1
k f (x) = 2 x 2
1
f (x) = x 2
1
=
x
l
f (x) = x 3
f (x) =
2
3
13
3x 3
1
m f (x) = 4 x 4
34
f (x) = x
1
= 3
x4
n
f (x) = 3x 5
f (x) =
=
6
5
6
3
5x 5
o f (x) = x
f (x) =
53
1
2
1
1
2
x2
1
2 x
1
p f (x) =
x
= x
12
f (x) = 12 x
=
32
1
2 x3
q f (x) = 4 x
f (x) = 4 x
+ 12
f (x) = 2 x
12
2
x
=
r
f (x) =
= x
f (x) =
=
1
3
x
1
3
x3
1
2
3x 3
2
f (x) = 3
x
2
= 1
x3
= 2 x
f (x) = 23 x
=
43
43
2
4
3x 3
9 a f (x) = 5x2 + 3x 1
f (x) = 10x + 3
i
f (1) = 13
ii f (2) = 20 + 3
= 17
Differentiation
iii
f (0) = 3
b f (x) = 13 x3 + 2x2 4
f (x) = x2 + 4x
i
f (1) = 5
ii f (2) = 4 8
= 4
iii
f (0) = 0
c f (x) = 3x2 2x + 6
f (x) = 6x 2
i
f (1) = 4
ii f (2) = 12 2
= 14
iii
f (0) = 2
d f (x) = x3 + 7x 8
f (x) = 3x2 + 7
i
f (1) = 3 + 7 = 10
ii f (2) = 12 + 7
= 19
iii
f (0) = 7
10 y = x2 5x + 6
a x-intercept when y = 0
0 = (x 2)(x 3)
x = 2 or 3
dy
b
= 2x 5
dx
Sub in x = 2
dy
= 1
dx
Sub in (x = 3)
dy
=1
dx
Gradient = 1 at x = 2
Gradient = 1 at x = 3
dy
c i
= 2x 5 = 0
dx
2x = 5
x = 2 12
dy
= 2x 5 = 7
dx
2x = 12
x=6
dy
iii
= 2x 5 = 3
dx
2x = 2
x=1
11 a y = 2x2 + 5x 3
0 = (2x 1)(x + 3)
x intercepts occur when
x = 12 or 3
ii
b Gradient of x-intercept points

dy
=
= 4x + 5
dx
dy
=7
When x = 12 ,
dx
dy
When x = 3,
= 7
dx
c When one gradient = 0
dy
= 0 = 4x + 5
dx
5 = 4x
Differentiation
54 = x
x =
5 2
)
4
y = 2 (
25
16
=2
=
50
16
therefore
+ 5 (
185
1
1
4
x+
+
4
2
3
1
11
y = x+
or
4
6
3x + 12y 22 = 0
c
f (x) = 3x2 2x + 6 at x = 2
f (2) = 14 (2, 14)
f (x) = 6x 2
f (2) = 6(2) 2
f (2) = 10
Equation of tangent
y 14 = 10(x 2)
y = 10x 20 + 14
y = 10x 6
Equation of normal
1
y 14 = ( x 2)
10
1
1
y = x + + 14
10
5
1
71
y = x+
or
10
5
x + 10y 142 = 0
d
f (x) = x3 7x 8 at the point (0, 8)
f (x) = 3x2 7
f (0) = 7
Equation of tangent
y + 8 = 7(x 0)
y = 7x 8
Equation of normal
1
y + 8 = (x 0)
7
1
y = x 8 or x + 7y + 56 = 0
7
e f (a) = a2 + 2
(a, a2 + 2) is the point of tangency
f (x) = 2x
f (a) = 2a
Equation of tangent
y (a2 + 2) = 2a(x a)
y = 2ax 2a2 + a2 + 2
y = 2ax a2 + 2
y =
5
4
5
)3
4
+ 25
3
4
100
16
MM11 CAS-9
48
16
= 6 18
Answer: (1 14 , 6 18 )
12 a y = x3 3x2
dy
= 3x2 6x
dx
Parallel to x-axis means
dy
=0
dx
0 = 3x2 6x
0 = 3x(x 2)
x = 0, 2
When x = 0, y = 0 (0, 0)
When x = 2, y = 8 12
= 4 (2, 4)
dy
b Parallel to y = 3x + 2 means
= 3.
dx
2
3 = 3x 6x
0 = 3x2 6x + 3
0 = 3(x2 2x + 1)
0 = 3(x 1)2
x =1
When x = 1, y = 1 3 = 2
(1, 2)
13 a
f (x) = 5x2 + 3x 1 at the point (1, 7)
f (x) = 10x + 3
f (1) = 10(1) + 3
f (1) = 13
Equation of tangent
y 7 = 13(x 1)
y = 13x 13 + 7
y = 13x 6
Equation of normal
1
y 7 = (x 1)
13
1
1
y = x+
+7
13
13
1
92
or
y = x+
13
13
x + 13y 92 = 0
1
b f (x) = x3 + 2x2 4 at x = 2
3
4
f (2) =
f (x) = x2 + 4x
3
4
2,
3
f (2) = (2)2 + 4(2)

f (2) = 4
Equation of tangent
4
y = 4(x + 2)
3
4
y = 4x 8 +
3
20
or 12x + 3y + 20 = 0
y = 4x
3
Equation of normal
4
1
= (x + 2)
y
3
4
Equation of normal
1
(x a)
y (a2 + 2) =
2a
x 1
y=
+ + a2 + 2
2a 2
x
5
y =
+ a2 + or x + 2ay 2a3 5a = 0
2a
2
f
f (x) = 3x2 4x at the point
(2a, 12a2 8a)
f (x) = 6x 4
f (2a) = 6(2a) 4
f (2a) = 12a 4
Equation of tangent
y (12a2 8a) = (12a 4 )(x 2a)
y = (12a 4)x 24a2 + 8a + 12a2 + 8a
y = (12a 4)x 12a2
Equation of normal
1
(x 2a)
y (12a2 8a) =
(12a 4)
y=
x
2a
+
+ 12a2 8a
(12a 4)
(12a 4)
MM11 CAS-9
186
y =
Differentiation
x
2a + (12a 2 8a)(12a 4)
+
(12a 4)
(12a 4)
(144a3 144a 2 + 34a)

x
+
(12a 4)
(12a 4)
or x + (12a 4)y 144a3 + 144a2 34a = 0
14 y = x2 + 4x 1
dy
a
= 2x + 4
dx
Find x when 2x + 4 = 6
2x = 2
x =1
When x = 1, y = 1 + 4 1 = 4
Equation of line passing through point (1, 4)
with gradient = 6 is:
y = mx + c
4 =61+c
2 = c
y = 6x 2
b Equation of normal:
m = 61 point (1, 4)
y =
y = mx + c
4 = 16 1 + c
4 = 16 + c
25
6
=c
y = 16 x +
25
6
6y = x + 25
15 y = 2x2 2x + 5
Crosses y-axis at (0, 5)
Find gradient at this point
dy
= 4x 2
dx
When x = 0
dy
= 2
dx
This is the gradient of the tangent.
Hence gradient of normal = 12
Equation of normal: y =
1
2
x+5
or
2y = x + 10
16 y = x2 + 4x
dy
= 2x + 4
dx
dy
a At x = 2
=0
dx
Therefore the gradient of the normal is infinite.
Equation of normal: x = 2
dy
b At x = 1
=2
dx
Therefore the gradient of the normal is 21 .
The straight line passes through
x = 1, y = 3
Equation of normal:
y 3 = 21 (x 1)
2y 6 = x + 1
2y + x = 7
17 y = x3 + 2x2 3x + 1
dy
= 3x2 + 4x 3
dx
dy
At x = 2
= 3(2)2 + 4(2) 3
dx
= 12 8 3
=1
Gradient of normal = 1
When x = 2 y = (2)3 + (2)2 3(2) +1
= 8 + 8 + 6 + 1
=7
Equation of normal: y 7 = 1(x + 2)
y 7 = x 2
y+x=5
18 a
y = 2x2 + 4.5x + 1
dy
= 4x + 4.5
dx
1
mnormal =
2
1
4x + 4.5 =
2
4x = 4
x = 1
When x = 1, y = 2(1)2 + 4.5(1) + 1 = 1.5
(1, 1.5) is the point of tangency
b y = 2x + c
Sub (1, 1.5) into y = 2x + c to find c.
1.5 = 2(1) + c
1.5 = 2 + c
c = 1.5 2
c = 3.5
2
5
19
f (x) = x3 + x 2 x + 2
3
2
f (x) = 2x2 + 5x 1
As the tangents are parallel to the line y 2x = 4, their
gradients are equal. f (x) = 2
2x2 + 5x 1 = 2
2x2 + 5x 3 = 0
(2x 1)(x + 3) = 0
1
x = or x = 3
2
3
53
1 2 1 5 1 1
f = + + 2=
24
2 3 2 2 2 2
2
5
19
3
2
f ( 3) = ( 3) + ( 3) (3) + 2 =
3
2
2
19
1 53
3, and , are the coordinates
2
2 24
at the point of tangency.
19
Equation of tangent at the point 3,

2
19
= 2(x (3))
2
19
y = 2x + 6 +
2
31
y = 2x + or 4x + 2y 31 = 0
2
y
1 53
Equation of tangent at the point ,
2 24
53
1
= 2 x
24
2
53
y = 2x 1 +
24
29
y = 2x +
or 48x + 24y 29 = 0
24
Differentiation
20 f (x) = 6x2 2x
f (x) = 2.5
6x2 2x 2.5 = 0
1
5
x = or x =
2
6
1 11
1 11
, , Equation of tangent:
f =
2 2
2 2
5
27
or 10x + 4y 27 = 0
y = x+
2
4
5 349
5 349
,
f =
, Equation of tangent:
6 54
6 54
5
473
or 270x + 108y 473 = 0
y = x+
2
108
21 f (x) = 2x2 4x + 4
f (x) = 4x 4
As the tangent is perpendicular to the line
1
4
y = x + 4, the product of their gradients is 1,

i.e. m1m2 = 1. Let m1 equal the gradient of the tangent and
let m2 equal the gradient of the line y = 1 x + 4.
4
1
1
where m2 =
m1 =
m2
4
1
1

4
mtangent = 4
f (x) = 4
4x 4 = 4
4x = 8
x=2
f (2) = 2(2)2 4(2) + 4 = 8 8 + 4 = 4
(2, 4) is the point of tangency.
Equation of tangent at the point (2, 4)
y 4 = 4(x 2)
y = 4x 8 + 4
y = 4x 4
22
f (x) = 3x2 3
f (x) = 3
3x2 3 = 3
3x2 = 6
x2 = 2
x = 2 or x = 2
f ( 2) = 2 1 ( 2, 2 1)
f ( 2) = 2 1 ( 2, 2 1)
Equation of normal at ( 2, 2 1):
1
y ( 2 1) = ( x 2)
3
MM11 CAS-9
2a(2) + b = 7
4a + b = 7
Sub (2, 8) into y
a(2)2 + (2)b + c = 8
4a 2b + c = 8
Sub (1, 3.5) into y
a(1)2 + (1)b + c = 3.5
a b + c = 3.5
Solve equations (1), (2) and (3)
a = 2.5, b = 3 and c = 4.
Equation of tangent:
y (8) = 7(x (2))
y + 8 = 7x + 14
y = 7x 6
dy
24 a
= 4x
dx
(1)
(2)
(3)
dy
= 4 2 a = 8a
dx
When x = 2a, y = 2(2a)2 2 = 8a2 2
(2a, 8a2 2) is the point of tangency.
Equation of tangent:
y (8a2 2) = 8a(x 2a)
y = 8ax 16a2 + 8a2 2
y = 8ax 8a2 2
When x = 2a,
b Put y = 0 for x-intercept

8ax 8a2 2 = 0
8ax = 8a2 + 2
x=
8a 2 + 2
8a
x=
4a 2 + 1
4a
c Put y = 0 and solve for x.

2x 2 = 0
x = 1 is the x-intercept of the straight line.
Equate the x-intercepts of the straight line and of the
tangent line and solve for a.
4a 2 + 1
=1
4a
a=
1
2
2
d y=8
1
1
x 8 2
2
2
= 4x 2 2
= 4x 4
Equation of tangent is y = 4x 4
25 a f (x) = 4x 2
1
(2 2 + 3)
or x + 3 y + 2 2 + 3 = 0
y= x
3
3
Equation of normal at ( 2, 2 1):
1
y ( 2 1) = ( x ( 2))
3
1
2 2 3
y = x+
or x + 3 y 2 2 + 3 = 0
3
3
23 y = ax2 + bx + c
dy
=7
At (2, 8),
dx
187
No stationary points as f (x) 0
MM11 CAS-9
188
Differentiation
b f (x) = x2 4x + 2
Minimum turning point at x = 2 as

f (x) goes from negative to
positive when f (x) crosses x-axis
c f (x) = x3 + 3x2 + 3
f (x) = (3x2 4x)dx

3x3 4 x 2
=
+c
3
2
= x3 2x2 + c
c f (x) = 3x(x + 5)
= 3x2 15x
f (x) = (3x2 15x)dx
3x3 15 x 2
+c
=
3
2
= x3 152 x2 + c
n
x2 7x
2x 7
o
4x3 7x2
12x2 14x
p
2x4 + x3
8x3 + 3x2
3
q
16x 3x
16 9x2
3
2
r
4x + 2x 7x 12x2 + 4x 7
b To find the original function from
the derivative, for each term, you
add one to the power and divide by
the new power.
2 a 9x2
The antiderivative is
9 x3
= 3x3 + c
3
b 8x + 5
8x2
+ 5x + c
2
= 4x2 + 5x + c
c x2 + 4x 11
x3 4 x 2
+
11x + c
3
2
d f (x) = (x + 7)(x + 5)
= x2 + 12x + 35
f (x) = (x2 + 12x + 35)dx
x3 12 x 2
=
+
+ 35 x + c
3
2
= 13 x3 + 6x2 + 35x + c
e f (x) = (2x 3)(x + 2)
= 2x2 3x + 4x 6
= 2x2 + x 6
f (x) = (2x2 + x 6)dx
2 x3 x 2
=
+
6x + c
3
2
f f (x) = (x 1)(x + 1)
= x2 1
f (x) = (x2 1)dx
x3
=
x+c
3
g f (x) = (x + 2)2
= x2 + 4x + 4
f (x) = (x2 + 4x + 4)dx
x3 4 x 2
=
+
+ 4x + c
3
2
x3
+ 2x2 11x + c
3
d 8x3 + 3x2 + 5
8 x 4 3 x3
+
+ 5x + c
4
3
4
3
= 2x + x + 5x + c
e 7 + 6x x2
6 x 2 x3
+c
7x +
2
3
=
Maximum turning point at x = 1

as f (x) goes from positive to
negative when f (x) crosses
x-axis
Minimum turning point at x = 0 as
f (x) goes from negative to
positive when f (x) crosses x-axis
The x-intercepts on the graph of
f (x) signify the x-values where
the stationary points exist on the
graph of f (x)
Exercise 9E Antidifferentiation
a
Function
f (x)
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
i
j
k
l
m
x2
x +3
x2 4
x3
2x4
5x4
3x7
1 4
x
2
1 9
x
3
1 10
x
5
2 3
x
3
3 8
x
4
x2 + 3x + 5
2
Derivative
(gradient
function) f (x)
2x
2x
2x
3x2
8x3
20x3
21x6
2x3
3x8
2x9
2x2
6x7
2x + 3
x3
+ 2 x2 + 4 x + c
3
h f (x) = (2x 3)2
= 4x2 12x + 9
f (x) = (4x2 12x + 9)dx
4 x3 12 x 2
=
+ 9x + c
3
2
= 43 x3 6x2 + 9x + c
=
x3
= 7x + 3x
+c
3
f x9 + x 2 3
x10 x3
+
3x + c
10 3
g 8x + 2x2 + 5x4
8 x 2 2 x3 5 x5
+
+
+c
2
3
5
= 4x2 + 23 x3 + x5 + c
2
h 1 + x + x2 + x3
x 2 x3 x 4
x+
+ +
+c
2
3
4
dy
3
= 4x2 5x 10
dx
y = (4x2 5x 10)dx
4 x3 5 x 2
y=
10 x + c
3
2
4 a f (x) = 5(2x + 7)
= 10x + 35
f (x) = (10x + 35)dx
10 x 2
=
+ 35x + c
2
= 5x2 + 35x + c
b f (x) = x(3x 4)
= 3x2 4x
i f (x) = (x 2)3
= x3 6x2 + 12x 8
f (x) = (x3 6x2 + 12x 8)dx
x 4 6 x3 12 x 2
f (x) =
+
8x + c
4
3
2
x4
2x3 + 6x2 8x + c
4
j f (x) = (x + 2)(x2 2x + 4)
= x3 2 x 2 + 4 x
=
+2 x 2 4 x + 8
= x3 + 8
f (x) = (x3 + 8)dx
x4
=
+ 8x + c
4
f (x) = 2x(x 5)
= 2x2 10x
f (x) = (2x2 10x)dx
2 x3 10 x 2
=
+
+c
3
2
= 23 x3 5x2 + c B
Differentiation
dy
= (x + 3)(x 5)
dx
= x2 5x + 3x 15
= x2 2x 15
y = (x2 2x 15)dx
x3 2 x 2
15x + c
=
3
2
= 13 x3 x2 15x + c D
7 a y = (4x3 + 10x 7)dx

4 x 4 10 x 2
=
+
7x + c
4
2
= x4 + 5x2 7x + c
b (6 + 4x x2)dx
4 x 2 x3
+c
= 6x +
2
3
= 6x + 2x2
Exercise 9F Deriving the

original function from
the gradient function
5
2
7
4
( 12 , 74 ) is the turning point.

5
4

(4) f (x) = x2 + x 2
f (x) = (x + 12 ) 2
Possibilities must be parallel but

have different c values
(y-intercepts)
9
4
x3
+c
3
dy
8x2
= 8x y =
+c
dx
2
y = 4x2 + c
Possibilities must have same a and h
values in y = a(x h)2 k, but
k values different.
x2 + c
4 x2 + 7 x
dx
x
x (4 x + 7)
dx
=
x
= (4x + 7)dx
4 x2
+ 7x + c
=
2
2
= 2x + 7x + c
f (x2 + 4 + 2x2)dx
x3
2 x 1
+ 4x +
+c
=
1
3
e
x3
+ 4x 2x1 + c
3
8 f (x) = 6x2 10x + 1
f (x) = (6x3 10x + 1)dx
= 63 x3 102 x2 + x + c
=
= 2x3 5x2 + x + c C
9 a 3(x 3)2
= 3(x2 6x + 9)
= 3x2 18x + 27
2
3x 18x + 27dx
3x3 18 x 2
+ 27 x + c
3
2
3
2
= x 9x + 27x + c
b (3x 5)3
= 27x3 3(3x)2(5) + 3(3x)(5)2 125
= 27x3 135x2 + 225x 125
3
2
27 x 135 x + 225x 125dx
i x = 0 where the gradient is 0

ii left of this point the gradient is
negative
iii right of this point the gradient
is positive
b i The shape of the graph of f (x)
is a parabola
ii f (x) = 3x
f (x) = 3x dx
f (x) = 32 x 2 + c
a
27 x 4 135 x3 225 x 2
=
+
125 x + c
4
3
2
27 x
225 2
45 x3 +
x 125 x + c
4
2
5 The value of x where the gradient = 0:

a i x=1
ii Sign of gradient left of this
point is negative
iii Sign of gradient right of this
point is positive
b i x = 2
point is negative
point is positive
c i x=3
point is positive
point is negative
d i x = 4
point is positive
point is negative
6
When x = 0, f(0) = 2
2 = 32 (0)2 + c
c=2
f(x) =
3
2
a f (x) has a gradient of 0 when

x = 1 and x = 3 C
b f (x) has a negative gradient when
1<x<3 B
c f (x) has a positive gradient when
x < 1 and x > 3 A
x2 + 2
(2) f (x) = x2 + x + 2
f (x) = (x + 12 ) 2 +
(3) f (x) = x2 + x 1
f (x) = (x + 12 ) 2
d (x 10)(x + 10)dx
= (x2 102)dx
x3
100x + c
=
3
c x(6x 5)dx
= (6x2 5x)dx
6 x3 5 x 2
+c
=
3
2
= 2x3
189
MM11 CAS-9
7
4 f (x) = 2x + 1
f (x) = (2x + 1)dx
f (x) = x2 + x + c
or in turning point format
f (x) = (x + 12 )2 k
Therefore 4 possible curves are

(1) f (x) = x2 + x + 1
f (x) = (x + 12 ) 2 + 34
a When the gradient is 0, x = 6

and x = 2
b When the gradient is negative
x < 6 and x > 2
c When the gradient is positive
6 < x < 2
MM11 CAS-9
190
Differentiation
8 a
From (1) substitute c = 0: a = 1

Therefore f (x) = 13 x3
2 x2
+ 2x + c
2
2
= x + 2x + c
f (0) = 1
1 = 02 + 2.0 + c
f (x) = x2 + 2x + 1
=
Constant gradient, therefore

straight line function with
gradient 3
y = 3x + c
If f (0) = 1 then the y-intercept is 1
y = 3x + 1
Two points to graph line are
(0, 1) and ( 13 , 0)
Three points on the graph are

(0, 0), (3, 9) and (3, 9).
A stationary point of inflection
occurs at the origin.
g(x) = x + 1
g(x) = (x + 1)dx
= 21 x2 + x + c
Constant gradient, therefore

straight line function with
gradient of 2.
y = 2x + c
If g(1) = 1 substitute in (1, 1)
to find y-intercept (c)
1 = 2 1 + c
3=c
So equation is y = 2x + 3
Two points to graph line are
(1, 1) and (0, 3)
h(x) = x2 4
h(x) = (x2 4)dx
= 13 x3 4x + c
g(0) = 3
3 = 21 (0)2 + 0 + c
g(x) =
1
2
Now h(0) = 0 and so c = 0.

h(x) = 13 x3 4x.
x2 + x + 3
Three points on the graph are

(0, 0), (2, 5 13 )
The turning point occurs when

x = 1.
This can be seen from the
gradient graph.
Turning point (maximum)
= (1, 72 ).
and (2, 5 13 )
A maximum turning point occurs
a (2, 5 13 ) and a minimum at
(2, 5 13 ). This feature can be seen
Find x-intercepts:
a = 12 , b = 1, c = 3
x=
on the gradient function graph.
1 12 + 4 3 12
1
1 7
x=
1
1 + 7
1 7
or
1
1
= 1.65 or 3.65
x=
h(x) = 2x
h(x) = 2x dx
= x2 + c
Now h(0) = 1
1 = 02 + c
c = 1
h(x) = x2 1
dy
= 4x 5
dx
y = (4x 5)dx
4 x2
5x + c
y =
2
2
y = 2x 5x + c
Find c sub in (1, 0)
0=25+c
0 = 3 + c
3=c
y = 2x2 5x + 3
dy
10
= 2x 3
dx
y = (2x 3)dx
f (x) = ax2
f (x) = ax2dx
a
f (x) = x3 + c
3
Now f (3) = 9 9 =
+c
(1)
f (x) = 2x + 2
f (x) = (2x + 2)dx
f (0) = 0
c so c = 0
2 x2
3x + c
2
y = x2 3x + c
Sub in (2, 2) to find c
2 = 4 6 + c
2 = 2 + c
0=c
y = x2 3x
dy
11
= 3x2 + 2x
dx
y = (3x2 + 2x)dx
y=
a
(3)3
3
9 = 9a + c
0 =
a
(0)3 +
3
Differentiation
3x3 2 x 2
+
+c
3
2
y = x3 + x2 + c
To find c sub in (2, 2)
2 =8+4+c
2 = 12 + c
10 = c
y = x3 + x2 10
12 f (x) = (x + 1)2
f (x) = x2 + 2x + 1
F (x) = (x2 + 2x + 1)dx
x3 2 x 2
+
+ x+c
=
3
2
Sub in F(1) = 2
2 = 13 + 1 + 1 + c
7 g(x) =
y=
x3 + x2 + x
512
3
448
2
64 + 1
The gradient is zero at

(8, 116 13 ) and (1, 5 16 ).
1
3
Short answer
1 lim (3 x 12) = 6
x2
2 lim x 3 x + 3 = 0 0 + 3
8 y = 2x2 5x + 2
dy
= 4x 5
dx
a Parallel to x-axis,
x0
dy
=0
dx
0 = 4x 5
5 = 4x
5
=x
4
=3
x 2 8x + 1
= 116 13
Chapter review
3 a f (x) =
7
2
3x 2
72 2x 8
3
g(x) = x2 7x 8
b i g(3) = 9 21 8
= 20
ii g(2) = 4 + 14 8
= 10
c When g(x) = 0
0 = x2 7x 8
0 = (x 8)(x + 1)
x = 8 or 1
When x = 8
y = 13 83 72 82 8 8 + 1
13 = c
1
3
x3
a g(x) =
2 = 2 13 + c
F(x) =
1
3
MM11 CAS-9
( x + 3 )( x + 4)
( x + 3)
When x =
= x + 4, x 3
lim ( x + 4) = 1
5
4
y = 12
x 3
4 a
25
8
25
8
25
5 54 + 2
16 8
25
4
+2
50
8
16
8
= 98
When x = 0, f (0) = 2
When f (x) = 0, x = 1
b lim f ( x) is undefined because
x0
as x 0, f (x) approaches 1 but

as x 0+, f (x) approaches 2.
5 f (x) = 2x + 3
f ( x + h) f ( x )
lim
h0
h
2( x + h) + 3 2 x 3
= lim
h0
h
= lim
h0
2 x + 2h + 3 2 x 3
h
=2
6 f (x) = 5 + 4x 3x2
f (x + h) = 5 + 4(x + h) 3(x + h)2
= 5 + 4x + 4h 3x2 6xh 3h2
f ( x + h) f ( x )
lim
h0
h
5 + 4 x + 4h 3x 2 6 xh 3h 2 5 4 x + 3x 2
h0
h
h(4 6 x 3h)
= lim
h0
h
= lim (4 6 x 3h)
= lim
h0
= 4 6x
Gradient is zero at ( 54 98 )
b Parallel to the line y = 1 3x.
dy
= 3
dx
3 = 4x 5 when x = 12
y = 21
=
1
2
1 5
+2
42 2
5
2
4
2
=0
Gradient = 3 at ( 12 , 0)
c
g(x) =
1 3
x
3
2
x2
g(x) = x 2x
4x 5 = x2 2x
0 = x2 6x + 5
0 = (x 5)(x 1)
x = 5 or 1
When x = 5
y = 50 25 + 2
= 27
When x = 1
y =25+2
= 1
(5, 27) and (1, 1)
9 f (x) = 4x 3
f (3) = 4(3) 3
191
MM11 CAS-9
192
f (3) = 9
Equation of tangent
y 13 = 9(x 3)
y = 9 27 + 13
y = 9x 14
Equation of normal
1
y 13 = (x 3)
9
1
3
+ 13
y = x+
9
9
1
40
y= x+
or
9
3
x + 9y 120 = 0
10 a 6x2 dx
= 2x3 + c
b (5x + 4)dx
5x2
=
+ 4x + c
2
2
c (x + 8x 14)dx
x3 8 x 2
=
+
14x + c
3
2
x3
+ 4x2 14x + c
3
d (5x3 + 4x2 + 5)dx
5 x 4 4 x3
=
+
+ 5x + c
4
3
e (x 3)(x + 7)dx
= (x2 + 4x 21)
x3 4 2
=
+ x 21x + c
3 2
Differentiation
Sub in (2, 16)

22
2+c
2
16 = 16 + 2 2 + c
c=0
Equation is y = 2x3 + 12 x2 x
16 = 2 23 +
13
g(0) = 6 and g(3) = 0

Gradient is zero when x = 3.
It is negative on left hand side and negative on right hand
side of this point x = 3, so it is a stationary point of
inflection.
Two points on graph as stated above.
x
+ 2x2 21x + c
3
11 a y = (2x3 + 8x 7)dx
2 x4 8x2
=
+
7x + c
4
2
=
x4
+ 4x2 7x + c
2
b y = (1 + 6x x2)dx
6 x 2 x3
=x+
+c
2
3
=
x3
+c
3
c y = x(5x 3)dx
= (5x2 3x)dx
5 x3 3x 2
=
+c
3
2
d y = (x 7)(x + 7)dx
= (x2 72)dx
x3
=
49x + c
3
dy
12
= (2x + 1)(3x 1)
dx
= 6x2 2x + 3x 1
dy
= 6x2 + x 1
dx
= x + 3x2
y =
6 x3 x 2
+
x+c
3
2
y = 2x3 +
x2
x+c
2
Multiple choice
1 lim (3x 7) = 3 5 7
x5
=8
2
lim ( x 2 2 x + 5) = 9 + 6 + 5
x 3
= 20
3 lim
x2
( x 2 )( x + 5)
x + 3 x 10
= lim
x2
x2
( x2)
= lim ( x + 5) , x 2
x2
4
5
6
7
=7
Read off graph when x = 0,
f (x) = 1.
Read off graph when x = 1,
f (x) = 2.
Undefined because graph is discontinuous at x = 1.
If f (x) = x2 2x
f ( x + h) f ( x )
lim
h0
h
B
A
B
C
( x + h) 2 2( x + h) x 2 + 2 x
h0
h
= lim
= lim
h0
x 2 + 2 xh + h 2 2 x 2h x 2 + 2x
h
h (2 x + h 2)
h
= 2x 2
f (2 + h) f (2)
8 f (2) = lim
h0
h
= lim
h0
9 Gradient of tangent of f (x) at x = 5

f (5 + h) f (5)
lim
h0
h
10 If g(x) = 18 3x 7x2
g(x) = 3 14x
11 y = x3 + 10x2 7x + 2
dy
= 3x2 + 20x 7
dx
A
B
D
E
D
Differentiation
12 f (x) = (x 3)(x + 5)
= x2 3x + 5x 15
= x2 + 2x 15
f (x) = 2x + 2
13 y = x3 10x2
dy
= 3x2 20x
dx
14 y = 2x3
dy
= 6x4
dx
15
B
A
MM11 CAS-9
193
x3 + 6 x 2 10 x
23 y =
dx
x
y = (x2 + 6x 10)dx
x3 6 x 2
y=
+
10x + c
3
2
x3
+ 3x2 10x + c
3
24 1 < x < 2
25
y=
C
B
y = 53 x
1
y = 5x 3
dy
2
= 53 x 3
dx
16
f(x) = 2x2 + 7x 1
f (x) = 4x + 7
f (1) = 4 + 7
=3
17 y = x2 7x 5
dy
= 2x 7
dx
3 = 2x 7
10 = 2x
5 =x
dy
18 mtan =
at x = 3
dx
dy
= 2 x + 2
dx
dy
At x = 3,
= 4
dx
mtan = 4
mnor =
A
26
Gradient of 0 when x = 2 and 4
g(x) =
1
2
x1
g(x) = ( x 1)dx
1
2
=
B
1
4
x2 x + c
Now g(2) = 0
0 = 14 (2)2 2 + c
0 =12+c
c =1
1 2
g(x) = 4 x x + 1
=
1
(x 2
4
1
(x
4
4x + 4)
2)2
1
4
E
Answer:
19 mtan = 3 since the tangent is parallel to the line y = 3x + 4.
dy
= 6 x + 5 = 3
dx
1
x=
3
Answer:
dy
20
= 3x2 20x + 7
dx
3x3 20 x 2
+ 7x + c
3
2
y = x3 10x2 + 7x
dy
= 3x3
21
dx
y=
3x 2
+c
2
3
y = 2 +c
2x
22 f (x) = (3x 1)(x + 5)
= 3x2 x + 15x 5
f (x) = 3x2 + 14x 5
y=
3x3 14 x 2
+
5x + c
3
2
= x3 + 7x2 5x + c
f (x) =
27 f (x) = (x + 1)3 (x 1)
x = 1 x-int, but also a stationary point
of inflection
E
28 y = x2 + 2x + 4
dy
= 2x + 2
dx
x=k
dy
A
= 2k + 2
dx
29 The gradient of f (x) is always positive, so therefore the
graph of f (x) will always be above the x-axis. The gradient
approaches zero as x gets smaller.
B
30 The graph has a negative slope from
x = 3 to x = 3 ie. 3< x< 3
remember, the gradient is zero at x = 3 and x = 3
(zero is neither negative nor positive)
A
31 y = 4x3 + 27x2 30x + 10
using your CAS calculator, the turning points are: (5, 335)
and (0.5, 2.25). The gradient is negative between these
points ie. x (5, 0.5)
D
Extended response
1 a f (x) = x2 x
f (2 + a) = (2 + a)2 (2 + a)
= 4 + 4a + a2 2 a
194
MM11 CAS-9
Differentiation
= a2 + 3a + 2
Hence, coordinates of point B are: (2 + a, a2 + 3a + 2)
b Gradient of secant
f (2 + a ) f (2)
=
2+a2
=
a 2 + 3a + 2 2
a
a 2 + 3a
a
a ( a + 3)
=
a
=a+3
a 2 + 3a
c k = lim
a0
a
a (a + 3)
= lim
a0
a
= lim (a + 3) = a 0
=
a0
=3
d f (x) = 2x 1
e f (2) = 2(2) 1
=41
=3
=k
2 a Gradient of the secant QR
f ( x + h) f ( x )
=
h
=
( x + h)2 5( x + h) + 2 x 2 + 5 x 2
h
x 2 + 2 xh + h 2 5 x 5h + 2 x 2 + 5 x 2
=
h
2
2 xh + h 5h
h
h(2 x + h 5)
=
h
= 2x + h 5 h 0
b Gradient of the secant PQ
f ( x ) f ( x h)
=
h
=
x 2 5 x + 2 ( x h)2 + 5( x h) 2
h
x 2 5 x + 2 x 2 + 2 xh h 2 + 5 x 5h 2
h
2 xh h 2 5h
h
h(2 x h 5)
=
h
= 2x h 5 h 0
c Gradient of the secant PR
f ( x + h ) f ( x h)
=
2h
=
( x + h)2 5( x + h) + 2 ( x h) 2 + 5( x h) 2
2h
x 2 + 2 xh + h 2 5 x 5h + 2 x 2 + 2 xh h 2 + 5 x 5h 2
2h
4 xh 10h
=
2h
(2h)(2 x 5)
=
2h
= 2x 5 h 0
=
d gradient PR = 2x 5
gradient PQ + gradient QR
2
2x + h 5 + 2x h 5
=
2
4 x 10
=
2
2(2 x 5)
=
2
= 2x 5
e f (x) = 2x 5. They are the same.
3 y= x
1
dy 1 2
1
= x =
dx 2
2 x
1
1
1
=
,y=
4
4
2
1
1
mT = f =
=1
1
4
2
4
When x =
Equation of tangent at x =
y y1 = m T (x x1)
1
1
= 1x
y
4
2
1
1
+
y =x
4
2
1
y =x+
4
1
is given by:
4
[1]
When x = 1, y =
1 =1
1
1
=
mT = f (1) =
2
2 1
Equation of tangent at x = 1 is given by:
y y1 = m T (x x1)
1
y 1 = (x 1)
2
1
1
+1
y= x
2
2
1
1
[2]
y= x+
2
2
For point of intersection of
tangents solve simultaneously:
[1] [2] gives:
1
1
x
=0
2
4
1
x=
2
1
in [1] gives:
Substituting x =
2
1
1
y=
+
2
4
3
=
4
1 3
Hence point of intersection is , .
2 4
10 2 x [0, 4)
4 Hybrid function f ( x) = 1
2
2 ( x 6) [4, 5]
where x is the horizontal distance in metres from the start of
the slide.
Differentiation
a When x = 0, f (x) = 10 2(0)

= 10 metres.
1
b When x = 5, f (x) = (5 6)2
2
1
= (1)2
2
= 0.5 metres.
d
e
1
(4 6)2
2
1
= (2)2
2
1
=
4
2
= 2 metres
Using Pythagoras theorem let
L = length of the straight section.
L2 = 42 + 82
L2 = 80
L = 80 = 4 5 metres.
e For the straight section
f(x) = 10 2x
f (x) = 2
gradient of straight section
=2
For the curved section
1
f (x) = (x 6)2
2
1 2
= (x 12x + 36)
2
1 2
= x 6x + 18
2
f (x) = x 6
When x = 4, f (4) = 4 6 = 2
gradient of curved section = 2
at join.
slide is smooth at the join.
5 a
y = 1.8 + 0.16x 0.005x4
dy
= 0.16 0.02x3
dx
d When x = 4, f (x) =
6 a
MM11 CAS-9
195
At beginning of trail x = 0 (0 km)

Gradient = 0.16
At end of trail x = 3 (3 km)
Gradient
= 0.16 0.02(33)
= 0.38
Gradient = 0
0 = 0.16 0.02x3
0.02x3 = 0.16
x3 = 8
x=2
When x = 2
y = 1.8 + 0.16 2 0.005(24)
y = 2.04
Gradient = 0 at (2, 2.04)
Maximum height of path = 2.04 km
Minimum height when x = 0
therefore y = 1.8 km
x = (4t 5)dt
4t 2
5t + c
2
x = 2t2 5t + c
Sub in (0, 2) as the initial position
is 2 cm left of origin
2 = c
x = 2t2 5t 2
b When t = 4
x = 2 16 5 4 2
= 32 20 2
= 10
10 cm to right of the origin.
7 a
x=
f ( x) = 0 + 1 +
2 x 3x 2
4 x3
5x4
6 x5
+
+
+
+
""""
2 3 2 4 3 2 5 4 3 2 6 5!
x 2 x3 x 4 x5
+ +
+ """"
2 3! 4! 5!
x
b This is the same as e
=1+ x +
8 a g ( x) = 1
3 x 2 5 x 4 7 x 6 9 x8
+
+
""""
3!
5!
7!
9!
x 2 x 4 x 6 x8
+
+ """"
2 4! 6! 8!
b This is the same as cos(x)
=1
9 a h( x) = 0
2 x1 4 x3 6 x5 8 x 7
+
+
""""
2
4!
6!
8!
x3 x5 x 7
+ """"
3! 5! 7!
b This is the same as sin(x).
= x +
196
MM11 CAS-10
Applications of differentiation
Chapter 10 Applications of differentiation

Exercise 10A Rates of
change
1 f (x) = x2 + 5x + 15
a x=3
f (x) = 32 + 5 3 + 15
= 9 + 15 + 15
= 39
x=5
f (x) = 52 + 5 5 + 15
= 25 + 25 + 15
= 65
Av. rate of change
65 39
=
53
=
26
2
= 13
b Rate of change = f (x)
= 2x + 5
c Instantaneous rate of change
when x = 5 is f (5)
f (5) = 2 5 + 5
= 15
2 a V = 58 t3 + 24t2 for t [0, 10]
i t = 0 V=
8
5
03 + 24 02
= 0 cm3
ii t = 10 V = 58 103 + 24 102
= 1600 + 2400
= 800 cm3
b Av. rate of change between
t = 0 and t = 10
Change in V
=
Change in t
=
800 0 800
=
10 0
10
= 80 cm3/s
c
V=
8 3
t
5
+ 24t2
8 2
t +2
5
24 2
t + 48t
5
3
V (t) = 3
=
24t
i V (0) = 0 cm /s
24 2
5 + 48 5
5
= 120 + 240
= 120 cm3/s
ii V (5) =
24
102 + 48 10
5
2400
=
+ 480
5
= 480 + 480
= 0 cm3/s
3 y = x2 + 3x + 5
Av. rate of change x = 1 to x = 3
At x = 1, y = 12 + 3 1 + 5
=9
At x = 3, y = 32 + 3 3 + 5
= 23
Change in y
Av. rate of change =
Change in t
iii V (10) =
23 9
3 1
14
2
E
=7
f (x) = x3 3x2 + 4x
f (x) = 3x2 6x + 4
f (2) = 3 (2)2 6 (2) + 4
= 12 + 12 + 4
f (2) = 28
C
dy
= 2x2 7x
5
dx
(Add one to raised power and divide
by this)
4
y=
2
3
x3 7 x 2
+c
3
2
x3 72 x2 + c
or y =
2
3
x3
ii At t = 9
dx
= 4 9 + 40
dt
= 36 + 40
= 4 m/s
iii At t =11
dx
= 4 11 + 40
dt
= 44 + 40
= 4 m/s
c The lift changed direction
d Rate of change = 0 when
0 = 4t + 40
4t = 40
t = 404
y = 2
7
2
x2 + 5
t = 10 s
x = 2 102 + 40 10
= 200 + 400
= 200 m
h(t) = 1 + 18t 3t2

a h(t) = 18 6t
b i h(2) = 18 6 2
= 18 12
= 6 m/s
ii h(3) = 18 6 3
= 18 18
= 0 m/s
iii h(4) = 18 6 4
= 18 24
= 6 m/s
c When t = 3 the cricket ball stops
rising. It reaches its greatest
height and its instantaneous
velocity is zero. It starts to fall
after that.
d Rate of change of height when
ball reaches a height of 16 m
h(t) = 1 + 18t 3t2
16 = 1 + 8t 3t2
0 = 3t2 18t + 16 1
0 = 3t2 18t + 15
0 = 3(t2 6t + 5)
0 = 3(t 1)(t 5)
t = 1 or t = 5
Now h(t) = 18 6t
t = 1 is when it first
reaches 16 m.
h(1) = 18 6 1
= 18 6
= 12 m/s
7 x(t) = 2t2 + 40t
a Rate of change of displacement
dx
(velocity) at any time t is
dt
dx
= 4t + 40
dt
b i At t = 5
dx
= 4 5 + 40
dt
= 20 + 40
= 20 m/s
dx
=0
dt
8 N = 500 t2 + 3500 t
t [0, 5]
a i t =1
N = 500 12 + 3500 1
N = 500 + 3500
N = 4000
ii t = 3
N = 500 32 + 3500 3
N = 4500 + 10 500
N = 15 000
b Av. rate of change between
t = 1 and t = 3
Change in N
=
Change in t
15 000 4000
=
3 1
11 000
2
= 5500 people/hour
c Instantaneous rate = N(t)

= 1000 t + 3500
i At t = 0
N(0) = 1000 0 + 3500
= 3500 people/hour
ii At t = 1
N(1) = 1000 1 + 3500
= 1000 + 3500
= 4500 people/hour
iii At t = 3
N(3) = 1000 3 + 3500
= 3000 + 3500
= 6500 people/hour
iv At t = 4
N(4) = 1000 4 + 3500
= 4000 + 3500
= 7500 people/hour
d Most people arrive after the gates
open, that is, closer to starting
time.
9 W = 80 + 12t
3 2
t
10
1
2
P(25) = 4.5 1.5 25

= 4.5 7.5 = 3
So the rate of change of profit
is 3 hundred dollars
= $300 per employee
0 < t < 20
a Weight of foal at birth occurs
when t = 0
W = 80 12 0 103 02
b
c
W = 80 kg
dW
= W(t) = 12 35 t
dt
= 12 0.6 t
i At t = 5
dW
= 12 0.6 5
dt
= 12 3
= 9 kg/week
ii At t = 10
dW
= 12 0.6 10
dt
= 12 6
= 6 kg/week
iii At t = 15
dW
= 12 0.6 15
dt
= 12 9
= 3 kg/week
Rate of foals weight
t = 5 9 kg/week
t = 10 6 kg/week
t = 15 3 kg/week
Rate of change of foals weight is
decreasing
When does foal weigh 200 kg?
W = 80 + 12t 103 t2
200 = 80 + 12t
3 2
t
10
2
2000 = 800 + 120t 3t

3t2 120t + 1200 = 0
or 3(t2 40t + 400) = 0
(t 20)(t 20) = 0
(t 20)2 = 0
t = 20
So the foal will weigh 200 kg
after 20 weeks.
3
10 P = 4.5n n 2
a
dP
= P(n) = 4.5
dn
= 4.5
3 1
32 n 2
3 2
n
2
1
= 4.5 1.5n 2
If n = 4
1
P(4) = 4.5 1.5 4 2

= 4.5 1.5 2
P(4) = 1.5
So the rate of change of
profit is 1.5 hundred dollars
= $150 per employee
ii
If n = 16
1
P(16) = 4.5 1.5 16 2

= 4.5 1.5 4
= 4.5 6.0
= 1.5
So the rate of change of profit
is 1.5 hundred dollars
= $150 per employee
dP
= 4.5 1.5n 2
dn
= 0 when 1.5 n = 4.5

n=3
n=9
The rate of change of profit is
zero for nine employees.
V = 2000 20t
11
V (t) = 20 2
V (t) = 20
a
1
50
1
100
14
1 2
t
100
a length (base) = 2 height

= 2h
width base = 2 height
= 2h
b V=LWH
V = 2h 2h h
V = 4h3
dV
c Rate of change of V =
dh
dV
2
= 12h
dh
i when h = 1
dV
= 12 12
dh
= 12 m3/m
ii when h = 2
dV
= 12 22
dh
= 48 m3/m
iii when h = 3
dV
= 12 32
dh
= 108 m3/m
V (10) = 20
ii
= 20 0.2
= 20.2 cm3/s
V (50) = 20 501 50
1
50
10
= 20 1
= 21 cm3/s
1
iii V (100) = 20 50
100
= 20 2
= 22 cm3/s
b No, because the gas is escaping
from the cylinder.
12 a A = r2 (area of a circle rule)
b Rate of change of A with respect
dA
to the radius =
dr
dA
= 2 r
dr
c i when r = 10
dA
= 2 10
dr
= 20 m2/m
ii when r = 50
dA
= 2 50
dr
= 100 m2/m
iii when r = 100 m
dA
= 2 100
dr
= 200 m2/m
dA
d Yes, because
is increasing
dr
13 (Volume of a sphere = 43 r3)
a V=
4
3
197
= 0.04 m3/m
ii r = 0.2 m
dV
= 4 (0.2)2
dr
= 4 .04
= 0.16 m3/m
iii r = 0.3 m
dV
= 4 (0.3)2
dr
= 0.36 m3/m
If n = 25
iii
MM11 CAS-10
b Rate of change of V with respect

dV
to r is
dr
dV
= 3 43 r2
dr
= 4 r2
c i When r = 0.1 m
dV
= 4 (0.1)2
dr
= 4 0.01
15
a To express x in terms of h:
h
tan 30 =
x
x tan 30 = h
1
x =h
3
x = 3h
b V = area end length
= 12 b h l
=xh6
= 3hh6
= 6 3h 2
dV
c
= 12 3h
dh
i When h = 0.5
dV
= 12 3 0.5
dh
= 6 3
MM11 CAS-10
198
ii When h = 1
dV
= 12 3 1
dt
= 12 3
16 y = 0.000 02x3 + 0.006x2
dy
a Gradient of slope =
dx
dy
= 3 0.000 02x2 + 2 0.0006x
dx
= 0.000 06x2 + 0.012x
b i At x = 160
dy
= 0.000 06 1602 + 0.012 160
dx
= 1.536 + 1.92
= 0.384
ii At x = 100
dy
= 0.000 06 1002 + 0.012 100
dx
= 0.6 + 1.2
= 0.6
iii x = 40
dy
= 0.000 06 402 + 0.012 40
dx
= 0.096 + 0.48
= 0.384
iv At x = 20
dy
= 0.000 06 202 + 0.012 20
dx
= 0.024 + 0.24
= 0.216
c Gradient = 0.45
dy
=
dx
dy
= 0.000 06x2 + 0.012x
dx
0.45 = 0.000 06x2 + 0.012x
0.000 06x2 0.012x + 0.45 = 0
Using any program to solve a quadratic equation with
a = 0.000 06, b = 0.012, c = 0.45 gives x = 50 or
x = 150
d The gradient must not be greater than 0.45.
Sketching y1 = 0.000 06x2 0.012x + 0.45 and y2 = 0.45
gives the x values above of 50 and 150.
If x = 50, y = 0.000 02 503 + 0.006 502
= 12.5
If x = 150, y = 67.5
So the range of heights not permitted is 12.5 < y < 67.5
17 A = 90t2 3t3
dA
a
= 180t 9t2
dt
b i When t = 0
dA
= 180 0 9 02 = 0
dt
ii When t = 4
dA
= 180 4 9 42
dt
= 720 144
= 576
iii When t = 8
dA
= 180 8 9 82
dt
= 1440 576
= 864
iv When t = 10
dA
= 180 10 9 102
dt
= 1800 900
= 900
v When t = 12
dA
= 180 12 9 122
dt
= 2160 1296
= 864
vi When t = 16
dA
= 180 16 9 162
dt
= 2800 2304
= 576
vii When t = 20
dA
= 180 20 9 202
dt
= 3600 3600
=0
c The rate of burning increases in the first 10 hours and then
decreases to zero in the next 10 hours.
dA
This can be seen from
dt
dA
2
= 180t 9t
dt
= 9t(20 t)
This is positive from 0 < t < 20, giving a maximum rate
of burning midway between t = 0 and t = 20, that is, at
t = 10
d The fire is spreading, the area burnt out does not
decrease.
e The fire stops spreading. It is put out or contained to the
area already burnt.
dA
is negative after t = 20, confirming that the fire stops
dt
spreading.
f Rate equal = 756 hectares per hour
dA
= 180t 9t2
dt
756 = 180t 9t2
2
9t 180t 756 = 0
or 9(t2 20t 84) = 0
9(t 6)(t 14) = 0
t = 6 or t = 14
At t = 6 and t = 14 hours.
Exercise 10B Sketching graphs containing

stationary points
f (x) = x2 + 2x
f (x) = 2x + 2
If f (x) = 0
2x + 2 = 0
2x = 2
x = 1
b
f (x) = x2 8x + 5
f (x) = 2x 8
If f (x) = 0
2x 8 = 0
2x = 8
x =4
c
f (x) = x3 3x2
f (x) = 3x2 6x
If f (x) = 0
1 a
3x2 6x = 0
3x(x 2) = 0
3x = 0 or x 2 = 0
x = 0 or x = 2
d f (x) = 2x3 + 6x2 18x + 1
f (x) = 6x2 + 12x 18
If f (x) = 0
6x2 + 12x 18 = 0
6(x2 + 2x 3) = 0
6(x + 3)(x 1) = 0
x + 3 = 0 or x 1 = 0
x = 3 or x = 1
e
y = (x + 6)(x 2)
y = x2 + 4x 12
dy
= 2x + 4
dx
dy
If
=0
dx
2x + 4 = 0
2x = 4
x = 2
f
y = x2(x 1)
y = x3 x2
dy
= 3x2 2x
dx
dy
If
=0
dx
3x2 2x = 0
x(3x 2) = 0
x = 0 or 3x 2 = 0
x = 0 or x = 23
g
y
dy
dx
dy
If
dx
4 2x
2x
2x
x
= 10 + 4x x2
= 4 2x
=0
=0
= 4
=4
=2
y=
1
3
x3 3x2 + 5x 2
dy
= 3 13 x2 6x + 5
dx
= x2 6x + 5
dy
If
=0
dx
x2 6x + 5 = 0
(x 5)(x 1) = 0
x 5 = 0 or x 1 = 0
x = 5 or x = 1
2 a
f (x) = x2 + 2x
If
f (x) = 0, x = 1
So f (1) = (1)2 + 2 (1)
=12
= 1
SP at (1, 1)
b
f (x) = x2 8x + 5
If f (x) = 0, x = 4
So f (4) = 42 8 4 + 5
= 16 32 + 5
= 11
SP at (4, 11)
MM11 CAS-10
199
= x3 3x2
= 0, x = 0 or 2
= 03 3 02 = 0
= 23 3 22
= 8 12
= 4
SPs at (0, 0), (2, 4)
d
f (x) = 2x3 + 6x2 18x + 1
If f (x) = 0, x = 3 or 1
So f (3) = 2 (3)3 + 6 (3)2 18 3 + 1
= 54 + 54 + 54 + 1
= 55
and f (1) = 2 13 + 6 12 18 1 + 1
= 2 + 6 18 + 1
= 9
SPs at (3, 55) and (1, 9)
e
y = (x + 6)(x 2)
y = x2 + 4x 12
dy
= 0, x = 2
If
dx
So y = (2 + 6)(2 2)
= 4 4 = 16
SP is at (2, 16)
f
y = x2 (x 1)
y = x3 x2
dy
If
= 0, x = 0, or 23
dx
So y = 02(0 1)
= 0 1 = 0
and y = ( 23 )2 ( 23 1)
c
f (x)
If f (x)
So f (0)
or f (2)
4
9
4
13 = 27
SPs at (0, 0) and ( 23 , 274 )
y = 10 + 4x x2
dy
If
= 0, x = 2
dx
So y = 10 + 4 2 22
y = 10 + 8 4
y = 14
SP is at (2, 14)
h
y = 13 x3 3x2 + 5x 2
g
If
If
y=
=
1
3
dy
= 0, x = 5 or 1
dx
x=5
53 3 52 + 5 5 2
125
3
75 + 25 2
= 10 13
If x = 1,
y = 13 13 3 12 + 5 1 2
=
1
3
1
3
3+52
So SPs at (1, 13 ) and (5, 10 13 )

3 f (x) = x2 8x + 1
a To show f (x) has a SP at x = 4:
f (x) = 2x 8
SP at f (x) = 0
2x 8 = 0
2x = 8
x =4
SP at x = 4
MM11 CAS-10
200
f (x) = 2x 6
f (3) = 2 3 8
=68
= 2
and f (5) = 2 5 8
= 10 8
=2
c Type of SP:
x < 4, f (x) is negative
x = 4, f (x) = 0
x > 4, f (x) is positive
b
So
SP is a local minimum
4 f (x) = 5 x2
a
f (x) = 2x
If f (x) = 0
2x = 0
x =0
b
f (x) = 2x
f (1) = 2 1 = 2
f (1) = 2 1 = 2
Type of SP
x < 0, f (x) is positive
x = 0, f (x) = 0
x > 0, f (x) is negative
SPs are at f (x) = 0

So x2 2x 3 = 0
(x 3)(x + 1) = 0
x 3 = 0 or x + 1 = 0
x = 3 or
x = 1
So there are SPs at x = 1 and x = 3
b f (x) = x2 2x 3
f (2) = (2)2 2 2 3
=4+43
=5
f (0) = 02 2 0 3
=003
= 3
f (4) = 42 2 4 3
= 16 8 3
=5
c Type of SPs
at x = 1:
x < 1, f (x) is positive
x = 1, f (x) = 0
x > 1, f (x) is negative
dy
=0
dx
3x2 4x 7 = 0
(3x 7)(x + 1) = 0
3x 7 = 0 or x + 1 = 0
x = 1
3x = 7 or
x = 73 or
x = 1
SP at
So there is an SP at x = 1
Type:
If x = 2
dy
= 3 (2)2 4 2 7
dx
= 12 + 8 7
= 13
If x = 0
dy
= 3 02 4 0 7
dx
=007
= 7
dy
is positive
So If x < 1
dx
dy
=0
If x = 1
dx
dy
is negative
If x > 1
dx
At x = 1 there is a local maximum

At x = 3
x < 3, f (x) is negative
x = 3, f (x) = 0
At x = 1 SP is a local maximum B
9 x < 2, f (x) is negative
x = 2, f (x) is zero
SP is a local maximum
3
5 f (x) = x 4
a To show that a SP is at x = 0
f (x) = 3x2
SP is at f (x) = 0
So 3x2 = 0
x2 = 0
x =0
SP is at x = 0 only
f (x) = 3x2
f(1) = 3 (1)2
=31
=3
f (1) = 3 (1)2
=31
=3
c For x < 0, f (x) is positive
For x = 0, f (x) = 0
For x > 0, f (x) is positive
SP is a point of inflection
b
6 f (x) =
1
3
x3 x2 3x + 5
a f (x) = 3
1
3
x2 2x 3
= x2 2x 3
At x = 3 there is a local minimum

7 An increasing function is one where
the gradient is positive. A decreasing
function is one where the gradient is
negative.
y = 2x2 3x + 1
dy
= 4x 3
dx
dy
=43=1
At x = 1
dx
Because the gradient is positive at
x = 1, the function is increasing.
At x = 2 there is a local minimum

graph which looks like:
Graph
10
Answer is
8 y = x3 2x2 7x
dy
= 3x2 4x 7
dx
Consider the SP at x = 1.
x < 1 f (x) positive
x = 1 f (x) = 0
x > 1 f (x) negative
Consider the SP at x = 4
x < 4 f (x) negative
x = 4 f (x) = 0
x > 4 f (x) = 0
Graph
11 a y = x2 + 6x + 2
dy
= 2x + 6
dx
dy
=0
SP at
dx
2x + 6 = 0
2x = 6
x = 3
y = (3)2 + 6 3 + 2
y = 9 18 + 2
y = 7
SP at (3, 7)
Type of SP: x = 3
Let x = 2
dy
= 2x 2 + 6
dx
= 4 + 6
=2
Let x = 4
dy
= 2 4 + 6
dx
= 8 + 6
= 2
dy
x < 3
is negative
dx
dy
x = 3
=0
dx
dy
x > 3
= positive
dx
dy
=0
dx
3x2 2x = 0
x(3x 2) = 0
x = 0 or x = 23
8
27
38
64
5
= 64
= negative
x =0
dy
= 0 + 0 = 0 zero
dx
x > 0, x = 1
dy
= 3 12 + 1
dx
=3+1
= 4 positive
4
9
8 12
27
y = 274
y=
SPs at (0, 0), ( 23 , 274 )

x < 0. Let x = 1
dy
= 3 (1)2 2x 1
dx
= 5 positive
dy
x=0
=0
dx
x > 0. Let x = 13
dy
= 3 ( 13 )2 2
dx
= 13 23
1
3
At (0, 3) a local minimum

Consider the SP at x = 13 :
1
3
x < 13 , x = 23
dy
= 3 94
dx
= 43 23
negative
So (0, 0) is a local maximum

dy
=
dx
x=
1
3
negative
2
3
dy
=0
dx
1
2
dy
= 3 ( 16 )2
dx
= 363 16
1
27
y = 2
53
54
y=
1
2
1
12
1
6
1
12
2
12
1
6
negative
53
) SP is a local maximum
At ( 13 , 2 54
= 121
For x = 0, y = 3
For x = 31
1
2
1
3
= 0 zero
x > 13 , x = 16
x2 3
dy
= 3x2 + 2 12 x
dx
= 3x2 + x
dy
SP is at
=0
dx
3x2 + x = 0
x(3x + 1) = 0
x = 0 or x = 13
2
3
dy
= 3 ( 13 )2
dx
= 13 13
dy
=32
dx
= 1 positive
, 74 ) is a local minimum
d y = x3 +
2
3
= positive
x = 13
1
3
x > 23 . Let x = 1
So ( 23
1
8
y = ( 23 )3 ( 23 )2
y = ( 13 )3 +
SP is a local maximum
c y = x3 x2
dy
= 3x2 2x
dx
dy
= 3 ( 18 )2
dx
= 643 18
If x = 0, y = 0
If x = 23
x < 23 . Let x =
SP is a local minimum.
b
y = 8x 2x2
dy
= 8 4x
dx
dy
SP at
=0
dx
8 4x = 0
x =2
y = 8 2 2 (2)2
y = 16 8 = 8
SP is at (2, 8)
Type of SP:
x < 2, x = 1
dy
=84=4
dx
= positive
x > 2, x = 3
dy
= 8 12 = 4
dx
= negative
x < 0, x = 18
SP is at
y=
201
MM11 CAS-10
( 13 )2 3
1
9
SPs are at
53
)
(0, 3), ( 13 , 2 54
Consider the SP at x = 0:
y=
1
3
x3
1
2
x2 2x
dy
= 3 13 x2 12 2x 2
dx
= x2 x 2
dy
SP at
=0
dx
x2 x 2 = 0
(x 2) (x + 1) = 0
Either x = 2 or x = 1
MM11 CAS-10
202
If x = 2
y = 13 23 12 22 2 2
=
8
3
24
= 3 13
If x = 1
y = 13 (1)3 12 (1)2
24
= 13 12 + 2
= 1 16
SPs are at (2, 3 13 ), (1, 1 16 )
Types of SP:
x =2
x < 2, x = 1
dy
= 12 1 2
dx
= 2 negative
x =2
dy
= 4 2 2 = 0 zero
dx
x > 2, x = 3
dy
= 32 3 2
dx
=95
= 4 positive
This is a local minimum.

x < 1, x = 2
dy
= (2)2 (2) 2
dx
=4+22
= 4 positive
x = 1
dy
= (1)2 (1) 2
dx
= 1 + 1 2 = 0 zero
x > 1, x = 1
dy
= 12 1 2
dx
=112
= 2 negative
This is a local maximum.

So (2, 3 13 ) is a local minimum
and (1, 1 16 ) a local maximum.
f
y = (x 1)3
= (x 1)(x 1)2
= (x 1)(x2 2x + 1)
= x3 2x2 + x x2 + 2x 1
= x3 3x2 + 3x 1
dy
= 3x2 6x + 3
dx
dy
SP at
=0
dx
3x2 6x + 3 = 0
3(x2 2x + 1) = 0
3(x 1)(x 1) = 0
3(x 1)2 = 0
x1 =0
x =1
If x = 1, y = (1 1)3 = 0
SP is at (1, 0)
Consider the type of SP.
x < 1, x = 0
dy
= 3 02 6 0 + 3
dx
=00+3
= 3 positive
x =1
dy
= 3 12 6 1 + 3
dx
=36+3
= 0 zero
x > 1, x = 2
dy
= 3 22 6 2 + 3
dx
= 12 12 + 3
= 3 positive
Point of inflection
So SP is at (1, 0) and is a point of
inflection
g y = x3 + 3
dy
= 3x2
dx
dy
SP is at
=0
dx
2
3x = 0
x =0
If x = 0, y = 3
SP is at (0, 3)
Consider the type of SP.
Type: x = 0
x < 0, x = 1
dy
= 3 (1)2
dx
=31
= 3 positive
x =0
dy
= 3 02 = 0 zero
dx
x>0
x=1
dy
= 3 12
dx
= 3 positive
Stationary point of inflection at (0, 3).

y = x3 27x + 5
dy
= 3x2 27
dx
dy
SP is at
=0
dx
So 3x2 27 = 0
3x2 = 27
x2 = 273 = 9
x= 9
x = 3
If x = 3
y = (3)3 27 3 + 5
= 27 + 81 + 5
= 59
If x = 3
y = 33 27 3 + 5
= 27 81 + 5
= 49
So SPs are at (3, 59), (3, 49)
x < 3, x = 4
dy
= 3 (4)2 27
dx
= 48 27
= 21 positive
If x = 3
dy
=0
dx
x > 3, x = 2
dy
= 3 (2)2 27
dx
= 12 27
= 15 negative
A maximum point occurs here.

x < 3, x = 2
dy
= 3 22 27
dx
= 12 27
= 15 negative
If x = 3
dy
= 0 zero
dx
x > 3, x = 4
dy
= 3 (4)2 27
dx
= 48 27
= 21 positive
A minimum point occurs here.

12 a f (x) = x2 2x 3
f (x)intercept
Let x = 0, f(0) = 3
x-intercepts f (x) = 0
x2 2x 3 = 0
(x 3)(x + 1) = 0
x = 3 or x = 1
SP f (x) = 0
f (x) = 2x 2
2x 2 = 0
x =1
If x = 1, f(1) = 4
SP is at (1, 4)
Type of SP:
x < 1, x = 0
f (x) = 2 0 2
= 2 negative
x =1
f (x) = 0 zero
x > 1, x = 2
f (x) = 2 2 2
=42
= 2 positive
(1, 4) is a local minimum

Graph
b f (x) = x3 3x 2
Intercept at x = 0
y = 2
x-intercepts at f (x) = 0
x3 3x 2 = 0
x3 3x 2 = (x + 1)2 (x 2)
(x + 1)2 (x 2) = 0
So x + 1 = 0 or x 2 = 0
x = 1 or
x=2
dy
SP:
dx
dy
= 3x2 3
dx
dy
If
= 0, 3x2 3 = 0
dx
So 3x2 = 3
x2 = 1
x = 1
If x = 1, y = 4
If x = 1, y = 0
SPs are at (1, 0), (1, 4)
x < 1, x = 0
dy
= 3 (0)2 3
dx
= 3 negative
If x = 1
dy
= 0 zero
dx
x > 1, x = 2
dy
= 3 22 3
dx
= 12 3
= 9 positive
(1, 4) SP is a minimum SP
x < 1, x = 2
dy
= 3 (2)2 3
dx
= 9 positive
If x = 1
dy
= 0 zero
dx
x > 1, x = 0
dy
= 3 negative
dx
(1, 0) is a maximum SP
c f (x) = x3 2x2 + x
Intercept x = 0
f(0) = 03 2 03 + 0
=0
0 = x3 2x2 + x
0 = x(x2 2x + 1)
0 = x(x 1)2
x = 0 or x = 1
dy
=0
SP:
dx
dy
= 3x2 4x + 1
dx
dy
=0
If
dx
0 = 3x2 4x + 1
0 = (3x 1)(x 1)
x = 13 or x = 1
If x =
1
27
1 6 + 9
27
4
27
2
9
1
3
If x = 1, y = 0
4
), (1, 0)
SPs are at ( 13 , 27
Consider the SP at x = 13 :
x < 13 , x = 0
dy
= 3 02 4 0 + 1
dx
= 1 positive
If x = 13
dy
= 0 zero
dx
x > 13 , x = 12
dy
= 3 ( 12 )2 4
dx
= 34 2 + 1
= 14
( 13 ,
4
27
1
2
+1
negative
) is a maximum SP
x < 1, x = 12
dy
= 14 negative
dx
If x = 1
dy
= 0 zero
dx
x > 1, x = 2
dy
= 3 22 4 2 + 1
dx
= 12 8 + 1
= 5 positive
So (1, 0) is a minimum point
Graph
2
1
3
y = ( 13 )3 2 ( 13 )2 +
203
MM11 CAS-10
1
3
d f (x) = x (3 x)
y-intercept x = 0
f(0) = 02(3 0) = 0
0 = x2(3 x)
x2 = 0 or 3 x = 0
x = 0 or x = 3
SPs at f (x) = 0
f (x) = x2(3 x)
f (x) = 3x2 x3
f (x) = 6x 3x2
If f (x) = 0
6x 3x2 = 0
3x(2 x) = 0
x = 0 or x = 2
If x = 0, y = 0
If x = 2, y = 4
SPs are at (0, 0) and (2, 4)
x < 0, x = 1
f (x) = 6 1 3 (1)2
= 6 3
= 9 negative
If x = 0, f (0) = 6 0 3 62
MM11 CAS-10
204
= 0 zero
x > 0, x = 1
f (x) = 6 1 3 12
=63
= 3 positive
So SPs are at ( 23 , 1 275 ) and (2, 0)

Consider the SP at x = 23 .
x < 23 , x = 1
f (x) = 3 (1)2 + 8 1 + 4
=38+4
= 1 negative
If x = 23
(0, 0) is a minimum SP
x < 2, x = 1
f (x) = 3 positive
If x = 2
f (2) = 0 zero
x > 2, x = 4
f (x) = 6 4 3 42
= 24 48
= 24 negative
So (2, 4) is a maximum SP
Graph
e f (x) = x3 + 4x2 + 4x
y-intercept x = 0
f(0) = 03 + 4 02 + 4 0
=0
0 = x3 + 4x2 + 4x
0 = x(x2 + 4x + 4)
0 = x(x + 2)(x + 2)
0 = x(x + 2)2
x = 0 or x + 2 = 0
x = 0 or x = 2
SPs at f (x) = 0
f (x)= 3x2 + 8x + 4
If f (x) = 0
3x2 + 8x + 4 = 0
(3x + 2)(x + 2) = 0
3x + 2 = 0 or x + 2 = 0
x = 23 or x = 2
y = ( 23 )3 + 4 ( 23 )2 + 4 23
f (x) = 3 02 + 8 0 + 4
= 4 positive
So ( 23 , 1 275 ) is a minimum
Consider the SP at x = 2.
x < 2, x = 3
f (x) = 3 (3)2 + 8 (3) + 4
f (x) = 27 24 + 4
= 7 positive
If x = 2
f (x) = 0 zero
x > 2, x = 1
f (x) = 3 (1)2 + 8 (1) + 4
=38+4
= 1 negative
So (2, 0) is a maximum SP
Graph
f f (x) = x3 4x2 11x + 30

y = 03 02 11 0 + 30
y = 30
0 = x3 4x2 11x + 30
(x 2) (x 5) (x + 3) = 0
x = 2, 5, 3
x-intercepts are (3, 0), (2, 0), (5, 0)
SPs f (x) = 0
f (x) = x3 4x2 11x + 30
f (x) = 3x2 8x 11
If f (x) = 0
3x2 8x 11 = 0
(3x 11)(x + 1) = 0
3x 11 = 0 or x + 1 = 0
x = 3 23 or x = 1
If x =
11
3
y = ( 113 )3 4 ( 113 )2 11
If x = 23
8
= 27
+
f (x) = 0 zero
x > 23 , x = 0
16
9
8
3
8 + 48 72
27
= 32
27
5
= 1 27
If x = 2
y = (2)3 + 4 (2)2 + 4 2
= 8 + 16 8
=0
f (x) =
1331
27
484
9
121
3
11
3
+ 30
+ 30
f (x) = 14 22
27
If x = 1
y = (1)3 4 (1)2 11 1 + 30
= 1 4 + 11 + 30
= 36
So SPs are at
) and (1, 36)
(3 23 , 14 22
27
Consider the SP at x = 3 23 .
x < 3 23 , x = 2
f (x)
= 3 22 8 2 11
= 12 16 11
= 15 negative
If
x = 3 23
MM11 CAS-10
205
Graph
f (x) = 0 zero
x > 3 23 , x = 4
f (x) = 3 42 8 4 = 11
= 48 32 11
= 5 positive
So (3 23 , 14 22
) is a minimum.
27
Consider SP at x = 1.
x < 1, x = 2
f (x) = 3 (2)2 8 2 11
= 12 + 16 11
= 17 positive
If x = 1
f (x) = 0 zero
x > 1, x = 0
f (x) = 3 02 8 0 11
= 11 negative
So (1, 36) is a maximum TP
g f (x) = (x + 2)3
y-intercept at x = 0.
y = (0 + 2)3
=8
0 = (x + 2)3
So x + 2 = 0
x = 2
SPs f (x) = 0
f (x) = (x + 2)3
f (x) = (x + 2)(x + 2)2
= (x + 2)(x2 + 4x + 4)
f (x) = x3 + 6x2 + 12x + 8
f (x) = 3x2 + 12x + 12
f (x) = 0
0 = 3x2 + 12x + 12
0 = 3(x2 + 4x + 4)
0 = 3(x + 2)2
x+2 =0
x = 2
If x = 2, y = 0
So SP at (2, 0)
Type of SP:
x < 2, x = 3
f (x) = 3 (3)2 + 12 3 + 12
= 27 36 + 12
= 3 positive
If x = 2
f (x) = 3 (2)2 + 12 12 + 12
= 12 24 + 12
= 0 zero
x > 2, x = 1
f (x) = 3 (1)2 + 12 1 + 12
= 3 12 + 12
= 3 positive
So SP (2, 0) is a point of inflection.
h f (x) = 24 + 10x 3x2 x3

f(0) = 24 + 0 0 0 = 24
0 = 24 + 10x 3x2 x3
1(x + 2) (x + 4) (x 3) = 0
x = 2, 4 or 3
SPs occur when f (x) = 0.
f (x) = x3 3x2 + 10x + 24
f (x) = 3x2 6x + 10
If f (x) = 0
0 = 3x2 6x + 10
(3x2 + 6x 10) = 0
Use quadratic formula:
x=
b b 2 4ac
2a
x=
6 156
6
6 12.49
6
x = 1.08 or 3.08
If x = 1.08
y = (1.08)3 3 (1.08)2 + 10 1.08 + 2
= 1.26 3.50 + 10.8 + 24
= 30.04
If x = 3.08
f (x) = (3.08)3 3 (3.08)2 + 10 3.08 + 24
f (x) = 29.22 28.46 3.08 + 24
= 6.04
So SPs are at (1.08, 30.04) and (3.08, 6.04)
Consider SP at x = 1.08
x < 1.08, x = 1
f (x) = 3 12 6 1 + 10
= 3 6 + 10
= 1 positive
If x = 1.08
f (x) = 0 zero
x > 1.08, x = 2
f (x) = 3 22 6 2 + 10
= 12 12 + 10
= 14 negative
So SP (1.08, 30.04) is a maximum value.
Consider SP at x = 3.08
x < 3.08, x = 4
f (x) = 3 (4)2 6 4 + 10
= 48 + 24 + 10
= 14 negative
If x = 3.08, f (x) = zero
x > 3.08, x = 2
f (x) = 3 (2)2 6 2 + 10
= 12 + 12 + 10
= 34 positive
So (3.08, 6.04) is a minimum turning point.
x=
MM11 CAS-10
206
Graph
Graph
i f (x) = x 2x x + 2
f(0) = 0 0 0 + 2
=2
0 = x3 2x2 x + 2
x = 1, 2 or 1
x-intercepts at (1, 0), (2, 0), (1, 0)
SPs occur where f (x) = 0.
f (x) = x3 2x2 x + 2
f (x) = 3x2 4x 1
If f (x) = 0
3x2 4x 1 = 0
b b 2 4ac
2a
b = 4, a = 3, c = 1
x=
4 28
6
4 5.29
x=
6
x = 1.55 or 0.215
If x = 1.55
y = (1.55)3 2 (1.55)2 1.55 + 2
= 3.72 4.81 1.55 + 2
= 0.63
If x = 0.215
y = (0.215)3 2 (0.215)2 (0.215) + 2
= 0.01 0.09 + 0.215 + 2
= 2.11
So SPs are at (0.215, 2.11) and (1.55, 0.63)
Types of SP for x = 0.215:
x < 0.215, x = 1
f (x) = 3x2 4x 1
(1) = 3 (1)2 4 (1) 1
=3+41
= 6 positive
If x = 0.215
f (x) = 0 zero
x > 0.215, x = 0
f (0) = 3 02 4 0 1
= 1 negative
So SP (0.215, 2.12) is a maximum.
Type of SP for x = 1.55:
x < 1.55, x = 1
f (x) = 3x2 4x 1
f (x) = 3 12 4 1 1
= 2 negative
If x = 1.55
f (x) = 0 zero
x > 1.55, x = 2
f (x) = 3x2 4x 1
f (2) = 3 22 4 2 1
= 3 positive
So this SP (1.55, 0.63) is a minimum.
x=
j f (x) = 8 x3
y=8
0 = 8 x3
x3 = 8
x = 38
x =2
SPs occur where f (x) = 0.
f (x) = 8 x3
f (x) = 3x2
If f (x) = 0
0 = 3x2
x =0
Type of SP at x = 0:
x =0
x < 0, x = 1
f (x) = 3 (1)2
= 3 1
= 3 negative
If x = 0
f (x) = 0 zero
For x > 0, x = 1
f (x) = 3x2
f (x) = 3 (1)2
= 3 negative
So SP (0, 8) is a point of inflection (gradient is the same
both sides).
Graph
13 a
i x = 1.25
ii x < 1.25
iii x > 1.25
b
i x = 2 ,1
3
ii x < 23 x > 1
14 y = 2x2 + bx + 8
dy
= 4x + b
dx
dy
Put
= 0 and substitute x = 3
dx
dy
into
dx
43+ b = 0
b = 12
15 y = ax2 + bx
dy
= 2ax + b
dx
dy
dy
Put
= 0 and substitute x = 3 into .
dx
dx
2a(3) + b = 0
6a + b = 0
(1)
a(3)2 + b(3) = 9
9a + 3b = 9
(2)
Solve equations (1) and (2)
a = 1, b = 6
16 y = ax2 + bx + c
dy
= 2ax + b
dx
dy
Put
= 0 and substitute x = 1 into
dx
dy
dx
2a (1) + b = 0
2a + b = 0
(1)
Substitute (2, 4) and
3
1,
a(2)2 + b(2) + c = 4
4a + 2b + c = 4
a (1) + b(1) + c =
into y
(2)
3
2
a + b + c = 32
(3)
Solve equations (1), (2) and (3)

a = 2.5, b = 5, c = 4
17 y = ax3 x2 + bx + 2
dy
= 3ax 2 2 x + b
dx
dy
Put
= 0 and substitute x = 1 and
dx
dy
x = 2 into
.
dx
3a (1) 2 2(1) + b = 0
3a + b = 2
3a(2) 2 2(2) + b = 0
12a + b = 4
a = 23 , b = 4
Exercise 10C Solving

maximum and minimum
problems
1 y = 1.2 + x 0.025x
dy
a
= 1 0.05x
dx
207
Let
iii 23 < x < 1
dy
= 0 for maximum height.
dx
0 = 1 0.05x
1
so x = 20.
x = 0.05
MM11 CAS-10
(1)
(2)
To verify this is a maximum

Let x < 20, x = 10
dy
= 1 0.05x
dx
= 1 0.05 10
= 1 0.5
= 0.5 positive
dy
Let x = 20,
=0
dx
Let x > 20, x = 30
dy
= 1 0.05x
dx
= 1 0.05 30
= 1 1.5
= 0.5 negative
So SP is a maximum.
b Maximum height reached substitute
x = 20 into
y = 1.2 + x 0.025x2
y = 1.2 + 20 0.025 202
y = 1.2 + 20 10
y = 11.2
Maximum height reached is
11.2 metres
2 V = 200 1.2t2 + 0.08t3 for the
domain 0 t 15
a To find the time for minimum
volume, find the derivative and
equate it to zero.
dV
= 2.4t + 0.24t2
dt
=0
2.4t + 0.24t2 = 0
0.24t(10 + t) = 0
So 0.24t = 0 or 10 + t = 0
t = 0 or t = 10
(t 0 because shower is turned on
and we require a minimum after
that)
So t = 10 minutes.
b To verify this is a minimum.
let t < 10, t = 5
dV
= 2.4t + 0.24t2
dt
= 2.4 5 + 0.24 52
= 12 + 6
= 6 negative
dV
let t = 10
=0
dt
Let t > 10, t = 15
dV
= 2.4t + 0.24t2
dt
= 2.4 15 + 0.24 152
= 36 + 54
= 18 positive
So SP is a minimum
c Minimum volume is found by
substituting in original equation
t =10
V = 200 1.2t2 + 0.08t3
V = 200 1.2 102 + 0.08 103
= 200 120 + 80
= 160 litres
Minimum volume = 160 litres
d If t = 0, V = 200 litres
So 200 = 200 1.2t2 + 0.08t3
or 0 = 1.2t2 + 0.08t3
0 = t2(1.2 + 0.08t)
t2 = 0 or 1.2 + 0.08t = 0
1.2
= 15
t = 0 or t = 0.08
So when t = 15 minutes the tank
will be full again.
3 h(t) = 1 + 15t 5t2
a To find the greatest height
reached by the ball and value of t
for which it occurs, find the
derivative and equate it to zero.
dh
= 15 10t
dt
0 = 15 10t
t = 15
10
t = 1.5 seconds
For maximum height reached,
substitute t = 1.5 in original
equation:
h(t) = 1 + 15 1.5 5 1.52
= 1 + 22.5 11.25
= 12.25 m.
b To verify this is a maximum:
Let t < 1.5, t = 1
dh
= 15 10t
dt
= 15 10
= 5 positive
dh
=0
Let t = 15, 1
dt
Let t > 1.5, t = 2
dy
= 15 10 2
dt
= 15 20
= 5 negative
The SP is a maximum
4
Let the width of the fence be

x metres. Then the length will be
(16 2x) metres.
A = x(16 2x)
= 16x 2x2
MM11 CAS-10
208
dA
= 0 for maximum area
dx
= 16 4x
0 = 16 4x and so x = 4
Nature of the stationary value:
Let x < 4 (say 3)
dA
= 16 12 = 4 positive
dx
dA
=0
Let x = 4,
dx
Let x > 4 (say 5)
dA
= 16 20 = 4 negative.
dx
So the stationary point is a
maximum.
The largest area = 4(16 8)
= 32 m2
5 Let the first number be x and the
second number y.
a Then x + y = 16
So y = 16 x
b If P is the product of the two
numbers then P = x(16 x)
c, d P = 16x x2
For P to be a maximum
dP
=0
dx
dP
= 16 2x
dx
So 16 2x = 0
2x = 16
x=8
Consider nature of SP.
Let x < 8, x = 7
dP
= 16 14 = 2 positive
dx
dP
=0
Let x = 8
dx
Let x > 8, say x = 9
dP
= 16 18 = 2 negative
dx
It is a local maximum at x = 8
If x = 8 and x + y = 16, then y = 8
also.
dA
= 10 2x
dx
0 = 10 2x
2x = 10
x =5
d For maximum area dimensions are
width = 5 cm
length = 10 5 = 5 cm
So length and width = 5 cm
e Maximum area = LW
=55
= 25 cm2
P = 60 m
If L = length and
W = width
a
P = 2L + 2W
60 = 2L + 2W
or L + W = 30
and L = 30 W
also A = LW
A = W(30 W)
dA
For maximum area, find
and
dW
equate to zero.
A = 30W W2
dA
So
= 30 2W
dW
0 = 30 2W
W = 30 = 15
2
Check to see if it is a maximum,
Let W < 15, W = 10
dA
= 30 2 10
dW
= 10 positive
dA
Let W = 15,
=0
dW
Let W > 15, W = 20
dA
= 30 2 20
dW
= 30 40
= 10 negative
Perimeter = 20 cm
a P = 2L + 2W
20 = 2L + 2W
2L = 20 2W
L = 10 W
L = 10 x
b A =LW
A = (10 x) x
A = 10x x2
c For maximum area
dA
=0
dx
At W = 15 there is a maximum
turning point
Sub W = 15 into L + W = 30
L + 15 = 30
L = 15
So length and width = 15 m
b Maximum area = L W
= 15 15
= 225 m2
2
8 C = $(250 + 1.2n )
a C = cost, n = no. of toasters
Toasters sold for $60 each
Revenue = 60n
P = revenue cost
P = 60n (250 + 1.2n2)

P = 60n 250 1.2n2
b No. for maximum profit
dP
=0
dn
dP
= 60 2.4n
dn
So 0 = 60 2.4n
2.4n = 60
60
n = 2.4
n = 25
Verify that this is a maximum SP
Let n < 25, n = 20
dP
= 60 2.4 20
dn
= 60 48
= 12 positive
dP
Let n = 25,
=0
dn
Let n > 25, n = 30
dP
= 60 2.4 30
dn
= 60 72
= 12 negative
Therefore a maximum value

occurs at n = 25
c For maximum daily profit,
Substitute n = 25 into P.
P = 60n 250 1.2n2
P = 60 25 250 1.2 252
= 1500 250 750
Maximum daily profit = $500
9 Income = $(800 + 1000n 20n2)
Wages = 760 n = $760n
a Profit = income wages
P = 800 + 1000n 20n2 760n
P = 800 + 240n 20n2
b For maximum weekly profit
dP
=0
dn
dP
= 240 40n
dn
0 = 240 40n
40n = 240
n = 240
=6
40
Verify if this is a maximum,
Let n < 6, n = 5
dP
= 240 40 5
dn
= 240 200
= 40 positive
dP
Let n = 6
=0
dn
Let n > 6, n = 7
dP
= 240 40 7
dn
= 240 280
= 40 negative
So x 6 (no box at all)

Consider the value x = 2
Let x < 2, x = 1
dV
= 144 96 + 12
dx
= 60 positive
dV
Let x = 2,
=0
dx
Let x > 2, x = 3
dV
= 144 96 3 12 32
dx
= 144 288 108
= 252 negative.
n = 6 gives a maximum profit

For maximum daily profit,
Substitute n = 6 in P.
P = 800 + 240 6 20 62
= 800 + 1440 720
= 1520
Maximum weekly profit = $1520
10 Let x = 1st number and
y = 2nd number
Sum = x + y
x = 10 y
x + y = 10
Sum of squares = S
S = x2 + y2 (2)
S = (10 y)2 + y2
S = 100 20y + y2 + y2
S = 2y2 20y + 100
For sum to be a minimum
dS
=0
dy
dS
= 4y 20
dy
So 4y 20 = 0
4y = 20
y =5
Substitute 5 for y in x + y = 10
x + 5 = 10
x=5
So both numbers are 5.
11
a Each side must be greater than 0.

Also the length of each side is
12 2x.
12 2x > 0 and so x < 6.
The range of values of x is 0 < x < 6
b
i Height = x
ii Length of box = 12 2x
iii Width of box = 12 2x
c Volume of box
V =LWH
V = (12 2x) (12 2x) x
= x(12 2x)2
= x(144 48x + 4x2)
= 144x 48x2 + 4x3
d For maximum volume
dV
=0
dx
dV
= 144 96x + 12x2
dx
144 96x + 12x2 = 0 for maximum.
or 12(12 8x + x2) = 0
(x2 8x + 12) = 0
(x 6)(x 2) = 0
x = 6 or x = 2
If x = 6, The box will not exist as
L=0
and W = 0
So, at x = 2 we have a maximum

value
Maximum possible volume of box
Substitute x = 2 in V
V = 144 2 48 22 + 4 23
= 288 192 + 32
= 128 cm3
The maximum possible volume of
the box is 128 cm3
12
MM11 CAS-10
209
Let x > 7.36, x = 10

dV
= 2000 360 10 + 12 102
dx
= 2000 3600 + 1200
= 3200 3600
= 400 negative
At x = 7.36 we have a maximum point
Take x = 7.36
Dimensions of box are
Length = 50 2x
= 50 2 7.36
= 35.28 cm
Width = 40 2x
= 40 2 7.36
= 25.28 cm
Height = x
= 7.36 cm
b The maximum volume
=LWH
= 35.28 25.28 7.36
= 6564.23 cm3
The maximum volume is
6564.23 cm3 (to 2 DP)
13
a Let x = height of box
Length = 50 2x
Width = 40 2x
Volume = L W H
V = (50 2x) (40 2x) x
V = x(2000 180x + 4x2)
V = 2000x 180x2 + 4x3
dV
For a maximum volume
=0
dx
dV
= 2000 360x + 12x2
dx
So 12x2 360x + 2000 = 0
x=
b b 2 4ac
2a
x=
(360) 33 600
2 12
360 183.3
24
x = 22.64 or 7.36
Checking x = 22.64 into the length
and width of the box gives a
negative width. The domain for this
question is 0 < x < 20 and so
x = 22.64 is discarded.
Consider x = 7.36 for SP.
Let x < 7.36, x = 5
dV
= 2000 360 5 + 12 52
dx
= 2000 1800 + 300
= 500 positive
Let x = 7.36
dV
= 0 zero
dx
x=
a Volume = L W H
V =llh
V = l 2h
But V = 256
256 = l 2h
256
h = 2
l
b If box is open at the top
A = area (base + 2 side + back + front)
A = l 2 + 2lh + 2lh
A = l 2 + 4lh
256
But h = 2
l
256
A = l 2 + 4l 2
l
1024
2
A=l +
l
c Dimensions of box for surface area A
dA
to be a minimum:
=0
dl
1024
A = l2 +
l
A = l 2 + 1024l1
dA
= 2l + 1024l2
dl
dA
1024
= 2l 2
dl
l
dA
=0
Now
dl
1024
0 = 2l 2
l
Multiply through by l2
MM11 CAS-10
210
0 = 2l3 1024
2l 3 = 1024
l 3 = 1024
2
l 3 = 512
l = 3 512
l =8
To verify a minimum value at l = 8:
Let, l < 8, l = 6
dA
1024
= 2l 2
dl
l
1024
=26
62
= 12 28.4
= 16.4 negative
Let l = 8
dA
=0
dl
Let l > 8, l = 10
dA
1024
= 2 10
dl
102
= 20 10.24
= 9.76 positive
So at l = 8 we have a minimum
value.
Dimensions of box are:
Length = l = 8 cm
Width = l = 8 cm
256
= 4 cm
Height = 2 = 256
64
l
d The minimum area: sub l = 8 into A
1024
A = l2 + 2
l
2
1024
A=8 + 8
14
A = 64 + 128
A = 192 cm2
V =LWH
V =llh
V = l 2h
But V = 1000
1000 = l 2h
1000
(1)
h = 2
l
Surface area (S)
S = base and top + 4 sides
S = 2l 2 + 4lh
(2)
1000
S = 2l 2 + 4 l
l2
4000
S = 2l 2 +
l
For minimum amount of sheet metal
used
dS
=0
dl
4000
l
S = 2l 2 + 4000l 1
dS
= 4l + 4000l 2
dl
dS
4000
= 4l 2
(4)
dl
l
dS
=0
Now
dl
4000
So 4l 2 = 0
l
Multiply through by l 2
4l 3 4000 = 0
4l 3 = 4000
l 3 = 1000
d Solve dV = 0 for maximum

dr
S = 2l 2 +
l = 3 1000
l = 10
Verify that this is a minimum point.
Let l < 10, l = 8
dS
4000
=48
dl
82
dS
= 32 62.5
dl
= 30.5 negative
Let l = 10
dS
=0
dl
Let l > 10, l = 12
dS
4000
= 4 12
dl
122
= 48 27.8
= 20.2 positive
3 r 2
=0
2
200 3 r 2 = 0
100
3 r 2 = 200
r2 =
200
3
200
10 6
=
cm
3
3
or r = 4.61 cm
2000 6
e V=
cm3, V = 307 cm3
9
y
16 a
11 = 2x + 2x + y +
2
y
11 = 4x + y +
2
22 = 8x + 2y + y
22 8x = y (2 + )
22 8 x
y=
+2
r=
b A = 2xy +
y2
2
22 8 x 22 8 x 2
A = 2x
+
+2 2 +2
Use expand command in CAS to simplify.
1
121
2
A=
(8(4 + ) x + 88 x +
2
( + 2) 2
dA 16( + 4) x + 88
=
dr
( + 2) 2
11
22
m, y =
m
+4
2( + 4)
242( +1) 2
e A=
m
( + 4) 2
d x=
At l = 10 we have a minimum value.

So dimensions for minimum surface
area are:
Length = l = 10 cm
Width = l = 10 cm
1000
Height h =
= 1000
= 10 cm
100
102
Box is a cube 10 10 10 cm
15 a Surface area of open can
= 2 rh + r2
200 = 2 rh + r2
200 r2 = 2 rh
200 r 2
2 r
b V = r2h
200 r 2
V = r2
2 r
h=
V=
Exercise 10D Applications

of antidifferentiation
1
3x3
2 x2
+c
3
2
f (x) = x3 x2 + c
f(2) = 8 4 + c
f(2) = 4 + c
but f(2) = 0
0 =4+c
c = 4
So f (x) = x3 x2 4
2 f (x) = 3 + 5x 2x2
f (x) =
f (x) = 3x +
f (x) = 3x +
r3
2
dV
3 r 2
c
= 100
dr
2
5x2
2 x3
+c
2
3
f(0) = 7
7 =0+00+c
c =7
200 r 2 2 r 4
2 r
V = 100r
f (x) = 3x2 2x and f(2) = 0
5x2
2 x3
+7
2
3
dy
= (x + 1)(x 3)
dx
= x2 2x 3
y =
y =
Now y
10
c
y
x=
x3
2 x2
3x + c
2
3
1
3
x3 x2 3x + c
= 10 when x = 0
=000+c
= 10
= 13 x3 x2 3x + 10
= 9 9 9 + 10
=1
So y = 1 when x = 3
f (x) = 2x 5
2 x2
5x + c
2
= x2 5x + c
= 2 when x = 2
= 22 5 2 + c
= 4 10 + c
=8
= x2 5x + 8
= 4x + 1
f (x) =
f (x)
Now y
2
2
c
f (x)
f (x)
4 x2
+x+c
2
= 2x2 + x + c
= 0, y = 3
= 2 02 + 0 + c
= 3
= 2x2 + x 3
= x(3x 5)
= 3x2 5x
x = 9 27 + 6 + 1
x = 11
Displacement = 11 m
dV
9 a
= 2(h + 5)2
dh
dV
= 2(h2 + 10 h + 25)
dh
= 2h2 + 20h + 50
2 h3
20h 2
V=
+
+ 50h + c
3
2
When V = 0, h = 0
0=0+0+0+c
c=0
V = 23 h3 + 10h2 + 50h
b When h = 7
V = 23 73 + 10 72 + 50 7
686
+ 490 + 350
3
V = 228 23 + 490 + 350
V=
V = 1068 23 cm3
f (x) =
f (x)
When x
3
c
f (x)
f (x)
f (x)
10
3
4
dv
= 6t2 4t + 5
dt
6t 3
4t 2
+ 5t + c
3
2
v = 2t3 2t2 + 5t + c
v = 0, t = 0, so c = 0
v = 2t3 2t2 + 5t
b When t = 5
v = 2 53 2 52 + 5 5
v = 250 50 + 25
v = 225 km/h
dx
8
= t2 6t + 2
dt
v=
x=
6t 2
t3
+ 2t + c
2
3
t3
3t2 + 2t + c
3
x = 1 when t = 0
1=00+0+c
c=1
x=
n = 3.182
n =
Now x = 2, when y = 1
1 = 23 52 22 + c
7 a
dP
= 3.182 34 n
dn
a For max. profit
dP
=0
dn
0 = 3.182 34 n
3x3
5x2
+c
f (x) =
3
2
f (x) = x3 52 x2 + c
1 = 8 10 + c
c =3
f (x) = x3 52 x2 + 3
3t2 + 2t + 1
When t = 3
x = 13 33 3 32 + 2 3 + 1
When x = 3
y = 13 33 32 3 3 + 10
1 3
t
3
3.182 4
3
n = 4.24
n = (4.24)2
n = 18
No. of employees for max. profit
is 18.
b Max. profit
dP
= 3.182 34 n
dn
1
dP
= 3.182 0.75 n 2
dn
0.75 n1.5
+c
1.5
P = 3.182n 0.5n1.5 + c
Now P = 0, n = 0 so c = 0
P = 3.182n 0.5n1.5
For max. profit n = 18
P = 3.182 18 0.5 181.5
P = 57.28 38.18
P = 19.092
P = $19 092
dy
11
= 0.06(x + 1)2 + 0.06
dx
dy
a
= 0.06(x2 + 2x + 1) + 0.06
dx
dy
= 0.06x2 2 0.06x 0.06
dx
+ 0.06
P = 3.182n
MM11 CAS-10
211
dy
= 0.06x2 0.12x
dx
Now to find y
0.06 x3 0.12 x 2
+c
3
2
y = 0.02x3 0.06x2 + c
y = 0, x = 0 c = 0
y = 0.02x3 0.06x2
If x = 0, y = 0.
The deflection is y = 0 when x = 0
b Deflection at any point
y = 0.02x3 0.06x2
dy
c
= 0.06x2 0.12x
dx
dy
=0
Max. deflection
dx
0 = 0.06x2 0.12x
or 0.06x2 + 0.12x = 0
by 0.06 x2 + 2x = 0
x(x + 2) = 0
x = 0 or x = 2
But these are not permitted. The
maximum deflection occurs at x = 2
If x = 2
y = 0.02 23 0.06 22
y = 0.02 8 0.06 4
y = 0.16 0.24
y = 0.40
Deflection is 0.4 m or 40 cm
dh
12
= 4t 1
dt
a h = 42 t2 t + c
y=
= 2t2 t + c
When t = 0 h = 0 c = 0
h = 2t2 t
b When t = 4 h = 2 16 14
= 28 m
c Find t when h = 60
60 = 2t2 t
2t2 t 60 = 0
1 1 + 480
t=
4
= 5.73 or 5.23
Ignore negative answer.
t = 5.7 seconds.
13 a
v = 12 6t
v = 0: 0 = 12 6t
t=2s
b x = 12 6t dt
= 12t 3t2 + c
(0, 3) 3 = c
x = 12t 3t2 + 3
c x = 124 342 + 3
= 3 m to the right
d when it stops, t = 2
x = 122 322 + 3
= 15 m to the right
e distance from start to stop
= 15 3
= 12 m
distance from stop to finish
= 15 3
= 12 m
Total distance = 24 m
212
MM11 CAS-10
14 a v = 10 4t
x = 10 4t dt
c t=7
= 10t 2t2 + c
(0,2) 2 = c
x = 10t 2t2 2
b t=3
x = 103 232 2
= 10 m
c v=0
0 = 10 4t
t = 2.5 s
x = 10 2.5 2 2.52 2
= 10.5 m
d Total distance
= (10.5 2) + (10.5 10)
= 13 m
15 a v = 4t t2
v=0
0 = t(4 t)
t = 0, 4 i.e. at the start and at
t=4s
b x = 4t t 2 dt
= 2t 2
t3
+c
3
(0, 2): 2 = c
t
x = 2t 2 + 2
3
c t = 5:
53
+2
3
= 12
) (
= 12 23 2 + 12 23 10 13
= 13 m
16 a a = 6 3t
v = 6 3t dt
3t 2
+c
2
(0,7.5) 7.5 = c
= 6t
v = 6t
b x = 6t
x = 3t 2
3t
+ 7.5
2
3t 2
+ 7.5 dt
2
t3
+ 7.5t + d
2
(0,6): 6 = d
t3
x = 3t + 7.5t + 6
2
2
0 = 12t 3t 2 + 15
= 3( t 2 4t 5 )
= 3(t 5)(t + 1)
t = 5, 1
t=5
since t 0
53
+ 7.5 5 + 6
2
x = 3 52
= 56 m
e distance = (56 6) + (56 34)
= 72 m
17 a On a calculator page, complete
the entry line as:
4
x=
dt
(t + 2)2
Press ENTER.
4
(t + 2)
dt = c
4
t +2
4
(2 + 2)
c=5
43
+2
3
2
m up
3
e distance
3t 2
+ 7.5
2
(2,4) 4 = c
1
= 10 m up
3
Distance from starting point
1
= 10 2
3
1
=8 m
3
d It stopped when t = 4
x = 2 42
0 = 6t
x=
x = 2 52
73
x = 3 7 + 7.5 7 + 6
2
= 34 m
d v=0
2
so,
b t=0
c t=0
d t=3
4
(t + 2)
x=52
= 3 m to the right of
the origin
4
v=
(0 + 2) 2
= 1 m/s to the right
4
x=5
5
= 4.2 m
x =5
e (t+2)2 > 0
4
>0
(t + 2) 2
v>0
i.e. v is never 0, therefore the
jogger doesnt stop
f distance = 4.2 3
= 1.2 m
the entry line as:
4
x=
6 dt
(t + 1)2
Press ENTER.
6
6
x=
6 dt =
6t + c
2
2
t
+
(t + 1)
(0, 5)
5 =
6
+0 +c
1
c=1
x =1
6
6t
t +1
6
6
12
= 0 m/s i.e. stationary
c t=4
6
x =1 6 4
5
= 24.2 m
d (t + 1)2 1, since t 0
6
60
(t + 1)2
v0
and v = 0 only when t = 0 at the start
and so the racing car does not stop.
6
6=0
OR
(t + 1) 2
6(t + 1)2 = 6
t = 0, 1
Since t 0, v = 0 at the start and
doesnt stop
e distance = 24.2 5
= 19.2 m left
the entry line as:
(t 2)
x = 10cos
dt
4
Press ENTER.

40cos
(t 2)
4
x = 10cos
dt = c
4
(0, 2)
entry line as:
t
40cos
4 = 2t = 0, c)
Solve (c

40cos
4 = 2
Solving c
when t = 0, gives
40
c
2
x = 40 2 40 cos t
4
(2 )
b v = 10cos
4
= 0 m/s i.e. he was stationary
c t=5
b v=
x=
40
40
5
cos
4
= 19.74 m
d v=0
(t 2)
0 = cos
(t 2) 3
=
, , .......
4
2 2 2
t 2 = 2, 2, 6
t = 0, 4 since t [0,4]
40
40
x = 0,
2 cos( )
x = 0, 23.46 m
e distance = (23.46 2) +
(23.46 19.74)
= 29.18 m
Chapter review
Short answer
1 x(t) = 2t2 + 8t + 3
a Initial position t = 0
x(0) = 0 + 0 + 3
x(0) = 3 cm
b Rate of change of displacement at
any time = x(t)
x(t) = 2t2 + 8t + 3
x(t) = 4t + 8 cm/s
dx
c
v =
= 4t + 8
dt
When t = 4 v = 4 4 + 8
= 16 + 8
= 8 cm/s
d
0 = 4t + 8 when v = 0
t =2
x = 2t2 + 8t + 3
At t = 2
x = 2 22 + 8 2 + 3
x = 8 + 16 + 3
= 11 cm
Velocity is zero when t = 2 and
x = 11 cm
e t=3
v = 4 3 + 8
= 12 + 8
= 4
Negative velocity means it is
moving left
f v = 0 at t = 2 and so the particle
changes direction here.
x(0) = 3
x(2) = 11
It moves 8 cm to the right in the
first 2 seconds.
x(3) = 9
It moves from x = 11 to x = 9, that
is 2 cm in the third second.
Total distance = 8 + 2
= 10 cm
2 f (x) = x3 3x + 2
a y-intercept at x = 0
y = 03 3 0 + 2
=2
y-intercept = (0, 2)
b x-intercepts f (x) = 0
0 = x3 3x + 2
0 = (x 1)(x + 2)(x 1)
0 = (x + 2)(x 1)2
x = 2 or x = 1
x-intercepts at (2, 0), (1, 0)
c Stationary points f (x) = 0
f (x) = x3 3x + 2
f (x) = 3x2 3
If f (x) = 0
0 = 3x2 3
or 3x2 = 3
x2 = 1
x = 1
If x = 1
y = (1)3 3 1 + 2
= 1 + 3 + 2
= 4 (1, 4)
And if x = 1
y =131+2
=13+2
= 0 (1, 0)
Type of stationary points for x = 1:
Let x < 1, x = 2
f (x) = 3 (2)2 3
= 9 positive
Let x = 1
f (x) = 0 zero
Let x > 1, x = 0
f (x) = 3 02 3
= 3 negative
MM11 CAS-10
213

a = 3, b = 30 and c = 35
4 V = 6t t2, t [0, 4]
dV
a Rate of change =
dt
dV
= 6 2t
dt
dV
= 2 litres/hour
At t = 2,
dt
dV
b Maximum volume
=0
dt
6 2t = 0
t=3
So maximum volume occurs after
3 hours.
5
At x = 1 there is a maximum value.

Type of stationary point at x = 1
Let x < 1, x = 12
2
f (x) = 3 ( 12 ) 3
=
3
4
= 2 12
negative
Let x = 1 f (x) = 0 zero

Let x > 1, x = 2
f (x) = 3 (22) 3
= 12 3
= 9 positive
At x = 1, there is a minimum
value.
So (1, 4) is a maximum SP and
(1, 0) is a minimum SP.
d Graph
3 y = ax2 + bx + c
dy
= 2ax + b
dx
dy
Put
= 0 and substitute
dx
dy
.
x = 5 into
dx
2a(5) + b = 0
10a + b = 0
(1)
Substitute (0, 35) into y to find c
a(0)2 + b(0) + c = 35
c = 35
y = ax2 + bx 35
Substitute (5, 40) into y
a(5)2 + b(5) 35 = 40
(2)
25a + 5b = 75
P = 80 cm
Let L = length of rectangle
W = width of rectangle
P = perimeter of rectangle
A = area of rectangle
Now P = 2L + 2W
80 = 2(L + W)
or L + W = 40 so W = 40 L
and A = LW
Substitute for W into A:
A = L (40 L)
A = 40L L2
a To find area of largest rectangle
dA
=0
dL
dA
= 40 2L
dL
So 0 = 40 2L
L = 20
If L = 20
W = 40 20
W = 20
And A = 40L L2
= 40 20 202
= 800 400
= 400 cm2
So area of largest rectangle is
400 cm2.
b
C = 80 cm
Now C = 2R
80 = 2R
80
R=
2
R = 12.73 cm
A = R2
A = (12.73)2
A = 509.2958
A = 509.3 cm2
MM11 CAS-10
214
Yes a circle of circumference 80 cm

would have a larger area (being
509.3 cm2 as against 400 cm2 for the
rectangle.)
6
V = 2000
Maximum volume is 2000 cubic
units.
dh 2
7
= t 14t + 45
dt
a Expression for height at any time
14t 2
t3
+ 45t + c
2
3
h = 13 t3 7t2 + 45t + c
h=
Let R = radius
H = height
T.I.S.A = total internal surface area
V = volume
Total internal surface area
= 600 sq. units
Now (T.I.S.A.)
= area 2 circles + curved S.A. of a
cylinder
= 2R2 + 2RH
So 600 = 2R2 + 2RH
600 = 2R(R + H)
600
2 R
300
=
R
300
H=
R
R
2
Now V = R H
300
= R2(
R )
R
300
=
R2 R2 R
R
V = 300R R3
Max. volume occurs at
dV
=0
dR
dV
= 300 3R2
dR
So 0 = 300 3R2
3R2 = 300
300
R2 =
3
R2 = 100
So R = 10 units (cant have negative
length).
Verify this is a maximum at R = 10.
Let R < 10, R = 9
dV
= 300 243
dR
= 57
Let R = 10 positive
dV
= 0 zero
dR
Let R> 10, R = 11
dV
= 300 363
dR
= 63 negative
So at R = 10 we have a maximum
value.
Substitute R = 10 into V
V = 300R R3
V = 300 10 103
V = 3000 1000
R+H=
If h = 0 when t = 0 then c = 0
h = 13 t3 7t2 + 45t
b Find h at t = 6.
h = 13 63 7 62 + 45 6
= 72 252 + 270
= 90
Height after 6 mins is 90 m.
dh
c Max. height occurs when
=0
dt
dh 2
= t 14t + 45
Now
dt
So 0 = t2 14t + 45
0 = (t 9)(t 5)
t = 9 or t = 5
To verify maximum value,
consider t = 9.
Let t < 9, t = 8
dV
= 64 112 + 45
dt
dV
= 3 negative
dt
Let t = 9
dV
= 0 zero
dt
Let t > 9, t = 10
dV
= 100 140 + 45
dt
= 145 140
= 5 positive
At t = 9 there is a minimum value.
Consider SP at t = 5
Let t < 5, t = 4
dV
= 16 56 + 45
dt
= 5 positive
Let t = 5
dV
= 0 zero
dt
Let t > 5, t = 6
dV
= 36 84 + 45
dt
= 81 84
= 3 negative
At t = 5 there is a maximum point.
So maximum height occurs at t = 5
h = 13 t3 7t2 + 45t
Max. height reached is 91.67 m at

t = 5 mins.
8 v = 2t + 1
dx
a v=
dt
dx
b So
= 2t + 1
dt
2t 2
+t+c
2
2
x=t +t+c
But x = 3 when t = 2
So 3 = 22 + 2 + c
3=4+2+c
3=6+c
c = 3
x = t2 + t 3
c Find x if t = 10
x = t2 + t 3
= 102 + 10 3
= 100 + 10 3
= 107 units
9 a v = 12t 2 6t 3
t = 0 v =0
x=
b x = 12t 2 6t 3dt
12t 3 6t 4
+c
3
4
(0,14) 14 = c
x = 4t 3 1.5t 4 + 14
c v=0
0 = 6t 2 (2 t )
t = 0, 2 s
t = 0, x = 0 m
t = 2, x = 4 23 1.5 24 + 14
= 22 m
d t = 3:
x = 4 33 1.5 34 + 14
= 0.5 m
e distance = (22 14) + (22 0.5)
= 29.5 m
Multiple choice
1 f (x) = 2x3 5x2 + 7
f (x) = 6x2 10x
If x = 2
f (2) = 6 22 10 2
= 24 20
f (2) = 4
E
2 v = 3t2 + 7t + 50
When t = 1 v = 3 + 7 + 50 = 54
When t = 4 v = 3 42 + 7 4 + 50
= 48 + 28 + 50
= 30
change in V
Average rate of change =
change in t
Substitute t = 5
h = 13 53 7 52 + 45 5
=
1
3
24
3
= 8
f (x) = 5 + 15x + 6x2 x3
f (x) = 15 + 12x 3x2
=
125 7 25 + 225
= 41.67 175 + 225

h = 91.67
30 54
4 1
If f (x) = 0
0 = 15 + 12x 3x2
or 0 = 5 + 4x x2
0 = x2 4x 5
0 = (x 5)(x + 1)
x = 5 or 1
4
y = x2 10x + 21
dy
= 2x 10
dx
dy
= 0 then 2x 10 = 0
If
dx
x =5
If x = 5
y = 52 10 5 + 21
y = 25 50 + 21
y = 4
Type of SP:
Let x < 5, x = 4
dy
= 2x 10
dx
= 2 4 10
= 8 10
= 2 negative
dy
=0
Let x = 5,
dx
Let x > 5, x = 6
dy
= 2 6 10
dx
= 12 10
= 2 positive
At x = 5 we have a local minimum.

So at (5, 4) is a local minimum B
y = 2x2 + 3x 5
5
dy
= 4x + 3
dx
If x = 2
dy
= 4 2 + 3
dx
= 8 + 3
= 5
Graph is decreasing
E
6 g(x); g(1) = 0
g(x) < 0, x 1
Substitute x = 2:
y = 2 22 + 8 2
= 8 + 16
=8
The maximum is 8
8 h(x) = 13 x3 + 6x2 28x 3
h(x) = 3
1
3
c = 3
y = 13 x3 +
E
h(x) = x2 + 12x 28
Local minimum occurs at
h(x) = 0
x 2 + 12x 28 = 0
(x + 14)(x 2) = 0
So x = 14 or x = 2
A
Local minimum at x = 2
dy
9
< 0 between the turning points.
dx
C
That is when 1 < x < 3.
10 g(x) = (x + 3)3
g(x) = (x + 3)(x + 3)2
= (x + 3)(x2 + 6x + 9)
= x3 + 6x2 + 9x + 3x2 + 18x + 27
g(x) = x3 + 9x2 + 27x + 27
Now g(x) = 3x2 + 18x + 27
Stationary point at g(x) = 0
0 = 3x2 + 18x + 27
0 = 3(x2 + 6x + 9)
0 = 3(x + 3)2
x = 3
To verify type of SP of x = 3:
Let x < 3, x = 4
g(x) = 3(4 + 3)2
= 3 positive
Let x = 3, g(x) = 0 zero
Let x > 3, x = 2
g(x) = 3(2 + 3)
= 3 positive
So there is a point of inflection at
B
x = 3
11 a y = x3 + 2x2 7x + 1
Has local maximum and
minimum
b y = x2 3x + 1
Local minimum only; quadratic
c y = x3 + 7
Point of inflection at x = 0
d y = (x 2)3
Point of inflection at x = 2
e y = x2 + 6x
A
Quadratic, minimum TP.
12 (12 x + 3)dx
3
2
215
x2 10x 3 A
Extended response
1 h(t) = 83 t 89 t2 + 2
a At t = 0 h = 2 metres
b Greatest height occurs at h(t) = 0
h(t) = 83 169 t
x2 + 2 6x 28
12 x 2
+ 3x + c
2
= 6x2 + 3x + c
dy
13
= (x 2)(x + 5)
dx
dy
= x2 + 5x 2x 10
dx
= x2 + 3x 10
MM11 CAS-10
0 = 83 169 t
t = 83 169
= 1.5
Find h at t = 1.5
h(t) = 83 t 89 t2 + 2
=
8
3
3
2
8
9
( 32 )2 + 2
=42+2
=4
Greatest height is 4 m at t = 1.5 s
c Find when h(t) = 2
2 = 83 t 89 t2 + 2
8 2
t
9
0=
8
3
0=
8
9
t (3 t)
+2
t = 0 or t = 3
It returns to throwers hand after 3 s.
d Find when h(t) = 0
0 = 83 t 89 t2 + 18
Multiply through by 9.
0 = 24t 8t2 + 18
8t2 24t 18 = 0
4t2 12t 9 = 0
12 144 + 144
8
= 3.621 or 0.621
Ignore negative time so it hits
ground after 3.621 s.
e Domain [0, 3.621]; Range [0, 4]
f
t=
Graph D
7 f (x) = 2x2 + 8x
f (x) = 4x + 8
For a maximum value
f (x) = 0
0 = 4x + 8
x =2
x3
3x 2
+
10x + c
2
3
At x = 0, y = 3
3 = 0 + 0 0 + c
y=
D
a Let R = radius of circle
Now 4x + 2R = 100
2R = 100 4x
100 4 x
R=
2
R=
R=
2 (50 2 x)
2
50 2x
MM11 CAS-10
216
b Area of circle = R2
50 2 x
=
(50 2 x)2
(50 2 x) 2
c Total area of two shapes

A = square + circle
= x x + R2
= x2 +
=
=
(50 2 x) 2
x 2 + 2500 200 x + 4 x 2
x 2 ( + 4) 200 x + 2500
Show that when x = 14,
( + 4) x 2
200 x
2500
2( + 4) x 200
dA
=
dx
dA
Let
=0
dx
2( + 4) x 200
0=
2( + 4) x
x 2 ( + 4) 200 x + 2500
Now A =
A=
dA
= 0.
dx
x =
i
4 a
200
200
2( + 4)
200
14.283
x = 14.003
So x = 14 and the total area is a minimum.
11
3 a f(0) = (0)3 + 50(0)2 560(0) + 220
8
f(0) = 2200
f (3) f (0)
b Average ROC =
30
932.875 2200
=
3
= 422.4 metres/second
33 2
t + 100t 560
c
f '(t) =
8
33 2
d f '(3) =
(3) + 100(3) 560
8
= 297 metres/second.
e The aircraft is pulling out of the dive since the gradient of
the dive is less negative at the end of the 3 second interval.
f For a minimum f '(t) = 0
33 2
t + 100t 560 = 0
8
x =
33
100 1002 4 ( 560)
8
t=
33
2
8
100 760
33
4
100 27.57
t=
8.25
t = 8.8 seconds or t = 15.5 seconds.
Altitude is a local minimum at
t = 8.8 since f '(8) < 0 and f '(9) > 0
11
f (8.8) = (8.8)3 + 50(8.8)2 560(8.8) + 2200
8
f (8.8) = 207 metres. Height above ground is 207 metres.
For a maximum f '(t) = 0.
Altitude is a local maximum at t = 15.5 since f '(15) > 0 and
f '(16) < 0.
11
f (15.5) = (15.5)3 + 50(15.5)2 560(15.5) + 2200
8
= 412.2 metres
11
f (16) = (16)3 + 50(16)2
8
560(16) + 2200
= 408 metres
The ejection at this altitude is safe since it exceeds the
minimum requirement of 400 m.
For t > 16, f(t) = 0 when t = 20 seconds. Crash occurs
4 seconds after ejection.
A = Area of hemisphere + Area of cylindrical wall
+ Area of base
= 2 r2 + 2 rh + r2
= 3 r2 + 2 rh
7362 = 3 r2 + 2 rh
2 rh = 7362 3 r2
3681 3r
[1]
h=
2
r
2
V = r3 + r2h
3
3681 3r
2
V(r) = r3 + r2 r 2
3
t=
2 3
3
r + 3681r r3
3
2
5
= 3681r r3
6
d Since volume is maximum
V(r) = 0
5
V(r) = 3681 r2
2
5 2
3681 r = 0
2
5 2
r = 3681
2
2 3681
5
r = 21.65 metres, hence diameter of base, d = 43.3 metres.
Substituting r = 21.65 in [1] gives:
3681
3 21.65
h=
21.65
2
h = 21.65.
Height of building = h + r
= 21.65 + 21.65
= 43.3 metres.
The height of the Pantheon is the same as the diameter
of its base.
r=
5 a
6 a
b
y=
a 3 b 2
x x + 6x + c
3
2
dy
= ax2 bx + 6
dx
When x = 1,
dy
= a(1)2 b(1) + 6 = 0
dx
ab+6 =0
a b = 6
[1]
dy
When x = 1,
= a( 1)2 b( 1) + 6 = 0
dx
a+b+6 =0
a + b = 6
[2]
[1] + [2] gives: 2a = 12
a = 6
Substituting a = 6 in [1] gives:
6 b = 6
b=0
dy
= ax2 bx + 6
dx
= 6x2 + 6
dy
When x = 0,
= 6(0)2 + 6
dx
=6
dy
= 6(2)2 + 6
When x = 2,
dx
= 18
dy
Since
changes from positive to negative in the
dx
vicinity of x = 1, we have a local maximum.
dy
When x = 2,
= 6(2)2 + 6
dx
= 18
dy
When x = 0,
= 6(0)2 + 6
dx
=6
dy
changes from negative to positive in the
Since
dx
vicinity of x = 1, we have a local minimum.
a
b
y = x3 x2 + 6x + c
3
2
(6) 3 (0) 2
=
x
x + 6x + c
3
2
3
= 2x + 6x + c
When x = 1, y = 0.
0 = 2(1)3 + 6(1) + c
0=4+c
c = 4
Hence, y = 2x3 + 6x 4.
f '(x) = 2a3x 3a2x2
When x = b, f '(x) = 0
2a3b 3a2b2 = 0
a2b(2a 3b) = 0
Since a, b 0, a2b 0 2a 3b = 0
So 2a = 3b
2
b = a.
3
c = f(b)
2
3
2
2
2
3 a
2 a
= f a = a 3 a 3
3
=
4 5 8 5
a
a
9
27
MM11 CAS-10
217
4 5
a
27
2 4
Coordinates T a, a 5
3 27
d If a =
2 3 4 3 5
3
coordinates are: T ,
3 2 27 2
2
9
T 1,
8
In the vicinity of x = 1,
When x =
1
3 1
3 1
, f (0) = 2 3
2
2
2

2 2
27
=
16
3
3
3 3
3 3
, f = 2 3
2
2 2
2 2
2
81
=
16
Since f (x) > 0 when x < 1 and f (x) < 0 when x > 1,
9
T 1, is a local maximum.
8
When x =
7 a y = ax 2
10 = a 202
(20, 10)
10
=a
400
1
a=
40
y=
40
b y = a ( x b) 2 + c
TP = (40, 30)
y = a ( x 40)2 + 30
c (20, 10) 10 = a(20 40) 2 + 30
20 = 400a
20
=a
400
1
a=
20
1
y = ( x 40)2 + 30
20
d Using CAS, when x = 20: lower parabola gradient
= 1; upper parabola gradient = 2.
As the gradients are not the same when they meet,
therefore the connection is not smooth
e On a calculator page, complete the entry line as:
x2
Solve
= a ( x 40) 2 + 30, a)
40
Press ENTER.
x2
= a ( x 40)2 + 30 for a gives:
Solving
40
a=
x 2 1200
40( x 40) 2
x2
40
dy
x
=
dx 20
f y=
218
MM11 CAS-10
y = a ( x 40)2 + 30
dy
= 2a ( x 40)
dx
For the connection to be smooth, the gradients need to be
the same.
On a calculator page, complete the entry line as:
x
= 2a ( x 40), a
Solve
20
Press ENTER.
x
Solving
= 2a( x 40) for a gives:
20
x
a=
40( x 40)
g On a calculator page, complete the entry line as:
x 2 1200
x
, x
Solve
=
2
40(
40
x
40(
40)
x
Press ENTER.
x 2 1200
x
for x gives:
=
Solving
40( x 40)2 40( x 40)
x = 30
(30, 22.5) and a = 0.075
8 a x=0
b x = 5(et 2 e2 t )dt
f (2 + h) = 14 + 11h + 2h2
b Gradient of tangent
14 + 11h + 2h 2 (2(2)2 + 2(2))
h0
h
f (2) = lim
11h + 2h 2
h0
h
f (2) = lim
h(11 + 2h )
h0
h
f (2) = lim (11 + 2h)
f (2) = lim
h0
f (2) = 11
2 a The cars speed is variable (changes) in the first
30 seconds.
b Average Speed = Average Rate of Change =
50 20
7530
30
45
2
Average Speed = m s1
3
Average Speed =
c Average Speed = Instantaneous Speed because straight

line indicates that the speed is constant.
2
Instantaneous speed at t = 50 would be m s1
3
3
= 5et 2 (e2t + e4 ) + c
= 5( e
t 2
+e
2 t
)+c
2
(0, 0) 0 = 5( e + e ) + c
c = 37.62
t 2
2t
x = 5( e
+ e ) 37.62
c On a calculator page, complete the entry line as:
Solve (5(et 2 e 2 t ) = 0, t )
4 f (x) = 4x + 1
Press ENTER.
Multiple choice
Solving 5(et 2 e2 t ) = 0, t for t gives:
t=2 s
y = 3 27 x 2
1
= 27 3 ( x 2 ) 3
x = 5(e0 + e0 ) 37.62
= 27.62 m i.e. 27.62 m down
d t=3s
1
x = 5( e + e ) 37.62
= 22.19 m i.e. 22.19 m down
v = 5(e1 e1 )
= 11.75 m/s i.e.11.75 m/s upwards
e distance = 27.62 + (27.62 22.19)
= 33.05 m
f total distance from platform = 27.62 + 2.1
= 29.72 m
As it is 30 m to the water, she will not get wet.
g 30 29.72 = 0.28 m. She is 28 cm short of being wet.
EXAM PRACTICE 4
Short answer
1 f (x) = 2x2 + 3x
a f (2 + h) = 2(2 + h)2 + 3(2 + h)
f (2 + h) = 2(4 + 4h + h2) + 6 + 3h
f (2 + h) = 8 + 8h+2h2 + 6 + 3h
= 3x 3
1
dy
= 2x 3
dx
1
x3
2 gradient of normal gradient of tangent = 1

1
2a
A
3 limit f (x) does not exist at x = 2 because lim f ( x) = 0 and
gradient of tangent = 2a, therefore gradient of normal
x 2+
lim f ( x) = 3
x2
lim f ( x) lim f ( x)
x2+
x2
4 h(x) = ax bx2
(20, 40)
40
h(20) = 0 h(x)
0
4 [20]
0
= 20a 400b
= a 2bx
= a 40b
= 20a 800b
[1]
[2]
[1] [2]
40 = 400b
1
b=
10
1
into [2]
10
1
0 = a 40
10
=a4
a = 4.
C
5 Use a CAS calculator to draw the tangent of the point (0, 2)
and determine its equation.
B
6 The volume of water at any time in the tank is determined by
the volume of water being filled the volume of water being
removed. Since these are all in rate, to determine the
amount requires antidifferentiating to determine the actual
volume of water.
B
0 = 3a (40.73) 2 + 2b(40.73) + c
Solve
, b, c) | a = 0.00001
2
0 = 3a (382.6) + 2b(382.6) + c
Solving 0 = 3a(40.73)2 + 2b(40.73) + c and 0 = 3a(382.6)2
+ 2b(382.6) + c
for b and c, given that a = 0.00001 gives:
b = 0.0063, c = 0.4675
2 a Circumference = x
x = 2r
x
r=
2
b Asquare = l 2
300 x
=
4
=
(300 x) 2
16
219
c total area = Asquare + Acircle
substitute b =
Extended response
1 h(x) = ax3 + bx2 + cx + d
a h(0) = 150
150 = a (0)3 + b (0)2 + c (0) + d
therefore, d = 150
b h(x) = 3ax2 + 2bx + c
c h(40.73) = 0 and h(382.60) = 0
0 = 3a(40.73)2 + 2b(40.73) + c
0 = 3a(382.6)2 + 2b(382.6) + c
d (550, 150)
150 = a(550)3 + b(550)2 + c(550) + 150
0 = a(550)3 + b(550)2 + c(550)
= 166375000a + 302500b + 550c
e On a calculator page, complete the entry line as:
MM11 CAS-10
(300 x) 2
+ r2
16
(300 x) 2
x
+
16
2
(300 x) 2 x 2
+
16
4
d domain: x (0, 300).
If x is equal to 0 or 300, two enclosures cannot be
constructed.
=
(300 x)2 x 2
+
16
4
dA 2(300 x) 1 2 x
=
+
dx
16
4
e A=
(300 x) x
+
8
2
(300 x) + 4 x
8
300 + x + 4 x
=
8
300 + x + 4 x
f =
8
= 300 + x + 4x
300 = x(4 + )
300
x=
4+
=
300
4+
131.97
dA 300 + 130 + 4 130
x = 130,
=
dx
8
g x=
= 0.56
dA 300 + 140 + 4 140
x = 140,
=
dx
8
= 2.28
300
x = 130 x =
4+
x = 140
the area is a minimum when

300
x=
4+
220
MM11 CAS-11
Introductory probability
Chapter 11 Introductory probability

Exercise 11A Introduction to
experimental probability
1 Pr(tail) =
=
6
10
3
5
(0.6)
2 Pr(consonant) =
12 Pr(Hot-Shot) =
14
20
Hot-Shot =
= 0.66
17
50
= 0.34
3
6
Expected number =
3
6
96
= 48 times
1
2
5 Pr(heads) =
= 250 times
6 Pr(odd number or number 2)
=
3
6
1
6
4
6
Expected number =
4
6
300
1
= 200 times
7 Pr(a number b/w 1 and 3 inclusive)
=
3
6
Expected number =
3
6
Pr(yellow) =
1
6
Pr(not yellow) =
5
6
Expected number =
5
6
102
650
13 Pr (Last Leg wins) =
2
7
Expected number of wins for the

season = 2 35
7
= 10 wins
14 a Pr(wins) =
6
9
Pr(lose) =
2
9
Pr(draw) =
1
9
2
9
246
6
10
Expected number =
6
10
200
= 120 times
Pr(white) =
3
10
Pr(not white) =
7
10
Expected number =
7
10
200
= 140 times
1
9
7 a Pr(goal attack is chosen) =
108
108
108
81
108
9 a Pr(queen) =
4
52
1
13
13
52
b Pr(heart) =
1
4
c Pr(a picture card) =
12
52
3
13
d Pr (not a picture card) = 1
3
4
So in a tournament of 16 games
he can expect to win 3 16 = 12
4
games. Therefore he can expect to

lose or draw 4 games.
15 140 red and 200 black out of 360
draws 20 blue
Expected number of blue
=
20
360
73
154
c Pr(a boy is chosen) =
= 12 times
b Pr(wins) =
1
7
154
= 72 times
ii Expected number of losses
=
1 a = {red, blue, yellow, green}

b n() = 4
2 = {a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k, l, m,
n, o, p, q, r, s, t, u, v, w, x, y, z}
3 n() = 52
4 a = {Spades H, Spades T,
Diamonds H, Diamonds T,
Hearts H, Hearts T, Clubs H,
Clubs T}
b S = {Spades H, Spades T}
5 = {HH, HT, TH, TT}
6 a = {girl Time Out, boy Time
Out, girl Mars Bar, boy Mars
Bar, girl Violet Crumble, boy
Violet Crumble}
b M = {girl Mars Bar, boy Mars
Bar}
6
7
8 a Pr(a yr 11 student is chosen) = 1

b Pr(any particular yr 11 student is
chosen) = 1
i Expected number of wins

6
9
Exercise 11B Calculating

probabilities
b Pr(goal attack is not chosen) =
= 24 times
iii Expected number of draws
= 205 times C
No. of squares
9 36 =
84
42
18 = No. of squares
If 18 squares then 42 18 = 24
circles.
4+2
10 a
Pr(red or blue) =
10
650
= 400.51
400 calls
Hot-Shot can expect 250 calls, while
Zap Inc can expect 400 calls.
= 51 times A
8
305
495
Zap Inc =
Pr(odd number) =
190
495
249.495
250 calls
Expected number
33
50
b Pr(head) =
190
495
Expected number
= 0.7
3 a Pr(tail) =
No. of 5 cent coins

96
128
80 = No. of 5 cent coins
48 ten cent coins
E
11 60 =
270
= 15 times
A
980
980
=
= 0.7597
16 a
980 + 310 1290
310
b
= 0.2403
1290
c i 0.7597 1580 = 1200
ii 1580 1200 = 380
e Pr(red or black) =
26
52
10
13
26
52
=1
10 Pr(winning ticket) =
=
11 a Pr(even) =
3
6
b Pr(5 on die) =
10
400 000
1
40 000
1
2
1
6
c Pr(a number from 2 to 4

inclusive) = 3
6
1
2
d Pr(a number less than 7) = 1
3
13
4 a Coin 1 Coin 2
10
20
12 a Pr(even no.) =
221
MM11 CAS-11
10
1
2
16
20
b Pr(no. > 4) =
=
5 a Pr(spinners land red and green)

= 1 1
1
4
5
20
c Pr(multiple of 4) =
d Pr(not even) =
10
20
5
11
b Pr(consonant but not d ) =
4
11
b Pr(a vowel) =
7
19
c Pr(a consonant) =
12
19
2
1
6
4
24
1
6
=
11 a
1
4
b Pr(HTT) =
6 Pr(tails and colour yellow)

= 1 1
3
1
8
c Pr(at least 2 tails) =
4
8
1
2
d Pr(a letter from the 1st half of
alphabet AM ) =
Pr(blue and full gloss) =
21
3
19
2
1
4
c Pr(spinners land yellow and

green)
= 1 1
14 Pr(choosing a consonant other

than P) = 9
15 a Pr(letter m) =
1
4
b Pr(spinners land yellow and blue)

= 1 1
1
2
13 a Pr(selecting a vowel) =
12
14
19
16 a Pr(lolly containing chocolate) =
40
85
8
17
b Pr(smarties) =
2
4
1
2
b Pr(HT or TH) =
4
5
Pr(a number > 4 and red)

= 3 1
1
85
c Pr(a biscuit) = 0
3
10
8 a
13
Exercise 11C Tree diagrams

and lattice diagrams
1 a
i Pr(2 blue cards) =
1
9
ii Pr(a red, then a green card)

= 1
9
iii Pr(a green and red card)

=
2
9
Pr(two even) =
1
2
2
6
Pr(AT and CT) =
2
6
1
3
1
3
b Pr(2 odd) =
1
2
1
6
14 a
1
3
c Pr(2 even or 2 odd) =
1
3
3
6
1
2
GR or RG
2 a
2
3
1
6
b Pr(H and S appear) =
2
8
1
4
15 a Pr(H, H and even number)

b Pr(tails and red) =
1
4
3 a
1
2
1
4
b Pr(H, T and odd number)

=1
Pr(1 of 3 particular jackets with 1

of 4 particular ties) = 1 1
3
b Pr(A first, then T) =
1
2
1
6
1
12
1
2
1
2
1
4
c Pr(H, T, No. < 4) = 1

=
1
4
1
2
1
2
222
MM11 CAS-11
16 Pr(odd No. and at least one tail)

= Pr(odd + T, H) + Pr(odd
+ T, T) + Pr(odd + H, T)
=
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
c Pr(sum is < 10) =
d Pr(3, sum < 8) =

=
3
8
1
8
7
8
4
36
ii Pr(P) =
1
9
e Pr(of rolling two multiples of 2)

That is, 2, 4, 6
= Pr(2, 2) + Pr(2, 4) + Pr(2, 6)
+ Pr(4, 2) + Pr(4, 4)
+ Pr(4, 6) + Pr(6, 2)
+ Pr(6, 4) + Pr(6, 6)
= 9
17 Pr(at least one head)

= 1 Pr(No. heads)
=1
5
6
1
2
10 a H = {choosing a heart}
P = {choosing a picture card)
i Pr(H) = 1 ( 13 )
30
36
1
4
22 Pr(vowel then No. > 6) =
1
2
1
6
1
3
23
52
52
22
52
11
26
52
1
16
6
16
c Pr(2H and 2T) =
3
8
d Pr(at least two consecutive tails)

=
8
16
1
2
b Pr(odd and odd) =
1
2
1
4
1
2
c Pr(3, 6 + 4, 5 + 5, 4 + 6, 3)
=
4
36
1
9
particular entree say E1, then

E1M1D1, and particular Main- say M1
E1M1D2
2
12
1
6
Exercise 11D The Addition

Law of Probabilities
19 a
20 a
b Pr(a 3 and a tail) =

=
1
6
1
2
1
4
1
6
1
2
1
12
c Pr(even and H) =
21 a Pr(6, 6) =
1
2
1
6
1
36
b Pr(3 and 4) = Pr(3, 4) + Pr(4, 3)

=
1
6
2
36
1
18
1
6
1
6
1
6
52
b Not mutually exclusive because

H P .
11 H = {choosing hard centre}
S = {choosing soft centre}
a i Pr(H) = 12 ( 3 )
20
n() = 16
1 Pr(A B)
= Pr(A) + Pr(B) Pr(A B)
= 0.4 + 0.5 0.2
= 0.7
2 Pr(A B)
= 0.65 + 0.25 0.22
= 0.68
3 Since A B = ,
Pr(A B) = Pr(A) + Pr(B)
= 0.38 + 0.51
= 0.89
4 Pr(A B) = Pr(A) + Pr(B) Pr(A B)
0.6 = 0.4 + 0.5 Pr(A B)
Pr(A B) = 0.3
5 Pr(X Y) = Pr(X) + Pr(Y) Pr(X Y)
0.73 = Pr(X) + 0.44 0.16
Pr(X) = 0.45
6 Pr(D E) = Pr(D) + Pr(E)
Pr(D E)
0.82 = 0.76 + Pr(E) 0.35
Pr(E) = 0.41
7 Pr(A B) = Pr(A) + Pr(B) Pr(A B)
0.94 = 2x + x 0.23
1.17 = 3x
0.39 = x
Pr(B) = 0.39 Pr(A) = 0.78
8 Since Pr(A) + Pr(B) = Pr(A B)
then A B =
A and B are mutually exclusive
9 If Pr(A B) = Pr(A) then
A is a subset of B.
A B
3
13
iv Pr(H P)
= Pr(H) + Pr(P) Pr(H P)
= 13 + 12 3
ii Pr(S) =
b Pr(HTHT) =
52
iii H P = {HJ, HQ, HK}

Pr(H P) = 3
36
18 a
12
52
8
20
(2)
5
iii Pr(H S) = 0
iv Pr(H S) = Pr(H) + Pr(S)
=1
b Yes H and S are mutually
exclusive because H S = .
12 a Drinks tea only: 25 15 = 10
Pr(tea only) = 10
100
1
10
b Drinks neither tea or coffee
50
100
Pr(drinks neither) =
1
2
=
c Drinks both = 15
Pr(drinks both) =
=
15
100
3
20
d Drinks tea or coffee

= 10 + 15 + 25
= 50
Pr(drinks tea or coffee) =
=
13 a Pr(even) =
=
50
100
1
2
10
20
1
2
b Multiple of 3 {3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18}

n() = 20
Pr(multiple of 3) =
6
20
3
10
c Multiple of 2 = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12,

14, 16, 18}
Multiple of 2 and 3 = {6, 12, 18}
Pr(a multiple of 2 or 3)
=
10
20
13
20
6
20
3
20
3
6
14 Pr(odd) =
b Pr(not 50c) =
Pr(multiple of 4) =
1
6
Pr(odd or 4) =
3
6
4
6
2
3
1
6
15 Divisible by 4 = {4, 8, 12, 16, 20 ,

24, 28, 32, 36, 40 , 44, 48}
Divisible by 5 = {5, 10, 15, 20 , 25,

30, 35, 40 , 45, 50}
Pr(4 5} =
2
50
20
50
2
5
10
50
16 a Pr(ten) =
2
50
4 1
(
52 13
13 1
(
52 4
)
4
52
8 2
(
52 13
4
52
d Pr(diamond, a spade or the ace of

hearts)
=
27
52
13
52
12
80
27
80
12
80
30 3

80 8
15
80
25 a
16 4

20 5
10
40
1
14
1
14
2 1

14 7
1
14
(2)
7
19 a Pr(20c or 50c or $1) =

=
9
14
2+9+8
24
19
24
1
10
4 2

10 5
iii Pr(Number from 16 to 256

inclusive)
= Pr(Area 7 to 3 inclusive)
5 1

10 2
iv Pr(Number from 17 to 1023 or

less than 256)
= Pr(Area 2 to 6 inclusive and
4 to 10 inclusive)
= Pr(Area 2 to 10 inclusive)
= 9
10
b So that the chance of hitting an

area is equal.
Exercise 11E Karnaugh

maps and probability tables
B
17 25
23
40
13
15 23 38
29
40
A 45 27 72
33
100
20
100
30
100
12
100
2
100
Pr(Clotto) = Pr(Between 10 and

20) + Pr(greater than 77)
=
9
100
32
100
23
100
Alotto is easiest to win.
A 69 33 102
114 60 174
Pr(Blotto) = Pr(Multiple of 5)
+ Pr(Multiple of 8)
Pr(Multiple of 5
and 8)
1
14
d Pr(does not qualify in top 5) =
i Pr(score 64) =
1 a
30 3

40 4
3
10
ii Pr(multiple of 128)
= area (1 to 4)
d Pr(either pear/orange not sliced)

=0
c Pr(finishes in top 4)
1st 2nd 3rd 4th
+
8 2

20 5
22 Pr(Alotto) =
1
14
20
c Pr(sliced or is not a strawberry)

(whole apple and plums)
8 + 5 + 4 12
=
+
40
40
1
14
b Pr(comes 1st or 2nd) =
4
14
14 7

20 10
18
80
18 a Pr(wins race) =
Pr(A B) = Pr(A) + Pr(B)

Pr(A B)
0.65 = 0.3 + 0.4
Pr (A B)
Pr(A B) = 0.05
Pr(A B) = 0.35 + 0.35 + 0.05
= 0.75
24 Pr(tram only) = 6
6 + 11 + 6
b Pr(not sliced) =
40
12
65
4 + 10
20
c Pr(peppermint (no jelly beans)
1
14
20 a Pr(something worn) =
=1
b Pr(not a toffee, a caramel or a

jelly bean)
= Pr(peppermint or chocolate)
11
24
21 a Pr(not a plum and not an apricot)
1
52
17 a Pr(peppermint or a jelly bean)

=
9+2
24
c Pr(either a sock or (not a sock))

10 + 4 + 4 + 2
=
20
=1
d Pr(either a towel or not a
handkerchief ties, socks)
2 + 4 + 10
=
20
c Pr(king or a jack) =
13
52
b Pr(diamond) =
13
24
5
24
b Pr(not a towel and not a sock)

tie or handkerchiefs
4+4
=
20
Pr(4 5)
= Pr(4) + Pr(5) Pr(4 5)
12
50
10
50
Pr(5) =
15 5

24 8
8
24
12
50
Pr(4) =
23
2+5+8
24
c Pr($1 or $2) =
d Pr(<$1) =
223
MM11 CAS-11
0.27 0.3 0.57
0.4 0.03 0.43

0.67 0.33
224
MM11 CAS-11
Pr(B) =
B
A
0.61
0.03 0.64
0.14
0.22 0.36
0.75
0.25
4
11
10
Pr(A B) =
3
11
Pr(A B) =
0.25 0.23 0.48
C 0.14 0.38 0.52 A
= 0.27
= 0.36
3
11
0.39 0.61
= 0.27
11 a
B
B
2
0.36 0.64
A 0.11 0.14 0.25 C
0.42 0.58
3
Pr(A) =
=
Pr(B) =
100 118 218
Pr(A B) =
A 56 44 100
91 73 164
A 0.1 0.1 0.2
8
20
0.4 0.6
A 0.61 0.27 0.88

A 0.12
0.12
0.73 0.27
B
10 16
15 22
A 18
25 20 45
n(E) = 11
Pr(A) = 7
11
= 0.64
0.6 0.4 1
d
1
4
1
4
1
4
2
4
3
4
1
4
3
4
12
24 30
50 110 160
F 20 10 30
95 25 120
26 34 60
23
A 0.5 0.3 0.8
8 a
7 Row 1 Column 2:
A B = (A) (A B)
= {2, 7, 8, 10} {7, 10}
= {2, 8} E
10 10 20
d
A 0.1 0.1 0.2
A 0.3 0.11 0.41
0.8 0.2 1
A 0.25 0.25 0.5
A 0.7 0.1 0.8
3
20
A 0.45 0.14 0.59
(0.5)
0.15 0.35 0.5
0.75 0.25
6 a
1
2
10
20
= 0.15
Pr(A B) = 0.5 + 0.4 0.15
= 0.75
Pr(A B) = 0.15
A 35 29 64
5 a
0.5 0.5 1
= 0.4
A B = {8, 9, 10}
A 13 55 68
A 0.2 0.2 0.4
n(E) = 20
A 87 63 150
A 0.3 0.3 0.6
A 0.09 0.27 0.36
A 0.31 0.44 0.75
0.27 0.37 0.64
9
F
0.1
0.4
145 135 280

13 Event A, less than 20 years of age
Event A, over 20 years old
Event G, wear glasses
Event G, do not wear glasses
0.5
F 0.33 0.17 0.5
0.43 0.57
Pr(A G) = Pr(less than 20 and

wear glasses) = 80 = 0.32
Pr ( A B)
Pr ( A)
b Pr(B|A) =
200
a
A
0.32 0.22
0.54
0.44 0.02
0.46
0.76 0.24
b i 0.02
0.45
0.75
= 0.6
Pr ( A B)
b Pr(B|A) =
Pr ( A)
0.08
0.32
0.4
A 0.25
0.35
0.6
0.33
0.67
i Pr(A B) = 0.35
ii Pr(A B) = 0.25
iii Pr(A B) Pr(A B)
= 0.25 + 0.32
= 0.57
15
0.45
0.65
= 0.69
Pr ( A B)
3 P(B|A) =
Pr ( A)
0.4
0.5
4
5
4 P(A|B) =
=
a
DT
0.18 0.42 0.60
DT 0.28 0.12 0.40
0.46 0.54
i Pr(DT ) = 0.4
ii Pr(B only) = Pr(DT B)
= 0.28
iii Pr(doesnt read B or any
newspaper)
Pr(DT B) Pr(DT B)
= 0.42 + 0.12
= 0.54
c 150 12% of 150 = 150 18
= 132 people
b
16 a
10% 15% 25%
10% 65% 75%

20% 80% 100%
b Pr(red only) = Pr(R B)

= 0.15
c Pr(R B) + Pr(R B)
= 0.1 + 0.65
= 0.75
Exercise 11F Conditional

probability
1 a Pr(A|B) =
Pr ( A B)
Pr ( B)
0.4
0.5
= 0.8
=
10 Pr(B|A) =
0.8 =
Pr ( A B)
Pr ( B)
0.25
0.6
25
60
Pr(B|A) =
5
12
Pr ( A B)
Pr ( A)
Pr ( A B)
0.45
0.32 0.45 = Pr(A B)
0.144 = Pr(A B)
Pr ( A B)
6
Pr(A|B) =
Pr ( B)
Pr ( A B)
0.8
0.21 0.8 = Pr(A B)
0.168 = Pr(A B)
Pr ( A B)
7 Pr(B|A) =
Pr ( A)
0.21 =
Pr(A) =
0.5
Pr ( A)
0.5
0.75
50
75
2
3
Pr ( A B)
8 Pr(A|B) =
Pr ( B)
0.96 =
Pr(B) =
11
0.3
0.7
3
7
Pr ( A B)
Pr ( A)
0.6
Pr ( A)
Pr(A) =
6
8
3
4
Pr(A) = 0.9
2 Pr(A B) = Pr(A)
0.9
Pr(A B) =
2
= 0.45
0.45
Pr(B|A) =
0.9
= 0.5
= 1 A
2
0.32 =
0.75 =
225
9 a Pr(A B) = Pr(A) + Pr(B)

Pr(A B)
0.9 = 0.7 + 0.5 Pr(A B)
Pr(A B) = 0.3
Pr ( A B)
b Pr(B|A) =
Pr ( A)
ii 0.54
14 a
0.4
0.8
= 0.5
Pr ( A B)
2 a Pr(A|B) =
Pr ( B)
MM11 CAS-11
Pr ( A B)
12 Pr(B|A) =
Pr ( A)
Substitute for Pr(A B)
= Pr(A) Pr(B)
Pr ( A) Pr ( B )
=
Pr ( A)
Pr(B|A) = Pr(B) as required.
13 a Pr(A B)
= 0.23 + 0.27 0.3
Pr(A B) = 0.2
Pr ( A B)
b Pr(A|B) =
Pr ( B)
=
0.2
0.27
20
27
14 a Pr(A B)
= 0.45 + 0.52 0.67
= 0.3
0.3
b Pr(B|A) =
0.45
30
45
2
3
0.8
Pr ( B )
0.8
0.96
15 a Reduced sample space = S

S = {1, 2, 3 , 4, 5, 6 , 7, 8, 9 ,
80
96
10, 11, 12 , 13, 14, 15 , 16, 17,
5
6
18 , 19, 20}
226
MM11 CAS-11
6
20
Pr(Multiples of 3 in S) =
as
Exercise 11G Transition

matrices and Markov chains
19
n(S) = 20
= 3
0.75 0.5
1 T=
0.25 0.5
10
b Reduced sample space = {natural

numbers from 21 to 50} = T
n(T) = 30
Numbers between 11 to 39
inclusive = 19
Probablity = 19
85 = 42 x + x + 73 x
85 = 115 x
30 = x
Pr(didnt go away/had job)
= 1 Pr(went away/given job)
Pr ( J H )
=1
Pr ( J )
30
16
80 = 54 x + x + 35 x
80 = 89 x
x=9
9 do both
45 do dancing only
26 do singing only
Pr(she is singer|she is a
dancer) = 9
=1
30
85
42
85
=1
5
7
63.67
S3 = T 3 S 0 =
36.33
2
7
20
380
4 S1 = TS0 =
620
443
S 2 = T 2 S0 =
557
17
a Pr(Buzz Bar) =
60 = 30 x + x + 45 x
60 = 75 x
15 = x
a 15 adventurers do both
b
500
750
435
S3 = T 3 S 0 =
565
2
3
b Pr(Snap Bar and Defective)

= 1 8
3
100
8
300
2
75
=
d Pr(SD|MC) =
1
2
Pr ( SD MC )
Pr ( MC )
15
60
30
60
15
30
1
2
(
=
30
60
18
110
200
140
200
110
140
11
14
1
3
3
1
a Pr(male) =
Pr (TV CD )
Pr(TV|CD) =
Pr CD
8
300
8
100
8
100
2
25
21
200 = 170 x + x + 140 x

= 310 x
110 people have both
1
3
29
72
= 0.40
Pr(male or > 40) = 0.4 0.81
= 0.32
Pr(female under 40) = 0.6 0.22
= 0.132
Pr(under 40) = 0.6 0.22 + 0.4
0.19
= 0.208
Pr (female under 40)
Pr (under 40)
0.132
0.208
= 0.63
22 Pr(both letters vowel|given first
letter is vowel)
6
6
13
13
=
6
13
6
13
0.411 0.368
5 T3 =
0.589 0.632
0.411
S3 = T 3 S 0 =
0.589
c Pr(Defective|Snap Bar)
c Pr(scuba diving only) =
0.6875
We require S 2 = T 2 S0 =
0.3125
A loss has probability 0.31
(2 decimal places)
67
3 S1 = TS0 =
33
63.3
S 2 = T 2 S0 =
36.7
54
= 0.17
1
0.75 0.5
2 T=
and S0 =
0
0.25 0.5
0.773 0.758
6 T4 =
0.227 0.242
0.773
S 4 = T 4 S0 =
0.227
0.70 0.60
7 a T=
0.30 0.40
200
b S0 =
300
c Friday requires S 4 and
333
S 4 = T 4 S0 =
so 333 have
167
vegetable and 167 have
tomato soup.
d Require S9 and
333
S9 = T 9 S 0 =
(Same
167
answer as c.)
0
8 a S0 =
1
0.4 0.8 0 0.8
S1 = TS0 =
=
0.6 0.2 1 0.2
1
b Require S 4 where S0 =
0
0.5824
S 4 = T 4 S0 =
0.4176
The required answer is 0.58.
0.75 0.55
9 T=
0.25 0.45
1
a S0 =
0
0.75
i S1 = TS0 =
, Hence 0.75
0.25
0.688
ii S 4 = T 4 S0 =
,
0.312
Hence 0.688
0.6875
iii S9 = T 9 S0 =
,
0.3125
Hence 0.6875
0.6875
iv S11 = T 11S0 =
,
0.3125
Hence 0.6875
1
b S0 = , so
0
0.5365
S3 = T 3 S 0 =
,
0.4635
Hence 0.5365
c 0.4635 (from b)
0.5556
d S10 = T 10 S0 =
,
0.4444
Hence 0.4444
Exercise 11H Independent

events
1 a Pr(A B) = Pr(A) Pr(B)
x = 0.4 0.5
= 0.2
b Pr(A B) = Pr(A) Pr(B)
0.49 = 0.7 x
0.7 = x
c Pr(A B) = Pr(A) Pr(B)
0.32 = x 0.8
0.4 = x
d Pr(A B) = Pr(A) Pr(B)
x = 0 0.5
x =0
9
36
= 1;
Pr(B) =
12
36
= 1;
Pr(C) =
3
36
1
12
b A B = {(1, 1), (1, 3), (1, 5),

(5, 1), (5, 3), (5, 5)}
1
6
and
Pr(A) Pr(B) =
1
4
Pr(A B) =
6
36
1
3
1
12
A and B are not independent.
1
2
A C = {(1, 1)} Pr(A C) =
Pr(Tail with 2nd coin) =
1
2
Pr(A) Pr(C ) =
Pr(Head with 1st and Tail with

2nd) = Pr(HT )
=
1
4
1
12
1
36
36
Pr(B) Pr(C ) =
1
3
1
12
1
36
B and C are not independent.
1
4
= Pr(HT)
They are independent.
4 Pr(A) =
1
4
1
36
A and C are not independent.

B C = {(1, 1), (1, 2)}
Pr(B C ) = 2
Pr(Head with 1st) Pr(Tail with

2nd) = 1 1
0.6864
ii S 4 = T 4 S0 =
,
0.3136
Hence 0.6864
0.40 0.75
10 a T =
0.60 0.25
Pr(A) =
b Pr(Head with 1st coin) =
0.55
i S1 = TS0 =
, Hence 0.55
0.45
0.6875
iv S11 = T 11S0 =
,
0.3125
Hence 0.6875
c Probability of a win is 0.6875.
227
C = {(1, 1), (1, 2), (2, 1)}

has 36 points in the sample
space.
e Pr(A B) = Pr(A) Pr(B)

0.225 = 0.375 x
0.225
=x
0.375
0.6 = x
2 Pr(A B) = Pr(A) + Pr(B)
Pr(A B)
0.7 = 0.6 + 0.25 Pr(A B)
Pr(A B) = 0.15
If independent Pr(A) Pr(B)
= Pr(A B)
0.6 0.25 = 0.15
= Pr(A B)
Hence A and B are independent.
3 a = {HH, HT, TH, TT}
0
b S0 =
1
0.6875
iii S9 = T 9 S0 =
,
0.3125
Hence 0.6875
MM11 CAS-11
1
2
Pr(B) =
1
2
1
4
1
2
Pr(A) Pr(B) =
1
8
Now A B = HH
Pr(A B) =
1
4
Since Pr(A) Pr(B) Pr(A B) the

two events are not independent.
5 a Pr(heads and > 2) =
2
6
Probability =
1
3
Pr(tails) =
1
2
Pr(even No.) =
1
2
Pr(T ) Pr(E ) =
2
3
Possible outcomes: {HT2, HT5,

TH2, TH5, TT2, TT5}
n(E) = 2 2 6 = 24
1
2
1
4
T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6
H1 H2 H3 H4 H5 H6
Pr(T E) =
3
12
1
4
Since Pr(T) Pr(E) = Pr(T E)

the events are independent.
Pr(A) Pr(B)
= 0.4 + 0.5 0.2
= 0.7 B
7 a A = {(1, 1), (1, 3), (1, 5), (3, 1),
(3, 3), (3, 5), (5, 1), (5, 3),
(5, 5)}
B = {(1, 1), (1, 2), (1, 3), (1, 4),
(1, 5), (1, 6), (5, 1), (5, 2),
(5, 3), (5, 4), (5, 5), (5, 6)}
6
24
1
4
9 Pr(2 girls only pass)

= Pr(not Anna, Bianca, Celia)
+ Pr(Anna, not Bianca, Celia)
+ Pr(Anna, Bianca, not Celia)
= 0.25 0.5 0.6 + 0.75 0.5 0.6
+ 0.75 0.5 0.4
= 0.075 + 0.225 + 0.15
= 0.45 C
10 numbers >9
= {(5, 5), (5, 6), (6, 4), (6, 5), (6, 6),
(4, 6)}
Pr(nos. > 9)
= 0.15 0.15 + 0.15 0.2 + 0.2
0.1 + 0.2 0.15 + 0.2 0.2
+ 0.1 0.2
= 0.0225 + 0.03 + 0.02 + 0.03
+ 0.04 + 0.02
= 0.1625 D
MM11 CAS-11
228
c Pr(CFT or CTF or FCT or FTC or

TCF or TFC)
= 1 1 3 6
11
10
18
100
15 a
a Pr(RRR) = 0.6 0.6 0.6
= 0.216
b Pr(RRB) + Pr(RBR) + Pr(BRR)
= 0.6 0.6 0.4 + 0.6 0.4
0.6 + 0.4 0.6 0.6
= 0.144 + 0.144 + 0.144
= 0.432
c Pr(RRR) + Pr(BBB) = 0.63 + 0.43
= 0.28
12 a Pr(Ace, Ace) =
4
52
4
52
16
2704
b Pr(Spade, Spade) =
1
169
13
52
1
4
1
16
)
13
52
1
4
c Pr(R, B) or Pr(B, R)
1
2
1
2
1
4
1
4
1
2
1
2
13 a Pr(6, 6) = 0.1 0.1

= 0.01
b (odd No., even No.)
= (1, 2) + (1, 4) + (1, 6) + (3, 2)
+ (3, 4) + (3, 6) + (5, 2)
+ (5, 4) + (5, 6)
Pr(odd even)
= 0.1 0.3 + 0.1 0.2 + 0.1 0.1
+ 0.1 0.3 + 0.1 0.2 + 0.1
0.1 + 0.2 0.3 + 0.2 0.2
+ 0.2 0.1
= 0.03 + 0.02 + 0.01 + 0.03
+ 0.02 + 0.01 + 0.06 + 0.04
+ 0.02
= 0.24
c (sum to 4)
= (1, 3) + (2, 2) + (3, 1)
Pr(sum to 4)
= 0.1 0.1 + 0.3 0.3 + 0.1 0.1
= 0.01 + 0.09 + 0.01
= 0.11
d (sum > 10) = (5, 6) + (6, 5) + (6, 6)
Pr(sum > 10) = 0.2 0.1 + 0.1
0.2 + 0.1 0.1
= 0.02 + 0.02 + 0.01
= 0.05
14 a Pr(cricket player) =
10
50
b Pr(football, football) =
1
2
1
4
25
50
1
2
1
100
1
10
4
10
120/
1000/
5
10
3
25
6
10
b Pr(red, not red, any bead)
b i Pr(S, S, S) = 0.9 0.85 0.8

= 0.612
ii Pr(more than 1 seedling
survives)
= SSS + SS(NS) + S(NS)S
+ (NS)SS
= 0.612 + 0.9 0.85 0.2
+ 0.9 0.15 0.8 + 0.1
0.85 0.8
= 0.612 + 0.153 + 0.108
+ 0.068
= 0.941
3
10
24
100
6
25
8
10
c Pr(at least two white)

= Pr(W,W,W) + Pr(WW not white)
+ Pr(W not white W)
+ Pr(not white WW)
3
10
3
10
3
10
3
10
7
10
27
1000
63
1000
27
125
20 a Pr(V, V, V ) =
3
10
+
3
10
3
6
3
90
1
30
7
10
3
10
3
10
63
1000
63
1000
1
3
1
5
7
10
3
10
b Pr(at least 2 consonants)

= CCV + CVC + VCC + CCC
b Pr(R, R) = 0.7 0.4
= 0.28
c Pr(NR, R) + Pr(R, NR) + R(NR, NR)
= 0.12 + 0.42 + 0.18 = 0.72
17 a Pr(particular yr 7 and a particular
yr 8)
= 1 1
5
1
35
b Pr(particular year 7 student

receives both awards)
= 1 1
5
12
1
60
Pr(particular year 8 student

receives both awards)
= 1 1
7
12
1
84
Pr(A particular student receives

both) = 1 + 1
60
84
1
35
18 a Pr(successful 3 numbers first try)

= 1 1 1
=
25
50
1
10
10
1
5
19 a Pr(B, B, B) =
16 a
1
2
c Pr(successful first try when

1st/3rd digits the same)
10
10
1
1000
b Pr(successful first try when 3

digits are odd)
= 1 1 1
5
1
125
3
6
2
3
1
5
3
6
1
3
2
3
4
5
3
6
2
3
4
5
6
90
24
90
24
90
66
90
11
15
12
90
4
5
3
6
c Pr (at least one vowel not o)

= Pr (A, any, any, + not A, any, A)
1
6
11+
1
6
1
3
5
6
1
5
1
6
21 a Pr(U, U, U, U) = 0.5 0.5 0.5

0.5
= 0.0625
b Pr(all seek employment or
undertake TAFE course)
Pr(EEEE) or
Pr(TTTT) = 0.34 + 0.24
= 0.0097
Exercise 11I Simulation

1 a Generate random numbers on the
TI83 by pressing MATH
PRB 5: randInt (1, 10).
If the number generated is 1 or 2
then this could represent stopping
at a particular set of lights. If the
number generated is 3 to 10 then
this represents not being stopped.
b Carry out 5 simulations as in a.
2 a Since the numbers are 05, we

could allow each side of a die to
represent each throw with zero
bullseyes being associated with 6.
or
As in 1a, using the TI-83 and
pressing MATH, PRB,
5: randInt (0, 5)
b 20 = 1
40
b All outcomes equally likely as

there is an equal number of cards
in each suit during each selection.
3 a Pr(jackpot) =
9 Pr(B|A) =
Pr ( A B)
Pr ( A)
Pr ( A B)
0.3
0.12 = Pr(A B)
10 Pr(Jar 1, chocolate) =
1
2
1
5
Pr(Jar 2, chocolate) =
1
2
0.4 =
1
12
b Pr(prize greater than $50) =
5
12
c and d.
Answers will vary.
3 a Divide each number by 10. If the
number generated is less than 10
(only one) then call it 10.
b 21
40
4 Let TT represent the drivers airbag

failing and the numbers 1 or 2 on the
die representing the front passenger
airbag not working.
a i 3 2 = 1
4
a Pr(GB) =
1
4
1
3
1
12
iii
3
4
1
3
1
4
2
3
5
12
b Use methods shown above and

toss the 2 coins and die 20 times.
Record your results.
5 a Let Man 1 = HH, Man 2 = HT,
Man 3 = TH, Man 4 = TT,
Woman 1 = 1 or 2 on die,
Woman 2 = 3 or 4 on die,
Woman 3 = 5 or 6 on die. You
must toss the coin twice.
b Carry out this experiment 20
times and record your results.
6 Generate 20 random numbers on the
TI-83 using randInt (1, 5).
7 Let 1 on a die represent a misfire
while 2, 3, 4, 5 represent a spark.
Ignore six if it appears on a die.
a Toss a die until 100 non-sixes
appear. Any sequence of three
numbers not including 1 or 6
represents the mower starting.
b and c
Answers will vary.
1
10
2
10
b Pr(S is chosen) =
1
5
=
=
3
5
6
15
12
20
Pr(chocolate) =
1
5
3
10
1
2
Pr(comes from Jar 1|chocolate)
c Pr(G or S is chosen)
6
10
3
10
ii
229
MM11 CAS-11
5 a
1
5
1
2
1
5
2
5
2
1
11
b =
2
6
2
9
2
3
50 = 35 x + x + 26 x
50 = 61 x
11 = x
a 11 people played both sports
b i Pr(tennis) = 24 (12 )
6 Winning numbers = 2, 4, 6, 8, 10,

12, 14, 16, 18, 20 and 1, 3, 5, 7
Probability =
14
20
7
10
50
ii Pr(netball) =
11
26
iii Pr(tennis|netball) =
16 16
24 30
6
30
8
30
14
30
0
30
16
30
16
30
6
30
24
30
30
30
7 a
25
26 13
( )
50 25
12
14
Chapter review
Short answer
1 a Pr(scratched) =
b
8
80
1
10
b Pr(chipped or broken)
= 3 + 4
80
80
7
80
c Pr(damaged in some way)

8+3+ 4
=
80
15
80
3
16
2 a HH DH SH CH
HD DD SD CD
HS DS SS CS
HC DC SC CC
where H = hearts
D = diamonds
S = spades
C = clubs
1
5
Multiple choice
1 Pr(macadamias) =
Pr(cashews) =
8
30
, Pr(B) =
1
3
c Pr(D P) =
8 Pr(A) =
Pr(tea on wed) = Pr(CCT) +Pr(CTT)

= 0.3 0.7 + 0.7 0.4
= 0.21 + 0.28
= 0.49.
4
15
1
3
5
24
b Pr(A B) = Pr(B)
1
3
1
8
3
4
1
4
2 Expected number
= Pr(red or picture cards) 208
= Pr( 26 + 6 ) 208
52
a Pr(A B) = Pr(B) Pr (A B)
3
12
52
= 128 E
3 Pr(even) =
4
6
2
3
4 Pr (odd or 2) =
2
6
4
6
=1 A
5 Tree requires three stages C
MM11 CAS-11
230
6 A
Pr(A B)
0.8 = 0.6 + 0.7 Pr(A B)
Pr(A B) = 0.5 B
6 19 25
C 20
b Probability of being fine on

Saturday is 0.501.
0.25 0.05
0.2
3 T=
, S0 = 0.8
0.75
0.95
5 25
0.09
a S1 = TS0 =
Probability of
0.91
faulty component is 0.09.
0.0627
b S4 = T 4 S0 =
0.9373
Probability of faulty component is
0.0627.
26 24 50
Like adventures only n(A C)
= 20 D
9
A 0.4 0.3 0.7
4 a
0.6 0.4 1
0.45 =
Pr(A) =
=
2
5
=
3
5
Pr ( A B)
Pr ( A)
0.35
Pr ( A)
4
5 1

1 0
5
68
125
= 57
125
0.35
0.45
7
9
4
5
b Thursday S3
S3 = S0
A 0.2 0.1 0.3 A
10 Pr(B|A) =
11 A and B are independent. What

happens on the first toss is not
dependent on the 2nd toss and
vice versa. C
12 Based on simulation trial 2, 5, 6, 9
had 2 bullseyes.
Pr(2 bullseyes) = 4
Friday S4
S4 = T 4 S0
55
81
=
26
81
a Probability of snow on Tuesday is

0.468.
0.4992
S7 = T 7 S0 =
0.5008
Pr(North on Thurs) =
probability of a swim on
26
.
81
Friday is
8 Pr(BBB) =
114
262
97
223
122
237
1349076
13846962
= 0.097
9 a Use a graphics calculator and the
random key with interval 7. If
numbers 1 to 5 come up, this
represents the paper is early. 6 or
7 means the paper is late.
Generate 28 numbers and record
the results.
Now use the random key for
numbers 1 to 10 and generate
28 numbers, recording each
under the first set.
b Use your table to find the
probability.
c Pr(paper late and no car park)
= 2 1
7
10
1
35
10 a
68
125
5 a Pr(GPPP) = 0.4 0.3 0.3

= 0.036
b
10
2
5
Outcomes
HHH, HHT, HTH, HTT, THH,
THT, TTH, TTT
b i Pr(A) = 1
13 X = selecting a box with a prize

Pr(x 1) = 1 Pr(x = 0)
4 3
=1
6 5
2 3
=1
3 5
6
=1
15
9
=
15
Pr (pool on 2 of next 3 nights)

= Pr(GPPP + Pr(GPGP) +
Pr(GPPG)
= 0.6 0.4 0.3 + 0.4
0.7 0.4 + 0.4 0.3 0.7
= 0.072 + 0.112 0.084
= 0.268
4
Extended response
0.275
1 a S1 = TS0 =
0.725
0.2973
b S4 = T 4 S0 =
0.7027
0.70 0.30
2 T=
and
0.30 0.70
0
S0 =
1
0.468
So S3 = T 3 S0 =
0.532
0.8 0.05 0.8

T=

0.2 0.95 0.2
0.39
=
0.61
proportion of present
customers on Dial up plan is 0.39.
7 a Pr (GG) =
1 1
3 3
= 19
1
3 1
b T=
2 0
3
1
S0 =
0
ii Pr(B) =
1
2
iii Pr(C) =
1
2
iv Pr(A B) =
1
4
v Pr(A C) =
1
4
vi Pr(B C) =
1
4
1
8
vii Pr(A B C) =
viii Pr(A) Pr(B) Pr(C)

= 1 1 1
2
1
8
c If AB, AC, BC are independent

then ABC is independent.
11 a 148 + 59 + 566 + 184
= 957
957 people took part.
b Pr(given drug) = 148 + 566
957
238
319
0.746
c Pr(asthma) =
148 + 59
957
148
957
238
319
74
357
0.207
e Students should make reference
to the percentage who developed
asthma given the drug, compared
with those that were not given the
drug.
231
88
357
0.246
j Pr(given drug | asthma > 1)
Pr (given drug asthma > 1)
=
Pr (asthma > 1)
69
319
0.216
d Pr(asthma|given drug)
Pr (asthma given drug)
=
Pr (given drug)
MM11 CAS-11
g n(drug asthma > 1)

= 176
h n(not given drug no asthma)
= 62
i Pr(asthma > 1 | given drug)
Pr (asthma > 1 given drug)
=
Pr (given drug)
176
957
714
957
176
957
273
957
176
273
0.645
MM11 CAS-12
232
Combinatorics
Chapter 12 Combinatorics
Exercise 12A The addition
and multiplication principles
1 10 + 6 + 5 = 21 different meals
2 2 + 5 + 9 + 14 + 20 + 27 + 35
= 112 flies eaten in a week
3 11 + 27 + 59 = 97 customers
4 3 + 4 + 2 = 9 ways E
5 2 + 3 = 5 ways
6 2+4+1=7B
7 3 5 10 = 150 combinations
8 4 6 3 = 72 ways
9 a 2 3 4 = 24 different
combinations
b (2 3 4) (5 4 3)
= 1440 combinations
10 6 5 10 = 300 ways E
11 cheese, topping, 1 additional topping
2 2 3 = 12
cheese, topping, 2 additional
toppings
2 2 3 = 12
cheese, topping, 3 additional
toppings
221=4
12 + 12 + 4 = 28 ways D
12 a Let English = E, Maths = M,
Language = L, Science = S
E, M, L, S, EM, EL, ES, ML, MS,
LS, EML, EMS, ELS, MLS, EMLS
b 15 ways
13 a Let walk = W, train = T, bus = B
WW, WB, TW, TB, BW, BB
Exercise 12B Permutations

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
10
11
12
b
13
14
14 Hot dog, sausage and sauce = 1 way
Onion (O), Tomato (T), Pineapple
(P) and Cheese (C) are extras which
can be added 1 at a time: O, T, P, C
(4 ways) or two at a time: OT, OP
OC, TP, TC, PC (6 ways)
or three at a time: OTP, OTC, OPC,
TPC (4 ways)
or all four: OTPC (1 way).
No. of ways = 1 + 4 + 6 + 4 + 1
= 16
15 Drinks: tea, orange juice, coffee
3 possible ways of drinks
Food: pies/cheese, pies/salami,
pies/biscuits, pies/cake,
cheese/salami, cheese/biscuits,
cheese/cake, salami/biscuits,
salami/cake, biscuits/cake
2nd round = 7 6 5 4 3
3rd round = 5 4 3
4th round = 3
Total = 181 440 + 2520 + 60 + 3
= 184 023 ways.
10 possible ways of food

Possible combinations of food
and drink
= 10 3
= 30 ways
15
16
17
4 3 2 1 = 24 ways
6 5 4 3 2 1 = 720 ways
8 7 6 = 336 ways
10 10 10 10 10
= 100 000 ways
5 4 3 2 1 = 120 ways
87654321
= 40 320 ways
a 8 8 = 64 ways
b 8 7 = 56 ways
(5 4) + (5 4 3) + (5 4 3 2)
+ (5 4 3 2 1)
= 20 + 60 + 120 + 120
= 320
a (5 5 5) + (5 5 5 5)
= 750 ways
b (5 4 3) + (5 4 3 2)
= 60 + 120
= 180
(5 4) + (5 4 3) = 80 ways
(5 4) + (5 4 3)
+ (5 4 3 2)
+ (5 4 3 2 1)
= 320 ways
3 digits: 4 4 4 = 64 ways
4 digits: 4 4 4 4 = 256 ways
Total number = 64 + 256
= 320 ways
(2 5 5) + (5 5 5 5)
= 675 ways C
(5) + (5 4) + (5 4 3)
= 85 ways E
(4 3) + (4 4 3)
+ (4 4 4 3) = 252 ways C
4414114
= 256 ways
987654321
= 362 880 entries
$cost = 362 880
5
100
Loss = $18 144 $1000

= $17 144
18 a i 12 11 10 9 8 7 6
5432
= 479 001 600 ways
ii 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2
= 362 880
b 1st round = 9 8 7 6 5
43
19 a
AE
0 9
total possibilities
= 5 4 3 10 10 10
= 60,000
ID cards.
n
Sn = 60 000
a (r 1)
b Sn =
, r = 1.1
r 1
60 000 =
2000 (1.1n 1)
0.1
6000 = 2000(1.1n 1)
3 = 1.1n 1
4 = 1.1n
log10(4) = log10(1.1n)
log10(4) = n log10(1.1)
log10 (4)
n=
log10 (1.1)
= 14.5 years.
during 15th year.
Exercise 12C Factorials

1 a 4! = 4 3 2 1
= 24
b 9! = 9 8 7 6 5 4 3
21
= 362 880
c 12! = 12 11 10 9 8 7
654321
= 479 001 600
d 3! + 2! = 3 2 1 + 2 1
=6+2
=8
e 5! 4! = 5 4 3 2 1
4321
= 120 24
= 96
f 7! 6! 2! = 7 6 5 4 3
216543
2121
= 5040 720 2
= 4318
g 6! (1! + 2! + 3! + 4! + 5!)
=654321
(1 + 2 1 + 3 2 1 + 4 3
2 1 + 5 4 3 2 1)
= 720 153
= 567
Combinatorics
2 a 4 3! 4! = 4 6 24
= 24 24
=0
b (4 + 2!) 3! + 5! = 6 6 + 120
= 36 + 120
= 156
c 5 6! 6 5! = 5 720 6 120
= 3600 720
= 2880
d 7 7! (8! 7!)
= 7 5040 (40 320 5040)
= 35 280 35 280
=0
e 8! + 3 2! 5!
= 40 320 + 3 2 120
= 40 320 + 6 120
= 40 206
f 7 9! + 3 3! 9 8!
= 7 362 880 + 3 6 9
40 320
= 2 540 160 + 18 362 880
= 2 177 298
g (5! 4!) + (8! 7!)
= (120 24) + (40 320 5040)
= 96 + 35 280
= 35 376
h 12! + 6! 11! 3 4!
= 479 001 600 + 720
39 916 800 3 24
= 439 085 448
2! + 3! + 4! 2 + 6 + 24
=
3
2! + 3!
2+6
=4 B
4 4(4! 3) + 2!(5! 4!)
= 4(24 3) + 2(120 24)
= 4 21 + 2 96
= 84 + 192
= 276 D
4!
= 242
5 a
2!
= 12
5! 120
b
= 24
4!
=5
7!
c
= 5040
6
3!
= 840
6!
d
= 720
6
3!
= 120
3! 1!
e
= 62 + 11
+
2! 0!
=3+1
=4
102! 102 101 100!
=
6 a
100!
100!
= 102 101
= 10 302
1000! 1000 999 998!
b
=
998!
998!
= 1000 999
= 999 000
4500! 4500 4499!

=
4499!
4499!
= 4500
250! 250 249 248 247!
d
=
247!
247!
= 250 249 248
= 15 438 000
396! 396 395 394 393!
e
=
393!
393!
= 396 395 394
= 61 629 480
25 000! 25 000 24 999!
f
=
24 999!
24 999!
= 25 000
15! 15 14!
7 a
=
14!
14!
= 15
28! 28 27 26!
b
=
26!
26!
= 28 27
= 756
55! 55 54 53!
c
=
53!
53!
= 55 54
= 2970
1000! 1000 999 998!
d
=
998!
998!
= 1000 999
= 999 000
63!
63!
=
e
(936 875)!
61!
63 62 61!
61!
= 63 62
= 3906
(12 + 37)!
49!
=
8
(100 53)! 47!
49 48 47!
47!
= 49 48
= 2352 E
7! 4! 7 6 5 4! 4 3!
=
+
+
4! 3!
4!
3!
=765+4
= 210 + 4
= 214
9! 32! 9 8 7! 32 31!
=
+
+
7! 31!
7!
31!
= 9 8 + 32
= 72 + 32
= 104
13! 6! 13 12 11 10!
=
10! 3!
10!
6 5 4 3!
3!
= 13 12 11 6
54
= 1716 120
= 1596
80! 10! 64!
+
77! 6! 62!
9 a
MM11 CAS-12
233
80 79 78 77!
77!
10 9 8 7 6!
6!
64 63 62!
+
62!
= 80 79 78 10 9 8 7
+ 64 63
= 492 960 5040 + 4032
= 491 952
8! 12! 78!
e
+
6! 11! 77!
8 7 6! 12 11! 78 77!
+
=
6!
11!
77!
= 8 7 12 + 78
= 56 12 + 78
= 122
2!5! 2 120
=
10 a
3!
6
= 40
6!
720
=
b
2! + 3!
2+6
720
8
= 90
7! 5!
5040 120
c
=
5!
120
4920
=
120
= 41
8! + 4! 2! 40 320 + 24 2
=
d
2! + 3! 3!
2+6
6
40 344 2
8
6
= 1681
18!4! 8!10!
e
17!5! 9!9!
18 17!4! 8! 10 9!
=
17!5 4! 9! 9 8!
=
18 10
5 9
=4
Exercise 12D Permutations

using nPr
1 a 6P4 =
6!
(6 4)!
6!
2!
720
2
= 360
8!
b P2 =
(8 2)!
8
8!
6!
40 320
720
= 56
c
P3 =
9!
(9 3)!
234
MM11 CAS-12
9!
6!
362 880
720
Combinatorics
= 504
4!
d 4P4 =
(4 4)!
=
4!
0!
24
1
= 24
25!
(25 5)!
25!
=
20!
= 6 375 600
3!
3
f P2 =
(3 2)!
25
P5 =
3!
1!
6
1
6 7P2 + 7P3 + 7P4 + 7P5 + 7P6 + 7P7

= 42 + 210 + 840 + 2520 + 5040
+ 5040
= 13 692 E
7 18P2 16P4 = 306 43 680
= 13 366 080
8 6P2 10P4 = 30 5040
= 151 200
9 8P3 5P2 = 336 20
= 6720 ways
10 10P1 9P2 7P3 4P4
= 10 72 210 24
= 3 628 800
9!
11 a 9P9 =
(9 9)!
9!
0!
= 362 880
b There are 6 objects to permutate,
namely, 1 bundle of comics,
2 novels and 3 magazines
6P6 = 720.
Exercise 12E Permutations

involving restrictions
=6
4!
5!
+
(4 2)! (5 1)!
4! 5!
+
2! 4!
= 12 + 5
= 17
8!
7!
h 8P6 7P3 =
(8 6)! (7 3)!
8! 7!
2! 4!
= 20 160 210
= 19 950
6!
5!
i 6P3 5P4 =
(6 3)! (5 4)!
g 4P2 + 5P1 =
6! 5!
3! 1!
= 120 120
=0
3!
4!
j 3P1 4P2 =
(3 1)! (4 2)!
=
3! 4!
=
2! 2!
= 3 12
= 36
k 100P4 = 94 109 400
l 200P3 = 7 880 400
2 25P4 = 303 600 ways (using
calculator)
5!
3 5P2 =
(5 2)!
5!
or 20.
=
3!
4 5P3 + 5P4 + 5P5 = 60 + 120 + 120
= 300 ways
5 a 4! = 24 ways
b 4P2 + 4P3 = 12 + 24
= 36
3
4
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
9!
= 126 ways
5!4!
11!
= 4620 ways
3!2!6!
8!
= 3360 ways B
2!3!
10!
= 5040 ways
5!3!
6!
= 60 ways
2!3!
20!
= 2 793 510 720 ways
a
5!6!7!2!
18!
b
= 147 026 880
3!6!7!2!
4!2! = 48 ways
3!3! = 36 ways
6! 5!2! = 480
5!2! 3!3!2! = 168
8!3! = 241 920 C
11!
9! = 6 289 920
3!
11!
9!3!
= 78 624
5!2!2!
5!2!2!
26! 11!16! A
Exercise 12F Arrangements

in a circle
1 (6 1)! = 5!
= 120 ways
2 (8 1) = 7!
= 5040 ways E
8!
= 3360
3
3!2!
11!
4
= 6930
4!5!2!
5 6!3! = 4320
9!
6
= 252
2!5!3!
7
8
9
10
11
13!
12!2!
= 5445
8!4!
8!4!
9! 7!3! = 332 640 ways D
7!
= 1260
2!2!
7!2! 6!3!
+
= 1200 D
2!3! 2!3!
Possible unrestricted arrangements
11!
=
4!5!3!
= 2310
Possible arrangements of business
people with fountain pens together
8!
=
5!3!
= 56
Required fraction =
56
2310
28
1155
4
165
Exercise 12G Combinations

using nCr
1 a 5C2 =
5!
2!(5 2)!
5!
2!3!
= 10
4
C3 = 4 using calculator
6
C1 = 6
8
C0 = 1
9
C9 = 1
6
= 15
4
b
c
d
e
2 a
7
b = 21
5
10
c = 45
2
9
d = 84
3
12
e = 924
6
30
3 a = 30
29
55
b = 1485
53
64
c = 41 664
61
38
d = 73 815
34
29
e = 118 755
24
4 2 4C2 + 3 5C3 = 2 6 + 3 10
= 12 + 30
= 42 A
5 a 3C1 = 3, 3C2 = 3
b 4C1 = 4, 4C3 = 4
c 5C2 = 10, 5C3 = 10
Combinatorics
d 9C3 = 84, 9C6 = 84

6 a 20C7 = 20C13
b 100C9 = 100C91
7 12C5 = 792
8 6C2 = 15
9 7C5 = 21
10 30C6 = 593 775
11 4C3 6C4 = 4 15
= 60
12 6C2 7C3 = 15 35
= 525
13 10C4 15C2 = 210 105
= 22 050
14 13C7 13C3 = 1716 286
= 490 776
15 a 10C5 = 252
b 6C3 4C2 = 20 6
= 120
16 4C2 + 4C3 = 6 + 4
= 10 activities
17 One scoop: 3 types C, S, V
Two scoops: 3C2 = 3 ways. CS,
CV, SV
Three scoops: 3C3 = 1 way CSV
Total number of ice-creams
=3+3+1=7
18 a 14C10 = 1001
b 8C6 6C4 = 28 15 = 420
c 8C6 6C4 + 8C7 6C3 + 8C8 6C2
= 28 15 + 8 20 + 1 15
= 420 + 160 + 15
= 595
d 8C4 6C5 = 70 1 = 70
19 a 8C2 = 28
b 8C3 = 56
20 a 30C5 = 142 506
b 35C5 = 324 632
Increase = 324 632 142 506
= 182 126
182 126
% Increase =
100%
142 506
= 128%
21 7C2 + 7C3 + 7C4 + 7C5 +7C6 + 7C7
= 21 + 35 + 35 + 21 + 7 + 1
= 120 E
22 8C4 = 70
23 10C1 + 10C2 + 10C3 + 10C4
= 10 + 45 + 120 + 210
= 385 ways A
Exercise 12H Applications to probability

1 Pr(correct guess) =
1
P3
10 35
924
25
66
4 Pr(A and B occupy first and second)

1
= 6
P2
1
30
5 Pr(hand contains exactly 1 Queen)

4 48

1 5
=
52

6
4 1 712 304
20 358 520
= 0.336
4
C2 + 5C2
6 + 10
6
=
9
36
C2
16
36
4
9
(5 1)!2!
( 6 1)!
4!2!
= 52
5!
8!2!
9
= 92
9!
10!2!
10
= 112 E
11!
2 11

1 3
2 165
11 =
715
13

4

6
13
C3 6C0
10 1
=
11
165
C3
12 a
2
33
C0 6C3
1 20
=
11
165
C3
4
33
6!2!
7!
720 2
=
5040
C2 6C1
10 6
=
11
165
C3
2 Pr(P and E are together) =
=
3 Pr(3 men and 3 women)
5
C3 7C3
=
12
C6
3 8

2 3
7 D
11

5
1
336
2
7
MM11 CAS-12
4
11
C1 6C2 + 5C0 6C3

11
C3
5 15 + 1 20
165
95
165
235
MM11 CAS-12
236
Combinatorics
5 6

0 6
= 1
11

6
19
33
1 6

0 4
1 15
13 =
35
7

4

3
7
14 a No queens
There are 48 non-queen cards.
48
C3
52
C3
=1
1
462
461
462
b Pr(at least 4 females)

6 5 6 5 6 5
+ +
4 2
5 1
6 0
=
11

6
17 296
22 100
6 48
4 1
+
22 100
22 100
11
462
= 0.783
b At least two queens
Pr(two queens) + Pr(three queens)
4
4
C 48C
C 48C
= 522 1 + 523 0
C3
C3
=
=1
15 10 + 6 5 + 1 1
462
150 + 30 + 1
=
462
181
462
19
292
=
22 100
= 0.013
c Exactly one heart
13
C1 39C2
52
C3
=
13 741
22 100
9633
22 100
= 0.436
15 Pr(a consonant) =
5
8
16 Pr(a white object) =
m
C
n
17 a Pr(even number) =
4
9
b Between 30 000 to 50 000 implies either the first digit is

3 or a 4.
Pr(a number between 30 000 and 50 000)
= Pr(first digit 3) + Pr(first digit 4)
1
9
2
9
1
9
18 a Pr(at least 1 male)

5 6 5 6 5 6 5 6 5 6
+ + + +
1 5
2 4
3 3
4 2
5 1
=
11

6
5 6 + 10 15 + 10 20 + 5 15 + 1 6
462
30 + 150 + 200 + 75 + 6
=
462
1
5
2
11
5
=
22
1
7
b
2
11
7
=
22
5
7
c
+
22
22
12
=
22
6
=
11
d Pr(B) = Pr(B|X )Pr(X )
+ Pr(B|Y )Pr(Y )
5
1
7
1
=
11
2
11
2
5
7
=
+
22
22
12
=
22
6
=
11
20 Pr(B) = Pr(B|A)Pr(A)
+ Pr(B|A')Pr(A')
3
3
1
1
=
5
4
3
4
9
1
=
+
20
12
461
462
Alternatively, Pr(at least 1 male)

= 1 Pr(0 male)
Combinatorics
27
5
+
60
60
32
8
=
=
60
15
1
2
21 Pr(Late) =
Pr(Late') =
3
3
5
Pr(Pass|Late') =
7
5
Pr(Pass'|Late) =
11
Pr(Pass) = unknown.
=
Pr(Pass) =
1
6
5
2
3
11
7
3
2
10
=
+
11
21
152
=
231
2
22 Pr(soft|dark) =
5
4
Pr(hard|milk) =
7
Pr(soft) = unknown.
2
5
3
7
5
12
7
12
5
=
12
8
23 Pr(selected) =
11
7
Pr(trip|selected) =
12
3
Pr(trip'|selected') =
4
Pr(trip) = unknown
Pr(soft) =
1
3
5
Pr(win|rival') =
8
1
Pr(rival) =
4
Pr(win) = unknown
Pr(win) = Pr(win|rival)Pr(rival)
+ Pr(win|rival')Pr(rival')
1
1
5
3
=
3
4
8
4
1
15
=
+
12
32
53
=
96
24 Pr(win|rival) =
Chapter review
Short answer
1 7 6 5 = 210 ways
2 7! = 5040
3 4P3 + 4P4 = 24 + 24
= 48
4 6! = 720 possible permutations
5 12 11 10 = 1320
6 5C2 + 5C3 + 5C4 + 5C5
= 10 + 10 + 5 + 1
= 26
Multiple choice
1 6 ways D
60 30
= 302
2
2
= 15 ways
(since 15 odd numbers between 30
and 60). A
3 (4 2) + (4 3 2) + (4 3
2 2)
= 8 + 24 + 48
= 80 numbers B
998! 998 997 996!
=
4
996!
996!
= 998 997 D
5 9! 7! = 9 8 7! 7!
= 7!(72 1)
= 7!71
= 7! 71 A
7!
7
6 P5 =
(7 5)!
=76543
= 2520 C
7 11 letters, 4 Is, 4 Ss, 2 Ps
11!
C
4!4!2!
8
8
7
1
3
11
12
4
11
2
7
3
=
+
11
3
44
14
3
=
+
33
44
Pr(trip) =
65
132
7 6 5 4 1 = 840 A
9 The daughters can be arranged
together in 4! ways. Now there are
6 entities (Mother, father, three sons
and a packet of daughters) to be
arranged, that is, 6! ways.
4! 6! B
237
MM11 CAS-12
10 (11 1)!
= 10! B
11 No restrictions, this can be done in
6! ways. Now put U and S together
in a circle. There are 5!2! of doing
this.
Number of ways they are apart
= 6! 5!2!
= 720 240
= 480 A
12 4C2 + 4C3 + 4C4 = 6 + 4 + 1
= 11 D
13 5C2 6C2 + 5C3 6C1
= 10 15 + 10 6
= 150 + 60
= 210 A
14 The probability of getting no Es
5 3

5 0
=
8

5
1
56
Probability of getting an E
appearing =
55
56
15 Pr (YYY)
7
C3
C3
10
10
6
9
5
8
7
24
16 Pr( PP ) + Pr( GG )
10
C2
16
C2
3
C2
C2
16
10 9
16 15
65
16 15
E
8 8 2
17 Pr( at least one multigrain roll)
= 1 Pr(no multigrain rolls)
= 1 Pr(both rolls are white)
=
= 1
C2
C2
12
18 Pr(at least one $10 chip)

= 1 Pr(no $10 chips)
= 1 Pr(all four chips are $5 chips)
15
= 1
C4
C4
20
Extended response
1 7 6! = 5040
2 (5 5 5) + (5 5 5 5)
+ (5 5 5 5 5)
= 125 + 625 + 3125
= 3875 numbers
3 11 10 9 8 = 7920 ways
4 9! + 8! 6! + 3 2! = 402 486
= 362 880 + 40 320 720 + 6
= 402 486
11!
5
= 2 494 800 ways
2!2!2!2!
6 5! 4!2! = 72 possible queues
7 9! 7!3! = 332 640 ways
6
P
8 8P2 2 = 56 302
2!
MM11 CAS-12
238
Combinatorics
= 840 ways
(Note: P2 is divided by 2! since
2 monitors are considered
indistinguishable.)
9 24C4 = 10 626
6 7

2 3
10 Proportion =
13

5
6
15 35
=
1287
=
175
429
6!4!
= 0.0476
9!
12 a 5! = 120
b 5C2 + 5C3 + 5C4 + 5C5
= 10 + 10 + 5 + 1
= 26
43
13 a i = 6 096 454 ways
6
11
ii total students = 38
total staff = 5
38 5
= 2 760 681
6 0
2 3 38
iii
1 1 4
= 2 3 73 815
= 442 890 committees
22 21
iv
3 3
= 1540 1330
= 2 048 200 committees
1 42
v
1 5
= 1 850 668
= 850 668 committees
1 42
vi
0 6
= 1 5 245 786
= 5 245 786 committees
3 18 2 20
vii
2 2 1 1
= 3 153 2 20
= 18 360 committees
b i Pr(only students on
committees)
2 760 681
=
using result
6 096 454
from a i and ii
= 0.453
ii Pr(all staff on committee)
5 38

5 1
=
43

6
=
1 38
6 096 454
= 0 (negligible)
iii Pr(exactly 2 staff and

4 students)
5 38

2 4
=
43

6
10 73815
6 096 454
= 0.121
14 a Division one: all six winning
numbers, no supplementary
numbers.
6 2 37

6 0 0
45

6
1
8 145 060
1.23 107
b Division two: five winning
numbers, one supplementary
number.
6 2 37

5 1 0
45

6
6 2
8 145 060
a a+5=7
a=2
a + 8 + 5 + c = 28
2 + 8 + 5 + c = 28
c = 13
a + 9 + 5 + d = 22
2 + 9 + 5 + d = 22
d=6
8 + 5 + d + b = 29
8 + 5 + 6 + b = 29
b = 10
b 55 = 13 + 2 + 5 + 8 + 6 + 10 + 9 +
no activities
55 = 53 + no activities
Number of students who did not
select any of the activities is 2
c Pr (selects both Bike and Hiking)
2.73 105
Pr(at least div 3)
= Pr(div 3) + Pr(div 2) + Pr(div 1)
= 2.73 105 + 1.47 106
+ 1.23 107
= 2.89 105
EXAM PRACTICE 5
Short answer
1 Pr (A) = 0.3, Pr (B) = 0.3
and Pr (A B) = 0.6
Pr (A B) = 1 Pr (A B)
Pr (A B) = 0.4
Pr (A B) = Pr (A) + Pr (B)
Pr (A B)
0.4 = 0. 3 + 0.3 Pr (A B)
Pr (A B) = 0.2
55
3 a
1.47 106
c Division three: five winning
numbers, no supplementary
number.
6 2 37

5 0 1
45

6
6 37
8 145 060
13
0.15
0.5
0.65
0.25
0.1
0.35
0.4
0.6
b Pr(A B) = 0.15
Pr( A ' B ')
c Pr(AB) =
Pr( B ')
=
=
0.1
0.6
1
6
d Pr(A B) = 0.25
Expected number = 0.25 200
= 50 learner drivers would be
expected to have less than 300
hours driving practice and
involved in a minor car accident.
Multiple choice
1 Pr(4 rolled on 2nd dieeven rolled on 1st)
Pr(4 even )
Pr( even )
=
3
36
1
2
Combinatorics
6
2 If independent events:
Pr(A B) = Pr(A) Pr(B)
4
15
2
7
Pr( B )
14
D
15
3 selecting 6 numbers from 40 is a
combination, in which order is not
important C
4 There will be 7 people sitting at the
table (seating arrangements will be
arrangements in a circle). Since
Roger and Betty have to sit together
we have 6 people to arrange in a
circle (n1)!, and Roger and Betty
can be arranged 2!. Therefore, 5! 2!
D
5 Total arrangements possible for
7 people = (71)! = 6!
If Charlie and Helen are seated next
to each other: number of
arrangements = 5! 2!
Probability that Charlie and Helen
Pr( B ) =
sit together =
=
5!2!
6!
1
3
Extended response
1 a Captain & Vice Captain take 1st
and 2nd places, so 9 other players
need to line up.
Total number of ways
= 1 1 9 8 7 ... 2 1
= 9!
= 362880
b
c Pr (winning third gamewon 1st

game) = Pr (WW) + Pr(WW)
= 0.85 0.85 + 0.15 0.60
= 0.8125
d For the Rebels to win they must
win four games, and they have
already won the first and lost the
second. The probability of
winning the tournament is found
by Pr(WWWWW)
= 0.6 0. 85 0.85
= 0.4335
= 0.434 (3 dp)
e a = 0.85
b = 0.15
MM11 CAS-12
239
0.85 0.6
0
f T =
and S0 = 1
0.15
0.4

22nd game S21
S 21 = T 21 S0
21
0.85 0.6
0
=

0.15 0.4
1
0.8
=
0.2
The rebels have an 80% chance of
winning their last game
2 a number of meal choices = 2 3 2
= 12
3
b 1 = v
5
2
v=
5
c Pr (beef or chickenveg soup)
=
=
=
d
1
6
Pr(beef / chicken veg soup)

Pr(veg soup)
2 5 2

5 6 5
5
6
120 = 20
MM11 CAS
240
Solutions to investigations
Chapter 3
Investigation Graphs in the
form y = a(x b)n + c
3 = a(50)2 + b(50) + c
3 = 2500a + 50b + c
[3]
6 [2] [3] 32 = 900a 10b [4]
[1] [3] 1 = 1875a 25b [5]
2.5 [4] [5]79 = 375a
79
a =
375
a 0.211
sub a into [4]
1 a
79
32 = 900
10b
375
2 Changing a: students discover that

a affects the width of the graph;
axn, 0 < a < 1 is wider than xn and axn,
a > 1 is narrower than xn. For
a < 0, the graph is reflected across the
x-axis.
Changing b: b shifts the graph
horizontally; left for b < 0 and right
for b > 0.
Changing c: c shifts the graph
vertically; up if c > 0 and down if
c < 0.
32 =
394
25
b 15.76
sub a and b into [1]
b=
79
394
4 = 625
+ 25
+c
375
25
4=
Investigation Modelling the

path of a roller-coaster
2
1 y = ax + bx + c
20 = a(0)2 + b(0) + c
20 = c
[1]
4 = a(7)2 + b(7) + c
4 = 49a + 7b + c
[2]
18 = a(14)2 + b(14) + c
18 = 196a + 14b + c
[3]
2 c = 20 from equation [1]

3 [2] 4 = 49a + 7b + 20
[3] 18 = 196a + 14b + 20

[2] 16 = 49a + 7b
[3] 2 = 196a + 14b
395
+ 394 + c
3
775
3
c 258.333
7 y = 0.211x2 + 15.76x 258.333
8 y = a(x b)3 + c
POI at (0, 30)
y = a(x 0)3 + 30
Point at (5, 5)
5 = a(5 0)3 + 30
1
a = 0.2 =
5
1 3
y = x + 30
5
c=
Chapter 5
Investigation Investigating
logarithmic graphs 1
[3] 2 [2]30 = 98a

a=
71100
10b
375
30
98
a 0.306
Substitute a into [2]
30
16 = 49 + 7b
98
b =
e
31
7
b 4.429
4 Equation:
y = 0.306x2 4.429x + 20
5 y = ax2 + bx + c
4 = a(25)2 + b(25) + c
4 = 625a + 25b + c
[1]
35 = a(40)2 + b(40) + c
35 = 1600a + 40b + c
[2]
2 a The graph of y = log10x is the

reflection of the graph of y = 10x in
the line y = x. Such functions are
called inverses of each other.
b An asymptote is a line that a graph
never quite intersects. The line
x = 0 is an asymptote for the graph
of y = log10x.
y-int: 4.1
asymptote x = 2 (shift 2 left)
another point (1, 5)
3 a
b
x-int: 10 2 = 0.01
y-int: does not exist
asymptote x = 0 (no shift)
reflected in x-axis.
Investigation The Richter

scale
1 a R=
2
3
logk 0.9
2
3
log1000 0.9
Investigation Investigating
logarithmic graphs 2
= 1.1
b R=
2
3
logk 0.9
2
3
log2000 0.9
= 1.30
c R=
2
3
logk 0.9
2
3
log3000 0.9
= 1.42
d R=
2
3
logk 0.9
2
3
log10 000 0.9
= 1.77
e R=
2
3
logk 0.9
2
3
log100 000 0.9
2 a
= 2.43
f R=
2
3
logk 0.9
2
3
log1 000 000 0.9
= 3.1
2 Look at answers for 1 a and 1 b.
No
x-int: 10 2 + 3 3.3
y-int: does not exist
asymptote x = 3 (shifted 3 right)
3 a
R=
2
3
4=
2
3
logk 0.9
4.9 =
2
3
logk
logk 0.9
7.35 = logk
k = 107.35
= 22 387 211 kJ
b
x-int:
5
10 3
2 44.4
2
3
logk 0.9
6=
2
3
logk 0.9
6.9 =
2
3
logk
241
10.35 = logk
k = 1010.35
= 2.24 1010
4 Look at answers to 3
707 945 784
= 32
22 387 211
Asymptote is the x-axis, that is,

y = 0.
1 y = Aloga(x + b) + c
a A stretches the graph along the
y-axis.
As A increases, the graph becomes
steeper.
b a affects the steepness of the graph.
Larger values of a give flatter
graphs.
c b translates the graph horizontally.
For b > 0, translations are to the
left.
For b < 0, translations are to the
right.
d c translates the graph vertically.
For c > 0, translations are up.
For c < 0, translations are down.
R=
Asymptote is the y-axis, that is,

x = 0.14
MM11 CAS
R=
2
3
logk 0.9
5=
2
3
logk 0.9
5.9 =
2
3
logk
8.85 = logk
k = 108.85
= 707 945 784 kJ
2.24 1010
= 32
707 945 784
Energy is 32 times as great
5 Energy multiplied by
323 = 32 000
Chapter 6
Investigation Sine and
cosine graphs
1 If y = a sin nx or a cos nx and a > 0
then the amplitude is a and the period
2
is
.
n
If a < 0 then the amplitude is a.
The amplitude is always positive.
2 If y = a sin bx + c then a and b affect
the amplitude and period as in
question 1 where as c causes the
graph to translate c units in the y
direction.
Investigation Tangent
graphs
For y = a tan bx + c
the vertical asymptotes will occur
3 5
odd
....
when bx = ,
,
2
2
2 2
(2n 1)
so bx =
where n J
2
(2n 1)
x=
2b
c represents a vertical translation
Chapter 9
Investigation Sneaking up
on a limit
1 a f(x) =
x
x2 + x 2
x 1
1.5 1.2 1.1 1.01 1.001 1.0001
f(x) 3.5 3.2 3.1 3.01 3.001 3.0001undefined
b As x gets closer to 1 from above,

x2 + x 2
gets closer to 3 or
x 1
lim+
x 1
x2 + x 2
=3
x 1
c
x
0.5 0.6 0.9 0.95 0.99 0.999
f(x) 2.5 2.6 2.9 2.95 2.99 2.999 undefined
MM11 CAS
242
d As x gets closer to 1 from below,

3 or
x 1
0
0
is not defined.
2 f(x) =
x
x 2 + 2 x 15
x3
3.5 3.2 3.1 3.01 3.001
f(x) 8.5 8.2 8.1 8.01 8.001
3.0001 3
8.0001 undefined
f(x)
Chapter 12
Investigation Pascals triangle
1
2.5 2.7 2.9 2.95 2.99 2.999 3
Row 6
7.5 7.7 7.9 7.95 7.99 7.999 undefined
x 2 + 2 x 15
lim
=8
x 3
x3
x 2 + 2 x 15
=8
x 3
x 3
so, lim
3 f(x) =
x
x2 7 x
x7
7.5 7.2 7.1 7.01 7.001 7.0001 7
f(x) 7.5 7.2 7.1 7.01 7.001 7.0001 undefined
lim+
x 7
The absolute minimum is 16 and this occurs when x = 1.

3 Use a similar method to those above. The maximum
temperature at t = 50 is 31.8C
x + 2 x 15
lim
=8
x 3+
x 3
x
2 Graph y1 = x3 + 4x2 + 11x 30 for

1 x 5 on the graphics calculator.
x2 + x 2
=3
x 1
lim
x2 + x 2
gets closer to
x 1
x2 7 x
=7
x7
6.5 6.7 6.9 6.95 6.99 6.999 7
f(x) 6.5 6.7 6.9 6.95 6.99 6.999 undefined
lim
x 7
x2 7 x
=7
x7
x2 7 x
lim
=7
x 7 x 7
Chapter 10
Investigation When is a maximum not a
maximum?
1 f(x) = x3 + 5x2 8x 12 0 x 3.
Sketching y1 = x3 + 5x2 8x 12 on the graphics calculator
gives
The absolute maximum value occurs at x = 3. It is 36.
Row 7
Row 8
Row 9
1
1
Row 10 1 10
6
7
8
9
21
28
36
45
15
15
35
56
84
120
20
35
70
Number in
Pascals
Term
triangle
Row number
21
56
126
210
126
252
6
7
28
84
210
1
1
8
36
120
1
9
45
1
10 1
Cr
10
10
56
56
120
10
120
36
36
210
10
210
3 a 50C13 is found in the 50th row, term 13.

b nCR is the Rth term in the nth row.
4 The sum of the numbers in the nth row is 2n.
5 Look at the sum of the two numbers directly above a number
in the next row.
6 a (x + y)2 = x2 + 2xy + y2 ...
coefficients are 1, 2, 1.
b (x + y)3 = x3 + 3x2y + 3xy2 + y3
Coefficients are 1, 3, 3, 1
c (x + y)4 = x4 + 4x3y + 6x2y2
+ 4xy3 + y4
Coefficients are 1, 4, 6, 4, 1
The coefficients match the row.

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Second edition published 2010 by

Exam practice 3 160

Multiple choice 161

Exercise 11B Calculating probabilities 220

Exam practice 5 238

Chapter 1 Linear functions

2Fd + mu2 = mv2

8 Gradient of sloping section

2 The x-coefficient affects the slope or

No, too steep

5 The number at the end of the

Solution from CAS calculator

Solution from CAS calculator

Solution from CAS calculator

Solution from CAS calculator

Solution from CAS calculator

Add (3) and (4): 18x = 108

Add (1) and (2)

8 Let L = cost per day limousine

9 Let s = square panels

7 Let b = cost of a basketball

6 Let e = no. of emus

(2) 1 10x + 12y = 222

Substitute 9 for x in (2)

10x 9 + 12y = 222

Exercise 1F Finding the equation of a straight line

Lines are perpendicular.

Lines are perpendicular.

Lines are perpendicular.

Point of intersection is (2, 3)

Point of intersection; solve

13 (8, 5) (4, 3) (a, 12)

Passes through point of

and compare it with the gradient of

b (7, 14) (15, 8)

= (8 14) + (14 10)

(320 225) 2 + (148 96) 2

(6, 3) (10, 15)

(225 80) 2 + (96 64) 2

= (8 + 14) 2 + (14 10)2

a (7, 2) (4, 13)

(4.5, 5) (1.5, 3.5)

b A (a, 0) B (7, 3) M (8, 32 )

A (2, a) B (6, 5) M (4, 5)

d (3, 40) (0, 27)

Yes, it would be advisable to sign

c Charge for a 5 min telegram:

b To be cheaper costs equal

9 Undefined (vertical line)

23 (k, 2h) (9k, 6h + 2)

Gradients are not equal.

b Midpoints joined form a

d Use points (7.5, 10) and (20.5,

Use points (10, 10) and (30, 50)

Chapter 2 Quadratic functions

N last term has negative index

5 P(x) = 2x3 3x + 4x2 + 5

7 u(t) = 63.876t 247.65t + 360.39t

Need to add ( 172 ) 2 =

This is not a difference of squares,

Write the solution as:

160 = 5t 40t + 240

Cannot be solved; no solutions.